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Navarre ( / n ə ˈ v ɑːr / nə- VAR ; Spanish : Navarra [naˈβara] ; Basque : Nafarroa [nafaro.a] ), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre , is a landlocked foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain , bordering the Basque Autonomous Community , La Rioja , and Aragon in Spain and New Aquitaine in France . The capital city is Pamplona (Basque: Iruña ). The present-day province makes up the majority of the territory of the medieval Kingdom of Navarre , a long-standing Pyrenean kingdom that occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost part, Lower Navarre , located in the southwest corner of France.

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106-614: The Gamazada is the popular reaction in Navarre in 1893 and 1894 to when the Spanish finance minister of the Liberal Party under Prime Minister Sagasta , Germán Gamazo , tried to suppress the fueros that had been established in the Compromise Act of 1841. It caused a huge uproar among the people and institutions of Navarre, with demonstrations and petitions. The protests to protect

212-473: A conglomerate of historical, regional, ethnic, cultural and religious ingredients. Originally it was entirely deprived of political flavor; in the late 19th century it was briefly adopted by emerging Basque nationalists (to denote a Basque land), who later abandoned it for the sake of “Euzkadi”. In the early 20th century “Euskalerria” adopted a conservative political taste (with some tension between “Euskalerria” and “Euzkadi”), entirely lost during Francoism. In

318-505: A cultural and literary background. The term strongly focused not only on Basque language, but also on the entire cultural and ethnic realm built around it. It was used principally by partisans of the Basque identity, usually understood in cultural and linguistic terms (though also in national terms). Geographical application was ambiguous; prevailing usage ignored existing administrative divisions and pointed to area inhabited by people belonging to

424-681: A deadlocked government. The regional president, widely questioned in Navarre as of 2012 and relying only on the PP central government's backup, went on to urge the Constitutional Court to challenge several decisions made by the Parliament of Navarre . After the latest scandal and corruption allegations affecting a secretary of her cabinet (Lourdes Goicoechea, regional public finance secretary) in February 2014,

530-536: A long-running demand of education unions. In July 2018, the Constitutional Court of Spain suspended the Far Right's and Civil Servants' Victims Act passed by the Parliament of Navarre in 2015. Three months later, the chief executive officer of the National Police in Navarre stepped down for the disclosure of a fake Twitter account he owned that praised Antonio Tejero , as well as Vox leader Santiago Abascal as

636-587: A majority. A continuation of the institutional framework inherited from the dictatorship and its accommodation into the Spanish democracy was guaranteed by the Betterment ("Amejoramiento"), a Navarre-only solution considered 'an upgrade' of its former status issued from the (remains of the) charters. In a three-year span, the Spanish Socialists in Navarre veered in their position, quit the Basque process, and joined

742-540: A new Jose Antonio , also insulting a number of Catalan and Basque nationalist and leftist figures. In October 2019, the High Court of Navarre ruled against the public use of bilingual signalling and institutional announcements in Mixed-Speaking and Non-Basque Speaking areas, also proscribing the consideration of Basque as a merit in job positions, unless strictly needed; the judgement sparked an uproar among some parties in

848-410: A proper name, though they might have been intended to (e.g. "provincias hermanas"). Names differing only in terms of orthography are grouped under one heading. Non-Spanish names which barely made it to the Spanish cultural discourse (e.g. "Hirurak bat", "Zazpiak Bat", "Gascuña" ) are not listed. A term sometimes used in official and semi-official prints until the mid-19th century, usually referring to

954-618: A reduced version of home rule ( fueros ) was passed in 1839. However, the 1841 Act for the Modification of Fueros (later called the "Compromise Act", Ley Paccionada ) definitely made the kingdom into a province after a compromise was reached by the Spanish government with officials of the Provincial Council of Navarre. The relocation of customs from the Ebro river to the Pyrenees in 1841 prompted

1060-508: A series of corruption scandals broke out involving regional president Yolanda Barcina and other regional government officials that included influence peddling, embezzlement, misappropriation of funds and mismanagement leading to the bankruptcy of Caja Navarra . By November 2012, the PSN—UPN's standing ally in Navarre up to that point—backed down on its support of UPN, but refused to impeach Yolanda Barcina or search new political alliances, leaving

1166-654: A specific language of its people or its consideration as part of the Navarrese heritage. The Statutory Law of Basque of 1986 defined the above areas, creating the Basque-speaking zone , an area north-east of Navarre in which Basque is the co-official language along with Spanish. This law recognizes Spanish and Basque as Navarre's lenguas propias (a Spanish legal term meaning that a language in an autonomous community in Spain has co-official status along with Spanish), according to

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1272-722: Is a mixture of its Basque tradition, the Trans-Pyrenean influx of people and ideas and Mediterranean influences coming from the Ebro . The Ebro valley is amenable to wheat , vegetables , wine , and even olive trees as in Aragon and La Rioja . It was a part of the Roman Empire , inhabited by the Vascones , later controlled on its southern fringes by the Muslim Banu Qasi , whose authority

1378-589: Is by no means obvious; understanding might differ depending which provincial legal specifics is considered "fueros". In such cases in public discourse usually the term is applied to Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa, at times also explicitly. Somewhat less frequently the term is applied also to Navarre, though this usage prevails in historiographic scholarly discourse. In specific cases - also usually in historiography - "provincias forales" could mean also provinces in Aragon , Catalonia and elsewhere. In Spanish literally sister provinces . The term enjoyed some popularity at

1484-411: Is in the transition zone between the green Cantabrian Coast and semi-arid interior areas and thus its landscapes vary widely across the region. Being in a transition zone also produces a highly variable climate, with summers that are a mix of cooler spells and heat waves, and winters that are mild for the latitude. Navarre is one of the historic Basque provinces : its Basque features are conspicuous in

1590-678: Is no evidence of battles fought or general hostility between Romans and Basques, as they had the same enemies. Neither the Visigoths nor the Franks ever completely subjugated the area. The Vascones (to become the Basques) assimilated neighbouring tribes as of the 7th century AD. In the year 778, the Basques defeated a Frankish army at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass . Following the Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824) ,

1696-556: Is the lingua navarrorum , as it appears in documents of the Middle Ages, such as a document by the king Sancho the Wise . The kingdom cemented its roots in the predominantly Basque-speaking domain of Pamplona and surrounding areas. In the midst of contemporary scholarly debates on the existence of Navarre and its laws prior to the king's authority, the Navarrese author Garcia de Gongora states as follows in 1626: Two languages are spoken across

1802-536: Is the mother tongue of 81.9% of the population, Basque is 5.7% of the population's mother tongue, and 3.8% of the population has both languages as their mother tongue while 6.1% of the population have another language as their mother tongue . The number of people that can speak Basque has increased in Navarre lately, after a steady historic retreat. In 2011, 13.6% of the population in Navarre considered themselves to be speakers of Basque and another 14.5% considered themselves semi-speakers of Basque. Historically, Basque

1908-433: Is used sometimes (rather occasionally) to denote Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa. It was not capitalized (usage of “Provincias Vascas” is rather exceptional). also Provincias Vascongadas, provincias Vascongadas, provincias bascongadas, provincias Bascongadas, Provincias Bascongadas, provincias baskongadas . In Spanish literally Basque-speaking provinces . The term entered circulation in the 17th century and remained in use until

2014-551: The Laurak Bat , the Basque districts in Spain. Among these, the Carlists stood out , who politically dominated the province, and resented an increased string of rulings and laws passed by Madrid, as well as left leaning influences. Unlike Biscay or Gipuzkoa, Navarre did not develop manufacturing during this period, remaining a basically rural economy. In 1932, a Basque Country 's separate statute failed to take off over disagreements on

2120-560: The Aralar Range . In the north, climate is affected by the Atlantic Ocean leading an Oceanic west coast climate (Köppen: Cfb). Since the northernmost part of Navarre is less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the Bay of Biscay , the northern fringes resemble San Sebastián . At central Navarre the summer precipitations start to lower, leading to a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa and Csb) At

2226-553: The Navarrese People's Union (UPN) (a Navarrese party that had a long alliance with the People's Party (PP), main right-wing party in Spain). However, in 2015 Uxue Barkos ( Geroa Bai ) became president with the support of EH Bildu , Podemos and Izquierda-Ezkerra . She is the first Basque nationalist president in Navarre. Basque nationalist parties also represent a sizeable part of

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2332-544: The Opus Dei , to found their University of Navarre (1952), ever more influential in Pamplona. The coming of the society of consumption and incipient economic liberalisation saw also the establishment of factories and workshops during the early 1960s (automobile manufacturing and accessories, etc.), especially around the overgrown capital. It was followed by labour and political unrest. Officials and figures with good connections to

2438-573: The Pyrenees mountain range that dominates the territory to the plains of the Ebro river valley in the south. The highest point in Navarre is Mesa de los Tres Reyes , with an elevation of 2,428 metres (7,966 feet). Other important mountains are Txamantxoia , Kartxela , the Larra-Belagua Massif , Sierra de Alaiz , Untzueko Harria , Sierra de Leyre , Sierra del Perdón , Montejurra , Ezkaba , Monte Ori , Sierra de Codés , Urbasa , Andia , and

2544-524: The Third Carlist War saw a renewed wave of Spanish centralisation directly affecting Navarre. In 1893 – 1894 the Gamazada popular uprising took place centred in Pamplona against Madrid's governmental decisions breaching the 1841 chartered provisions. Except for a small faction (the so-called Alfonsinos ), all parties in Navarre agreed on the need for a new political framework based on home rule within

2650-510: The energy sector , healthcare services and manufacturing . The gross domestic product (GDP) of the autonomous community was 20.3 billion euros as of 2018, accounting for 1.7% of Spanish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,700 euros or 112% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 109% of the EU average. The unemployment rate stood at 10.2% in 2017 and

2756-638: The fueros !), they headed to Arraiza , where they were arrested by forces of the Civil Guard and the army. The sergeant and the two residents of Obanos managed to escape and reach the French border. This event was condemned by El Eco de Navarra , describing it as a "demented act carried out by seven fools", and the Navarrese Government assured the Civil Governor, Andrés García Gómez de la Serna, that this

2862-466: The uprising in Cuba and was substituted by Amós Salvador Rodrigáñez , the law never went into effect. The latter presented a similar bill in 1895, but it never even reached the floor for debate. The defense of the fueros strengthened the union with the other three Basque provinces with similar arrangements, Biscay , Araba , and Gipuzkoa , giving them a common cause and reviving the slogan Laurak bat ,

2968-622: The "union of the four", or "four-in-one". To commemorate this event, many towns and cities in Navarre named some of their most important streets and plazas "Fueros". In Pamplona, the people had the Monument to the Fueros erected as a symbol of Navarrese freedom, placing it in front of the Navarrese Government Building. It was designed by architect Manuel Martínez de Ubago and finished in 1903, but never inaugurated. Navarre Navarre

3074-488: The 1930s. In unofficial circulation “Vascongadas” along “Provincias Vascongadas” was the most common denomination until the late Restoration period, but gave way to “País Vasco” in the 1920s-1930s. Though technically it pointed to Basque character of the area in question, the feature was entirely lexicalized and did not stand out. Fairly neutral in usage, deprived of ethnic, let alone national notions. A rather slight difference between “Vascongadas” and “Provincias Vascongadas”

3180-643: The 1978 Spanish constitution and the Amejoramiento del Fuero , a Navarrese law establishing the basic institutional make-up of the chartered community of Navarre, Spanish is the official language of Navarre, while the Basque language is also the official language in Basque-Speaking areas. Unlike any other statutes in the Spanish autonomous communities owning a regional language, the Amejoramiento omits citing Basque as

3286-660: The 19th century, though in terms of press usage until the Civil War it trailed far behind “provincias vascongadas” or “país vasco”. The term put slightly more emphasis on Basque character of the area than “provincias vascongadas” did. Its usage by no means implied support for Basque cause either politically or otherwise (though it might have). Geographical application of the term was ambiguous. Most commonly it referred to Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa, though it might have referred also to Navarre and (rarely) even to 3 French provinces; in such cases it usually focused on ethnic question. Today it

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3392-669: The Basque fueros started in Vitoria-Gasteiz , and continued in Biscay, these in Navarre, and finally in San Sebastián , the latter ending tragically in 1893. The finance minister, Germán Gamazo, proposed to increase the annual contributions of the four provinces with fueros , authorizing the Government, via Article 17 of the Budget Law, to apply the same contributions and taxes in Navarre and

3498-533: The Basque chieftain Iñigo Arista was elected King of Pamplona supported by the muwallad Banu Qasi of Tudela , establishing a Basque kingdom that was later called Navarre. That kingdom reached its zenith during the reign of Sancho III , comprising most of the Christian realms to the south of the Pyrenees, and even a short overlordship of Gascony (in the early 11th century). When Sancho III died in 1035,

3604-400: The Basque cultural realm. In many respects the term was identical to “Euskalerria”, though “país eúskaro” (except having been a neologism ) emphasized language and cultural dimension, while “Euskalerria” maintained balance between linguistic-ethnic threads and historical-religious threads. Today entirely out of use. also País Vasco, país basco . In Spanish literally Basque country . The term

3710-451: The Basque lands without Navarre and specifically Álava , Biscay and Gipuzkoa or to Álava, Biscay, Gipuzkoa and Navarre . It started to get out of circulation when applied to Basque territories in the early 19th century, with increasing usage focused on Santander and the adjacent area; the Santander province created in 1833 was originally to be named Cantabria. In public usage the term

3816-529: The Basque nationalist EH Bildu and pro-Basque Geroa Bai parties, on the one side, and the institutional pro-Spanish parties, UPN, PP and PSN on the other. Parties on the pro-Basque spectrum demand further sovereignty in internal affairs of Navarre and closer relationship with the districts of the Basque Autonomous Community . In the past, pro-Basque parties were excluded from key political posts and institutions. Another 2013–2014 controversy refers to

3922-453: The Foral Law 18/1986 of Basque. This law divides Navarre into three linguistically distinct areas, a Basque-speaking zone , where Basque is the dominant language, a Mixed-speaking zone , where Basque and Spanish are both dominant, and a Non-Basque speaking zone , where Spanish is the dominant language. In the latter, the public entities of Navarre are required to use only Spanish, but in

4028-489: The Kingdom of Navarre. However, Basque underwent a gradual erosion, accelerated following the conquest of the kingdom in the early 16th century due to the homogenizing push of the new Castilian authorities and the neglect of its own elites, among other reasons. By 1778, 121,000 inhabitants out of 227,000 were Basque speakers, 53% of its population, still the largest amount of Basque speakers across all Basque territories . However,

4134-640: The Navarrese and the Deputy from Morella ). The Navarrese Government had to return to Madrid in 1894 to again negotiate with the central government. These negotiations were also fruitless. When that happened, as recorded by journalist Eustaquio de Echave-Sustaeta in El Partido Carlista y los Fueros (The Carlist Party and the Fueros) , the Queen asked General Martínez Campos about the possibility of intervening, and this

4240-405: The Navarrese parliament passed a law splitting teachers aspiring to work in the state-run education network into two different professional categories, one for those qualified in Basque and Spanish , and another for Spanish monolinguals, so thwarting with the vote of Izquierda-Ezkerra (integrated in the regional government) the new progressive government's plan to have just one; the latter echoes

4346-478: The Navarrese regional government went on to join Adolfo Suárez 's UCD , later splitting into the party UPN led by Jesús Aizpún Tuero (1979), refusing to join a democratic constitutional process on the grounds that Navarre's charters (or fueros ) remained in place. They also refused to join the Basque process to become an autonomous community, where recently legalised Basque nationalist and leftist parties held

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4452-456: The Parliament of Navarre, although both Geroa Bai and EH Bildu increased their vote share. Following the election results, PSN's María Chivite was elected president with the support provided by progressive forces, handing over Pamplona's council to Navarra Suma and explicitly excluding EH Bildu from any talks or alliances, but relying on its abstention for her inauguration. In December 2017,

4558-488: The Spanish home office secretary Jorge Fernández Díaz stepped in warning leading members of PSN that "Navarre is strategic for Spain", and asserting that any other political alliance means "supporting ETA". The Justice secretary in Madrid Alberto Ruiz Gallardón in turn stated that "the worst political error is not corruption" but getting along with Bildu (a Basque pro-independence coalition). In May 2015,

4664-563: The Way of Saint James rendered Occitan the status language of the kingdom up to early 14th century. Navarro-Aragonese became the written language in court and royal administration by 1329, when it reached official status. However, from the 15th century onwards the language grew closer to Castilian ( Spanish ) and eventually merged with it. Other languages which at some point held a status or were spoken in certain communities and periods are Erromintxela , French , Hebrew , and Arabic . According to

4770-472: The alleged ideological profiling of public school Basque language teachers, billed as " ETA supporting teachers". Since the establishment of Navarre's present status (the Amejoramiento , the 'Betterment') in 1982, the successive regional governments ruled by UPN and PSN have been shaken by frequent political instability and corruption scandals , with UPN's Miguel Sanz's term being the most stable and longest, extending from 2001 to 2011. Between 2012 and 2014,

4876-404: The ancient Navarrese liberties . The bleak post-war years were shaken by shortage, famine, and smuggling, with the economy relying on agriculture (wheat, vineyards, olive, barley), and a negative migration balance. The victors came to cluster around two main factions, Carlists and Falangists , while the totalitarian ultra-Catholic environment provided fertile grounds for another religious group,

4982-643: The area, the component was later subject to lexicalization and ceased to stand out. Usage of the term did not imply the intention to underline a separate, Basque ethnic character of the provinces. The term was generally applied to Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa, exceptionally also to Navarre. Today almost entirely out of circulation, used very sporadically and generally against a historical background. also Bascongadas, bascongadas, Baskongadas , in Spanish literally Basque-speaking [provinces, territory, area, country] . Developed as an abbreviated form of “Provincias Vascongadas”, and not seldom used in official documents until

5088-435: The arrangement adopted for Navarre (Chartered Community of Navarre, 1982). The reform was not ratified by referendum, as demanded by Basque nationalist and minority leftist forces. After the end of Franco's dictatorship , Navarre became one of the 17 Autonomous Communities in Spain. The community ceremonies, education, and social services, together with housing, urban development, and environment protection policies are under

5194-490: The centrality of Catholicism, a scene of political radicalisation ensued dividing the leftist and rightist forces during the 2nd Spanish Republic (1931 – 1939). Thousands of landless labourers occupied properties of wealthy landowners in October 1933, leaving the latter eager for revenge. The most reactionary and clerical Carlists came to prominence, ideologues such as Víctor Pradera , and an understanding with General Mola paved

5300-441: The centuries. Terms used might have been almost identical, with hardly noticeable difference in content and connotation, or they could have varied enormously, also when consciously used one against another. The names used demonstrate changing perceptions of the area and until today the nomenclature employed could be battleground between partisans of different options. The below list contains names applied in Spanish cultural realm to

5406-750: The coalition government of Navarre, as well as EH Bildu, but was saluted by the PSN and Navarra Suma. Navarre consists of 272 municipalities and has a total population of 601,874 (2006), of whom approximately one-third live in the capital, Pamplona (195,769 pop.), and one-half in the capital's metropolitan area (315,988 pop.). There are no other large municipalities in the region. The next largest are Tudela (32,802), Barañain (22,401), Burlada/Burlata (18,388), Estella-Lizarra (13,892), Zizur Mayor (13,197), Tafalla (11,040), Villava/Atarrabia (10,295), and Ansoáin/Antsoain (9,952). Despite its relatively small size, Navarre features stark contrasts in geography, from

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5512-468: The collapse of Navarre's customary cross-Pyrenean trade and the rise of smuggling. Amid instability in Spain, Carlists took over in Navarre and the rest of the Basque provinces . An actual Basque state was established during the Third Carlist War with Estella as its capital (1872 – 1876), but King Alfonso XII 's restoration in the throne of Spain and a counter-attack prompted the Carlist defeat. The end of

5618-505: The death of his wife Queen Isabella, he extended the Castilian expulsion and forcible integration orders applicable to conversos and mudejars of 1492 to the former kingdom. Therefore, Tudela in particular could no longer serve as a refuge after the Inquisitors were allowed. Navarre is one of the wealthiest regions in Spain per capita, with a diversified economy primarily focused on

5724-659: The decisive Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 against the Almohads . The native line of kings came to an end in 1234; their heirs intermarried with French dynasties. However, the Navarrese kept most of their strong laws and institutions . The death of Queen Blanche I (1441) inaugurated a civil war period between the Beaumont and Agramont confederacies with the intervention of the Castilian-Aragonese House of Trastámara in Navarre's internal affairs. In 1512, Navarre

5830-400: The elections for Navarre Parliament left a better result for pro-Basque parties, which managed to establish an alliance, Uxue Barkos from Geroa Bai being elected president of Navarre for the period 2015 – 2019. June 2019 elections, however, turned the tide, when rightist forces reunited in the platform Navarra Suma , made up of UPN, PP and Ciudadanos , and garnered 20 MPs, 40% of the seats in

5936-463: The fascist salute and even involved in murderous tasks. The killing took a death toll of at least 2,857, plus a further 305 dying in prisons (ill-treatment, malnutrition). The dead were buried in mass graves or discarded into chasms abounding on the central hilly areas (Urbasa, etc.). Basque nationalists were also chased to a lesser extent, e.g. Fortunato Aguirre, a Basque nationalist and mayor of Estella (and co-founder of Osasuna Football Club),

6042-446: The first half of the 20th century, though since the late 19th century with decreasing unofficial usage. Until the 1930s it was the official administrative name of the region (in this usage capitalized). Until the early 20th century it was also the most common, rather neutral way of naming the area in question; in the 1920s it started to give precedence to “País Vasco”. Though the name technically pointed to distinct linguistic character of

6148-477: The four. Upon growth of the Basque nationalism it got used against the background of differences between Navarre on the one hand and Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa on the other, though with various intentions (to stress or to downplay them). Its confusing political usage led to de-emphasizing of political contents. Today generally out of use, except for historical or specific cultural discourse. In Spanish literally Basque-speaking country . The term entered circulation in

6254-515: The kingdom was divided between his sons. It never fully recovered its political power, while its commercial importance increased as traders and pilgrims ( the Francs ) poured into the kingdom via the Way of Saint James . In 1200, Navarre lost the key western Basque districts to Alphonse VIII of Castile , leaving the kingdom landlocked. Navarre then contributed with a small but symbolic force of 200 knights to

6360-572: The kingdom, Basque and Romance , but most properly the Cantabric [language] Basque, the original and most ancient, brought along by its creator, the patriarch Tubal , devoid of mingling with others; it has always been preserved there, except in the Ribera and the bordering areas of Castile and Aragon, where Romance is spoken. José Moret , chronicler of the kingdom, called Navarre and its bordering provinces "the lands of Basque", claiming also that Tubal founded

6466-614: The later 20th century the term was re-adopted by the nationalists; since 1979 “Euskal Herria” is one of two official Basque names of the autonomous community consisting of Biscay, Gipuzkoa and Álava . Geographical application was and is (except official use) ambiguous depending on perceived territorial coverage of the Basque realm; it could include Labourd , Lower Navarre and Soule or even territories in Argentina and Uruguay . also Euskadi , always capitalized. In current Basque Basque land , originally meaning Basque-race land . The term

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6572-469: The mid-19th century; used sporadically, it disappeared in the very early 20th century. It emphasized Basque character somewhat stronger than “provincias vascas” and far stronger than “provincias vascongadas”, though still fell short of acknowledging Basque ethnicity as key feature of the area in question; at times it even pointed to patchy nature of the territory discussed. Contained no political contents or undertones. The nascent Basque nationalism did not use

6678-627: The mixed area the use of Basque is also confined to certain position. The area of the municipalities belonging to the Basque-speaking and Mixed Basque and Spanish-speaking zones are the following: Names of the Basque Country (in Spanish)#provincias vascongadas In the Spanish public discourse the territory traditionally inhabited by the Basques was assigned a variety of names across

6784-451: The most populous Autonomous Community in Spain with a population of 647,554 inhabitants, which at the time was a population density of 62.32 inhabitants/km . The data of the population pyramid of 2010 can be summarized as follows: Presently, Spanish is predominantly spoken in most of the autonomous community, except for north-eastern areas, where Basque continues to be the prevailing language. According to official statistics, Spanish

6890-421: The name. The linguist Joan Coromines considers naba to be linguistically part of a wider Vasconic or Aquitanian language substrate, rather than Basque per se . The official name in Basque is Nafarroa , but the form Nafarroa Garaia "Upper Navarre" is also often seen, to distinguish the province from neighboring Lower Navarre . Before and during the Roman Empire , the Vascones populated

6996-425: The name. Geographically applied to Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa. Today entirely out of use. also Provincias exentas, Provincias Exentas . In Spanish literally exempted provinces . The term entered circulation in the mid-18th century and was gradually getting out of use in the second half of the 19th century; in the early 20th century it was already entirely defunct. The name underlined that among all Spanish provinces,

7102-505: The north, but virtually absent on the southern fringes. The best-known event in Navarre is the annual festival of San Fermín held in Pamplona in July. The first documented use of a name resembling Navarra , Nafarroa , or Naparroa is a reference to navarros , in Eginhard 's early-9th-century chronicle of the feats of the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne , describing his intrusion to the Ebro river. Other Royal Frankish Annals feature nabarros . There are two proposed etymologies for

7208-526: The north. Gascons and Occitans from beyond the Pyrenees (called Franks ) received self-government and other privileges to foster settlement in Navarrese towns, and they brought their crafts, culture and Romance languages . Jews and Muslims were persecuted both north and south of Navarre, expelled for the most part during the late 15th century to the early 16th century. The kingdom struggled to maintain its separate identity in 14th and 15th centuries, and after King Ferdinand V forcibly conquered Navarre after

7314-485: The number of speakers dropped sharply in the 19th century. In 1936, Basque speakers accounted for a 17% of the total Navarrese population. Other languages have been spoken, but have disappeared, such as Navarro-Aragonese , a Romance language that was spoken in the Middle Ages around the central part of the Ebro basin. Starting in the late 11th century, the influx of pilgrims and colonizers from Toulouse and surrounding areas ( Francs ) who settled in separate boroughs along

7420-411: The ones in question were exempted from standard fiscal and conscription obligations. The term was seldom used to denote homogeneous character of the provinces; it did not underline their commonality, but rather the character making each of them distinct from the remaining Spanish provinces. It contained no ethnic ingredient whatsoever, the regional one was present though rather muted. Geographical usage of

7526-454: The only ones being made, as shown by the different slogans: The Pamplona Orfeón sang the Gernikako arbola to end the protest. More than 120,000 signatures were collected against the bill, at a time when Navarre had a population of only 300,000. They were presented to Queen Maria Christina on June 7. The goals were not achieved, and the minister's initiatives were approved by the Congress of Deputies by 99 votes in favor and 8 (those of

7632-426: The other Basque provinces as in all other Spanish provinces. The Government of Navarre made a formal protest on May 16 and was seconded by city governments and the press. The delegation sent to Madrid to hold talks with Sagasta and Gamazo ended in failure. The liberal newspaper El Eco de Navarra convened marches in the five merindades of Navarre on May 28. On the following Sunday, another large march

7738-442: The outset the term was (intentionally) politically charged, as it served nationalist Basque purposes; it was opposed or ignored by those who preferred to confront Basque political ambitions. “Euzkadi” was the official Basque name of the autonomous territory created in 1936 ; "Euskadi" (note different spelling) is currently one of two official Basque names of the autonomous community consisting of Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa. Originally

7844-602: The overall guidelines established by the Spanish government but may have some minor differences. The first 3 presidents of the community belonged to the extinct Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) party. After 1984 the government was ruled by either the Socialist Party of Navarre (PSN – PSOE, one of the federative components of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party , main centre-left wing party in Spain) or

7950-580: The proper Basque country. also país vasconavarro, País Vasconavarro, país basko-navarro . In Spanish literally Basque-Navarrese country . Never appearing as “país navarro-vasco”. The term was in public circulation since the early 19th century but unlike other descriptions using the “vasco-navarro” adjective (“pueblo vasco-navarro”, “ejercito vasco-navarro” etc. ) it was used rather sporadically. Applied to Biscay, Gipuzkoa, Álava and Navarre when intending to underline any sort of commonality (historical, economic, geographical etc., though rather not ethnic) linking

8056-458: The region had what was then Spain's largest photovoltaic power plant at Montes de Cierzo de Tudela (1.2 MWp capacity) plus several hundred smaller photovoltaic installations. Developments since 2004 have included further photovoltaic plants at Larrión (0.25 MWp) and another at Castejón (2.44 MWp), also once the largest in Spain. In 2018, the Foral Community of Navarra ranked 15th as

8162-508: The responsibility of Navarre's political institutions. As in the rest of the communities, Navarre has a Parliament elected every four years, and the majority in this Parliament determines the president of the Community, who is in charge of Navarre's government. Unlike most other autonomous communities of Spain (but like the Basque Autonomous Community ), Navarre has almost full responsibility for collecting and administering taxes which must follow

8268-402: The second half of the 19th century; it was used rather sporadically until the Civil War. Almost abandoned during Francoism , following Spanish transition to democracy it is hardly in use. Similar in geographical application to “provincias vascongadas”, i.e. applied to Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa. There were two key differences between “país vascongado” and “provincias vascongadas”: 1) the former

8374-472: The southern slopes of the Pyrenees , including the area which would ultimately become Navarre. In the mountainous north, the Vascones escaped large-scale Roman settlement, except for some coastal areas—for example Oiasso (in what is now Gipuzkoa )—and the flatter areas to the south, Calagurris (in what is now La Rioja), which were amenable to large-scale Roman farming —vineyards, olives, and wheat crops. There

8480-589: The southernmost part of Navarre the climate is cool semi-arid (Köppen: Bsk). This is also at a comparatively low elevation compared to most of the north, further pontentiating the hot summers in comparison to Pamplona and even more so the northern hilly and mountainous region. The sole official weather station of Navarre is located in Pamplona in its north-western corner and has summer highs of 28 °C (82 °F) and lows of 14 °C (57 °F), while winter highs are 9 °C (48 °F) and lows 1 °C (34 °F) with moderate precipitation year-round. Navarre

8586-605: The term differed; generally it was applied to Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa, though sporadically (especially in the early 19th century) it could have denoted also Navarre. Currently not only out of use but also almost entirely forgotten term. In Spanish literally foral provinces . The term is in circulation since the 19th century, though used rather sparsely. The name underlines that provinces in question enjoy some traditional, separate, province-specific (not region-specific) legal establishments, known as fueros. In most cases usage and context imply detailed administrative coverage, which

8692-462: The term was applied to all territories perceived as forming part of the Basque realm and is still used this way by some nationalist groupings. Naturalized in present-day Spanish as an official equivalent of "País Vasco", the Basque Autonomous Community . also Pais Eúskaro . In Spanish literally Euskera-speaking country . The term was in circulation in the late 19th and the early 20th century, though used very sporadically and almost exclusively against

8798-505: The term was not necessarily employed by partisans of the commonality discussed (in ethnic or national sense), and could have been employed in quite informal mode. Geographically the term was applied usually towards Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa. "Provincias hermanas" could have been also applied to any chosen Spanish provinces deemed similar or even generally, to all Spanish provinces. Today out of use and entirely forgotten. In Spanish literally Basque provinces . The term entered circulation in

8904-406: The territory traditionally inhabited by the Basques. Terms originating from other languages (first of all Basque , though also Latin ) are acknowledged if in circulation also in Spanish. The list contains indisputably proper names (e.g. "Provincias Vascongadas"), names with unclear or varying usage (e.g. "Provincias Exentas" or "provincias exentas") and names which have never acquired the status of

9010-539: The time in the Alzugaray House on Paseo de Sarasate, where they were received by Governor García Gómez de la Serna. It was the largest demonstration that had ever been organized in Navarre at the time. The Navarrese Diputación handed out pamphlets asking for "order" and a "unanimous attitude of protest against Article 17 of the Budget Bill. No inappropriate shouting or displays!" However, the economic claims were not

9116-521: The turn of the 19th and 20th century, though still it was used rather sporadically and in specialized rather than popular discourse. It was unique among all terms discussed here, as it was the only one capturing both diversity (referring to different provinces) and commonality (acknowledging their sister character). It strongly underlined unity of the provinces referred to, usually against a cultural, historical, ethnic or national background. Very much like “provincias vascongadas” and even “provincias eúskaras”,

9222-559: The vote (around 31% in the 2015 elections ), and a majority in most of the northern areas. Basque nationalist parties have as a key point in their agendas to merge Navarre into the Basque Autonomous Community by referendum (as predicted in the Spanish constitution). All Spain-based parties, as well as UPN and PSN, oppose this move. Politics in Navarre have been marked by fierce rivalry between two blocs representing different national identities that are part of Navarre society:

9328-463: The way to the Spanish Nationalist uprising in Pamplona (18 July 1936). The triumphant military revolt was followed by a terror campaign in the rearguard against blacklisted individuals considered to be progressive ("reds"), mildly republican, or just inconvenient. The purge especially affected southern Navarre along the Ebro banks, and counted on the active complicity of the clergy, who adopted

9434-551: Was already firmly related to Santander when the Basque nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century. Today "Cantabria" is official name of the autonomous community centered upon Santander ; also in unofficial circulation the term is used likewise, with application to Álava, Biscay, Gipuzkoa and/or Navarre only in historical discourse. also Euskal-Erria, Euskal Erria, Euskal-Herria, Euskal Herria, Euskeria , always capitalized. In Basque literally Basque realm . The term traditionally in use in different Basque spoken dialects, it

9540-508: Was an isolated incident and that they "unanimously reject violent acts". The Government, after the altercations in Puente la Reina, did not authorize the march for June 4, 1893. Nevertheless, more the 17,000 people gathered, of all classes and political parties. The Foral Body, accompanied by "distinguished personalities of the sister provinces" went to the Civil Government, located at

9646-548: Was created as “Euzkadi” by Sabino Arana in the late 19th century, who felt that “Euskalerria”, “Vascongadas”, “Vasconia” or other terms did not properly reflect the idea of separate Basque race identity and the ensuing distinctive character of the territory the Basques inhabited. In the early 20th century the term filtered into Spanish, though used sparsely, usually as macaronic intercalation, and never lexicalized ; its precedent terms, briefly considered in Basque, "Euzkadia" and "Euskaria" have never entered wider circulation. From

9752-468: Was deprived of political notions; it tended to put common history on the forefront. It lacked clear geographical meaning and was applied according to perceived territorial coverage of the Basque realm. Following demise in the early 20th century, “Vasconia” enjoyed some revival during Francoism; unlike politically-charged “país vasco” or “provincias vascas”, censorship tolerated it easily as a historical, semi-scientific reference. Following brief confusion among

9858-529: Was established (the Diputación ), and the kingdom managed to keep home rule. Tensions with the Spanish government came to a head as of 1794, when Spanish premier Manuel Godoy attempted to suppress Navarrese and Basque self-government altogether, with the end of the First Carlist War (1839 – 1841) definitely bringing the kingdom and its home rule ( fueros ) to an end. After the 1839 Convention of Bergara ,

9964-680: Was executed in September 1936. Humiliation and silence ensued for the survivors. Pamplona became the rebel launching point against the Republic during the War in the North . As a reward for its support in the Spanish Civil War (Navarre sided for the most part with the military uprising), Franco allowed Navarre, as it happened with Álava , to maintain during his dictatorship a number of prerogatives reminiscent of

10070-404: Was first used in writing (in alavese Basque dialect) in the 16th century and enjoyed renaissance with growing number of Basque prints since the 1880s, filtering into Spanish and used usually as macaronic intercalation . Originally it could have referred to a territory, a population, a cultural commonality or all these components together. Most commonly it simply denoted a Basque realm, understood as

10176-450: Was in circulation in writing as early as in the 15th century, though until the 20th century used rather sporadically. Similar in meaning and geographical application to “provincias vascas”, i.e. could have been applied to 3, 4 or 7 units in Spain and France; the difference was that it underlined unity of the area and did not put its internal administrative heterogeneity on the forefront. The difference between “país vasco” and “país vascongado”

10282-556: Was invaded by Ferdinand the Catholic 's troops, with Queen Catherine and King John III withdrawing to the north of the Pyrenees , and establishing a Kingdom of Navarre- Béarn , led by Queen Joan III as of 1555. To the south of the Pyrenees, Navarre was annexed to the Crown of Castile in 1515, but kept a separate ambiguous status, and a shaky balance up to 1610— King Henry III was ready to march over Spanish Navarre. A Chartered Government

10388-536: Was not revived afterwards, as most common denomination replaced by “País Vasco”. Currently out of circulation, except in historical discourse or in personal columns, sometimes consciously used to note nominal controversies. also vasconia, baskonia, Baskonia, Wasconia , also plural Vasconiae, Vasconias , and part of the etymology of Gascony . In Latin Basque Land . The term emerged in Roman times and until medieval era it

10494-559: Was not the official name of the region (though at times used in the interchanging mode), and 2) the former underlined unity of the area and did not put its internal administrative heterogeneity on the forefront. The difference between “país vascongado” and “país vasco” (in its 19th-century usage) was tiny; the former was more lexicalized, the latter put more emphasis on Basque (historical, cultural, ethnic) character. also provincias Eúskaras, Provincias eúskaras . In Spanish literally Euskara-speaking provinces . The term entered circulation in

10600-552: Was occasionally used in Latin documents and maps, usually with ambiguous geographical rather than political denotation. Rarely used in Spanish; when used in plural it referred to 2 parts (“ambas Vasconias”, “dos Vasconias” ): the Spanish and the French one. It enjoyed modest revival in the late 19th century, used generally against a cultural, historical and regional background; it appeared mostly in literary or scientific Vascólogist discourse. The term underlined commonality of Basque area but

10706-560: Was organized in Pamplona . In this climate, a two-day episode of armed revolt also occurred, starting during the night of June 1–2, led by Sergeant José López Zabalegui, head of the detachment from the Infanta Isabel Fort in Puente la Reina , along with two other soldiers and two residents of Obanos and another two from Puente la Reina. Upon shouting " ¡Vivan los fueros! " ("Long live

10812-515: Was taken over by the taifa kingdom of Tudela in the 11th century. During the Reconquista , Navarre gained little ground at the expense of the Muslims, since its southern boundary had already been established by the time of the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Starting in the 11th century, the Way of Saint James grew in importance. It brought pilgrims, traders and Christian soldiers from

10918-555: Was that the former name did not acknowledge provinces, either in terms of their heterogeneity or in terms of their forming part of Spanish administrative structure; however, this technical lexical difference has usually not been exploited for political reasons. Geographically the term was applied to Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa, though sporadically it could have included also Navarre. The term was almost eradicated – at least in territorial application – during Francoism . Except sporadic cases and rather accidental usage in official documents it

11024-646: Was that the former put slightly more emphasis on the Basque character, while the latter tended to be more lexicalized. In the 1920s the term overtook “Provincias Vascongadas” in terms of popular press usage. In 1936 adopted (with both words capitalized as “País Vasco”) as official Spanish name of the autonomous Basque area within the Second Spanish Republic, today it remains official name of the autonomous community consisting of Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa provinces. In present-day nationalist discourse it could be applied (capitalized or not) to any area deemed part of

11130-643: Was the general's response: Ma'am, if it were another province, we could think about imposing general law, employing force if necessary; if it were Navarre alone, we could still go down that road, but we must understand that Navarre has the three Vascongada provinces on her side, and if force were called against that, all the Basques would have a common cause, and with them, all the Carlists in Spain, who would trigger an uprising in those provinces that would become generalized, and then that would lead again to civil war. However, since Minister Gamazo had to resign because of

11236-399: Was the lowest in the country. Navarre leads Europe in its use of renewable energy technology and was planning to reach 100% renewable electricity generation by 2010. By 2004, 61% of the region's electricity was generated by renewable sources consisting of 43.6% from 28 wind farms , 12% from over 100 small-scale water turbines , and 5.3% from 2 biomass and 2 biogas plants. In addition,

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