The N-111 is a highway in Spain . It connects Pamplona with Madrid .
100-876: It commences at Pamplona with a junction on the Autovía A-15 (junction 88km). It heads south west to Logroño in the Ebro valley crossing the Sierra de Izco by the Puerto del Pardón (679m) then it crosses the Rio Arga and the Estella with the Monasterio de Irache. The road has been upgraded to the Autovía A-12 . At Logrono the road crosses the Autopista AP-68 and N-232 . The A-12 continues to
200-509: A Jewish community existed in Pamplona. The first documentation of Jews in Pamplona dates to 958, when Hasdai Ibn Shaprut visited Pamplona on a diplomatic mission to meet with Sancho I . The Jews of Pamplona had an independent court system which enforced the Jewish system of halacha , or religious laws. In 1498, the Jewish population was either expelled or forced to convert to Christianity. After
300-519: A 6.7% did not answer. In 2017, there were 64,003 foreign citizens in Zaragoza, which represent 9.6% of the total population. From 2010 to 2017 immigration dropped from 87,735 to 64,003 people, a 27% drop. Romanians represent 29.8% of foreigners living in Zaragoza, or 2.9% of the total city population, followed by Moroccans (9.1%) and Chinese (7%). An Opel factory was opened in 1982 in Figueruelas ,
400-596: A Roman city, it had all the typical public buildings: forum , baths , theatre , and was an important economic centre. Many Roman ruins can still be seen in Zaragoza today. It is thought it might have been the Apostle James who had built a chapel on the site of the Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar . On the spot where Saint Engratia and her companions were said to have been martyred on Valerian's orders
500-661: A certain Velasko—stirred against their governor, but later the inhabitants provided some support for the Banu Qasi Fortun ibn-Musa's uprising. This regional revolt was shortly after suppressed by the Cordovan emir Hisham I , who re-established order, but failed to retain his grip on the town, since the Pamplonese returned to Frankish suzerainty in 806. A Muslim cemetery containing about 200 human remains mingled with Christian tombs
600-495: A commercial link between those very different natural parts of Navarre. The historical centre of the city is on the left bank of the Arga River , a tributary of the Ebro. The city has developed on both sides of the river. The climate of Pamplona is classified as an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ) with influences of a Mediterranean climate ( Csb ). Due to global warming and stronger summer heat waves in
700-416: A complete renewal of the fortified system. Starting in 1569, King Philip II built the fortifications at Pamplona, to designs by Giovan Giacomo Paleari and Vespasiano Gonzaga . The citadel in the south of the town is a pentagonal star fort . Phillip had the city bounded by walls that made it almost a regular pentagon. The modernization of the walls was intended mainly to keep locals in check and strengthen
800-610: A few decades from a little administrative and even rural town to a medium-size city of industry and services. The industry sector is diversified although the most important activity is related to automobile industry . Volkswagen manufactures Polo model in its factory of Landaben and there are many auxiliary industries that work for Volkswagen and other companies. Other remarkable industries are building materials , metalworking and food processing . Renewable energy technologies are also an increasing economic sector ( wind turbine manufacturing and generation ) and neighboring Sarriguren
900-619: A network of buses which is controlled by the Urban Buses of Zaragoza (AUZSA). The network consists of 31 regular lines (two of them circle lines), two scheduled routes, six shuttle buses (one free), and seven night buses operating on Fridays, Saturdays and other festivities. Zaragoza also has an interurban bus network operated by Transport Consortium Zaragoza Area (CTAZ) that operates 17 regular lines. Zaragoza's bicycle lanes facilitate non-motorised travel and help cyclists to avoid running into pedestrians and motor vehicles. The city council also has
1000-475: A notable center where yeshivas also incorporated the study of philosophy alongside Talmud studies . An outbreak of bubonic plague decimated the city in 1564. It reportedly killed about 10,000 people out of an estimated population of 25–30,000. In the context of the 1701–1714 War of Spanish Succession , the city rose in arms in favour of the Archduke Charles , who was proclaimed "King of Aragon" in
1100-584: A number of children, leading to 250,000 people taking part in demonstrations in the city. Since 1982, the city has been home to a large factory built by General Motors for the production of Opel cars, some of which are exported to the United Kingdom and sold under the Vauxhall brand. The city took advantage of the entry of Spain into the European Communities (later European Union). Zaragoza lies in
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#17328557252461200-576: A priest. The most remarkable twentieth century religious buildings are probably the new diocesan seminary (1931) and the classical-revival style memorial church (1942) to the Navarrese dead in the Nationalist side of the Civil War and that is used today as temporary exhibitions room. From the prominent military past of Pamplona remain three of the four sides of the city walls and, with little modifications,
1300-650: A result of Rechiar 's ravaging, Pamplona went through much disruption and destruction, starting a cycle of general decline along with other towns across the Basque territory, but managing to keep some sort of urban life. During the Visigothic period (fifth to eighth centuries), Pamplona alternated between self-rule, Visigoth domination or Frankish suzerainty in the Duchy of Vasconia (Councils of Toledo unattended by several Pamplonese bishops between 589 and 684). In 466 to 472, Pamplona
1400-407: A similar aggressive economic development during the sixties and seventies. The urbanization of Pamplona, being from anterior designs, is not constrained by the grid plan. The apartment buildings are taller: never less than five floors and many taller than ten. Industry, which previously coexisted with housing, was moved to industrial parks (the oldest and the only one within municipal limits of Pamplona
1500-430: A small village nearby. The automotive industry is a main pillar of the regional economy along with Balay , which manufactures household appliances; CAF , which builds railway rolling stock for both the national and international markets; SAICA and Torraspapel in the stationery sector; and various other local companies, such as Pikolin , Lacasa , and Imaginarium SA . The city's economy benefited from projects like
1600-592: A train from the former city to the Estación del Norte . The Madrid –Zaragoza line was opened a year and a half later, on 16 May 1863. The July 1936 coup d'état (with Gen. Miguel Cabanellas , Col. Monasterio [ es ] , Urrutia [ es ] , Sueiro [ es ] , Major Cebollero and Gen. Gregorio de Benito [ es ] at the centre of the Mola -led conspiration in Zaragoza) triumphed in
1700-739: Is Joseba Asiron ( EH Bildu ), also supported by the Socialist Party of Navarre , Geroa Bai , and Contigo Zurekin . Pamplona is linked by motorways with neighbouring Zaragoza (1978), San Sebastián , Vitoria (1995) and Logroño (2006). Since 2007 buses use a new bus station in the city centre that replaces the old one (1934). The airport (1972), operated by Aena and located in Noain , schedules several flights daily to Madrid and Barcelona . There are railway (1861) links with Madrid , Zaragoza and northern Spain, operated by Renfe . High speed train link with Zaragoza, Madrid, and Barcelona
1800-457: Is Landaben). In recent years, single-family house -predominant neighborhoods have grown in the metropolitan area: Zizur Mayor , Cizur Menor , Mutilva Alta , Mutilva Baja , Olaz , Esquíroz , Artica , Alzuza , Artiberri and Sarriguren. And new districts emerged like Buztintxuri, Lezkairu and Ripagaina, the latter two being still under construction. These new suburbs have more room for green areas and recreative parks. Pamplona has shifted in
1900-689: Is also home to the MIT-Zaragoza International Logistics Program, a unique partnership between MIT, the Government of Aragon and the University of Zaragoza. There is a French international primary and secondary school, Lycée Français Molière de Saragosse . The city is connected by motorway with the main cities in central and northern Spain, including Madrid , Barcelona , Valencia , and Bilbao , all of which are located about 300 kilometres (200 miles) from Zaragoza. The city has
2000-532: Is coming mainly from abroad . Pamplona is listed as a city with one of the highest standards of living and quality of life in Spain. Its industry rate is higher than the national average, although it is threatened by delocalization. Crime statistics are lower than the national average but cost of living , especially housing, is considerably higher. Thanks to its small size and an acceptable public transport service, there are no major transport problems. Pamplona
2100-629: Is common and there is sporadic snowfall . Fog can be persistent in late autumn and early winter. Zaragoza is administratively divided into 15 urban districts and 14 rural neighborhoods: The population, in thousands, can be seen here: According to a survey carried out by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS) in 2019 with a sample size of 300, 51.0% of the surveyed people described themselves as non-practising Catholic, 24.0% as practising Catholic, 6.7% as indifferent/non-believer, 5.0% as agnostic , 4.3% as atheist and 2.3% as "other religions", while
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#17328557252462200-432: Is home to a Spanish Air and Space Force base, which was shared with the U.S. Air Force until 1992. In English, the base was known as Zaragoza Air Base . The Spanish Air Force maintained a McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet wing at the base. No American flying wings (with the exception of a few KC-135s) were permanently based there, but it served as a training base for American fighter squadrons across Europe. It also hosts
2300-580: Is located in the middle of Navarre in a rounded valley, known as the Basin of Pamplona , that links the mountainous north with the Ebro valley. It is 92 km (57 mi) from the city of San Sebastián, 117 km (73 mi) from Bilbao, 735 km (457 mi) from Paris, and 407 km (253 mi) from Madrid. The climate and landscape of the basin is a transition between those two main Navarrese geographical regions. Its central position at crossroads has served as
2400-606: Is mentioned again in 829, followed by Wiliesind and a certain Jimenez from 880 to 890. Even in the 10th century, important gaps are found in bishop succession, which is recorded unbroken only after 1005. At the time of the Umayyad invasion in 711, the Visigothic king Roderic was fighting the Basques in Pamplona and had to turn his attention to the new enemy coming from the south. By 714–16,
2500-454: Is significantly lower than in Bilbao and especially San Sebastián , as well as the climate is harsher than in the northern coastal areas (colder winter lows, warmer summer highs) because of the altitude of 450 metres (1,480 ft) and its inland location. Like many other European cities, it is very easy to distinguish what is so called the "old city" and the new neighborhoods. The oldest part of
2600-540: Is the seat of the Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy , National Centre for Renewable Energies (CENER) and of Acciona Energía . Pamplona is the main commercial and services centre of Navarre. Its area of influence is not beyond the province, except for the University of Navarre and its teaching hospital, which provide private educational and health services nationwide. The city is home to two universities:
2700-473: The 1512 conquest and annexation of Navarre to Spain, Pamplona remained as capital of the semiautonomous kingdom of Navarre , which preserved its own (reformed) institutions and laws. Pamplona became a Castilian-Spanish outpost at the foot of the western Pyrenees. After the Castilian conquest, king Ferdinand V ordered in 1513 the demolition and removal of the medieval castle and the city's monasteries, as well as
2800-688: The Aljafería Palace . Together with La Seo and the Aljafería , several other buildings form part of the Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The Fiestas del Pilar are among the most celebrated festivals in Spain. The Iberian town that preceded Roman colonisation was called Salduie or Salduba . The Romans and Greeks called the ancient city Caesaraugusta (in Greek Καισαραυγοῦστα ), from which derive
2900-553: The Almoravids in 1110. On 18 December 1118, Alfonso I of Aragon conquered the city from the Almoravids, and made it the capital of the Kingdom of Aragon . The aforementioned monarch created a jurisdictional dominion in the city, which was gifted to Gaston of Béarn . The city remained a lordship up until the early 13th century. There was a Jewish community in medieval Zaragoza,
3000-515: The Civil War , three new zones of Pamplona began to grow: Rochapea, Milagrosa, and Chantrea. Only the last one was a planned neighborhood, the other two being disorderly growths. In 1957, the municipality designed the first general ordination plan for the city, which established the guidelines for further urban development. According to this, during the 1960s and 1970s saw the creation of new neighborhoods like San Juan, Iturrama, San Jorge, Etxabakoitz, and Orvina. The urban expansion of Pamplona exceeded
3100-617: The Duke of Orléans entering the city on 26 May 1707. As he seized control of the kingdom, he began to enact the series of institutional reforms known as the Nueva Planta , abolishing the Aragonese institutions in favour of the Castilian ones. The war turned around again in 1710 after the Battle of Almenar , and, following another Bourbon defeat near Zaragoza on 20 August 1710 , Archduke Charles returned to
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3200-682: The Expo 2008 , the official World's Fair, whose theme was water and sustainable development , held between 14 June and 14 September 2008, Plataforma Logística de Zaragoza (PLAZA), and the Parque Tecnológico de Reciclado (PTR). Furthermore, since December 2003, it has been a city through which the AVE high-speed rail travels. Currently, Zaragoza Airport is a major cargo hub in the Iberian Peninsula , behind only Madrid, Barcelona, and Lisbon. Zaragoza
3300-567: The Pyrenees . In the 12th century, the city enlarged with two new separate burgos (independent boroughs): San Cernín (Saint Saturnin) and San Nicolás ; the population of local Navarrese mainly confined to the original urban nucleus, the Navarrería, was swelled by Occitan merchants and artisans. The boroughs showed very distinct features both socially and culturally, and were almost always engaged in quarrels among themselves. The most dramatic episode
3400-822: The Umayyad conquest of the Iberian Peninsula , Zaragoza became the capital of the Upper March of al-Andalus . In 1018, amid the collapse of the Caliphate of Córdoba , Zaragoza became an independent Taifa of Zaragoza , initially controlled by the Tujibid family, then ruled by the Banu Hud from 1039. The taifa greatly prospered in a cultural and political sense in the late 11th century, and being later governed by Ahmad al-Muqtadir , Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud and Al-Musta'in II . It fell to
3500-499: The arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas . There are many activities during the festival, from the massively attended pregon (opening speech) to the final fireworks display over the Ebro; they also include marching bands, dances such as jota aragonesa (the most popular folk music dance), a procession of gigantes y cabezudos , concerts, exhibitions, vaquillas , bullfights, fairground amusements, and fireworks. Some of
3600-420: The citadel or star fort. All the mediaeval structures were replaced and improved during 16th, 17th and 18th centuries in order to resist artillery sieges . Completely obsolete for modern warfare , they are used today as parks. The oldest civil building today existing is a fourteenth-century house that was used as Cámara de Comptos (the court of auditors of the early modern autonomous kingdom of Navarre) from
3700-432: The unification of the boroughs in a single city in 1423. The feuds between boroughs had been partly ignited by disputes over the use of the gulf dividing the three boroughs, so after Charles III's unification, the gulf was filled and on its site a common space laid out on the present-day city hall. The walls dividing the boroughs were demolished. During the late 15th century, Pamplona bore witness to power struggles between
3800-704: The war economy , playing a key role for the Francoist faction as ammunition manufacturer. The General Military Academy , a higher training center of the Spanish Army , was re-established on 27 September 1940 by José Enrique Varela , the Francoist Minister of the Army. The 1953 Accords ensued with the installment of a joint US–Spain air base in Zaragoza . Following the declaration of Zaragoza as Polo de Desarrollo Industrial ("Pole for Industrial Development") by
3900-564: The 19th century, this fortress-city played a key role in several wars in which Spain was involved. During the Peninsular War of the Napoleonic Wars , French troops occupied the city - by launching a coup de main (surprise attack) and seized the city in 1808, and remained in it until the French forces were compelled to surrender on 31 October 1813 due to starvation, having been blockaded in
4000-606: The 21st century, it is also on the boundary with a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ). Precipitation patterns do not vary much over the course of the year, as is typical of marine climates, but both classifications are possible due to the Mediterranean patterns of somewhat drier summer months. Sunshine hours are typical for a location in Northern Spain , thus more similar to the oceanic coastal climate in nearby Basque locations than typical Spanish Mediterranean areas are, but rainfall
4100-621: The Arabic name سرقسطة Saraqusṭa (used during the Al-Andalus period), the medieval Çaragoça , and the modern Zaragoza . The Sedetani , a tribe of ancient Iberians , populated a village called Salduie [ es ] ( Salduba in Roman sources). Augustus founded the city as Caesaraugusta between 25 BC and 11 BC as a colony to settle army veterans from the Cantabrian wars . As
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4200-519: The Aragonese population. The city lies at an elevation of about 208 metres (682 feet) above sea level . Zaragoza hosted Expo 2008 in the summer of 2008, a world's fair on water and sustainable development. It was also a candidate for the European Capital of Culture in 2012. The city is famous for its folklore, local cuisine, and landmarks such as the Basílica del Pilar , La Seo Cathedral and
4300-520: The Atlantic and Mediterranean. The average annual precipitation is a scanty 322 millimetres (12.7 in) with abundant sunny days, and the rainiest seasons are spring (April–May) and autumn (September–November), with a relative drought in summer (July–August) and winter (December–March). Temperatures in summer are hot, and in winter a cold and dry wind blows from the northwest, the Cierzo . Night frost
4400-532: The Basque region. To a considerable extent, that alternation reflected the internal struggles of the Basque warrior nobility. After the Frankish defeat at Roncevaux (778), Pamplona switched again to Cordovan rule , after Abd-al-Rahman's expedition captured the stronghold in 781. A wali or governor was imposed, Mutarrif ibn-Musa (a Banu-Qasi) up to the 799 rebellion. In that year, the Pamplonese—possibly led by
4500-667: The Basques south of the Pyrenees do not seem to have shown much resistance to the Moorish thrust, and Pamplona may even have flourished as a launching point and centre of assembly for their expeditions into Gascony . In 740, the Wali (governor) Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj imposed direct central Cordovan discipline on the city. In 755, though, the last governor of Al-Andalus , Yusuf al Fihri , sent an expedition north to quash Basque unrest near Pamplona, resulting in
4600-467: The Beaumont and Agramont confederacies and external military interventions. Several times, the stronghold was taken over by different factions and foreign forces, like the ones sent by Ferdinand II of Aragon . Queen Catherine I was a minor and often absent from Pamplona, but eventually she married John III in 1494, an event celebrated with joy in the city. However, Navarre continued divided. Historically,
4700-433: The Ebro basin. On 1 January 2021, the population of the municipality of Zaragoza was 675,301, (as of 2023, the fourth or fifth most populous in Spain) on a land area of 973.78 square kilometres (375.98 square miles). It is the 26th most populous municipality in the European Union . The population of the metropolitan area was estimated in 2006 at 783,763 inhabitants. The municipality is home to more than 50 percent of
4800-525: The Pillar'). The Aragonese language , in decline for centuries and restricted mostly to northern Aragon, has recently attracted more people in the region. Thus, nowadays, in Zaragoza, up to 7,000 people speak Aragonese. The annual Fiestas del Pilar lasts for nine days, with its main day on 12 October. This date also coincides with Spain's national holiday, El Día de la Hispanidad (Day of Hispanicity), which celebrates Spain's cultural and historical ties with Hispanic America. October 12 also corresponds to
4900-441: The Pyrenees. From the 11th century, reviving economic development allowed Pamplona to recover its urban life. The bishops of Pamplona recovered their ecclesiastical leading role; during the previous centuries, isolated monasteries , especially Leyre , had actually held the religious authority. The pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela contributed to the revival of the commercial and cultural exchanges with Christian Europe beyond
5000-499: The Spanish cities of Bilbao , Madrid , Valencia and Barcelona and the French cities of Bordeaux and Toulouse . The municipality has a surface of 973.78 km (375.98 sq mi), making it the ninth largest municipality in Spain. While the river banks are largely flat, the territory flanking them can display a rugged terrain, featuring muelas and escarpments. The surrounding elevations rise up to heights of about 600–750 metres above sea level. The locations near
5100-407: The Umayyad troops had reached the Basque-held Pamplona, with the town submitting apparently after a treaty was brokered between the inhabitants and the Arab military commanders. The position was then garrisoned by Berbers, who were stationed on the outside of the actual fortress, and established the cemetery unearthed not long ago at the Castle Square ( Plaza del Castillo ). During the following years,
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#17328557252465200-405: The Visigoth king Liuvigild overcame the Basques, seized Pamplona, and founded in the town of Victoriacum. Despite the legend citing Saint Fermin as the first bishop of Pamplona and his baptising of 40,000 pagan inhabitants in just three days, the first reliable accounts of a bishop date from 589, when bishop Liliolus attended the Third Council of Toledo . After 684 and 693, a bishop called Opilano
5300-416: The above-mentioned University of Navarre , a corporate work of Opus Dei founded in 1952, which is ranked as the best private university in Spain, and the Public University of Navarre , established by the Government of Navarre in 1987. There is also a local branch of the UNED ( Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia ). The two most important museums in Pamplona are the Museo de Navarra , devoted to
5400-430: The administrative limits of the city and involved municipalities like Barañáin , Burlada , Villava , Ansoain , Berriozar , Noain or Huarte in a larger metropolitan area. During the 1980s and 1990s, new neighborhoods were born: Azpilagaña, Mendebaldea, and Mendillorri. Rochapea was profoundly renewed. The urban development of those new neighborhoods is very similar to other Spanish provincial capitals that experienced
5500-448: The archaeological and artistic heritage of Navarre, and the Museo Diocesano of religious art, located in the cathedral. Pamplona is the first Spanish city in the French way of the Way of Saint James . Pamplona has hosted the Sarasate Violin International Competition biennially since 1991, and the annual Punto de Vista International Documentary Film Festival , the most important Spanish documentary film festival, since 2004. One of
5600-410: The building of a new castle in a very close place. In 1530, with Navarre under Spanish military occupation, the Castilian viceroy was still expecting a "French invasion", and in fear of a possible revolt of the city dwellers, he requested an additional 1,000-strong force from what he called "healthy land", i.e. Castile, besides the 1,000 stationed already in Navarre. The progress of artillery demanded
5700-434: The chief town of the Vascones . They called it Iruña, translating to 'the city'. Roman Pompaelo was located in the province of Hispania Tarraconensis , on the Ab Asturica Burdigalam , the road from Burdigala (modern Bordeaux ) to Asturica (modern Astorga ); it was a civitas stipendiaria in the jurisdiction of the conventus of Caesaraugusta (modern Zaragoza ). During the Germanic invasions of 409 and later as
5800-427: The city (and the wider Cuenca de Pamplona ) is located on the flood plain of the Arga river , a second-order tributary of the Ebro . Precipitation-wise, it is located in a transitional location between the rainy Atlantic northern façade of the Iberian Peninsula and its drier inland. Early population in the settlement traces back to the late Bronze to early Iron Age , even if the traditional inception date refers to
5900-434: The city centre every day with dramatic sculptures, black-dressed praying women and hundreds of hooded people playing drums. It has been a Festival of International Tourist Interest since 2014. The University of Zaragoza is based in the city. As one of the oldest universities in Spain and a major research and development centre, this public university awards all the highest academic degrees in dozens of fields. Zaragoza
6000-423: The city on 29 June 1706, following the uprising of other parts of the Kingdom of Aragon in December 1705. Charles entered the city in July 1706, directing the attack on those places of Aragon that had sided with the Bourbon faction such as Borja or the Cinco Villas . Following the April 1707 battle at Almansa , the tide turned with the Austracist forces fleeing in disarray, and the Bourbon forces commanded by
6100-422: The city on the next day. This was for only a brief period, though, as following the entry of Philip V in Madrid and the ensuing Battle of Villaviciosa in December 1710, the Habsburg armies fled from Zaragoza in haste in December 1710 and Philip V proceeded to consolidate his rule over the kingdom of Aragon, resuming administrative reforms after a period of institutional void. An important food riot caused by
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#17328557252466200-403: The city. After the military uprising in Africa on 17 July, the military command easily attained its objectives in Zaragoza in the early morning of 19 July, despite the city's status as stronghold of organised labour (mostly CNT anarcho-syndicalists but also UGT trade unionists), as the civil governor critically refused to give weapons to the people in time. Many refugees, including members of
6300-464: The closest area to the walls was banned to avoid any advantage for a besieger; thus the city could only grow by increasing its housing density. Higher and narrower houses were built and courtyards gradually disappeared. During the 19th century, road transportation improved, and the railway came in 1860. Nevertheless, industry in Pamplona and Navarre as a whole was weak during the century of the Industrial Revolution . Basically, no industrial development
6400-458: The confluence of the Ebro with the Huerva river , a modest right-bank tributary of the Ebro. The Huerva runs through the city buried for much of its lower course. Zaragoza is also located near the confluence of the Ebro with the Gállego , a more voluminous left-bank tributary born in the Pyrenees . Zaragoza has a semi-arid climate ( Köppen : BSk ), as it lies in a wide basin entirely surrounded by mountains which block off moist air from
6500-418: The defeat of the Arab army. From 755 until 781, Pamplona remained autonomous, probably relying on regional alliances. Although sources are not clear, it seems apparent that in 778, the town was in hands of a Basque local or a Muslim rebel faction loyal to the Franks at the moment of Charlemagne 's crossing of the Pyrenees to the south. However, on his way back from the failed expedition to Saragossa in August,
6600-406: The dungeons of the Aljafería . Zaragoza suffered two famous sieges during the Peninsular War against the Napoleonic army: a first from June to August 1808; and a second from December 1808 to February 1809, surrendering only after some 50,000 defenders had died. Railway transport came to Zaragoza on 16 September 1861 with the inauguration of the Barcelona –Zaragoza line with the arrival of
6700-444: The foundation of Pompaelo by Pompey during the Sertorian Wars circa 75 BC. During Visigothic rule Pamplona became an episcopal see, serving as a staging ground for the Christianization of the area. It later became one of the capitals of the Kingdom of Pamplona/Navarre . The city is famous worldwide for the running of the bulls during the San Fermín festival , which is held annually from 6 July to 14 July. This festival
6800-409: The high price of bread and other necessity goods took place in the city in April 1766, the so-called motín de los broqueleros , named after the repressive agents, volunteer farmers and craftsmen who wielded swords and bucklers ( broqueles ). The repression left about 300 wounded, 200 detainees and 8 deaths and it was followed by 17 public executions, and an indeterminate number of killings at
6900-439: The historic-artistic heritage of Pamplona. The most important religious building is the fourteenth century Gothic Cathedral , with an outstanding cloister and a Neoclassical façade . There are another two main Gothic churches in the old city: Saint Sernin and Saint Nicholas , both built during the thirteenth century. Two other Gothic churches were built during the sixteenth century: Saint Dominic and Saint Augustine. During
7000-431: The main Spanish Army academy, Academia General Militar , a number of brigades at San Gregorio , and other garrisons. Christianity took root in Zaragoza at an early date. According to legend, St. Mary appeared miraculously to Saint James the Great in Zaragoza in the first century, standing on a pillar. This apparition is commemorated by a famous Catholic basilica called Nuestra Señora del Pilar ('Our Lady of
7100-403: The meanders of the Ebro feature some sinkholes formed upon the subsidence of the gypsum -rich soil, that can form ponds fed from irrigation water. There is also an instance of seasonal endorheic lagoon, la Sulfúrica , in the moors located in the southern part of the municipality. The Roman core of Caesaraugusta was founded on the right bank of the Ebro, with the north-east corner limiting
7200-406: The more popular cultural expressions include the " Gigantes ", which come out during festivals many times during the year. These are approximately 30-foot wooden statues that have a person inside that make them dance around the city. They represent each of the main continents of the world, including Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Following the 2023 municipal election , the mayor of the city
7300-574: The most important events are the Ofrenda de Flores , or Flower Offering to St. Mary of the Pillar, on 12 October, when an enormous surface resembling a cloak for St. Mary is covered with flowers, and the Ofrenda de Frutos on 13 October, when all the autonomous communities of Spain offer their typical regional dishes to St. Mary and donate them to soup kitchens. Holy Week in Zaragoza , although not as elaborate an affair as its Andalusian or Bajo Aragón counterparts, has several processions passing through
7400-496: The most part, which "makes them incomprehensible". On the 24 July, after Christian troops and citizens fled, troops from Cordova sacked Pamplona, destroying houses and buildings including its celebrated church. The town only regained its urban and human shape after the end of raids by Vikings and Andalusians on the province. Especially after 1083, traffic on the Way of St James brought prosperity and new cultures via travelers from north of
7500-417: The north-east of the Iberian Peninsula , in the rather arid depression formed by the valley of the Ebro . The Ebro cuts across the city in a west north-west by east south-east direction, entering the municipality at 205 metres above sea level and exiting the municipality at a level of 180 metres above sea level. The city enjoys a beneficial location at the geographical centre of the rough hexagon formed by
7600-399: The old city is Navarrería, which corresponds with the Roman city. During the 12th century, the boroughs of Saint Sernin (San Saturnino or San Cernin) and Saint Nicholas (San Nicolás) were established. Charles III decreed the unification of the three places under a single municipality in 1423. The city did not expand until the late 19th century. In 1888, a modest modification of the star fort
7700-418: The other three remained as they did not hinder urban growth. The star fort continued to serve as a military facility until 1964, but just as a garrison. Pamplona has in recent years taken great care to integrate and preserve its fortifications for modern use. In October 2014, working with the city of Bayonne, Pamplona hosts an international conference 'Fortified Heritage: Management and Sustainable Development',
7800-430: The outpost Pamplona had become on the border with independent Navarre , a close ally of France. The walls that exist today date from the late 16th to 18th centuries. During the 18th century, Pamplona was considerably beautified and its urban services improved. A continuous water supply was established and the streets were paved, among many other enhancements. Rich aristocrats and businessmen also built their mansions. In
7900-605: The provincial committees of parties and unions, fled to Caspe , the capital of the territory of Aragon, which was still controlled by the Republic. The rearguard violence committed by the putschists, with at least 12 murders on 19 July, would only go in crescendo along the beginning of the conflict. Thus one of the two big cities under Rebel control since the early stages of the Spanish Civil War along Seville , Zaragoza profited from an increasing industrial production vis-à-vis
8000-566: The regime in 1964, the city doubled in population in a short time. The increase in population ran parallel to the rural flight and depopulation in the rest of Aragon. In 1979, a fire at the Hotel Corona de Aragón fire killed at least 80 people, including members of the family of Francisco Franco. The armed Basque nationalist and separatist organization ETA carried out the Zaragoza barracks bombing in 1987 which killed eleven people, including
8100-699: The river again at Almazán . The road then heads south over the Puerto de Radona to the Autovía A-2 junction 150 km which leads south west to Madrid . Pamplona Pamplona ( Spanish pronunciation: [pamˈplona] ; Basque : Iruña [iɾuɲa] ), historically also known as Pampeluna in English, is the capital city of the Chartered Community of Navarre , in Spain . Lying at near 450 m (1,480 ft) above sea level,
8200-736: The seventeenth and eighteenth century were built the Baroque chapels of Saint Fermin, in the church of Saint Lawrence, and of the Virgin of the Road (Virgen del Camino), in the church of Saint Sernin, the convents of the Augustinian Recollect nuns and the Carmelite friars, and the Saint Ignatius basilica in the place where he was injured in the battle and during the subsequent convalescence he decided to be
8300-572: The sixteenth to the nineteenth century. There are also several medieval bridges on the Arga: Santa Engracia, Miluce, Magdalena, and San Pedro. The medieval palace of Saint Peter, which was alternatively used by Navarrese kings and Pamplonese bishops, was used during the early modern age as the Viceroy 's palace and later was the seat of the military governor of Navarre; from the time of the Civil War it
8400-506: The so-called Palace of Navarre, during the nineteenth century. Zaragoza Zaragoza ( Spanish: [θaɾaˈɣoθa] ) also known in English as Saragossa , is the capital city of the province of Zaragoza and of the autonomous community of Aragon , Spain. It lies by the Ebro river and its tributaries, the Huerva and the Gállego , roughly in the centre of both Aragon and
8500-590: The town for four months by the Spanish army under Enrique José O'Donnell . During the Carlist Wars (1833–1839 and 1872–1876) Pamplona was each time controlled by the liberals, not just because the few liberals that lived in Navarre were mainly Pamplonese, but also because of the governmental control over the fortified city. Although Carlist rebels easily ruled the countryside, the government army had no problem in dominating
8600-449: The walled capital of Navarre. Nevertheless, during the last Carlist war, modern artillery operated by Carlists from surrounding mountains showed that the old walls would not be enough in the face of a stronger enemy. Thus, the government decided to build a fort on the top of mount San Cristóbal , just 3 km (1.9 mi) north of Pamplona. Due to its military role, the city could not grow outside its walled belt. Furthermore, building in
8700-460: The walls and probably the town were destroyed by Charlemagne (ahead of the Frankish defeat in the famous Battle of Roncevaux ), out of fear that the anti-Frankish party strong in the town might use the position against him. After Abd al-Rahman I 's conquest, Pamplona and its hinterland remained in a state of shaky balance between Franks, regional Andalusian lords and central Cordovan rule, all of whom proved unable to permanently secure dominance over
8800-437: The website is in English, French, and Spanish. Available on a growing website are two free e-books, with copious colour photographs, on Pamplona's fortifications. Published in 2011 is 'Five living centuries of an impregnable fortress' about the city citadel and 'A walk round the Pamplona fortifications'. Freed from its military function, Pamplona could lead the process of industrialization and modernization in which Navarre
8900-796: The west and becomes the N-120 . The N-111 follows the valley of the Rio Iregua south and the Reserva Nacional de Cameros passing over the Puerto de Piqueras (1,711m) in the Sierra de Camero Viejo. The road then drops into Soria and the upper reaches of the Rio Duero. The road is crossed by the N-234 and N-122 . The road heads south leaving the river to cross the Pinarse de Almazán by the Alto de Matas de Lubia before crossing
9000-502: Was allowed, but it just permitted the building of six blocks. It was called the I Ensanche (literally, "first widening"). The southern walls were destroyed in 1915 and the II Ensanche ("second widening") was planned. Its plan followed the grid pattern model designed by Ildefons Cerdà for Barcelona . Its blocks were built between the 1920s and the 1950s. The prevailing housing model is apartment buildings of five to eight floors. After
9100-680: Was brought to literary renown with the 1926 publication of Ernest Hemingway 's novel The Sun Also Rises . It is also home to Osasuna , the only Navarrese football club to have ever played in the Spanish top division . In the winter of 75–74 BC, the area served as a camp for the Roman general Pompey in the war against Sertorius . He is considered to be the founder of Pompaelo , "as if Pompeiopolis " in Strabo's words, which became Pamplona, in modern Spanish . However, in later times, it has been discovered to be
9200-548: Was conquered by the Visigoth count Gauteric, but they seemed to abandon the restless position soon, struggling as the Visigoth kingdom was to survive and rearrange its lands after their defeats in Gaul. During the beginning of the sixth century, Pamplona probably stuck to an unstable self-rule, but in 541, Pamplona, along with other northern Iberian cities, was raided by the Franks. Around 581,
9300-694: Was crowned as king of Pamplona in 824, when the Banu Qasi and he gained momentum in the wake of their victorious second battle of Roncevaux . The new kingdom, inextricably linked to the Banu Qasi of Tudela, strengthened its independence from the weakened Frankish empire and Cordoban emirate . During this period, Pamplona was not properly a town, but just a kind of fortress. In 924, Cordovan sources describe Pamplona as "not being especially gifted by nature", with its inhabitants being poor, not eating enough, and dedicated to banditry. They are reported to speak Basque for
9400-460: Was feasible in such a constrained fortress-city. After a slight modification of the star fort allowed an expansion of just six blocks in 1888, the First World War demonstrated that the fortified system of Pamplona was already obsolete. In 1915, the Army allowed the destruction of the walls and abolished the building ban in the city's surroundings. The southern side of the walls was destroyed and
9500-598: Was in ruins but was recently rebuilt to be used as the General Archive of Navarre. The most outstanding Baroque civil architecture is from the eighteenth century: town hall, episcopal palace, Saint John the Baptist seminary, and the Rozalejo's, Ezpeleta's (today music school), Navarro-Tafalla's (today, the local office of PNV ), and Guenduláin's (today, a hotel) mansions. The provincial government built its own Neoclassical palace,
9600-413: Was involved during the 20th century, especially during its second half. The urban growth has been accompanied by the development of industry and services. Population growth has been the effect of an intense immigration process during the 1960s and 1970s: from the Navarrese countryside and from other less developed regions of Spain, mainly Castile and León and Andalusia . Since the 1990s the immigration
9700-476: Was not expected until 2014. A new railway station will be built in the southern part of the city. Within the city and surroundings there are also 23 daytime lines and 10 night lines of public buses, operated by TCC , the chartered company of the Mancomunidad de la Comarca de Pamplona . Several notable churches, most of its 16th- to 18th-century fortified system and other civil architecture buildings belong to
9800-522: Was the Church of Santa Engracia de Zaragoza . Only the crypt and the doorway survived the Peninsular War . Around the early 20th century it was rebuilt, and is now a functioning parish church. Despite the general decline of the last centuries of the Roman empire, Zaragoza suffered little. Capture by the Goths in the fifth century CE was without significant bloodshed or destruction. In the eighth century, following
9900-486: Was the burning of the borough San Nicolás in 1258 and the destruction of the Navarrería by the other two boroughs and the massacre of its population in 1276. The site was abandoned for nearly 50 years. With regards to the outer defence walls of the city, the southern side was the weakest flank of the city, and the Navarrese king Louis I built a castle in the early 14th century in the site known today as Plaza del Castillo (Castle Square). Eventually, King Charles III decreed
10000-555: Was unearthed in 2003 at the Castle Square, bearing witness to an important Muslim presence in the city during this period, but further research was stopped by the destruction of this and other historic evidence as decided by the city council, headed by mayor Yolanda Barcina . Following a failed expedition to the town led by Louis the Pious around 812, allegiance to the Franks collapsed after Enecco Arista rose to prominence. Moreover, he
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