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135-419: Navarre is in the transition zone between the green Cantabrian Coast and semi-arid interior areas and thus its landscapes vary widely across the region. Being in a transition zone also produces a highly variable climate, with summers that are a mix of cooler spells and heat waves, and winters that are mild for the latitude. Navarre is one of the historic Basque provinces : its Basque features are conspicuous in

270-473: A Salic Law alien to Navarre. The crown, effectively led by Magdalena of France , Princess of Viana , attempted a difficult diplomatic balance since 1483. For its part, King Ferdinand II looked among the magnates of Navarre for allies, finding it in Louis of Beaumont , Count of Lerin , who demanded to rule over Los Arcos and Laguardia . He also managed to buy the services of the viceroy Peter of Foix to have

405-455: A 1,000 maravedi fine and two years imprisonment. The surviving 7 Navarrese Agramont lords were eventually released on acceptance of their submission, but they all joined the 1521 French-Navarrese expedition commanded by General Asparros. The reconquest attempt failed, and on 14   August 1516 the Treaty of Noyon was signed between Francis I of France and Charles V, in which Charles agreed in

540-527: A 4-year-period of stability for the kingdom. After Isabella's death in 1504, Ferdinand unexpectedly married the French princess Germaine of Foix , daughter of a claimant to the throne of Navarre John of Foix, Viscount of Narbonne . Any children from Ferdinand's marriage would have a claim on the crown of Navarre. Ferdinand also wanted to spite his son-in-law and successor Philip , the new King of Castile. The monarchs Catherine and John opted to support Philip after

675-660: A contemporary manipulation of the records. In 1520 and 1521, Castile was distracted by the Revolt of the Comuneros . The Crown of Aragon was also suffering economic difficulties as a consequence of the Revolt of the Brotherhoods . As a result, Spain was seen as a target of opportunity by the King Francis I of France . Meanwhile, the young King Henry II of Navarre , based in Béarn, saw

810-680: A deadlocked government. The regional president, widely questioned in Navarre as of 2012 and relying only on the PP central government's backup, went on to urge the Constitutional Court to challenge several decisions made by the Parliament of Navarre . After the latest scandal and corruption allegations affecting a secretary of her cabinet (Lourdes Goicoechea, regional public finance secretary) in February 2014,

945-701: A force of 3,000 infantry and 300 cavalry supported by a further 400 artillerymen, occupied the Pyrenean valleys of Aezkoa , Salazar, and Roncal. They crossed the Pyrenean passes northbound, taking the Chapel of Roncevaux by surprise, and setting fire to the village. The Castilian forces spearheaded by Colonel Villalba (or the Beaumont party lord Martin of Ursua, depending on sources) arrived in Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port on 10   September, only to find that its garrison under

1080-689: A last stand at the Monjardin fortress under the control of the Medrano family , but eventually a capitulation was signed. The investment of Pamplona lasted for a month, but the coming of winter and the arrival of reinforcements from Castile thwarted any prospects of a successful conclusion to the operation. The loyalists retreated and the Castilian troops made their way back across the Pyrenees to Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port and Lower Navarre, engaging in regular skirmishes with

1215-534: A long-running demand of education unions. In July 2018, the Constitutional Court of Spain suspended the Far Right's and Civil Servants' Victims Act passed by the Parliament of Navarre in 2015. Three months later, the chief executive officer of the National Police in Navarre stepped down for the disclosure of a fake Twitter account he owned that praised Antonio Tejero , as well as Vox leader Santiago Abascal as

1350-636: A majority. A continuation of the institutional framework inherited from the dictatorship and its accommodation into the Spanish democracy was guaranteed by the Betterment ("Amejoramiento"), a Navarre-only solution considered 'an upgrade' of its former status issued from the (remains of the) charters. In a three-year span, the Spanish Socialists in Navarre veered in their position, quit the Basque process, and joined

1485-539: A new Jose Antonio , also insulting a number of Catalan and Basque nationalist and leftist figures. In October 2019, the High Court of Navarre ruled against the public use of bilingual signalling and institutional announcements in Mixed-Speaking and Non-Basque Speaking areas, also proscribing the consideration of Basque as a merit in job positions, unless strictly needed; the judgement sparked an uproar among some parties in

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1620-400: A population of 647,554 inhabitants, which at the time was a population density of 62.32 inhabitants/km. The data of the population pyramid of 2010 can be summarized as follows: Presently, Spanish is predominantly spoken in most of the autonomous community, except for north-eastern areas, where Basque continues to be the prevailing language. According to official statistics, Spanish is

1755-509: A prompt and easy understanding by Ferdinand II with France "on the only condition of keeping Navarre, giving up instead the Duchy of Milan for its vicinity to the Helvetians." Ferdinand wished to present his military intervention as legally justified. He commissioned a report by the legal specialists Antonio de Nebrija and Juan López de Palacios Rubios in order to make the case for his actions with

1890-567: A reduced version of home rule ( fueros ) was passed in 1839. However, the 1841 Act for the Modification of Fueros (later called the "Compromise Act", Ley Paccionada ) definitely made the kingdom into a province after a compromise was reached by the Spanish government with officials of the Provincial Council of Navarre. The relocation of customs from the Ebro river to the Pyrenees in 1841 prompted

2025-635: A scroll and ink" he added. On 7   June 1512 Ferdinand addressed another letter to his ambassador in Rome urging him to secure the bulls as soon as possible, for "our army is up and the artillery ready" to invade Navarre. However, the Navarrese crown was not cited explicitly in the Pastor Ille Caelestis bull. Echoing Ferdinand's claim in late August 1512, the Exigit Contumatium Papal bull

2160-506: A series of corruption scandals broke out involving regional president Yolanda Barcina and other regional government officials that included influence peddling, embezzlement, misappropriation of funds and mismanagement leading to the bankruptcy of Caja Navarra . By November 2012, the PSN—UPN's standing ally in Navarre up to that point—backed down on its support of UPN, but refused to impeach Yolanda Barcina or search new political alliances, leaving

2295-805: A sharp turn in the Italian Wars. Pope Julius II was one of the most ambitious Popes of the era. He had declared a Holy League against Venice in 1508, and defeated it. Then the formerly allied Papal States and France went to war with one another. Julius II declared a new Holy League against France on 4   August 1511 after siding with King Ferdinand in the French-Spanish struggle for power in Italy. Navarre refused to join and declared neutrality. Ferdinand II declared war on France in March 1512. A month later, Gaston of Foix died, meaning that Ferdinand's wife Germaine of Foix

2430-600: A specific language of its people or its consideration as part of the Navarrese heritage. The Statutory Law of Basque of 1986 defined the above areas, creating the Basque-speaking zone , an area north-east of Navarre in which Basque is the co-official language along with Spanish. This law recognizes Spanish and Basque as Navarre's lenguas propias (a Spanish legal term meaning that a language in an autonomous community in Spain has co-official status along with Spanish), according to

2565-643: A territorial brand (in 1989) by the autonomous communities of Galicia, the Principality of Asturias, Cantabria and the Basque Country, with the support of Turespaña , whose objective is to position the Cantabrian coast as an alternative tourist destination in the international market. The climate and landscape are determined by the Atlantic Ocean winds whose moisture gets trapped by the mountains circumventing

2700-431: A village and fortress bordering on Gipuzkoa on 10   July. In a few days Castilian troops advanced without resistance to the outskirts of Pamplona, where Ferdinand's ally Count Louis of Beaumont played host to the invading troops in his fortified palace of Arazuri. The assault troops of the expedition numbered 6,000 veterans, but the whole caravan including the rearguard amounted to 15,000. The population of Pamplona

2835-402: A way to reconquer Navarre. Taking advantage of the synergies with France, Henry began raising a 12,000-strong army, mainly Gascons and Navarrese exiles. This Franco-Navarrese army was commanded by General Asparros (or Esparre). It consisted of 12,000 infantry, 800 mounted knights, and 29 pieces of artillery. The Castilian Viceroy of Navarre , Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke of Nájera ,

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2970-474: A wide range of claims over the Basque kingdom. During the following decades and centuries these reports were to become a reference point for debates on the morality of the Spanish conquest. Both scholars were acting as servants of their masters King Ferdinand II and the Duke of Alba when they accepted these propaganda assignments, as pointed out by the historian Alfredo Floristan. López de Palacios would later develop

3105-722: Is a mixture of its Basque tradition, the Trans-Pyrenean influx of people and ideas and Mediterranean influences coming from the Ebro . The Ebro valley is amenable to wheat , vegetables , wine , and even olive trees as in Aragon and La Rioja . It was a part of the Roman Empire , inhabited by the Vascones , later controlled on its southern fringes by the Muslim Banu Qasi , whose authority

3240-462: Is dry and much warmer than the inner plateau, where rain is present. The average precipitation is about 1,200 millimetres (47 in), higher than in most areas in inland central Europe, and wetter than almost anywhere in Spain, a country generally considered dry (the main exception to this northernly rainfall trend is the Sierra de Grazalema , in the southern province of Cádiz , with mountains that block

3375-677: Is no evidence of battles fought or general hostility between Romans and Basques, as they had the same enemies. Neither the Visigoths nor the Franks ever completely subjugated the area. The Vascones (to become the Basques) assimilated neighbouring tribes as of the 7th century AD. In the year 778, the Basques defeated a Frankish army at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass . Following the Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824) ,

3510-554: Is the lingua navarrorum , as it appears in documents of the Middle Ages, such as a document by the king Sancho the Wise . The kingdom cemented its roots in the predominantly Basque-speaking domain of Pamplona and surrounding areas. In the midst of contemporary scholarly debates on the existence of Navarre and its laws prior to the king's authority, the Navarrese author Garcia de Gongora states as follows in 1626: Two languages are spoken across

3645-547: Is well established, which suffices to keep the kingdom in peace"; the Brotherhood, founded in 1488, aimed at a more effective implementation of justice and persecution of crime within Navarre. Relations between Ferdinand and King Louis XII improved after the former's marriage to Germaine of Foix. The French king put pressure on the Albrets to give up on their principalities outside Navarre— Béarn , Bigorre , County of Foix , etc.—but

3780-551: The Laurak Bat , the Basque districts in Spain. Among these, the Carlists stood out , who politically dominated the province, and resented an increased string of rulings and laws passed by Madrid, as well as left leaning influences. Unlike Biscay or Gipuzkoa, Navarre did not develop manufacturing during this period, remaining a basically rural economy. In 1932, a Basque Country 's separate statute failed to take off over disagreements on

3915-560: The Aralar Range . In the north, climate is affected by the Atlantic Ocean leading an Oceanic west coast climate (Köppen: Cfb). Since the northernmost part of Navarre is less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the Bay of Biscay , the northern fringes resemble San Sebastián . At central Navarre the summer precipitations start to lower, leading to a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa and Csb) At

4050-511: The French royal territory of Guyenne , present-day region Aquitaine. The Navarrese authorities made arrangements for the defense, while Ferdinand designed a plan to invade the kingdom This included a propaganda scheme in which the Navarrese crown would be labeled as schismatic with the support of a papal bull from Pope Julius. To obtain papal agreement to this, Castilian diplomats negotiated with Rome for months. In June 1512, tension mounted when

4185-553: The Navarrese People's Union (UPN) (a Navarrese party that had a long alliance with the People's Party (PP), main right-wing party in Spain). However, in 2015 Uxue Barkos ( Geroa Bai ) became president with the support of EH Bildu , Podemos and Izquierda-Ezkerra . She is the first Basque nationalist president in Navarre. Basque nationalist parties also represent a sizeable part of

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4320-544: The Opus Dei , to found their University of Navarre (1952), ever more influential in Pamplona. The coming of the society of consumption and incipient economic liberalisation saw also the establishment of factories and workshops during the early 1960s (automobile manufacturing and accessories, etc.), especially around the overgrown capital. It was followed by labour and political unrest. Officials and figures with good connections to

4455-573: The Pyrenees mountain range that dominates the territory to the plains of the Ebro river valley in the south. The highest point in Navarre is Mesa de los Tres Reyes , with an elevation of 2,428 metres (7,966 feet). Other important mountains are Txamantxoia , Kartxela , the Larra-Belagua Massif , Sierra de Alaiz , Untzueko Harria , Sierra de Leyre , Sierra del Perdón , Montejurra , Ezkaba , Monte Ori , Sierra de Codés , Urbasa , Andia , and

4590-524: The Third Carlist War saw a renewed wave of Spanish centralisation directly affecting Navarre. In 1893 – 1894 the Gamazada popular uprising took place centred in Pamplona against Madrid's governmental decisions breaching the 1841 chartered provisions. Except for a small faction (the so-called Alfonsinos ), all parties in Navarre agreed on the need for a new political framework based on home rule within

4725-509: The energy sector , healthcare services and manufacturing . The gross domestic product (GDP) of the autonomous community was 20.3 billion euros as of 2018, accounting for 1.7% of Spanish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,700 euros or 112% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 109% of the EU average. The unemployment rate stood at 10.2% in 2017 and

4860-592: The "heretic" crown of Navarre. This provision was added at the instigation of Ferdinand in December 1511. On 5   June 1512, Ferdinand had addressed a letter to the Pope Julius II urging him to issue a bull excommunicating "everyone in the kingdom of Navarre and the principality of Béarn" and allocating him Navarre, or failing that, the right to take it over, and appealing to the Pope's own interests in Spain. "You just need

4995-643: The 1978 Spanish constitution and the Amejoramiento del Fuero , a Navarrese law establishing the basic institutional make-up of the chartered community of Navarre, Spanish is the official language of Navarre, while the Basque language is also the official language in Basque-Speaking areas. Unlike any other statutes in the Spanish autonomous communities owning a regional language, the Amejoramiento omits citing Basque as

5130-540: The Atlantic moisture-carrying winds and which is, indeed, the most rainy place in Spain). Asturias has an average summer temperature of 20-22 °C, being one of the mildest climates in Europe. Most of the rain comes from the Atlantic through Galicia, the western part of Green Spain. Depending on the latitude of entry, this wet air can drop to the south, or more likely stay and run through the north stretch of land, pushed north by

5265-531: The Basque chieftain Iñigo Arista was elected King of Pamplona supported by the muwallad Banu Qasi of Tudela , establishing a Basque kingdom that was later called Navarre. That kingdom reached its zenith during the reign of Sancho III , comprising most of the Christian realms to the south of the Pyrenees, and even a short overlordship of Gascony (in the early 11th century). When Sancho III died in 1035,

5400-528: The Basque nationalist EH Bildu and pro-Basque Geroa Bai parties, on the one side, and the institutional pro-Spanish parties, UPN, PP and PSN on the other. Parties on the pro-Basque spectrum demand further sovereignty in internal affairs of Navarre and closer relationship with the districts of the Basque Autonomous Community . In the past, pro-Basque parties were excluded from key political posts and institutions. Another 2013–2014 controversy refers to

5535-628: The Cantabrian Mountains, were once included in Green Spain, even though the rainfall there has different patterns and the general landscape is more alpine rather than genuinely oceanic. Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre The Spanish conquest of the Iberian part of Navarre was initiated by Ferdinand II of Aragon and completed by his grandson and successor Charles V in a series of military campaigns lasting from 1512 to 1524. Ferdinand

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5670-416: The Cantabrian mountains. The main native tree species of this biome are beech and oak . However, since the second half of the 20th century, in some areas (especially in coastal areas), native forests have been replaced by plantations of eucalyptus and Monterey Pine for its commercial exploitation in the paper industry . The Pyrenees , which sometimes are considered in the same geologic system as

5805-458: The Castilian invasion. There was a half-hearted attempt in 1516 and a full-fledged Franco-Navarrese campaign in 1521. All attempts were defeated by the Spanish and clashes came to a halt in 1528, when Spanish troops withdrew from Lower Navarre north of the Pyrenees. The Treaty of Cambrai between Spain and France in 1529 sealed the division of Navarre along the Pyrenees . The portion annexed by Castile also came to be known as Upper Navarre , while

5940-507: The Castilians. Starting in 1474, Ferdinand II of Aragon , instituted a combination of alliances and military efforts aimed at securing the control of neighbouring kingdoms. This included turning Navarre into a de facto protectorate of Castile in 1476. However, ambitions over Navarre did not only come from south of the Pyrenees, the Count John of Foix also had aspirations on its crown, based on

6075-413: The Count of Lerin would not accept the agreement, prompting a revolt. The crown was now resolute to crush him and other rebellious earls once and for all, but needed to secure the control of all fortresses in the kingdom for the purpose. Bearn offered a contingent of 1,000 archers, but Ferdinand warned against military support from the Pyrenean principality. The Navarrese monarchs in turn could not subdue

6210-422: The Courts of Navarre (The Three States) and the States-General of Béarn were confronted with the possibility of a French takeover in 1510, a military mobilization was decreed and a bill passed to create a Béarn-Navarre confederation and a permanent joint defense provision against external assault. Ferdinand II again searched for allies among the Navarrese Beaumont party. In summer 1510 the international scene took

6345-455: The Crown of Navarre by de iure propio , entitlement in his own right. Another claim involved a so-called "right of way" across Navarre in order to achieve military goals in Guyenne , supported by Ferdinand's divine right as a king . Ferdinand also claimed that he was "observing international treaties" by invading Navarre in order to help his ally England. An additional claim was that the Navarrese lineage starting with Iñigo Arista (824–851)

6480-569: The Duke of Alba loomed over the town. In view of the royal family's retreat to Lumbier, the local authorities surrendered on 25   July. Without delay, messengers were sent out by the Castilians to the main fortresses across Navarre demanding that they follow suit. Most of them submitted, except for Amaiur ( Baztan ), Estella-Lizarra , Tudela , and Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port . The authorities of Pamplona were required to vow loyalty to Ferdinand, but they alleged that they could not as they had pledged allegiance to John III , their natural lord, and he

6615-432: The Duke of Alba ordered the pulling down of all the tower houses in the territory. The orchards in the Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port (Donibane Garazi in Basque) area were cut down, leaving the local population struggling for subsistence. At this point, Ferdinand demanded a capitulation of Catherine and John III, but offered to negotiate their hold on the throne on condition that they sent their heir apparent Henry to be raised in

6750-422: The English threat to France after their disembarkation in Hondarribia , Gipuzkoa in Basque territory suzerain to Castile. The next day Ferdinand sent his troops across the border from Álava into Navarre, commanded by General Don Fadrique de Toledo, Duke of Alba , who had been involved in the conquest of Granada. By that time a Gipuzkoan militia had broken into Navarre from the north-west and captured Goizueta ,

6885-400: The Foral Law 18/1986 of Basque. This law divides Navarre into three linguistically distinct areas, a Basque-speaking zone , where Basque is the dominant language, a Mixed-speaking zone , where Basque and Spanish are both dominant, and a Non-Basque speaking zone , where Spanish is the dominant language. In the latter, the public entities of Navarre are required to use only Spanish, but in

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7020-452: The Holy League made a formal petition to send English and Castilian troops through Navarre to France. At the same time a Navarrese diplomatic mission sent to France was holding talks with Louis XII lasting a month, while Ferdinand threatened to cross the border if an agreement was reached. The talks led to the Fourth Treaty of Blois on 18   July 1512, providing for mutual assistance to keep Navarre's neutrality. It also brought attention to

7155-437: The Kingdom of Navarre. However, Basque underwent a gradual erosion, accelerated following the conquest of the kingdom in the early 16th century due to the homogenizing push of the new Castilian authorities and the neglect of its own elites, among other reasons. By 1778, 121,000 inhabitants out of 227,000 were Basque speakers, 53% of its population, still the largest amount of Basque speakers across all Basque territories . However,

7290-403: The Navarrese count of Lerin Louis of Beaumont, Ferdinand II's accomplice up to that point, protested at this annexation to Castile, and was incarcerated. The annexation was confirmed by Ferdinand on 7 July , taking an oath to respect Navarre's laws and institutions, the pactum subjectionis , simultaneously assigning to the Royal Council of Castile the attributions to rule and administer justice on

7425-410: The Navarrese intentions and had Colonel Villalba awaiting him at Roncevaux. Pedro in turn decided to avoid Roncevaux by way of Salazar and Roncal, but weather and the little sympathy shown by the local population (except for Roncal) eroded the 600-strong column. The column was engaged in battle and defeated by Colonel Villalba near Isaba, in the valley of Roncal, and the survivors taken prisoner. Pedro

7560-442: The Navarrese law and identity. Navarre was no Granada, which was considered not only a legitimate conquest by Roman Catholic standards but a "reconquest" of the Visigoth Kingdom. On the other side, Navarre was widely held to be an old Christian kingdom, with secular institutions and an entrenched identification of its population with the native social order. Prior in tempore, potior in iure , or "earlier in time, stronger in law":

7695-400: The Navarrese monarchs were imprisoned in Atienza or forced into exile. The repression was aimed, in Cardinal Cisneros' words, at further "subjugating and constraining [Navarre], so that no one in that kingdom dares or ventures to rebel". Mimicking the 1502 royal decision in Castile—the details of the decision are not well known—the Spanish imperial authorities decreed the forced conversion or

7830-405: The Navarrese parliament passed a law splitting teachers aspiring to work in the state-run education network into two different professional categories, one for those qualified in Basque and Spanish , and another for Spanish monolinguals, so thwarting with the vote of Izquierda-Ezkerra (integrated in the regional government) the new progressive government's plan to have just one; the latter echoes

7965-423: The Navarrese regional government went on to join Adolfo Suárez 's UCD , later splitting into the party UPN led by Jesús Aizpún Tuero (1979), refusing to join a democratic constitutional process on the grounds that Navarre's charters (or fueros ) remained in place. They also refused to join the Basque process to become an autonomous community, where recently legalised Basque nationalist and leftist parties held

8100-427: The Papal bulls. Aragon was a Pyrenean realm with a similar confederate institutional make-up, as opposed to the authoritarian Castile . Castillian pressure resulted in the bequeathing of Navarre to Castilian Queen Isabella's daughter, Joanna of Castile , and annexing the Basque kingdom to Castile in 1515. On 11   June 1515 the Cortes of Burgos met. It was not attended by any Navarrese representatives. Even

8235-407: The Parliament of Navarre gathered in Pamplona, urging Charles V, aged 16, to attend a coronation ceremony in the town following tradition. The Parliament's envoys were met with the Emperor's utter indifference, if not contempt. He refused to attend any ceremony and stated "let us say that I am happy and [the proclamation proposal] pleases me". Eventually the Parliament met in 1517 without Charles V, who

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8370-399: The Parliament of Navarre, although both Geroa Bai and EH Bildu increased their vote share. Following the election results, PSN's María Chivite was elected president with the support provided by progressive forces, handing over Pamplona's council to Navarra Suma and explicitly excluding EH Bildu from any talks or alliances, but relying on its abstention for her inauguration. In December 2017,

8505-444: The Pope's bull and the hopelessness of their resistance, as set down on letters to the King by the defenders. The town surrendered by 9   September 1512 in order to avoid being sacked, further confiscations, and futile bloodshed. Alfonso took an oath to respect the Navarrese laws, following his father Ferdinand's instructions. By late August 1512, virtually all Iberian Navarre was under Spanish rule. The Duke of Alba, commanding

8640-408: The Pyrenees from Roncal (Erronkari) and reached Burgui. Fearful of having his communications with Pamplona cut, the Duke of Alba withdrew to the capital, leaving a well-equipped garrison in Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. The Navarrese column advanced from Salazar towards Pamplona. On hearing the news of the Navarrese army's approach, Estella-Lizarra and the fortress of Monjardin next to it revolted against

8775-401: The Spanish Atlantic façade. Because of the Foehn effect , the southern slopes fall inside the rain shadow zone and so Green Spain contrasts starkly with the drier central plateau of Spain. Conversely, in those brief episodes when the southwestern winds blow through the mountains (especially during October and November ), the effect reverses: the northern coast gets inside the Foehn winds and

8910-415: The Spanish home office secretary Jorge Fernández Díaz stepped in warning leading members of PSN that "Navarre is strategic for Spain", and asserting that any other political alliance means "supporting ETA". The Justice secretary in Madrid Alberto Ruiz Gallardón in turn stated that "the worst political error is not corruption" but getting along with Bildu (a Basque pro-independence coalition). In May 2015,

9045-406: The Treaties of Valencia with Ferdinand, including military agreements for the defense of Navarre against France, and recognition of Bearn as sovereign. An understanding of Magdalena with Ferdinand, by which the Navarrese monarchs' first-born Anne would marry John, Prince of Asturias , or any grandson by Ferdinand and Isabella, led to the coronation in Pamplona of Catherine and John in 1494. However,

9180-515: The Way of Saint James rendered Occitan the status language of the kingdom up to early 14th century. Navarro-Aragonese became the written language in court and royal administration by 1329, when it reached official status. However, from the 15th century onwards the language grew closer to Castilian ( Spanish ) and eventually merged with it. Other languages which at some point held a status or were spoken in certain communities and periods are Erromintxela , French , Hebrew , and Arabic . According to

9315-470: The alleged ideological profiling of public school Basque language teachers, billed as " ETA supporting teachers". Since the establishment of Navarre's present status (the Amejoramiento , the 'Betterment') in 1982, the successive regional governments ruled by UPN and PSN have been shaken by frequent political instability and corruption scandals , with UPN's Miguel Sanz's term being the most stable and longest, extending from 2001 to 2011. Between 2012 and 2014,

9450-402: The ancient Navarrese liberties . The bleak post-war years were shaken by shortage, famine, and smuggling, with the economy relying on agriculture (wheat, vineyards, olive, barley), and a negative migration balance. The victors came to cluster around two main factions, Carlists and Falangists , while the totalitarian ultra-Catholic environment provided fertile grounds for another religious group,

9585-436: The approval of the Navarrese monarchs. The accession of Louis XII to the throne of France in April 1498 ignited mutual hostility. Alain of Albret attempted to ease up relations by supporting Louis XII's ambitions to marry Anne of Brittany , as well as offering Carlota of Albret to the pope Alexander VI as a bride for Cesare Borgia. The ensuing peace treaties between the crowns of Navarre, France, and Castile-Aragon inaugurated

9720-435: The arrangement adopted for Navarre (Chartered Community of Navarre, 1982). The reform was not ratified by referendum, as demanded by Basque nationalist and minority leftist forces. After the end of Franco's dictatorship , Navarre became one of the 17 Autonomous Communities in Spain. The community ceremonies, education, and social services, together with housing, urban development, and environment protection policies are under

9855-587: The besieged troops in Pamplona. By then, tired of Ferdinand II's unreliability, the English had decided to leave the theatre of war, after sacking a number of villages and towns ( Errenteria ). The second column, commanded by the Duke of Longueville , was made up of 8,000 Gascons, 1,000 Navarrese, 1,500 landsknechts, and corresponding artillery. It set off from Peyrehorade , engaged the Castilians in Ainhize , and defeated them on 19   October. The third column crossed

9990-489: The centrality of Catholicism, a scene of political radicalisation ensued dividing the leftist and rightist forces during the 2nd Spanish Republic (1931 – 1939). Thousands of landless labourers occupied properties of wealthy landowners in October 1933, leaving the latter eager for revenge. The most reactionary and clerical Carlists came to prominence, ideologues such as Víctor Pradera , and an understanding with General Mola paved

10125-748: The coalition government of Navarre, as well as EH Bildu, but was saluted by the PSN and Navarra Suma. Navarre consists of 272 municipalities and has a total population of 601,874 (2006), of whom approximately one-third live in the capital, Pamplona (195,769 pop.), and one-half in the capital's metropolitan area (315,988 pop.). There are no other large municipalities in the region. The next largest are Tudela (32,802), Barañain (22,401), Burlada/Burlata (18,388), Estella-Lizarra (13,892), Zizur Mayor (13,197), Tafalla (11,040), Villava/Atarrabia (10,295), and Ansoáin/Antsoain (9,952). Despite its relatively small size, Navarre features stark contrasts in geography, from

10260-517: The collapse of Navarre's customary cross-Pyrenean trade and the rise of smuggling. Amid instability in Spain, Carlists took over in Navarre and the rest of the Basque provinces . An actual Basque state was established during the Third Carlist War with Estella as its capital (1872 – 1876), but King Alfonso XII 's restoration in the throne of Spain and a counter-attack prompted the Carlist defeat. The end of

10395-462: The context of a wider agreement to reconsider his rights over the Kingdom of Navarre and listen to Queen Catherine's envoys. However, Franco-Spanish tensions mounted again, Catherine died in early 1517 and the provisions on Navarre set out in the treaty were never enforced. Talks continued between Navarrese diplomats and Charles V to reach an agreement over a marriage between Charles' sister Eleonor and

10530-752: The court of Castile. The demand was met with a flat refusal. Meanwhile, a French army was stationed in Bayonne ( Labourd , in Guyenne ) guarding against possible English or Castilian moves. Ferdinand still planned to invade Guyenne, home to both Albrets' possessions and French royal lands, or at least Bayonne , a strategic port for Navarre. However, time was running out for the Castilians in Lower Navarre, short of food and supplies, and under adverse weather conditions. 1,000 discontented veteran troops in Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port mutinied. The Duke of Alba negotiated their removal to

10665-453: The death of his wife Queen Isabella, he extended the Castilian expulsion and forcible integration orders applicable to conversos and mudejars of 1492 to the former kingdom. Therefore, Tudela in particular could no longer serve as a refuge after the Inquisitors were allowed. Navarre is one of the wealthiest regions in Spain per capita, with a diversified economy primarily focused on

10800-606: The decisive Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 against the Almohads . The native line of kings came to an end in 1234; their heirs intermarried with French dynasties. However, the Navarrese kept most of their strong laws and institutions . The death of Queen Blanche I (1441) inaugurated a civil war period between the Beaumont and Agramont confederacies with the intervention of the Castilian-Aragonese House of Trastámara in Navarre's internal affairs. In 1512, Navarre

10935-455: The disgruntled Beaumont party Lord of Luxe . On 7   December 1512, a detachment of the Navarrese army's decimated landsknechts who were escorting twelve artillery pieces when they encountered a patrol led by the governor of Gipuzkoa Juan de Silva at the Belate pass. The Gipuzkoan militia took on the landsknechts, who retreated in disarray, and were pursued and largely slaughtered. The skirmish

11070-566: The doctrine legitimizing the Spanish conquest of the West Indies . In late August 1512, once the conquest of the heartland of Navarre was completed, Ferdinand issued a statement defending his right to attack Navarre according to the iure belli or "fair war" doctrine passed by the Roman Church in 1511. With Pamplona on his hands and the royal family in Béarn , Ferdinand further justified his claim on

11205-491: The ecclesiastic, administrative, and judicial institutions in Navarre, the Navarrese rose up in support of Henry II on hearing the news of Henry II's expedition. Volunteer bands were created in many places to expel the Castilians. As the Franco-Navarrese army approached Pamplona, the citizens revolted and besieged the Castilian military governor, Ignatius of Loyola , in his newly built castle. The garrison surrendered after

11340-400: The elections for Navarre Parliament left a better result for pro-Basque parties, which managed to establish an alliance, Uxue Barkos from Geroa Bai being elected president of Navarre for the period 2015 – 2019. June 2019 elections, however, turned the tide, when rightist forces reunited in the platform Navarra Suma , made up of UPN, PP and Ciudadanos , and garnered 20 MPs, 40% of the seats in

11475-598: The expulsion of Ferdinand II from Castilian politics in July 1506, resulting in the Treaty of Tudela de Duero. This move empowered the Navarrese crown, but alienated them from Louis XII. On the other hand, they earned the support of Emperor Maximilian, especially against France, and the pope. As of 1507, with Ferdinand again administering the politics of Castile as a regent, the defiant count of Lerín Louis Beaumont, Ferdinand's key ally in Navarre, revolted along with other lords. However,

11610-619: The expulsion of the Navarrese Muslims living in and around Tudela, probably on 1   May 1516. However, by 1516 many of them had emigrated following exactions imposed for decades. Muslims emigrated from Navarre until 1520, with many of them settling in Aragon, where they found temporary shelter until their 1526 expulsion. The institutional framework of Navarre was preserved following the 1512 invasion. Once Ferdinand II of Aragon died in January,

11745-460: The fascist salute and even involved in murderous tasks. The killing took a death toll of at least 2,857, plus a further 305 dying in prisons (ill-treatment, malnutrition). The dead were buried in mass graves or discarded into chasms abounding on the central hilly areas (Urbasa, etc.). Basque nationalists were also chased to a lesser extent, e.g. Fortunato Aguirre, a Basque nationalist and mayor of Estella (and co-founder of Osasuna Football Club),

11880-512: The kingdom was divided between his sons. It never fully recovered its political power, while its commercial importance increased as traders and pilgrims ( the Francs ) poured into the kingdom via the Way of Saint James . In 1200, Navarre lost the key western Basque districts to Alphonse VIII of Castile , leaving the kingdom landlocked. Navarre then contributed with a small but symbolic force of 200 knights to

12015-554: The kingdom was stronger than the crown itself. By 1516 Ferdinand was dead and his sixteen-year-old grandson by Isabella, Charles of Austria , had ascended to the throne of both Castile and Aragon. However, in 1516 he still lived in the Burgundian Netherlands. John III of Navarre saw an opportunity to reconquer Iberian Navarre. He raised an army in Sauveterre-de-Bearn made up of two columns, one commanded by himself and

12150-572: The kingdom, Basque and Romance , but most properly the Cantabric [language] Basque, the original and most ancient, brought along by its creator, the patriarch Tubal , devoid of mingling with others; it has always been preserved there, except in the Ribera and the bordering areas of Castile and Aragon, where Romance is spoken. José Moret , chronicler of the kingdom, called Navarre and its bordering provinces "the lands of Basque", claiming also that Tubal founded

12285-431: The less hostile area of Burgui and Salazar, breaking up the uprising. By mid-October, John III had raised an army of 15,000 Navarrese, Gascons , and landsknechts ready to counterattack. Three columns advanced into Gipuzkoa and the heartland of Navarre. The first laid siege to Hondarribia and Donostia , and occupied a number of small towns of the area. This was to divert the attention of any Castilian relief attempt for

12420-426: The lord of Miossens (an Albret) was abandoning the stronghold. The Castilian forces set about pillaging, burning, and terrorising the villages of Lower Navarre, a tactic the Castilian commander tried to justify in his letters. The Church appears to have approved of the subjugation of the Navarrese population. The Castilians demanded the submission of all the lords in Lower Navarre ( Ultrapuertos, Deça-Ports ), while

12555-544: The matters affecting Navarre. Castile and Navarre had different institutional and legal systems, and dissimilar social and ethnic make-ups. Once the Castilian and Aragonese military confirmed their occupation of all the strongholds, the ground was paved for a progressive institutional takeover marked by the centralizing drive of the Spanish-Castilian Crown. This was the source of frequent frictions and tensions. The diplomat and writer Niccolò Machiavelli anticipated

12690-611: The mixed area the use of Basque is also confined to certain position. The area of the municipalities belonging to the Basque-speaking and Mixed Basque and Spanish-speaking zones are the following: Cantabrian Coast Cantabrian Coast is the name given to a lush natural region in Northern Spain , stretching along the Atlantic coast from the border with Portugal to the border with France . The region includes nearly all of Galicia , Asturias , and Cantabria , in addition to

12825-530: The mother tongue of 81.9% of the population, Basque is 5.7% of the population's mother tongue, and 3.8% of the population has both languages as their mother tongue while 6.1% of the population have another language as their mother tongue . The number of people that can speak Basque has increased in Navarre lately, after a steady historic retreat. In 2011, 13.6% of the population in Navarre considered themselves to be speakers of Basque and another 14.5% considered themselves semi-speakers of Basque. Historically, Basque

12960-420: The name. The linguist Joan Coromines considers naba to be linguistically part of a wider Vasconic or Aquitanian language substrate, rather than Basque per se . The official name in Basque is Nafarroa , but the form Nafarroa Garaia "Upper Navarre" is also often seen, to distinguish the province from neighboring Lower Navarre . Before and during the Roman Empire , the Vascones populated

13095-501: The new king of Navarre, Henry II. The Parliament of Navarre in Pamplona, attended only by Beaumont party members, demanded the reattachment to Higher Navarre of "Coastal Navarre" , the Basque districts better known as Biscay until the early 19th century. The Spanish cardinal Cisneros was acting as regent for the newly proclaimed King Charles. As such, in 1517 he decreed that all Navarrese castles be pulled down to prevent future resistance. Prominent Navarre figures who had stood up for

13230-626: The north, but virtually absent on the southern fringes. The best-known event in Navarre is the annual festival of San Fermín held in Pamplona in July. The first documented use of a name resembling Navarra , Nafarroa , or Naparroa is a reference to navarros , in Eginhard 's early-9th-century chronicle of the feats of the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne , describing his intrusion to the Ebro river. Other Royal Frankish Annals feature nabarros . There are two proposed etymologies for

13365-526: The north. Gascons and Occitans from beyond the Pyrenees (called Franks ) received self-government and other privileges to foster settlement in Navarrese towns, and they brought their crafts, culture and Romance languages . Jews and Muslims were persecuted both north and south of Navarre, expelled for the most part during the late 15th century to the early 16th century. The kingdom struggled to maintain its separate identity in 14th and 15th centuries, and after King Ferdinand V forcibly conquered Navarre after

13500-536: The northern parts of the Basque Country , as well as a small portion of Navarre . It is often referred to as Green Spain (a direct translation into English of the Spanish España Verde ) because its wet and temperate oceanic climate helps lush pastures and forests thrive, providing a landscape similar to that of Ireland , Great Britain , and the west coast of France . This denomination has been made

13635-484: The number of speakers dropped sharply in the 19th century. In 1936, Basque speakers accounted for a 17% of the total Navarrese population. Other languages have been spoken, but have disappeared, such as Navarro-Aragonese , a Romance language that was spoken in the Middle Ages around the central part of the Ebro basin. Starting in the late 11th century, the influx of pilgrims and colonizers from Toulouse and surrounding areas ( Francs ) who settled in separate boroughs along

13770-561: The occupiers. On 24   October 1512, the Duke of Alba reached Pamplona, followed by Navarrese loyalist forces, who laid siege to the capital. In Estella-Lizarra, the Navaresse led by John Ramirez de Baquedano and Jaime Vélaz de Medrano y Echauz were soon opposed by the forces of Pedro de Beaumont, supported by the Castilians the Duke of Nájera and the Marquis of Comares . The Navarrese leaders made

13905-411: The other by Pedro, Marshal of Navarre . This small army aimed at reaching Sanguesa and Lumbier , and there inciting an uprising against the Castilians. The first column led by John III failed to overcome the Castilian garrison occupying St-Jean-Pied-de-Port , while the second was no more successful. Pedro advanced towards Roncevaux on 12   March 1516, but Cardinal Cisneros had been informed of

14040-602: The overall guidelines established by the Spanish government but may have some minor differences. The first 3 presidents of the community belonged to the extinct Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) party. After 1984 the government was ruled by either the Socialist Party of Navarre (PSN – PSOE, one of the federative components of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party , main centre-left wing party in Spain) or

14175-554: The portion north of the Pyrenees, also called Lower Navarre , remained an independent kingdom , ruled by the House of Albret, and maintained close links with France. The kingdom was in personal union with France after 1589 and absorbed into France in 1620. It ceased to exist as an administrative division in 1790. Upper Navarre lost its status as a kingdom at the end of the First Carlist War . Navarre had been mired in instability over

14310-550: The progress of the negotiations between Navarrese diplomats and Louis XII at Blois. On the eve of the invasion, 17   July 1512, Ferdinand had a forged draft copy of the Treaty of Blois, signed on 18   July, circulated. This aimed to smear both parties. The Papal ruling Pastor Ille Caelestis issued on 21   July, just three days after the start of the invasion, authorized Ferdinand to wage war on Church enemies and to claim their lands and subjects providing they lie outside Italy, which would apply to Louis XII 's France and

14445-544: The rebellious count, who remained in possession of several strongholds, and under Castilian control. However, by early 1495 the crown had managed to expel him from the kingdom, gain control of a number of strongholds, obtain the complete endorsement of the Courts of Navarre, as well as the allegiance of an important number of Beaumot supporters. Meanwhile, the appointment of Antonio Pallavicini as bishop of Pamplona became another point of contention with Rome, as it did not count with

14580-508: The responsibility of Navarre's political institutions. As in the rest of the communities, Navarre has a Parliament elected every four years, and the majority in this Parliament determines the president of the Community, who is in charge of Navarre's government. Unlike most other autonomous communities of Spain (but like the Basque Autonomous Community ), Navarre has almost full responsibility for collecting and administering taxes which must follow

14715-500: The royal authority—Catherine and John III—warned Ferdinand that this time no demands from the count would be accepted and no pardon would be granted to the Count of Lerín. A faction of the Castilian nobility started to reach out to the Navarrese monarchs against Ferdinand II after Philip's death. However, they remained cautious. It was in 1507, during the fight for Viana , that the condottiero Cesare Borgia , an agent of Maximilian then in

14850-429: The service of John, was killed by Beaumont knights. In 1508, after a year-long stand-off, the crown launched an offensive to quell the Count's rebellion. Lerín was occupied, and a severe defeat inflicted on Louis. The count's defeat inaugurated a (short) period of peace and stability for the kingdom; the Courts of Navarre unanimously put an end to the Brotherhood of Navarre in early 1510 on the grounds that "regular justice

14985-472: The southern slopes of the Pyrenees , including the area which would ultimately become Navarre. In the mountainous north, the Vascones escaped large-scale Roman settlement, except for some coastal areas—for example Oiasso (in what is now Gipuzkoa )—and the flatter areas to the south, Calagurris (in what is now La Rioja), which were amenable to large-scale Roman farming —vineyards, olives, and wheat crops. There

15120-589: The southernmost part of Navarre the climate is cool semi-arid (Köppen: Bsk). This is also at a comparatively low elevation compared to most of the north, further pontentiating the hot summers in comparison to Pamplona and even more so the northern hilly and mountainous region. The sole official weather station of Navarre is located in Pamplona in its north-western corner and has summer highs of 28 °C (82 °F) and lows of 14 °C (57 °F), while winter highs are 9 °C (48 °F) and lows 1 °C (34 °F) with moderate precipitation year-round. Navarre

15255-680: The throne since the mid-15th century, with Navarre's nobility splitting into two warring factions in the War of the Bands , i.e. the Beaumonts ; and the Agramonts. This caused ramifications in the Basque Country both within and out of Navarre, and made it susceptible to external meddling. In 1461, Navarre was invaded by Castilian troops, resulting in the territorial loss of the Sonsierra , as well as several strongholds, to

15390-559: The vote (around 31% in the 2015 elections ), and a majority in most of the northern areas. Basque nationalist parties have as a key point in their agendas to merge Navarre into the Basque Autonomous Community by referendum (as predicted in the Spanish constitution). All Spain-based parties, as well as UPN and PSN, oppose this move. Politics in Navarre have been marked by fierce rivalry between two blocs representing different national identities that are part of Navarre society:

15525-462: The way to the Spanish Nationalist uprising in Pamplona (18 July 1936). The triumphant military revolt was followed by a terror campaign in the rearguard against blacklisted individuals considered to be progressive ("reds"), mildly republican, or just inconvenient. The purge especially affected southern Navarre along the Ebro banks, and counted on the active complicity of the clergy, who adopted

15660-624: The young Queen Catherine married to John, prince of Castile-Aragon . Magdalena found the arrangement, removing Peter from office. Finally, an arrangement with Alain of Albret paved the road for the young Gascon noble John's accession to the throne of Navarre in February 1484, thwarting again the Aragonese king's plans. However, many in Navarre contested the marriage. In 1488, Alain of Albret aspired to marry Anne of Brittany, supporting in turn an alliance with Castile-Aragon, England, and Burgundy against Charles VIII . In March that year, Alain signed

15795-420: Was able to claim the Pyrenean territories of the Albrets. King Louis became more conciliatory with Queen Catherine and King John III, backing down on his territorial demands. Catherine and John III negotiated with Ferdinand too, who intertwined proposals and menaces with the movement of troops to the borders of Navarre. In February 1512, Ferdinand allied with England in a move leading to military intervention in

15930-422: Was alive. In late August 1512 Ferdinand claimed that he was King of Navarre in law: de jure propio . Tudela in turn was besieged, and resisted the Aragonese assault led by Alfonso of Aragon, a bastard son of Ferdinand II and archbishop of Zaragoza, who was commanding 3,000 infantry and 300 cavalry. The determined loyalty of the local authorities to the Navarrese crown could not hide their low morale on account of

16065-514: Was an usurpation of the rightful Castilian claimant, the alleged heir to the Visigothic Kingdom via the Kingdom of Asturias , the Visigoths being the holders of Roman Emperor Honorius ' mandate for Hispania. Lastly, Ferdinand advanced a number of claims to the Navarrese throne related to his marriage to Germaine of Foix, and to his father John II of Aragon. Ferdinand was informed by spies of

16200-455: Was assassinated years later while in custody at Simancas , although it was presented as a suicide. Among the captured were several lords, including Valentin of Jaso, cousin of Francis Xavier . The prisoners were taken to Atienza and held in chains with restricted communications. Extreme security measures were taken and no Navarrese were allowed into the town, with any resident hosting a Navarrese or not reporting their presence being subject to

16335-426: Was both the king of Aragon and regent of Castile in 1512. When Pope Julius II declared a Holy League against France in late 1511, Navarre attempted to remain neutral. Ferdinand used this as an excuse to attack Navarre, conquering it while its potential protector, France, was beset by England, Venice, and Ferdinand's own Italian armies. Several attempts were made to reconquer Iberian Navarre immediately following

16470-452: Was called and accepted Ferdinand as their "natural lord and king." Ferdinand in turn agreed to keep Navarrese institutions and identity. At the same time, the first Castilian viceroy, Diego Fernández de Córdoba , took an oath to respect Navarrese law, known as the fueros . Initially the kingdom was attached to Ferdinand—and therefore to the Crown of Aragon—as an earned good , falling back on

16605-506: Was caught off-guard. The Duke was responsible for guarding the Navarrese lands conquered in 1512, but he had moved the bulk of his troops away from Navarre to suppress the Revolt of the Comuneros in his home territory of Castile. Rumors of a "French" invasion had been widespread, with former comunero noble Pedro Girón warning of the impending invasion in April 1521. Angry at the Castilian takeover of

16740-469: Was established (the Diputación ), and the kingdom managed to keep home rule. Tensions with the Spanish government came to a head as of 1794, when Spanish premier Manuel Godoy attempted to suppress Navarrese and Basque self-government altogether, with the end of the First Carlist War (1839 – 1841) definitely bringing the kingdom and its home rule ( fueros ) to an end. After the 1839 Convention of Bergara ,

16875-635: Was executed in September 1936. Humiliation and silence ensued for the survivors. Pamplona became the rebel launching point against the Republic during the War in the North . As a reward for its support in the Spanish Civil War (Navarre sided for the most part with the military uprising), Franco allowed Navarre, as it happened with Álava , to maintain during his dictatorship a number of prerogatives reminiscent of

17010-421: Was haunted by allegations of tyranny and usurpation, and these concerns were to leave an imprint in the status of Navarre after the invasion. Ferdinand arranged to present the invasion as a mere dynastic change, attempting to conceal the fact of the military takeover. Despite Navarre being considered an "earned good" for the free disposition of Ferdinand, the pactum subjections was applied—taking an oath to respect

17145-555: Was invaded by Ferdinand the Catholic 's troops, with Queen Catherine and King John III withdrawing to the north of the Pyrenees , and establishing a Kingdom of Navarre- Béarn , led by Queen Joan III as of 1555. To the south of the Pyrenees, Navarre was annexed to the Crown of Castile in 1515, but kept a separate ambiguous status, and a shaky balance up to 1610— King Henry III was ready to march over Spanish Navarre. A Chartered Government

17280-482: Was issued half a year later, on 18   February 1513. Catherine and John III were labelled as schismatic and therefore unworthy holders of the royal title, excommunicating them and confiscating their properties. The members of the Parliament of Navarre attending the session held in Pamplona on 13–24   March 1513 accepted Ferdinand II as king. Despite the papal support to his actions, Ferdinand—and his successors—

17415-469: Was later exaggerated to a wholesale battle, with the cannons seized being added in 1513 to the official coat of arms of Gipuzkoa . As of December 1512, the clashes were confined to Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port and its hinterland, still occupied by the Castilians. Between 13 and 23   March 1513 the Parliament of Navarre, reduced to the Beaumount party representatives who had sided with the Castilian conquest,

17550-420: Was less than 10,000. Catherine and John III left for Tudela hoping to raise troops among loyal lords, but managed to recruit only 500. Overwhelmed by the sheer size of the Spanish expedition, the loyalists veered east to Lumbier (Irunberri) , and on to Lower Navarre . Catherine, John III, and their troops retreated to Orthez , Béarn. Pamplona's outer walls were flimsy, and the threat of a sack pronounced by

17685-477: Was met with their strong refusal. In 1507 the Parliament of Navarre appointed a diplomatic task force to France led by John of Jaso—president of the Royal Council of Navarre and father of Francis Xavier —and the bishop of Lescar. The effort was weak, as were other diplomatic approaches. Louis XII coveted the Albrets' territories and resorted to the Parliament of Toulouse, which issued a confiscation decree. When

17820-451: Was represented by the Duke of Najera. Charles pronounced an array of promises, while Parliament kept submitting grievances and demands for damages to the Emperor, a total of sixty-seven. The second viceroy of Navarre, Fadrique de Acuña, was deposed in 1515; probably for passing on the grievances. Contradictions in the documents relating to the Emperor's purported oath pledge in 1516 point to

17955-515: Was taken over by the taifa kingdom of Tudela in the 11th century. During the Reconquista , Navarre gained little ground at the expense of the Muslims, since its southern boundary had already been established by the time of the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Starting in the 11th century, the Way of Saint James grew in importance. It brought pilgrims, traders and Christian soldiers from

18090-418: Was the lowest in the country. Navarre leads Europe in its use of renewable energy technology and was planning to reach 100% renewable electricity generation by 2010. By 2004, 61% of the region's electricity was generated by renewable sources consisting of 43.6% from 28 wind farms , 12% from over 100 small-scale water turbines , and 5.3% from 2 biomass and 2 biogas plants. In addition, the region had what

18225-489: Was then Spain's largest photovoltaic power plant at Montes de Cierzo de Tudela (1.2 MWp capacity) plus several hundred smaller photovoltaic installations. Developments since 2004 have included further photovoltaic plants at Larrión (0.25 MWp) and another at Castejón (2.44 MWp), also once the largest in Spain. In 2018, the Foral Community of Navarra ranked 15th as the most populous Autonomous Community in Spain with

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