The N-234 is a highway in Spain . It connects Sagunto to Burgos across the Iberian System .
95-674: The road starts 9 km south of Burgos on the Autovía A-1 . It heads south east through the Sierra de las Mamblas rising over the Mazariegos (1,060m) and pass Muela (1,374m). It continues through the mountains tom Soria passing over the Puerto Mojón Pardo (1,234m) with the Reserva Nacional de Urbión in the Sierra de Urbión to the north rising to 2,229m. This range is also the source of
190-473: A European Union (EU) student-exchange programme, and each semester hosts students from various countries across the 15-state European Union, as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Malta and associated countries in Eastern Europe. Additionally, university students from various regions around the world including China, Latin and North America are able to participate in exchange programmes to study abroad at
285-403: A UNESCO World Heritage Site . The Cathedral is the resting place for El Cid (the famous knight from Medieval Spain's history) and his wife Dona Jimena. The west front is flanked by towers terminating in octagonal spires covered with open stonework traceries. The middle section, which serves as an entrance, has three alabaster pilasters, the intercolumnar spaces bearing panel-pictures representing
380-517: A Sancta Maria . Burgos Cathedral owes its many works of art of the 13th to 18th centuries, especially to the fact that during the 19th and 20th centuries no decisive restorations were taken. Outside the scope of the new cloister only was essential way reformed, after 1800, the chapel of the Santo Cristo or of Our Lady of the Remedies, located in the west of the old cloister. The renovation began with
475-488: A centre of trade between the Bay of Biscay and the south, which attracted an unusually large foreign merchant population, who became part of the city oligarchy and excluded other foreigners. Throughout the 13th and 14th centuries, Burgos was a favourite seat of the kings of León and Castile and a favoured burial site. The consejo or urban commune of Burgos was firmly in the hands of an oligarchic class of caballeros villanos ,
570-565: A city (as in Salamanca , Santiago de Compostela , Ávila , Córdoba , Toledo , Alcalá de Henares , or Cuenca ) or in union with other buildings, as in Seville . It is similar in design to Brussels cathedral . Burgos became a bishopric in 1075 by the king Alfonso VI of León and Castile "the Brave" on authority of Pope Gregory VII , giving it a canonical continuation with the episcopal tradition of
665-593: A hiatus of almost 200 years, it went through major embellishments of great splendor in the 15th and 16th centuries: the spires of the main facade, the capilla del Condestable , 'Chapel of the Constable ' and dome of the transept. These are elements of the flamboyant Gothic which gives the cathedral its unmistakable profile. The last works of importance (the Sacristy or the Chapel of Saint Thecla ) were performed in
760-448: A hurricane). This cimborio is a pinnacled, two-storey octagonal richly decorated lantern. In the 18th century the construction began of the magnificent Churrigueresque Chapel of Saint Thecla (finished in 1734) (on the site of the original parish church), the Chapel of the Relics and the Sacristy. One of the most famous bishops of Burgos was the 15th-century scholar and historian Alphonsus
855-460: A powerful bishopric (the cathedral chapter had more than thirty canons already before 1200) and an increasingly dynamic business center. The decision to build a new cathedral was finally made in the 13th century. As was common at the time, the Romanesque building was destroyed (of which now only some sculptural elements remain), presumably during the second construction campaign of the new cathedral in
950-415: A scale weighing the souls; around him, to the left, a demon trying to unlevel in their favor the weight of the sins as well as those convicted who are driven to Hell, and, to the right, a little house with the open door representing the entrance to paradise, where are already nobles, a king, a queen, a monk with hood and a Franciscan friar, the blessed. This motif of psicostasis is an iconographic heritage of
1045-411: A statue of Saint Lawrence came off from the final stretch of the north tower of the main facade, which made public the immediate need to resume the protection and conservation measures of the monument. Finally, are noteworthy other contemporary interventions, without seeking any modification of the monument, have significantly contributed to the enhancement of the cathedral, as has been the elimination in
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#17328561214071140-714: A triangular pediment. In the tympanums of the side portals reliefs were placed of the Conception and the Coronation, holding the hand of Juan de Pobes, and in the spandrels, two doubles side arches that shelter the respective statuettes. The second part of the facade was also erected in the 13th century. It contains in its middle a rosette of Cistercian inspiration, with tracery of a six-pointed star, or of Solomon's seal. The third part show an elegant gallery marked by spires and several pinnacles, and consists of two large windows with mullions and tracery of three quadrilobed oculi. Under
1235-654: A weapons factory. After its destruction by the French during the War of Independence in 1813, there are hardly any buildings left standing. From the Castle it is possible to see fantastic views of the city. Burgos has a total of 10 museums, the newest being the Museum of Human Evolution (the 10th most visited museum in Spain). The Museum of Human Evolution was inaugurated on 13 July 2010. Its foundation
1330-605: Is a Catholic church dedicated to the Virgin Mary located in the historical center of the Spanish city of Burgos . Its official name is the Holy Metropolitan Cathedral Basilica Church of St Mary of Burgos ( Spanish : Santa Iglesia Catedral Basílica Metropolitana de Santa María de Burgos ). Its construction began in 1221, in the style of French Gothic architecture and is based on a Latin cross. After
1425-643: Is a World Heritage Site . Burgos was selected as the "Spanish Gastronomy Capital" of 2013. In 2015 UNESCO named it "City of Gastronomy", and it has been part of the Creative Cities Network since then. There are several possible origins for the toponymy. When the city was founded, the inhabitants of the surrounding country moved into the fortified village, whose Visigothic name of Burgos signified consolidated walled villages (Gothic baurgs ). The cities Burgas in Bulgaria and numerous cities containing
1520-523: Is a staple country food known across the Iberian peninsula. Spiced with onions and herbs its most noticeable content is rice (often mistaken for fat) which makes it one of the lightest and healthiest products of its kind. Oral tradition says that it must be "salty, smooth and piquant" (see Spanish pages Burgos (desambiguación) [ es ] for details). As with the Queso de Burgos, several comarcas or towns in
1615-430: Is acceptable for people with sensitive digestion. Burgos is blessed with a moderate climate and this fresh cheese was able to be conserved there without the need for curing of more than 10 days. With the improvement of aseptic industrial production processes this can be extended to about 30 days at a cool 6 °C. Its production reaches 35,000 tons annually. Morcilla de Burgos , a pig's-blood sausage ( black pudding ),
1710-484: Is based on the archaeological site of Atapuerca located 20 km (12 mi) east of Burgos. The Atapuerca site has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . It contains several caves, where fossils and stone tools of the earliest known hominids in West Europe have been found, near Atapuerca Mountains . The museum also allows the visitor to travel to the archaeological site and biological park. It summarizes
1805-576: Is called LOE ( Ley Orgánica de Educación ). Often abbreviated 'UBU', the University of Burgos is a public university with about 10,000 students studying over 30 different undergraduate degrees, over 20 PhD Programmes, as well as several Official Masters and other graduate courses. It was established in 1994 when it was divided from the University of Valladolid . UBU cooperates with the Erasmus Project ,
1900-708: Is composed of two octagonal sections in Corinthian style . The Monasterio de las Huelgas Reales (Monastery of the Royal Retreats) on the outskirts of the city, was founded in 1180 by king Alfonso VIII , and was begun in a pre-Gothic style, although almost every style has been introduced over many additions. The remarkable cloisters have been described as "unrivalled for beauty both of detail and design, and perhaps unsurpassed by anything in its age and style in any part of Europe" (1911 Encyclopædia Britannica ). One cloister has semicircular arches with delicate and varied columns;
1995-659: Is dedicated to the archaic theme of Christ in Majesty, but using an innovative plastic. The central element and artistically most refined is the tympanum , whose execution is attributed to a French artist referred to as the Master of the Beau Dieu of Amiens. What is certain is the influence of the sculpture of the Cathedral of Amiens in the masterly Burgalese door. In this almost triangular space representing to seated Jesus as Pantocrator showing
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#17328561214072090-532: Is drier than Spain's coastal regions, although there is year-round precipitation. Average annual precipitation is 546 mm (21.5 in) and the average annual relative humidity is 72%. In winter, temperatures very often (almost every day) drop below freezing, often reaching temperatures as low as −10 °C (14 °F), and snowfalls are common, while the summer months see average high temperatures of 27.5 °C (81.5 °F). The lowest recorded temperature in Burgos
2185-418: Is surrounded by wheat fields. Burgos is a very industrial city, with a secondary sector widely developed. The city has the biggest industrial park of north Spain, called Villalonquéjar . The city is the headquarters of Grupo Antolin , designer and manufacturer of interior automotive components. It is also the headquarters for south Europe Benteler International . It employs the bigger percentage in
2280-453: Is tradition identify the portrayed as D. Mauricio , although it may well be of D. Asterio or Saint Indaletius , first bishop of Almería , martyr and Christianizator of the province of Burgos. In the side jambs are carved six figures, after the rest of the portal, four of which represent Moses , Aaron , Saint Peter and Paul the Apostle ; the other two are not easily identifiable. Although
2375-460: The hermandades or confraternities like the Sarracín and Bonifaz succeeded in monopolising the post of alcalde , or mayor; a special court, the alcalde del rey was first mentioned at Burgos in 1281. By the reign of Alfonso X , the exemption of the non-noble knights and religious corporations, combined with exorbitant gifts and grants to monasteries and private individuals, placed great stress on
2470-579: The Autopista AP-7 . In 2002 an airplane fell on N-234 road in the Torres Torres municipal term. 39°47′28″N 0°20′57″W / 39.79111°N 0.34917°W / 39.79111; -0.34917 Burgos Burgos ( Spanish: [ˈbuɾɣos] ) is a city in Spain located in the autonomous community of Castile and León . It is the capital and most populated municipality of
2565-406: The Cathedral of Jaca ). There is documentary evidence that the monarch donated the outdoor area of the royal palace that had belonged to his father Ferdinand I of León and a small church dedicated to Saint Mary that was under construction. In 1096 the construction on this church was finished. But the church soon became too small for the needs of a city that was the symbolic capital of the kingdom,
2660-771: The Duero River . At Soria the road meets the N-111 and N-122 . The road continues south east into the Sierra de la Virgen and the Puerto Bigornia (1,100m). At Calatayud there is a junction with the Autovía A-2 . The road follows the Jiloca River to Daroca and a junction with the N-330 crossing the Puerto de Villafeliche (860m). The road continues along the rio Jiloca River valley with
2755-565: The Germanic burg "city" such as Hamburg have a similar literal composition. The city began to be called Caput Castellae ("Cabeza de Castilla" or "Head of Castile"). Early humans occupied sites around Burgos as early as 800,000 years ago. When the Romans took possession of what is now the province of Burgos, the site had been a Celtic city. In Roman times, it belonged to Hispania Citerior ("Hither Spain") and then to Hispania Tarraconensis . In
2850-586: The Jesuits , and the Hospital del Rey are also of historic and architectural interest. Among the other interesting architectural structures, in the walls of the city are the gateway of Santa María , erected for the first entrance of the Emperor Charles V , and the arch of Fernán González. Construction on Burgos' Gothic Cathedral began in 1221 and spanned mainly from the 13th to 15th centuries. It has been declared
2945-611: The Kings of León , continued to be governed by counts and was gradually extended; one of these counts, Fernán González, established his independence. In the 11th century, the city became the see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Burgos and the capital of the Kingdom of Castile . Burgos was a major stop for pilgrims on the French Way the most popular path to Santiago de Compostela and
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3040-632: The Moors , the struggles between León and Navarre, and between Castile and Aragon . In the Peninsular War against Napoleonic France, the siege of Burgos (between 19 September to 21 October) was a scene of a withdrawal for Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington . Again in the 19th-century Carlist civil wars of the Spanish succession Burgos was the scene of a battle. During the Spanish Civil War , Burgos
3135-705: The diocese of Oca , whose prelate was in 589 already recorded as a signatory to the Third Council of Toledo during the reign of the Visigoths . The monarch dedicated the construction of a cathedral to the Virgin Mary. Its design is not known, but it is supposedly Romanesque and of the type of contemporary works (of the Abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos , of the Monastery of San Pedro de Arlanza of San Martín de Tours de Frómista or
3230-517: The province of Burgos . Burgos is situated in the north of the Iberian Peninsula , on the confluence of the Arlanzón river tributaries, at the edge of the central plateau . The municipality has a population of about 180,000 inhabitants. The Camino de Santiago runs through Burgos. Founded in 885 by the second Count of Castile , Diego Rodríguez Porcelos , Burgos soon became the leading city of
3325-513: The reconquista . It was eventually dispersed throughout the Spanish empire following the conquest and colonization of the Americas, and Spain after the union of the Catholic Monarchs 's kingdoms being co-spoken with other languages. Of the many different variations and dialects found throughout the world, it's argued that the purest Spanish can be found in the region of Burgos due to the fact that
3420-434: The " Silos Glosses ", recorded in the Burgos monastery of Santo Domingo de Silos. Burgos province is famous in gastronomy for: Queso de Burgos , a white cheese which is soft and unctuous (because it is made with whey ). Although originally made with sheep's milk, now cow's milk or mixtures are more common. Each comarca (rural district) produces a minor variation, and the major dairies produce an industrial product that
3515-563: The "peasant knights" of Burgos, who provided the monarchs with a mounted contingent: in 1255 and 1266 royal charters granted relief from taxes to those citizens of Burgos who owned horses and could arm themselves, provided that they continue to live within the city walls. The merchant oligarchy succeeded the cathedral chapter as the major purchasers of land after 1250; they carried on their mercantile business in common with municipal or royal functions and sent their sons to England and Flanders to gain experience in overseas trade. A few families within
3610-637: The 1240s and the 1250s. And on this site, expanded through the demolition of neighboring houses, with donations by the Bishop Marino, rose a new Gothic cathedral. The first stone of the new cathedral was laid on June 20, 1221 in the presence of the promoters of the cathedral: the king Ferdinand III of Castile "the Saint" and Bishop Maurice of Burgos, bishop of the Burgalese diocese since 1213. Pope Honorius III granted an indulgence to all contributors to
3705-547: The 13th century, many kabbalists began moving to Burgos. After new restrictions were imposed on Jews, and they began to suffer from more violent acts of antisemitism, many converted to Christianity. The most well-known convert from Burgos, Paul of Burgos , was originally a Spanish Jew named Solomon Halevi. During the Edict of Expulsion in 1492, most Jews in Burgos became conversos rather than fleeing Spain. Those who did went to Portugal. At an elevation of 865 metres (2,838 ft),
3800-578: The 15th century the Colonia family , originally from Cologne , incorporated the open spires of the main facade (between 1442 and 1458), the dome over the transept and the Chapel of the Constables. In the 16th century, besides the modifications to several chapels, highlights the construction of a new dome by Juan de Vallejo ( fl. c. 1518–1569) and Felipe Vigarny, who replaced the original cimborio (a domed crossing tower) constructed by Juan de Colonia (sunk after
3895-421: The 15th century by Juan de Colonia. The portals of Sarmental and la Coronería were constructed in 13th-century Gothic style, while the portal de la Pellejería shows 16th-century Plateresques-Renaissance influences. The cathedral was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 31 October 1984. It is the only Spanish cathedral that has this distinction independently, without being joined to the historic center of
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3990-453: The 18th century, during which the Gothic portals of the main facade were also modified. The style of the cathedral is the Gothic, although it has several decorative Renaissance and Baroque elements as well. The construction and renovations were made with limestone extracted from the quarries of the nearby town of Hontoria de la Cantera . Many works of extraordinary artists are preserved in
4085-600: The 18th century, in 1786, with a semicircular arch of large voussoirs and of the Baroque style, which replaced a Gothic mullion in which would be represented the figure of God the Father. Shortly undertake the remodeling, the Council decided to close this door by the excessive and annoying traffic of neighbors who descended into the lower part of the city with supplies and utensils. Thus ended another movement of people, this pious, since through
4180-598: The 24 elders of the Apocalypse, playing or tuning medieval musical instruments, several choirs of angels and an allegory of the Arts. This iconographic set had to be carved by local sculptors led by the French masters. The door is divided by a mullion in which it appears, covered by a canopy on which effigy the Lamb, which could also be carved by Master of the Sarmental) representing a bishop;
4275-668: The 5th century, the Visigoths drove back the Suebi , then the Berbers occupied almost all of Castile in the 8th century, though only for a very brief period, and left little if any trace of their occupation. King Alfonso III the Great of León reconquered it about the middle of the 9th century, and built several castles for the defence of Christendom, which was then extended through the reconquest of lost territory. The region came to be known as Castile (Latin castella ), i.e. "(land of) castles". Burgos
4370-565: The Apostles , which from inside the cathedral communicates with the nave through the Golden Staircase by Diego de Siloé. It is work done between 1250 and 1257 by local artists from the circle of master Enrique, sometimes called the master of the Coronería. Fully Gothic, part of the sculptural themes, however, prolong the Romanesque tradition. In addition, the environment of the door was renovated in
4465-683: The Assumption and the Immaculate Conception. This portal was built in the 13th century and, with its iconography dedicated to the Virgin, it was considered the most important sculptural manifestation of Gothic art in Castile. The side portals were rebuilt, due to their serious deterioration, in 1663 by Juan de Pobes . In 1790 the central portal was rebuilt in Neoclassical style, with horizontal lintels and
4560-407: The Book of the Law and, surrounding him, the Four Evangelists, in its case double way represented: iconically, themselves bent over their desks writing the Gospels, and symbolically, by the Tetramorph. Below, separated by a lintel, appears a full Apostolate in a seated pose, attributed to another French artist known as the Master of the Sarmental. The tympanum is surrounded by three archivolts occupying
4655-423: The Coronería had access to the cathedral the pilgrims that followed the Camino de Santiago . Below and above the jambs, and extending through the surrounding wall, forming friezes, blind respective series of ogival and trefoil pointed arches, that in the lower socket mounted on paired columns with vegetable capitals. This blind gallery of trefoils and columns underlies a complete Apostolate, consisting of statues in
4750-456: The Main Square "Plaza Mayor" and the Promenade of the Espolón "Paseo del Espolón," on the side street, Travesía del Mercado nº3, you find the Fadrique de Basilea Book Museum "Museo del Libro Fadrique de Basilea", of the Burgos publisher, Siloé, a cosy museum that shows the history of the book from its first written form to its modern electronic form. State Education in Spain is free, and compulsory from 6 to 16 years. The current education system
4845-448: The Mother of Christ. This final addition was made in the mid-15th century by Juan de Colonia. Above the side doors of the first part were raised two almost identical towers in the 13th century. They consist of three stories, with pilasters decorated with pinnacles and statues at their corners, and with decorated openings pointed on each side of each story: one flared with mullion and tracery with an oculus, covered with stained glasses, in
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#17328561214074940-462: The Romanesque art. At the top of the tympanum appears another motif common to the Romanesque, the Deesis , with Christ enthroned as universal judge, with arms raised, showing the wounded of the side and flanked by the Virgin and St. John imploring mercy for souls of the poor. At the apex of the tympanum, on a cloud, and angels bearing the insignia of the Passion. The attempts at drama and grimacing expression that show various images of this facade away of
5035-413: The University of Burgos. In total, the University of Burgos has education agreements with over 100 international academic institutions. Isabella I of Castile University Isabella I of Castile University , established in 2008, is a private state-recognized university located in Burgos. It was fully accredited by the Spanish Government in 2011. Most of the parks in the city of Burgos can be found along
5130-463: The cathedral took place in 1260, although ecclesiastical services were already held from 1230. The chapels of the aisles were completed between the second half of the 13th century and early 14th century and a new cloister was built. Master Enrique died in Burgos in 1277 and was succeeded by Master Juan Pérez. He was succeeded later by Aparicio Pérez, active in 1327, Pedro Sánchez de Molina and Martín Fernández, who died in 1396 and 1418 respectively. In
5225-412: The cathedral, bearing testimony to the creative genius of architects and sculptors of the Colonia family ( Juan , Simón , and Francisco ); the architect Juan de Vallejo; sculptors Gil de Siloé , Felipe Bigarny , Rodrigo de la Haya, Martín de la Haya, Juan de Ancheta, and Juan Pascual de Mena ; the sculptor and architect Diego Siloe ; the fencer Cristóbal de Andino; the glazier Arnao de Flandes ; and
5320-431: The cathedral, by architect Marcos Rico Santamaría, has replaced the roof by a light steel framing. Regarding the rib star freely suspended in the center tower of the transept, it has laid a glass surface that achieves the complete enlightenment of the fabric of the rib. Regardless of such measures, there have been few the recent attempts to modify the architectural and sculptural substance of the cathedral. On August 12, 1994,
5415-401: The city and is represented by the public sector (production, delivery and allocation of goods and services), due to the capital status. The city has a complete culture infrastructure, remarked by the Auditorio y Palacio de Congresos de Burgos , which opened in mid-2012. Spanish , also called Castilian, originated in Castile and spread throughout the Crown of Castile's possessions following
5510-433: The city celebrates with fireworks, concerts, sports, folklore, games for children, theater and other activities. Burgos Airport is located only 5 km (3.11 mi) from the city centre, with daily flights to Barcelona International Airport, and during spring and summer to Palma de Mallorca and Paris Orly . Cathedral of Burgos The Cathedral of Saint Mary of Burgos ( Spanish : Catedral de Burgos )
5605-455: The city has grown since then in terms of economic activity. At the regional level, Burgos forms part of an economic axis together with the cities of Valladolid and Palencia . In 2008, the international Burgos Airport started to service commercial flights. The Museum of Human Evolution opened here in 2010. The museum features remains of the first hominins in Europe , who lived in this area 750,000-800,000 years ago. The Cathedral of Burgos
5700-440: The city of Burgos lies in the transition zone between a Warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb ) and an Oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb ), with some continental influence resulting from its distance from the sea and higher altitude. Burgos' climate features chilly and windy winters, due to altitude and an inland location, which always include snow and temperatures below freezing. Temperature ranges can be extreme and Burgos
5795-400: The construction. Presumably, the first master builder was an anonymous French architect - although some researchers posit the name of the canon Johan de Champagne , cited in a document of 1227 -, most likely brought to Burgos by bishop Maurice himself, after his trip to France and Germany to arrange the marriage of the monarch with Elisabeth of Swabia . The bridal ceremony was held precisely in
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#17328561214075890-452: The early 20th century of some buildings that had been attached to the temple, as the Archbishop's Palace. Descending the stairs to the Plaza de Santa María, one comes in front of the western facade of the cathedral, inspired by the facade of the cathedrals of Paris and Reims. The Portal of Saint Mary consists of three pointed arches. The central portal is called the Royal Door, or the Door of Forgiveness. The lateral portals are dedicated to
5985-433: The economic well-being of the realm. In the century following the conquest of Seville (1248) on the Moors, Burgos became a testing ground for royal policies of increasing power against the consejo , in part by encouraging the right to appeal from the consejo to the king. In 1285, Sancho IV added a new body to the consejo which came to dominate it: the jurado in charge of collecting taxes and overseeing public works;
6080-414: The eight arches that form the mullions of both arches are placed the statues of the first eight kings of Castile from Ferdinand I of León "the Magnus" to Ferdinand III of Castile "the Saint" . Above it stands a thin rail-cresting of pointed arches with a statue of the Virgin and Child, accompanied by the inscription Pulchra es et decora ( lit. ' Thou art fair and beautiful ' ), alluding to
6175-453: The embryonic County of Castile . The 11th century chieftain Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar ( El Cid ) had connections with the city: born near Burgos, he was raised and educated there. In a long-lasting decline from the 17th century, Burgos became the headquarters of the Francoist proto-government (1936-1939) following the start of the Spanish Civil War . Declared in 1964 as Pole of Industrial Promotion and in 1969 as Pole of Industrial Development,
6270-444: The first; two are arranged in pairs without mullion and without tracery, in the second; and two other are arranged in pairs with mullion and tracery, in the third. In the middle of the 15th century, Juan de Colonia raised on these towers open pyramidal needles or spires with an octagonal base. Their fine fretwork definitely shaped the silhouette of the Burgos cathedral. He originated from Cologne (as Johan von Köln). His design matches
6365-408: The full French classicism and put in relation to a more naturalistic trend of clear Hispanic flavor. It considers this facade akin to the Judgment of the western facade of the Cathedral of León and the iconographic theme of the cathedrals of Reims and Chartres , although its most obvious reference is the neighbor Door of the Sarmental, whose perfect balance, however, can not achieve. The facade of
6460-421: The heads and carrying them away to France. King Juan II's daughters by his first wife, heiresses Princesses Catherine and Eleanor of Asturias , are also buried in the monastery. Located on a hill 75 meters above the city, it is a medieval defensive fortress built during the time of the reconquest. Used by Castilian kings as accommodation and a place for celebrations, it later became an artillery fort and then
6555-416: The history of the province of Burgos . It has important objects and documents from all the ages, starting from Atapuerca, passing to the Romans and Iberians, and finishing in the contemporary period. These include the traditional sword of El Cid . The museum is located in the renaissances palaces, the House of Íñigo Angulo and the House of Miranda, which has a main patio that structures the museum. Between
6650-464: The king reserved the right to select its members. The city perceived that danger to its autonomy came rather from an uncontrolled aristocracy during royal minorities: Burgos joined the hermandades of cities that leagued together for mutual protection in 1295 and 1315. In the 14th century, official royal intrusion in city affairs was perceived as a palliative against outbreaks of violence by the large excluded class of smaller merchants and artisans, on whom
6745-434: The language first developed here in the 10th century. The Spanish language can be traced back to the monastery of Valpuesta located 100 km (62 mi) north-east of the city of Burgos. The Valpuesta cartularies are significant in the history of the Spanish language, and their status as manuscripts containing the earliest words written in Spanish has been officially recognised. The first utterings of Spanish continued in
6840-628: The looming one statuary interpreted as the Divine Liturgy, which Christ administers the Eucharist flanked by twelve angels cerifers and thurifers. Currently, tourist visits access the cathedral by the Door of the Sarmental. In the gable of the north transept, at the height of the calle Fernán González but at a level, several meters higher than the floor of the temple opens the Door of the Coronería, or Door of
6935-550: The martyrdom of saints. The façade possesses ornate and fantastic surface decoration. The octagonal chapel of the Condestable, in florid, thus highly sculpted, Gothic design, has a roof finished with balustraded turrets, needle-pointed pinnacles and statues. In the lower portion, coats of arms, shields and crouching lions have been worked into the ensemble. The exterior of the sacristy is decorated with carved traceries, figures of angels and armoured knights. The elaborate tabernacle
7030-412: The nave. also date from this restoration the neo-Gothic tracery windows, the blind arcades of the walls and most of the remaining architectural elements. Between 1899 and 1911 Lampérez also restored the called New cloister, getting essentially recover its original shape. In the cloister it had overbuilt a third level with small Baroque windows that this architect did eliminate, and, incidentally, he opened
7125-455: The old Romanesque cathedral. The cathedral was located just at the point where the slope of the hill, presided over by the Castle of Burgos , begins to rise. The construction was initiated at the front and at the presbytery, where the founding bishop was buried. His remains were later transferred to the center of the chapter choir. By 1240 the so-called Master Enrique became the master-architect of
7220-403: The original windows of the cloister that had been almost closed. The installation of ornamental windows following models and old techniques, represented the end of the restoration. While the upper body of the cloister hardly experienced any change, the lower cloister was remarkably restored. The forms of its rib, apparently late Gothic, are due to Lampérez. Before the restoration, the lower cloister
7315-412: The other has an ogival style of early Gothic. The interior of the church has enormous columns supporting its magnificent vault; the entrance is modern. This convent historically benefited from extraordinary privileges granted to its abbess by kings and popes. The Carthusian monastery, Miraflores Charterhouse ( Cartuja de Miraflores ) is situated about four kilometres from the historic city center. Among
7410-446: The painters Alonso de Sedano, Mateo Cerezo , Sebastiano del Piombo , or Juan Rizi , among others. The design of the main facade is related to the purest French Gothic style such as found in the contemporary great cathedrals of Paris and Reims , while the interior elevation refers to Bourges Cathedral . The facade consists of three stories topped by two lateral square bell towers. The spires, showing Germanic influence, were added in
7505-478: The parapets that connect to the tops of the towers. In these parapets master Juan also had the inscription pax vobis and the sculpture of Christ showing the footsteps of his Passion, in one, and the inscription ecce agnus dei and a sculpture of Saint John the Baptist, in the other. Two polygonal turrets mark the facade, decorated with lobed arches, with statues and pinnacles and topped in pyramidal spires amounting to
7600-435: The portal concentrates all the interest, it can not be ignored the rest of the gable, escorting robust buttresses topped with pinnacles. It's later work, of the late-13th century. Its two upper sections, structured along the lines of the central body of the facade of Saint Mary, are occupied by a rosette and on it a set of open gallery with three arches with soffits openwork with triple quatrefoil and supported by mullions against
7695-461: The portal of the Coronería extends upwards with a large window of stepped triple bow and on it, needles by respectives marked spires, a gallery of three ogival arches, with mullions and tracery of three quadrilobulates circles. Attached to the mullions are twelve crowned statues alluding to the Castilian royalty and, attached to the spandrels of the arches, thurifer angels. Following seen on the facade of
7790-586: The project of the Cologne Cathedral , which at that time only existed in drawings that he could have seen. The spires of the Cologne cathedral were only added much later. The spires of the Burgos cathedral were raised with the financial contributions of the bishop Alonso de Cartagena and of his successor at headquarters, Luis de Acuña , whose coats of arms, along with the Castilian-Leonese monarchy, appear in
7885-515: The province ( Cardeñadijo , Sotopalacios , Aranda de Duero, Briviesca , Covarrubias , Villarcayo , Trespaderne , Miranda de Ebro ...) made their own morcillas, with minor variations between them. Even though Burgos is not on a D.O. wine is a fundamental piece in local gastronomy thanks to nearby wine cellars from Ribera de Duero, Rioja and Arlanza D.O. The city's main festival is San Pedro y San Pablo (also referred to locally as "Sampedros") celebrated on June 29. Every year, for about two weeks,
7980-455: The river Arlanzón. Indeed, the banks of the river itself constitute a green corridor along the city. In total, there are nearly 3 square miles (1,878 acres) of parks in Burgos and one tree for every 3 inhabitants. Burgos is one of Spain's richest cities, with a GDP above the Spain average. It is an important trade and tourist center with a sizeable manufacturing base. Wheat is a major crop. The city
8075-705: The road being upgraded to the Autovía A-23 . It is crossed by the N-211 . The road passes over the Alto de Cella (1,013m) near Cella before dropping into Teruel . Here the N-330 branches off to the south. The road rises to cross the Puerto de Escandón (1,242m) and the Sierra de Camarena . The road passes between the Serra d'Espadà and Sierra de Javalambre arriving at the coast at Sagunto and
8170-503: The round and almost life-size. Six are shown on each side, attached to the wall, and separated by the jambs. The three archivolts are garrisoned by reliefs of seraphim on the inside, thurifer angels in the middle, and scenes of the resurrection of the deads on the outside. The tympanum, divided into two parts, representing the Last Judgment. On the lintel justly above the door appears a long scene in relief chaired by Archangel Michael with
8265-463: The start of the spires. Inside are spiral staircases ascending to the clerestory and the vaults of the naves. Less known as Sacramental Door , this door, opened in the southern transept and looking out to the Plaza del Rey San Fernando , which is accessed saving a steep staircase, was built approximately 1230 and 1240. This is one of the best Classicism Gothic sculptural set of the 13th century in Spain. It
8360-470: The tax burden fell. The alguacil was the royal official instituted to judge disagreements. On 9 June 1345, sweeping aside the city government, Alfonso XI established direct royal rule of Burgos through the Regimiento of sixteen appointed men. In 1574, Pope Gregory XIII made the bishopric a Metropolitan archbishopric , at the request of king Felipe II . Burgos has been the scene of many wars: with
8455-510: The transfer of the highly revered crucifix of the Holy Christ from the Convento de San Agustín to the chapel, thereafter, was called chapel of the Santo Cristo de Burgos. In the 1890s Vicente Lampérez y Romea , master architect of the cathedral from 1887, undertook an extensive restoration of this chapel, removing the plaster added of the walls and vaults and completely renovated the cover that gives
8550-544: The treasures of the Charterhouse are the wooden statue of St. Bruno , the wooden choir stalls in the church and the tombs of King Juan II and of his spouse, Queen Isabella of Portugal , constructed of marble and with their recumbent effigies sculpted in alabaster . Around the top frieze are statues of angels in miniature. The French soldiers in the Spanish War of Independence (1814) mutilated this work, cutting off some of
8645-494: The works. He would also be responsible for the construction of the Cathedral of León and was inspired definitely by the Cathedral of Reims , with whose facade the gable of the Cathedral of Burgos shows great similarities. The work progressed very quickly and in 1238, year of the death of the founder prelate, buried in the presbytery, the front and much of the transept and the naves were already almost completed. The consecration of
8740-444: Was divided into several compartments and generally in poor state of conservation. It is likely that during the restoration of the cloister was removed the stairwell that had subsequently been added, situated in the inner southwest corner of the same cloister. Subsequently, the connection between the two levels of the cloister only is established through a wooden staircase beneath the chapel of Saint Jerome. The most recent restoration of
8835-511: Was founded in 884 as an outpost of this expanding Christian frontier , when Diego Rodríguez "Porcelos", count of Castile , governed this territory with orders to promote the increase of the Christian population; with this end in view he gathered the inhabitants of the surrounding country into one fortified village. The city began to be called Caput Castellae ("Cabeza de Castilla" or "Head of Castile"). The county ( condado ) of Castile , subject to
8930-414: Was the base of General Franco 's rebel nationalist government. Historically, there was a large and thriving Jewish community in Burgos. Its first documentation dates to 974. In the 13th century, Burgos was the largest Jewish center in northern Castile. Renowned Talmudists Meir Abulafia , Todros ben Joseph Abulafia , and poet Todros ben Judah Halevi Abulafia were born in Burgos. In the latter half of
9025-687: Was −22 °C (−8 °F) on 20 January 1885. The highest recorded temperature was 39 °C (102 °F) on 13 August 1987. Burgos is rich in ancient churches and convents. The three most notable are the cathedral, with its chapel of the Condestables de Castilla (Lords Constable of Castile), the monastery of Las Huelgas and the Carthusian monastery of Miraflores. Minor notable churches are San Esteban, San Gil (Sancti Aegidii), San Pedro, San Cosme y San Damián, Santiago (Sancti Jacobi), San Lorenzo and San Lesmes (Adelelmi). The Convento de la Merced, occupied by
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