199-551: Monterrey ( / ˌ m ɒ n t ə ˈ r eɪ / MON -tə- RAY , Spanish: [monteˈrej] ) is the capital and largest city of the northeastern state of Nuevo León , Mexico, and the ninth-largest city and second largest metro area in Mexico behind Greater Mexico City . Located at the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental , Monterrey is a major North American business and industrial hub, as well as
398-716: A Beta World City , cosmopolitan and competitive. Rich in history and culture, it is one of the most developed cities in Mexico. The uninterrupted settlement of Monterrey was founded by Diego de Montemayor in 1596. In the years after the Mexican War of Independence , Monterrey became an important business center. The city experienced great industrial growth following the establishment of the Monterrey Foundry in 1900. The city has prominent positions in sectors such as steel, cement, glass, auto parts, and brewing. Monterrey's economic growth has been attributed in part to its proximity to
597-603: A rapid transit system called Metrorrey , which currently has 3 lines. and a BRT called Ecovía . The city is served by two international airports: General Mariano Escobedo International Airport (served by major international carriers and moving more than 6.5 million passengers in 2007) and Del Norte International Airport , a primarily private airport. Monterrey is linked through frequent non-stop flights to many Mexican cities and to United States hubs ( Atlanta , Chicago-O'Hare , Dallas/Fort Worth , Detroit , Houston-Intercontinental , JFK/New York , and Las Vegas ). Monterrey
796-402: A 2018 study found that suburb San Pedro Garza García is the city with the best quality of life in Mexico. It serves as a commercial center of northern Mexico and is the base of many significant international corporations. Its purchasing power parity -adjusted GDP per capita is considerably higher than the rest of Mexico's at around US$ 35,500, compared to the country's US$ 18,800. It is considered
995-451: A Catholic priest of progressive ideas, declared Mexican independence in the small town of Dolores , Guanajuato on September 16, 1810, with a proclamation known as the "Grito de Dolores". Hidalgo built a large support among intellectuals, liberal priests and many poor people. Hidalgo fought to protect the rights of the poor and indigenous population. He started on a march to the capital, Mexico City , but retreated back north when faced with
1194-614: A barracks, but faced strong Federal resistance while advancing towards the city center, retreating the next day. In April 1914, after a prolonged conflict, Carrancistas captured the city center, installing Antonio Villarreal , a radical liberal, as governor, who implemented controversial measures like expelling foreign priests, demolishing temples, and destroying religious images. Villista forces briefly captured Monterrey in early 1915, with Pancho Villa visiting Monterrey for fundraising efforts. By May 1915, Carrancistas regained control and installed Idelfonso Vázquez as interim governor. For
1393-419: A casino , in which more than 50 people were killed. In summer 2022, the area experienced a severe drought, and city water service was cut off for several weeks to some areas, and in others limited to six hours a day. The city has three reservoirs. Cerro Prieto Reservoir dropped to 1% of its capacity and La Boca Reservoir dropped to 8%. El Cuchillo Reservoir remained at 30%, but limited aqueduct capacity led
1592-601: A defeat in the Battle of Saltillo , the insurgency ended. By August 1846, the restoration of the 1824 Mexican Constitution reinstated statehood to Nuevo León. On 21 September 1846, during the Mexican-American War, the Battle of Monterrey was fought, a three-day assault on Nuevo León's capital by U.S. forces. The Mexican forces, commanded by Pedro de Ampudia , faced off against the U.S. troops led by Zachary Taylor , whose objective
1791-517: A department, with the territory regaining its statehood upon the republic's restoration in 1867. During the Porfiriato, Bernardo Reyes was sent to Nuevo León by Porfirio Díaz , where Reyes was governor from 1885 to 1887 and from 1889 to 1909. Reyes suppressed small insurrections and banditry in multiple municipalities while also starting infrastructure projects, such as the State Penitentiary,
1990-412: A diversified state economy. The three most important economic centers in the state are: Ciudad Juárez , an international manufacturing center; Chihuahua , the state capital; and Cuauhtémoc , the state's main agriculture hub and an internationally recognized center for apple production. Today, Chihuahua serves as an important commercial route prospering from billions of dollars from international trade as
2189-477: A heavy artillery barrage with 8 kg cannonballs. The first cannon fired hit a bell in the tower of the church, instantly breaking it in half; soon after, 200 men of the imperial army forces surrendered. The republican forces had recovered control over the state capital. The bell in the church was declared a historical monument and can be seen today in the Cathedral. By April 1866, the state government had established
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#17328455252962388-536: A large commercial caravan heading to the state capital. Meanwhile, the Mexican forces in the state had time to prepare a defense against the Americans. About 20 miles (32 km) north of the capital where two mountain ranges join from east to west is the only pass into the capital; known as Sacramento Pass, this point is now part of present-day Chihuahua City . The Battle of Sacramento was the most important battle fought in
2587-486: A lieutenant under Francisco de Ibarra, stayed behind after the expedition and found gold at the foot of the mountains of the Sierra Madre Occidental ; he founded the first Spanish city in the region, Santa Bárbara in 1567 by bringing 400 European families to the settlement. A few years later, in 1569, Franciscan missionaries led by Fray Agustín Rodríguez from the coast of Sinaloa and the state of Durango founded
2786-500: A message to Sacramento Pass to ask for succession of the area as they understood the war had concluded. General Price, misunderstanding this as a deception by the Mexican forces, continued to advance towards the state capital. On March 16, 1848 Price began negotiations with Ángel Trías, but the Mexican leader responded with an ultimatum to General Price. The American forces engaged with the Mexican forces near Santa Cruz de los Rosales on March 16, 1848. The Battle of Santa Cruz de los Rosales
2985-676: A moratorium on payment to foreign debtors for a period of two years. Spain, England, and France did not accept the moratorium by Mexico; they united at the Convention of the Triple Alliance on October 31, 1861 in which they agreed to take possession of several custom stations within Mexico as payment. A delegation of the Triple Alliance arrived in Veracruz in December 1861. President Juárez immediately sent his Foreign Affairs Minister, Manuel Doblado , who
3184-455: A new legislature, and conforming governors. In September 1835 José Urrea a federalist army officer came into power. Comandante general Simón Elías González, was nominated governor and military command was given to Colonel J.J. Calvo, whose firmness had earned well-merited praise. The state was in the midst of a war with the Apaches , which became the focus of all their energy and resources. After
3383-474: A new rebellion in 1869 that threatened the federal government. In response, the Juárez administration took drastic measures by temporarily suspending constitutional rights, but the governor of Chihuahua did not support this action. Hostilities continued to increase especially after the election of 1871 which was perceived to be fraudulent. A new popular leader arose among the rebels, Porfirio Díaz. The federal government
3582-526: A new territory in northern New Spain . He returned to the territory in 1580 and founded the New Kingdom of León in 1582, with its capital, San Luis Rey de Francia , established where Santa Lucía once stood, marking Monterrey's second founding. However, colonization efforts failed once again in 1588, when Carvajal was reported to the Inquisition , accused of being a descendant of New Christians . Since then,
3781-531: A pardon offered by Viceroy Francisco Venegas in return for Hidalgo's surrender. A short time later, he and his supporters were captured by royalist Ignacio Elizondo at the Wells of Baján (Norias de Baján) on March 21, 1811 and taken to the city of Chihuahua. Hidalgo forced the Bishop of Valladolid, Manuel Abad y Queipo , to rescind the excommunication order he had circulated against him on September 24, 1810. Later,
3980-505: A population of 5,784,442 by 2020. The process of verticalization in Greater Monterrey intensified, marked by the construction of increasingly numerous and taller skyscrapers, notably Torre Avalanz , Torre KOI , and Torres Obispado , among others. By the late 2010s and 2020s, the state was experiencing a nearshoring boom, characterized by significant foreign investment from automotive companies like Kia and Tesla . However, due to
4179-506: A referendum approved the annexation. The annexation provided the state government with control over a significant portion of the customhouses along the US-Mexico border. Leveraging the increased revenues, Vidaurri invested in state development initiatives, including public gardens, Plaza de la Llave , and the Teatro del Progreso , which was the first theater in the state. Additionally, he used
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#17328455252964378-464: A referendum to join the Second Mexican Empire instead. In retaliation, Juárez labeled Vidaurri a traitor and divided Nuevo León and Coahuila, reinstating them as separate states. Juárez led the republic's remnants from Nuevo León until 15 August 1864, when the approaching French forces forced him to relocate. In 1865, the empire dissolved Mexico's federal structure, reorganizing Nuevo León as
4577-497: A result of NAFTA . The state also suffers the fallout of illicit trade and activities from drug cartels , especially at the border. The state is also home to inventors; Victor Leaton Ochoa , Rafael Mendoza Blanco and Luis T. Hernandez Terrazas . The earliest evidence of human inhabitants of modern-day Chihuahua was discovered in the area of Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado . Clovis points have been found in northeastern Chihuahua that have been dated from 12,000 BC to 7000 BC. It
4776-464: A review of the situation, Simón Elías González declared that the interests of the territory would be best served by uniting the civil and military power, at least while the campaign lasted. He resigned under opposition, but was renominated in 1837. The state seemed at relative calm compared to the rest of the country due to its close ties to the United States until 1841. In 1843 the possibility of war
4975-425: A rich vein of silver and subsequently established San José del Parral near the site. Parral remained an important economic and cultural center for the next 300 years. On December 8, 1659, Fray García de San Francisco founded the mission of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Mansos del Paso del Río del Norte and founded the town El Paso del Norte (present day Ciudad Juárez ) in 1667. The Spanish society that developed in
5174-484: A rising officer, supported the restoration of President Pedraza . On July 20, Governor Elorriaga was reinstated, and Baca along with the legislative minority were brought back to form a new legislature, which met on September 1. Chihuahua showed no desire to imitate the revolutionary movement and Urrea prepared to invade the state. Comandante-general J.J.Calvo threatened to retaliate, and a conflict seemed imminent. The entry of General Santa Anna into Mexico brought calm, as
5373-590: A series of cliff dwellings along an important trade route, and Las Jarillas Cave scrambled along the canyons of the Sierra Madre in Northwestern Chihuahua date between AD 1205 and 1260 and belong to the Paquimé culture. Cuarenta Casas is thought to have been a branch settlement from Paquimé to protect the trade route from attack. Archaeologists believe the civilization began to decline during the 13th century and by
5572-597: A shorter route from Santa Bárbara to New Mexico. In April 1598, Juan de Oñate found a short route from Santa Bárbara to New Mexico which came to be called El Paso del Norte (The Northern Pass). The discovery of El Paso del Norte was important for the expansion of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (The Inner Land Royal Road) to link Spanish settlements in New Mexico to Mexico City; El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro facilitated transport of settlers and supplies to New Mexico and Camargo . In 1631, Juan Rangel de Biezma discovered
5771-551: A small city, and its population varied from a few hundred to only dozens. The city facilitated trade between San Antonio (now in Texas), Tampico and from Saltillo to the center of the country. Tampico's port brought many products from Europe, while Saltillo concentrated the Northern Territories' trade with the capital, Mexico City . San Antonio was the key trade point with the northern foreign colonies (British and French). In
5970-530: A state of Mexico following the country's successful war for independence . The state began industrializing in the late 19th century and early 20th century, establishing various large companies, which accelerated after the Mexican Revolution . Today, Nuevo León is a major manufacturing hub with one of Mexico's largest economies. The origins of Nuevo León's name can be traced back to the late-16th century, when Spanish explorer Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva named
6169-522: A territory in northern New Spain that would be called Nuevo León , the " New Kingdom of León ". In 1580, he arrived in the newly granted lands but it was not until 1582 that he established a settlement called San Luis Rey de Francia (named for Saint Louis IX of France ) within present-day Monterrey. The New Kingdom of León extended westward from the port of Tampico to the limits of Nueva Vizcaya ("New Biscay", now State of Chihuahua ), and around 1,000 kilometers northward. For eight years Nuevo León
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6368-401: A very popular medical tourism destination for United States patients. Monterrey and its metropolitan area are municipalities governed by a democratically elected Presidente Municipal (Municipal President), or mayor, for a period of three years. The political environment is one of civility and in the last decade political parties have been alternating office. The current mayor of Monterrey
6567-552: A vital trading route from Chihuahua City to San Antonio, Texas; the government began to replenish their supplies and reinforce their fight against the Imperial forces. General Aguirre moved to the deserts of the southeastern portion of the state and defeated the French forces in Parral, led by Colonel Cottret. By the middle of 1866, the state of Chihuahua was declared free of enemy control; Parral
6766-415: A weekday is 85 min. 25% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 17 min, while 29.% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 9.5 km, while 25% travel for over 12 km in a single direction. The city has
6965-640: Is Luis Donaldo Colosio Riojas . The City Council of Monterrey ( Cabildo de Monterrey ) is an organ integrated by the mayor, the Regidores and the Síndicos . The mayor is the executor of the determinations of the City Council and the person directly in charge of public municipal administration. The Regidores represent the community and collectively define city policies. The Síndicos are in charge of watching and legally defending city interests, as well as of monitoring
7164-456: Is 36 °C (97 °F) and the average low is 24 °C (75 °F). The average January high is 22 °C (72 °F) and the average low in January is 10 °C (50 °F). Rainfall is scarce in winter, but more frequent during May through September. Monterrey frequently experiences extreme weather changes; for example, it sometimes reaches 30 °C (86 °F) in January and February,
7363-509: Is 90 people per square kilometer, making it the fourteenth most dense state in Mexico . It is one of the sixteen states that surpass the country's average population density, which is 64 people per square kilometer. Much of the state's density is found in the Monterrey metropolitan area , where about 92% of the population resides, and where there is a population density of about 700 people per square kilometer. There are 1,655,256 housing units in
7562-556: Is a private healthcare accreditation group. There are both public and private hospitals. The Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) has two major regional hospitals in the city, the Specialties Regional Hospital # 33, the cardiac centre (Hospital #34), and the Gynecology and Obstetrics Regional Hospital, serving also the northeastern states of Coahuila and Tamaulipas . Several smaller IMSS hospitals can be found such as
7761-617: Is a rare occurrence in the entire state, it has been documented during winter storms and cold fronts. One notable event happened on January 9, 1967, when 50 cm of snow fell within an 8-hour period. Additional instances of snowfall in the state include a February 1895 winter storm during the Great Freeze , the 2004 Christmas Eve winter storm , and the February 2021 North American winter storm . While rare, hurricanes and tropical storms can impact Nuevo León, bringing high levels of rainfall to
7960-459: Is a very rare event, although an accumulation of 50 cm (20 in) in 8 hours occurred in January 1967. The most recent snowfall was in February 2021. Sleet and ice events occurred in January 2007, December 2009, January and February 2010, and February 2011, caused by temperatures around −5 °C (23 °F). From June 30 to July 2, 2010, Monterrey was hit by the worst natural disaster in
8159-670: Is able to reduce the debts through the Pacto de Soledad (Soledad Pact). General Juan Prim of Spain persuaded the English delegation to accept the terms of the Pacto de Soledad, but the French delegation refused. The liberal political forces maintained strong control over the state government until shortly after the French Intervention which turned the tables in favor to the conservative forces once again. The intervention had serious repercussions for
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8358-756: Is connected with the United States–Mexico border , the sea and inland Mexico through different roads, including the Carretera Nacional (also known as the Pan-American Highway ) that runs from Nuevo Laredo to Mexico City and south, and the Carretera Interoceánica connecting Matamoros with the port of Mazatlán on the Pacific; it is also crossed by highways 40 , 45 , and 57 . The divided highway Monterrey- Saltillo -Matehuala- Mexico City
8557-694: Is considered one of the most advanced in Latin America. Monterrey is also the headquarters of the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Studies), which ranked No. 291 at the 2013 QS World University Rankings in Engineering and Information Technology, No. 201 in Social Sciences and No. 279 overall. It also holds a "QS Stars Rated for Excellence" of 5 stars. The Universidad Regiomontana
8756-546: Is dominated by the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range, covering 50.9% of the state's territory. Notable features formed by the mountain range include the Galeana and Doctor Arroyo plateaus, the Iguana, Picachos, Papagayos, and Santa Clara mountain ranges, and the Pilón, Ascensión, and Río Blanco valleys. Cerro Potosí , which is the state's highest elevation at 3,710 meters above sea level,
8955-550: Is member of GATE (Global Alliance for Transnational Education) and FIMPES (Federación de Instituciones Mexicanas Particulares de Educación Superior) and its administration holds an ISO 9001 Certification. The university is nationally recognized, so its degree equivalency is comparable to that of a regionally accredited university in the United States. The university is dedicated to educating students in an atmosphere of freedom and humanism, and providing students hands-on experience in their field of study. Its urban campus further stimulates
9154-545: Is part of the mountain range. The Great Plains is considered to start in the northernmost regions of Nuevo León, constituting 34.6% of the state's land. This area is characterized by gentle hills along the Rio Grande . In the east, the Northern Gulf Coastal Plains cover 14.5% of the state, featuring low-altitude lands classified as an "inclined plain" due to the alluvial terrain. The San Juan River , one of
9353-770: Is recognized as the best public hospital in the northeast of Mexico and the UANL School of Medicine as one of the best in the country. On the other hand, the Tecnológico de Monterrey runs the Hospital San José-Tec de Monterrey private hospital. Monterrey has healthcare standards above the average for Mexico. It has several hospitals, including Hospital Cima (formerly Santa Engracia) of the International Hospital Corporation. Its convenient location, low prices and quality of medical care have made of Monterrey
9552-554: Is the main land corridor to interior Mexico. There are several between-cities bus lines at the bus station downtown. There are arrivals and departures into deeper Mexico, to the U.S. border and into the United States. Monterrey is also connected by at least three important railroad freight lines: Nuevo Laredo -Mexico City, Monterrey-Tampico, and Monterrey-Pacific ( Mazatlán ). The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Monterrey, for example to and from work, on
9751-570: Is the second most important city for the operating routes of Aeroméxico . Nuevo Le%C3%B3n [REDACTED] Blanca Judith Díaz Delgado Nuevo León ( Spanish: [ˈnweβo leˈon] ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Nuevo León ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Nuevo León ) is a state in northeastern Mexico . The state borders the Mexican states of Tamaulipas , Coahuila , Zacatecas , and San Luis Potosi , and has an extremely narrow international border with
9950-489: Is the third-largest Mexican university and is ranked by the Reader's Digest-AC Nielsen Survey 2005 as the top public university in northeast Mexico. Its main campus, Ciudad Universitaria (University City), covers approximately 67,630,000 square metres (17,000 acres). The UANL system comprises 26 colleges (faculties), 22 graduate divisions, 29 high schools, 1 center of bilingual education and 3 technical high schools. Its medical school
10149-411: Is thought that these inhabitants were hunter gatherers . Inhabitants of the state later developed farming with the domestication of corn. An archeological site in northern Chihuahua known as Cerro Juanaqueña revealed squash cultivation, irrigation techniques, and ceramic artifacts dating to around 2000 BC. Between AD 300 and 1300 in the northern part of the state along the wide, fertile valley on
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#173284552529610348-430: The 13th largest federal entity by size in Mexico. The state is located in the northeastern part of Mexico and is bordered by Tamaulipas to the east, Coahuila to the west, both Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi to the south, and the U.S. state of Texas to the north. The state boasts a diverse geography, encompassing three key physiographic provinces in the northeast region. The state's southern and western scenery
10547-566: The Cerro del Obispado , north of the river, is the historic Bishopric Palace , site of one of the most important battles of the Mexican–American War . The mountains surrounding Monterrey contain many canyons, trails and roads that cross deserts and forests and suitable trails are available to the general public. The Sierra Madre Oriental mountains south of the city are included in the " Parque Nacional Cumbres de Monterrey " (National Park), which
10746-501: The Estado Libre y Soberano de Chihuahua (English: Free and Sovereign State of Chihuahua ), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City , comprise the 32 federal entities of Mexico . It is located in the northwestern part of Mexico and is bordered by the states of Sonora to the west, Sinaloa to the southwest, Durango to the south, and Coahuila to the east. To the north and northeast, it shares an extensive border with
10945-568: The Gadsden Purchase on December 30, 1853 for 15 million USD. It was then ratified in the United States on April 25, 1854 and signed by President Franklin Pierce , with final approval action taken by Mexico on June 8, 1854. The citizens of the area held strong anti-American sentiments and raided American settlers and travelers across the area. The state united behind the Plan of Ayutla and ratified
11144-419: The Mexican–American War took place in the city, known as the Battle of Monterrey . Mexican forces were forced to surrender but only after successfully repelling U.S. forces' first few advances on the city. The battle inflicted high casualties on both sides, much of them resulting from hand-to-hand combat within the walls of the city center. Many of the generals in the Mexican War against France were natives of
11343-751: The Monterrey Consensus , which has become a reference point for international development and cooperation. In 2004, the OAS Special Summit of the Americas was attended by almost all the presidents of the Americas. In 2007, Monterrey held the Universal Forum of Cultures , with four million visitors. In 2008, Monterrey held the FINA World Junior Championships. In 2010, Monterrey was hit by another damaging storm, Hurricane Alex which
11542-553: The Nazas River in northern Durango, heading toward Chihuahua. On July 22 Brincourt crossed the banks of Río Florido into Ciudad Jiménez; one day later he arrived at Valle de Allende where he sent Colonel Pyot with a garrison to take control of Hidalgo del Parral. Brincourt continued through Santa Rosalía de Camargo and Santa Cruz de Rosales. President Juárez remained in the state capital until August 5, 1865 when he left for El Paso del Norte (present-day Ciudad Juárez ) due to evidence that
11741-814: The Porfiriato (Porfirio Díaz Era), the Díaz administration had to combat several attacks from the Lerdista forces and the Apache. A new rebellion led by the Lerdista party was orchestrated from exile in the United States. The Lerdista forces were able to temporarily occupy the city of El Paso del Norte until mid-1877. During 1877 the northern parts of the state suffered through a spell of extreme drought which were responsible for many deaths in El Paso del Norte. The officials in Mexico City reduced
11940-491: The Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range, had access to fishing and limited agriculture. Due to their nomadic lifestyle, the communities never laid claim to land permanently, and they did not develop political hierarchies similar to the ones found in Mesoamerican societies. Consequently, governance within these tribes was absent, reflecting a decentralized social structure. In 1535, Alvaro Núñez Cabeza de Vaca led one of
12139-574: The State of Mexico . In this same period, 91,433 emigrated from Nuevo León to other states, where 14% went to San Luis Potosí, 12% to Coahuila, 11% to Tamaulipas, 8% to Veracruz, and 6% to the State of Mexico. Additionally, 22,271 emigrated to another country, with 75% opting for the United States. The three most common motivations for migration in the state were family reunification, employment opportunities, and marriage. (as of 2020) During pre-Hispanic times,
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#173284552529612338-449: The deadliest hurricane in the state's history struck, resulting in around 3,000 deaths in Monterrey and at least $ 50 million (1909 USD; $ 1.7 billion 2024 USD) in damages. During the Mexican Revolution , Monterrey witnessed multiple attempts to seize control by different factions. In October 1913, Carrancista forces initially succeeded in seizing key locations such as the Obispado and
12537-613: The second-largest metropolitan area in the country with an estimated population of 5.3 million people in 2020. About 92% of the state's population lives in the metropolitan area. Prior to European colonization, Nuevo León was home to various nomadic groups, known as chichimecas to the Spaniards. Stemming from Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva's expedition in 1580, the New Kingdom of León was established, encompassing present-day Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Texas, but permanent settlement did not occur until 1592. In 1824, Nuevo León became
12736-518: The 15th century the inhabitants of Paquimé sought refuge in the Sierra Madre Occidental while others are thought to have emigrated north and joined the Ancestral Pueblo peoples . According to anthropologist current natives tribes ( Yaqui , Mayo , Opata , and Tarahumara ) are descendants of the Casas Grandes culture. During the 14th century in the northeastern part of the state nomad tribes by
12935-580: The 16th century, the valley in which Monterrey sits was known as the Extremadura Valley , an area largely unexplored by the Spanish colonizers. The first expeditions and colonization attempts were led by conquistador Alberto del Canto , who named the city Santa Lucia , but they were unsuccessful because the Spanish were attacked by the natives and fled. The Spanish expeditionary Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva negotiated with King Philip II of Spain to establish
13134-419: The 19th century, after the Mexican Independence War , Monterrey rose as a key economic center for the newly formed nation, especially due to its balanced ties between Europe (with its connections to Tampico), the United States (with its connections to San Antonio), and the capital (through Saltillo). In 1824, the "New Kingdom of León" became the State of Nuevo León , and Monterrey was selected as its capital. But
13333-403: The American occupation of the state, the number of Indian attacks was drastically reduced, but in 1848 the attacks resumed to such a degree that the Mexican officials had no choice but to resume military projects to protect Mexican settlements in the state. Through the next three decades the state faced constant attacks from the indigenous on Mexican settlements. After the occupation the people of
13532-538: The French forces at the Battle of Estanzuelas; the supreme government led by President Juárez was forced to evacuate the city of Saltillo and relocate to Chihuahua. Juárez stopped in Ciudad Jiménez , Valle de Allende , and Hidalgo de Parral , in turn. He decreed Parral the capital of Mexico from October 2–5, 1864. Perceiving the threat from the advancing French forces, the president continued his evacuation through Santa Rosalía de Camargo , Santa Cruz de Rosales , and finally Chihuahua, Chihuahua . On October 12, 1864,
13731-400: The French forces with an estimated 2,500 men arrived at the outskirts of Chihuahua City, and on August 15, 1865, General Brincourt defeated the republican forces, taking control of the state capital. Brincourt designated Tomás Zuloaga as Prefect of Chihuahua. Fearing the French would continue their campaign to El Paso del Norte, President Juárez relocated to El Carrizal , a secluded place in
13930-435: The French were to attack the city. On the same day, the President named General Manuel Ojinaga the new governor and placed him in charge of all the republican forces. Meanwhile, General Villagran surprised the imperial forces in control of Hidalgo de Parral; after a short two-hour battle, Colonel Pyot was defeated and forced to retreat. At the Battle of Parral, the French lost 55 men to the Republican forces. On August 13, 1865,
14129-606: The Inquisition issued an excommunication edict on October 13, 1810, condemning Miguel Hidalgo as a seditionary, apostate , and heretic . Hidalgo was turned over to the Bishop of Durango , Francisco Gabriel de Olivares, for an official defrocking and excommunication on July 27, 1811. He was then found guilty of treason by a military court and executed by firing squad on July 30 at 7 in the morning. Before his execution, he thanked his jailers, Private Soldiers Ortega and Melchor, in letters for their humane treatment. At his execution, Hidalgo placed his right hand over his heart to show
14328-518: The Lerdista forces were suppressed throughout the state. Porfirio Díaz then helped Trías regain the governorship of the state of Chihuahua allowing for the Plan of Tuxtepec to be implemented. The victory of the Plan of Tuxtepec, gave the interim presidency to José María Iglesias and later, as the only candidate, the General Porfirio Díaz assumed the presidency on May 5, 1877. During the first years of
14527-566: The Mexican conservatives abandoned him, and in 1867 the last of the Emperor's forces were defeated. Maximilian was sentenced to death by a military court; despite national and international pleas for amnesty, Juárez refused to commute the sentence. Maximilian was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867. President Benito Juárez was re-elected in the general election of 1867 in which he received strong liberal support, especially in Chihuahua. Luis Terrazas
14726-455: The Mexican forces that were then forced to retreat back into the state of Chihuahua. By December 27, 1846, the American forces occupied El Paso del Norte. General Doniphan maintained camp in El Paso del Norte awaiting supplies and artillery which he received in February 1847. On February 8, 1847, Doniphan continued his march with 924 men mostly from Missouri; he accompanied a train of 315 wagons of
14925-519: The Ministry of War, led by General Negrete, to reorganize the state's national guard into the Patriotic Battalion of Chihuahua, which was deployed to fight in the battle of Matamoros, Tamaulipas against the French. After a series of major defeats and an escalating threat from Prussia, France began pulling troops out of Mexico in late 1866. Disillusioned with the liberal political views of Maximilian,
15124-560: The Nuevo León government in order to aid in the execution of the Plan of Ayutla , later supplying military assistance to the Liberals during the Reform War . As a means of consolidating power in northeastern Mexico, in 1856, Vidaurri unilaterally announced the annexation of Coahuila, forming the state of Nuevo León and Coahuila, which was later ratified into the 1857 Mexican Constitution after
15323-649: The Plaza de Armas in the center of Chihuahua City between the French imperial forces that were guarding the plaza and the Republican forces led by General Terrazas. Being completely caught off guard, the French imperial forces sought refuge by bunkering themselves in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Our Lady of Regla, and St Francis of Assisi and made it almost impossible to penetrate their defenses. General Terrazas then decided to fire
15522-691: The Rio Grande's major tributaries , is one of the most important rivers in the state, as it supplies the El Cuchillo reservoir, which in turn provides water for the Monterrey metropolitan area . It is fed by many of its own tributaries, such as the Pesquería River and the Santa Catarina River [ es ] , with the latter flowing through the metropolitan area. The state also houses additional reservoirs to provide water to its residents. Among
15721-614: The San Miguel River the Casas Grandes ( Big Houses ) culture developed into an advanced civilization. The Casas Grandes civilization is part of a major prehistoric archaeological culture known as Mogollon which is related to the Ancestral Pueblo culture . Paquimé was the center of the Casas Grandes civilization. Extensive archaeological evidence shows commerce, agriculture, and hunting at Paquimé and Cuarenta Casas ( Forty Houses ). La Cueva de las Ventanas ( The Cave of Windows ),
15920-606: The School of Medicine of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL) . Antonio Basagoiti and other citizens founded the Fundidora de Fierro y Acero de Monterrey . A steel-producing company that accelerated the already fast industrialization of the city was founded in 1900 and became one of the world's biggest. In 1986, Monterrey hosted several games of the 1986 FIFA World Cup . In 1988, Hurricane Gilbert caused great damage to
16119-458: The Southern region. The Monterrey metropolitan area, which is the most populous and dense region in the state, is made up of twelve municipalities: Monterrey , Apodaca , Guadalupe , General Escobedo , Juárez , San Nicolás de los Garza , García , Santa Catarina , San Pedro Garza García , Cadereyta Jiménez , Salinas Victoria , and Santiago . The ten largest cities in the state are located in
16318-749: The Traumatology and Orthopedics Hospital and the General Hospital # 25. State government owns the Metropolitan Hospital, located in the suburb of San Nicolás de los Garza and the Hospital of the Children and Mother Care in Guadalupe suburb. The Autonomous University of Nuevo León runs the public University Hospital, with a high-level shock-trauma unit and a specialized clinic for child cancer treatment. It
16517-483: The U.S. adjacent to the U.S. states of New Mexico and Texas . The state was named after its capital city, Chihuahua City ; the largest city is Ciudad Juárez . In 1864 the city of Chihuahua was declared capital of Mexico by Benito Juarez during the Reform War and French intervention. The city of Parral was the largest producer of silver in the world in 1640. During the Mexican War of Independence , Miguel Hidalgo
16716-405: The U.S. state of Texas . Covering 64,156 square kilometers (24,771 square miles) and with a population of 5.78 million people, Nuevo León is the thirteenth-largest federal entity by area and the seventh-most populous as of 2020. Monterrey , the state's capital, is the most populous city in Nuevo León and the ninth-largest in Mexico. Monterrey is part of the Monterrey metropolitan area ,
16915-589: The United States to export goods. Taking advantage of its small border with Texas, Colombia, Nuevo León was founded as a port of entry. By the end of the 20th century, the absolute political dominance of the Institutional Revolutionary Party , which had started in 1929, began to wane, resulting in the election of Fernando Canales Clariond of the National Action Party as governor in 1997. The early 21st century saw continued growth, with
17114-774: The United States-Mexico border and economic links to the United States. The city is named after Gaspar de Zúñiga, 5th Count of Monterrey , who was viceroy of New Spain from 1595 to 1603. His family originated in Monterrei , Galicia, Spain. Before the European foundation of the city, there was no established nation-state, and the population consisted of some indigenous nomad groups. Carved stone and cave painting in surrounding mountains and caves have allowed historians to identify four major groups in present-day Monterrey: Azalapas , Huachichiles , Coahuiltecos and Borrados . In
17313-687: The Viceroy of New Spain to reorganize the New Kingdom of León, which established Nuevo Santander , resulting in the loss of present-day Tamaulipas. During the establishment of the Provincias Internas , the New Kingdom of León became part of the Eastern Internal Provinces, alongside the provinces of Coahuila, Nuevo Santander, and Texas. On 16 September 1810, the Cry of Dolores occurred, signaling
17512-458: The aid of informers, and more strenuous measures were taken against the conservatives. Extra powers were conferred on the Durango governor, Santiago Baca Ortiz, deputy to the first national congress, and leader of the liberal party. Opponents continued to plot against the new government. In March 1827, Lieutenant J.M. González proclaimed himself comandante general, arrested the governor, and dissolved
17711-512: The ancestors of the Tepehuán people . Nueva Vizcaya (New Biscay) was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored and settled by the Spanish. Around 1528, a group of Spaniard explorers, led by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca , first entered the territory of what is now Chihuahua. The conquest of the territory lasted nearly one century and encountered fierce resistance from the Conchos tribe, but
17910-465: The area. Later a dispute ensued again among the states of Coahuila, Durango, and Chihuahua over the mountain range area known as Sierra Mojada, when large deposits of gold ore was discovered. The state of Chihuahua officially submitted a declaration of protest in May 1880 that shortly after was amicably settled. Despite the difficulties at the beginning, Díaz was able to secure and stabilize the state, which earned
18109-510: The battalion was deployed to Puebla. After the defeat of the army in Puebla, the Juárez administration was forced to abandon Mexico City; the president retreated further north seeking refuge in the state of Chihuahua. Under threat from the conservative forces, Governor Terrazas was deposed, and the state legislature proclaimed martial law in the state in April 1864 and established Jesús José Casavantes as
18308-525: The battle, as well as almost 300 wounded. The Americans also confiscated large amounts of Mexican supplies and took 400 Mexican soldiers prisoners of war. American forces maintained an occupation of the state capital for the rest of the Mexican–American War. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, and Miguel Atristain, ended
18507-443: The border to stop the American military advance into the state. The Mexican forces being impatient to confront the American forces passed beyond El Paso del Norte about 20 miles (32 km) north along the Rio Grande. The first battle that Chihuahua fought was the battle of El Bracito ; the Mexican forces consisting of 500 cavalry and 70 infantry confronted a force of 1,100–1,200 Americans on December 25, 1846. The battle ended badly by
18706-461: The border; during that time Ángel Trías quickly rose to power by portraying zealous anti-American rhetoric. Trías took the opportunity to dedicate important state resources to gain economic concessions from the people and loans from many municipalities in preparation to defend the state; he used all the money he received to equip and organize a large volunteer militia. Ángel Trías took measures for state self-dependence in regards to state militia due to
18905-574: The city and vicinity. In 1709, Antonio de Deza y Ulloa founded the state capital Chihuahua City ; shortly after, the city became the headquarters for the regional mining offices of the Spanish crown known as 'Real de Minas de San Francisco de Cuéllar' in honor of the Viceroy of New Spain, Francisco Fernández de la Cueva Enríquez , Duke of Alburquerque and the Marquee of Cuéllar. During the Napoleonic Occupation of Spain, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla ,
19104-507: The city rises the Cerro de las Mitras (Mountain of the Mitres), which resemble the profile of several bishops with their mitres . Cerro de la Silla (Saddle Mountain) dominates the view at the east of the city and is considered a major symbol of the city. Cerro de la Loma Larga —South of the Santa Catarina river—separates Monterrey from the suburb of San Pedro Garza García. At the summit of
19303-408: The city's history when Hurricane Alex delivered more than 584 mm (23 in) of rain in 72 hours, with areas reaching up to 1 m (39 in) of rain during that same period, destroying homes, avenues, highways and infrastructure, and leaving up to 200,000 families without water for a week or more. The amount of water that fell was equivalent to the average precipitation for a year. This
19502-712: The city's vibrant economy and attracts working professionals who complement and enrich the academic experience. The Universidad de Monterrey was founded by the religious congregations of the Sisters of Immaculate Mary of Guadalupe, the nuns of the Sacred Heart and the Marist and La Salle brothers, all of them supported by an association of Catholic citizens. Monterrey generally has a very highly ranked medical infrastructure with some internationally acclaimed hospitals, including three with Joint Commission accreditation. The Joint Commission
19701-535: The city, including Mariano Escobedo , Juan Zuazua (b. Lampazos de Naranjo, NL) and Jerónimo Treviño . The brewery Cervecería Cuauhtémoc , one of the milestone local enterprises, was founded in 1890. During the last decade of the 19th century, Monterrey was linked by railroad, which benefitted industry. It was during this period that José Eleuterio González founded the University Hospital , now one of northeast Mexico's best public hospitals, affiliated with
19900-755: The city, potentially making Monterrey dangerous. There are two police departments in the city, the Police of the City of Monterrey (locally known as the Policía Regia ), dependent on the municipal government, and the State Public Safety. The Policía Regia protects the city's downtown and main areas, while the State Public Safety is in charge of remoter areas. Since the 2011 attack on the Casino Royale , security has been reinforced by military and federal police. Monterrey
20099-411: The city; the previously dry Santa Catarina River overflowed, causing over 100 deaths and economic damage. The city has hosted international events such as the 2002 United Nations Conference on Financing for Development with the participation of more than 50 heads of state and government, as well as other ministers and senior delegates from over 150 countries. The conference resulted in the adoption of
20298-451: The coldest months. The most extreme weather changes in summer occur with rainfall, which can reduce temperatures significantly, and the temporary absence of the northern winds in winter, which can lead to abnormally high temperatures. Seasons are not well defined; the warm season may start in February and may last until September. In April and May 2011 temperatures reached 45 °C (113 °F) or higher, causing fires and extreme heat. Snow
20497-420: The constituent legislature or convention, the conservative and liberal elements formed using the nicknames of Chirrines and Cuchas . The military entered as a third party. The elections for the first regular legislature were disputed, and it was not until May 1, 1826, that the body was installed. The liberals gained control and the opposition responded by fomenting a conspiracy. This was promptly stopped with
20696-672: The construction of the Government Palace , and the renovation of numerous plazas and markets. Additionally, in 1892, Reyes negotiated a land swap with Coahuila so that Nuevo León had access to the international border with Texas. Reyes' policies rapidly industrialized the state, overseeing the establishment of significant companies, including Cuauhtémoc brewery, later known as Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery , in 1900; Monterrey Foundry , now Fundidora Park , in 1904; Cementos Hidalgo, later known as Cemex , in 1905; and Vidrios y Cristales de Monterrey, later known as Vitro , in 1909. In 1909,
20895-577: The continental spine that also includes the Rocky Mountains , dominates the state's terrain, and is home to the state's greatest attraction, Las Barrancas del Cobre , or Copper Canyon , a canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon . The state also has the largest crystal cave in Mexico known as the Naica cave. Chihuahua is also home to the archaeological site of Paquimé in Casas Grandes that
21094-483: The country. Diego Rivera painted Hidalgo's image in half a dozen murals. José Clemente Orozco depicted him with a flaming torch of liberty and considered the painting among his best work. David Alfaro Siqueiros was commissioned by San Nicolás University in Morelia to paint a mural for a celebration commemorating the 200th anniversary of Hidalgo's birth. The town of his parish was renamed Dolores Hidalgo in his honor and
21293-459: The day Iturbide rode into Mexico City to end the war. Later, political movements would favor the more liberal Hidalgo over the conservative Iturbide, so that eventually September 16, 1810 became the officially recognized day of Mexican independence. The reason for this is that Hidalgo is considered to be "precursor and creator of the rest of the heroes of the (Mexican War of) Independence." Hidalgo has become an icon for Mexicans who resist tyranny in
21492-495: The desire of the Spanish Crown to transform the region into a bustling mining center led to a strong strategy to control the area. In 1562, Francisco de Ibarra headed a personal expedition in search of the mythical cities of Cíbola and Quivira ; he traveled through the present-day state of Chihuahua. Francisco de Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of Paquimé. In 1564, Rodrigo de Río de Loza ,
21691-442: The diminishing financial support from the federal government. The United States Congress declared war on Mexico on May 13, 1846 after only having a few hours to debate. Although President José Mariano Paredes' issuance of a manifesto on May 23 is sometimes considered the declaration of war, Mexico officially declared war by Congress on July 7. After the American invasion of New Mexico, Chihuahua sent 12,000 men led by Colonel Vidal to
21890-401: The election, but lost popularity after he announced his intent to run for re-election. On March 21, 1876, Don Porfirio Díaz rebelled against President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada. The Plan of Tuxtepec defended the "No Re-election" principle. On June 2, 1876 the garrisons in the state of Chihuahua surrendered to the authority of General Porfirio Díaz; Governor Antonio Ochoa was arrested until all
22089-608: The elections of 1875 caused new hostilities. Ángel Trías led a new movement against the government in June 1875 and maintained control over the government until September 18, 1875 when Donato Guerra the orchestrator of the Revolution of the North was captured. Donato Guerra was assassinated in a suburb of Chihuahua City where he was incarcerated for conspiring with Ángel Trías. During October 1875 several locations were controlled by rebel forces, but
22288-400: The elite of the royal forces at the outskirts of the capital. He established a liberal government from Guadalajara, Jalisco but was soon forced to flee north by the royal forces that recaptured the city. Hidalgo attempted to reach the United States and gain American support for Mexican independence. Hidalgo reached Saltillo , Coahuila where he publicly resigned his military post and rejected
22487-558: The enactment of Las Siete Leyes in 1835, which dissolved the federal structure, replacing the state of Nuevo León with a department. In response to these centralist policies, a secessionist movement arose, resulting in the establishment of the Republic of the Rio Grande in 1840. This unrecognized republic encompassed the territories of Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and parts of southern Texas, with its capital in Laredo, Texas . However, after
22686-420: The federal government sent an entourage led by Treviño; Casavantes was immediately ordered to resign his position. Casavantes declared political victory as he was able to publicly accuse and depose Governor Trías. At the same time the states of Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over territorial claims and water rights; this altercation between the state required additional federal troops to stabilize
22885-414: The federal government's decision to deploy military forces to other areas of the country due to internal challenges in the state of Jalisco . Ángel Trías led a rebellion to successfully depose the unpopular conservative Governor Cordero at the end of 1852. Despite the efforts of strong political forces led by Ángel Trías in the state could not stop President Santa Anna from selling La Mesilla as part of
23084-420: The first expeditions into Nuevo León territory. Colonization attempts began in 1577 under Alberto del Canto , who founded Santa Lucía in present-day Monterrey. However, these efforts failed due to indigenous raids, who were labeled as Indios Bárbaros by the colonizers. In 1579, Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva , a member of del Canto's expedition, returned to Spain and negotiated with King Philip II to establish
23283-595: The first mission in the state in Valle de San Bartolomé (present-day Valle de Allende). Fray Agustín Rodríguez evangelized the native population until 1581. Between 1586 and 1588, an epidemic caused a temporary exodus of the small population in the territory of Nueva Vizcaya. Santa Bárbara became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico by Spanish conquistadors like Antonio de Espejo , Gaspar Castaño , Antonio Gutiérrez de Umaña , Francisco Leyba de Bonilla , and Vicente de Zaldívar . Several expeditions were led to find
23482-427: The government finally regained control on November 25, 1875. After the death of the president Benito Juárez in 1872, the first magistracy of the country was occupied by the vice-president Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, who called for new elections. Two candidates were registered; Lerdo de Tejada and General Porfirio Díaz , one of the heroes of the Battle of Puebla which had taken place on May 5, 1862. Lerdeo de Tejada won
23681-534: The government to announce in September 2022 a second aqueduct to connect it to Monterrey, with expected completion in July 2023. Heavy rains replenished reservoirs in early September. Controversy erupted over local bottling companies continuing to use well water to export beer and soft drinks during the crisis, though industry uses only 4% of water in Nuevo León, while residents use 25% and agriculture uses 71%. In late September,
23880-537: The governor of Nueva Vizcaya removed the New Kingdom of León's jurisdiction over Coahuila and Texas, with the case citing Carvajal's illegal attempts to invade territories belonging to Nueva Vizcaya in the 1580s. The second loss was caused by pressure from the French incursions in Louisiana and requests from the New Kingdom of León to colonize the northeastern Mexican coast in order to pacify and convert its natives, prompting
24079-404: The governor of Nuevo León declared the crisis over, but asked residents to voluntarily use no more than 100 liters per day. The city of Monterrey is 540 metres (1,770 ft) above sea level in the northeastern state of Nuevo León . Monterrey translated literally from Spanish to English is "King Mount" or "King Mountain", and folk etymology claims that this refers to the city's topography and
24278-578: The insurgency in the Provincias Internas. Despite these efforts, various counter-insurgency movements emerged in the territories, leading to the capture of key figures at the Wells of Baján in Coahuila. Afterwards, the movement encountered resistance among the population of the territory, as many were royalists. Some attribute this to the region's stronger ties to Spain and its high proportion of people of white or criollo ancestry, constituting 63% of
24477-519: The large mountains that surround it (actually, the city was named after the wife of Gaspar de Zúñiga, 5th Count of Monterrey ). The Santa Catarina River—dry most of the year on the surface but with flowing underground water—bisects Monterrey from east to west, separating the city into north and south halves, and drains the city to the San Juan River and Rio Grande . Monterrey is adjacent to San Nicolás de los Garza , García and General Escobedo to
24676-404: The leaders waited for clarity. Bishop José Antonio Laureano de Zubiría of Durango was banished for resisting the law relating to priests and other encroachments on the church; another joined the western states in a short lived coalition for sustaining the federal system. Chihuahua adopted the Plan of Cuernavaca in July 1834 while President Valentín Gómez Farías was in power. Because the plan
24875-576: The legislature, which had been dissolved by Baca. The civil and military authorities were now headed by J. A. Pescador and Simón Ochoa . The general features of the preceding occurrence applied also to Chihuahua, although in a modified form. The first person elected under the new constitution of 1825 was Simón Elías González , who being in Sonora , was induced to remain there. José Antonio Arcé took his place as ruler in Chihuahua. In 1829, González became general commander of Chihuahua, when his term of office on
25074-463: The legislature. General Parras was sent to suppress the movement. Comandante general J. J. Ayestarán was replaced by José Figueroa . When elections failed, the government intervened in favor of the Yorkino party, which had elected Vicente Guerrero to the presidency. Because of the general instability of the federal government during 1828, the installation of the new legislature did not take place until
25273-402: The liberal Orozco and his forces; Orozco soon after deposed the state governor, but had to flee to Durango two months later. In the late 1860s the conservative General Cajen briefly entered the state after his campaign through the state of Jalisco and helped establish conservative politicians and ran out the liberal leaders Jesús González Ortega and José María Patoni . Cajen took possession of
25472-420: The metropolitan area. The 2020 census determined that the population of Nuevo León was at 5,784,442, making it the seventh most populous state in the country . The state has experienced steady growth since the 1930s, with an average annual addition of 78,000 people from 1960 onwards. The most significant growth occurred between 2010 and 2020, during which approximately 1,100,000 people were added. 96% percent of
25671-421: The middle of the following year. It was quickly dissolved by Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz , who replaced it with a more pronounced Yorkino type. When Guerrero's liberal administration was overthrown in December, Gaspar de Ochoa aligned with Anastasio Bustamante , and in February 1830, organized an opposition group that arrested the new governor, F. Elorriaga, along with other prominent Yorkinos. He then summoned
25870-636: The money to pursue campaigns against the Lipan Apache people . Revenues increased further during the American Civil War , as the Confederacy traded cotton through Nuevo León and Coahuila due to the Union blockade of their ports. On 14 February 1864, during the French intervention in Mexico , Benito Juárez visited Vidaurri to request revenue from the state's customshouses, but Vidaurri refused, suggesting
26069-492: The most populous city in Northern Mexico . The city is anchor to the Monterrey metropolitan area , the second-largest in Mexico with an estimated population of 5,341,171 people as of 2020 and the second most productive metropolitan area in Mexico with a GDP ( PPP ) of US$ 140 billion in 2015. According to the 2020 census, the city itself has a population of 1,142,194. Monterrey is one of the most livable cities in Mexico, and
26268-520: The mountains near El Paso del Norte, in August 1865, . It would have been easy for the French forces to continue in pursuit of President Juárez across the border, but they feared altercations with American forces. General François Achille Bazaine ordered the French troops to retreat back to the state of Durango after only reaching a point one days travel north of Chihuahua City. General Brincourt asked for 1,000 men to be left behind to help maintain control over
26467-499: The move in search for food. Predominantly reliant on hunting and gathering, many peoples traveled in small bands, establishing temporary settlements known as rancherías , which typically housed one or two families. These settlements consisted of semispherical huts constructed from interwoven branches and thatched roofs. Those situated near rivers, such as the Salinas river, or in regions with more temperate climates, like areas near or within
26666-535: The municipalities of Monterrey, Apodaca , Escobedo , García , Guadalupe , Santiago, Juárez , San Nicolás de los Garza , San Pedro Garza García , Santa Catarina and Salinas Victoria . Monterrey has an estimated 3.7% illiteracy rate. In 2005, of an estimated 983,359 inhabitants above 6 years of age, 36,689 were illiterate. In 2005, the city had 72 public libraries, with 298,207 books available, serving an estimated 478,047 readers. The Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (Autonomous University of Nuevo León, UANL)
26865-473: The name of Jornado hunted bison along the Rio Grande ; they left numerous rock paintings throughout the northeastern part of the state. When the Spanish explorers reached this area they found their descendants, the Suma and Manso tribes. In the southern part of the state, in a region known as Aridoamerica , Chichimeca people survived by hunting, gathering, and farming between AD 300 and 1300. The Chichimeca are
27064-536: The national constituent congress. In the 1824 Constitution of Mexico, the name of the entity was shortened to Nuevo León, its present-day name, and it was made a state of the First Mexican Republic . Mier organized the establishment of the local legislature , which drafted and enacted the state's first constitution on 5 March 1825. Once the federal system was established, internal divisions between federalist and centralist factions emerged, eventually leading to
27263-474: The natives' resistance or deadly diseases spread by the Spaniards, while others thrived with Tlaxcalan reinforcement. The New Kingdom of León asserted claims over regions in present-day Coahuila , Nuevo León, Tamaulipas , and Texas . However, throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the province experienced territorial losses. In 1643, a successful lawsuit brought to the Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara by
27462-697: The natives. Evangelization served as a key instrument of Spanish colonization and cultural assimilation, with numerous friars arriving in the New Kingdom of León during the 17th and 18th centuries to convert the natives. In 1602, the first Franciscan convent in Monterrey was established, named the convent of San Andrés. Throughout the colonial period, a total of twenty missions were established, of which ten are present-day municipalities of Nuevo León, including Salinas Victoria (Mission Guadalupe de las Salinas ), Agualeguas (Mission Nuestra Señora de Agualeguas ), and Guadalupe (Mission Valle de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe ), among others. Some missions failed due to
27661-406: The new constitution in 1855. The state was able to survive through the Reform War with minimal damage due to the large number of liberal political figures. The 1858 conservative movement did not succeed in the state even after the successful military campaign of the conservative Zuloaga with 1,000 men occupied the cities of Chihuahua and Parral. In August 1859, Zuloaga and his forces were defeated by
27860-523: The new governor. In response, José María Patoni decided to march to Chihuahua with presidential support. Meanwhile, Maximilian von Habsburg, a younger brother of the Emperor of Austria, was proclaimed Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico on April 10, 1864 with the backing of Napoleon III and a group of Mexican conservatives. Before President Benito Juárez was forced to flee, Congress granted him an emergency extension of his presidency, which would go into effect in 1865 when his term expired, and last until 1867. At
28059-520: The next major insurgent leader, José María Morelos y Pavón , who had led rebel movements with Hidalgo, became head of the insurgents. Hidalgo is hailed as the Father of the Nation even though it was Agustín de Iturbide and not Hidalgo who achieved Mexican Independence in 1821. Shortly after gaining independence, the day to celebrate it varied between September 16, the day of Hidalgo's Grito, and September 27,
28258-638: The nickname El Estado Grande ('The Great State' or 'The Big State'). The famous Mexican train Ch-P, a.k.a. " Chepe " starts from Chihuahua, calle Mendez, and reaches the Pacific Ocean, through the Sierra Madre and the Copper Canyon. On the slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains (around the regions of Casas Grandes , Cuauhtémoc and Parral ), there are vast prairies of short yellow grass,
28457-753: The nomadic indigenous peoples of Nuevo León spoke a diverse range of languages. Among the notable groups, the Rayados spoke Guachichil , the Pintos and Alazapas spoke Coahuilteco , and the Borrados spoke Quinigua . Other indigenous languages include Mamulique , Xanambre, Tamaulipeco, and Pame . Spanish was first introduced to the population during the Spanish colonization and Nahuatl was introduced by Tlaxcaltecan colonizers. Chihuahua (state) Chihuahua ( Spanish pronunciation: [tʃiˈwawa] ), officially
28656-445: The north; Guadalupe , Juárez and Cadereyta Jiménez to the east; Santiago to the south; and San Pedro Garza García and Santa Catarina to the west. Their combined metropolitan population is over 4,080,329 people. Monterrey lies north of the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range . A small hill, the Cerro del Topo , and the smaller Topo Chico are in the suburbs of San Nicolás de los Garza and Escobedo. West of
28855-406: The people of the state gave President Juárez an overwhelmingly supportive reception, led by Governor Ángel Trías. On October 15, 1864 the city of Chihuahua was declared the temporary capital of Mexico. After running imperial military affairs in the states of Coahuila and Durango, General Agustín Enrique Brincourt made preparations to invade the state of Chihuahua. On July 8, 1865 Brincourt crossed
29054-410: The political instability that followed the first 50 years of the new country allowed two American invasions and an internal secession war, during which the governor of the state annexed Coahuila and Tamaulipas states, designating Monterrey as the capital of the Republic of the Sierra Madre as it did before in 1840 for the Republic of the Rio Grande . In 1846, the earliest large-scale engagement of
29253-435: The political rights of the clergy implementing the presidential decree. The state elected General Luis Terrazas , a liberal leader, as governor; he would continue to fight small battles within the state to suppress conservative uprisings during 1861. In consequence to the Reform War, the federal government was bankrupt and could not pay its foreign debts to Spain, England, and France. On July 17, 1861, President Juárez decreed
29452-407: The population according to the Revillagigedo census of 1790. The council of Monterrey, which was the capital and biggest city of the New Kingdom of León, remained loyal to Spain until Joaquín de Arredondo , the commandant of the Eastern Internal Provinces, endorsed the Plan of Iguala on 3 July 1821. After Mexican independence, Fray Servando Teresa de Mier represented the New Kingdom of León in
29651-411: The price of 160,603 pesos per year. During the beginning of the 1840s, private citizens took it upon themselves to stop the commercial caravans of supplies from the United States, but being so far away from the large suppliers in central Mexico the caravan was allowed to continue in March 1844. Continuing to anticipate a war, the state legislature on July 11, 1846 by decree enlisted 6,000 men to serve along
29850-426: The price of corn from six cents to two cents a pound. The northern portion of the state continued to decline economically which led to another revolt led by G. Casavantes in August 1879; Governor Trías was accused of misappropriation of funds and inefficient administration of the state. Casavantes took the state capital and occupied it briefly; he was also successful in forcing Governor Trías to exile. Shortly afterwards,
30049-493: The rapid industrialization and urbanization, the state faced environmental concerns, such as poor air quality and water shortages, the latter caused by droughts. The Mexican drug war led to a significant decline in security within the state, marked by several massacres during the war's initial phases, notable examples being the 2011 Monterrey casino attack and the Cadereyta Jiménez massacre . Covering an area of 64,156 square kilometers (24,771 square miles), Nuevo León ranks as
30248-404: The region remained mostly uninhabited by the Spaniards. In 1596, Diego de Montemayor , accompanied by twelve families, sought to repopulate the New Kingdom of León. On 20 September, he established the Ciudad Metropolitana de Nuestra Señora de Monterrey , marking Monterrey's third and definitive founding. During this period, despite the majority of the population being concentrated in Monterrey,
30447-421: The region replaced the sparse population of indigenous peoples. The absence of servants and workers forged the spirit of northern people as self-dependent, creative people that defended their European heritage. In 1680, settlers from Santa Fe , New Mexico sought refuge in El Paso del Norte for twelve years after fleeing the attacks from Pueblo tribes, but returned to Santa Fe in 1692 after Diego de Vargas recaptured
30646-414: The region the New Kingdom of León , in honor of the Kingdom of León , as Carvajal noted various similarities between both territories, particularly their mountainous terrains. Following Mexican independence, the name was shortened to Nuevo León. Prior to European colonization, there was no established nation-state. Historians estimate that there were about 250 distinct indigenous nomad groups living in
30845-410: The rest of the 20th century, Nuevo León's economy underwent continued industrialization. Major families, holding majority shares in the state's largest companies, such as the Cuauhtémoc brewery, Monterrey Foundry, and Cementos Hidalgo, strategically reinvested their profits into diverse sectors, aiding in the expansion of both the industrial and banking sectors. By the 1980s, 91% of the employed population
31044-438: The riflemen where they should aim. He also refused the use of a blindfold. His body, along with the bodies of Allende, Aldama and José Mariano Jiménez were decapitated, and the heads were put on display on the four corners of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato . The heads remained there for ten years until the end of the Mexican War of Independence to serve as a warning to other insurgents. Hidalgo's headless body
31243-443: The same time, the state liberals and conservatives compromised to allow the popular Ángel Trías take the governorship; by this time the French forces had taken control over the central portions of the country and were making preparations to invade the northern states. The French forces tried to subdue and capture the liberal government based in Saltillo . On September 21, 1864, José María Patoni and Jesús González Ortega lost against
31442-416: The significant ones are the Cerro Prieto, La Boca, Agualeguas, Sombreretillo, El Porvenir, and Loma Larga reservoirs. Nuevo León is located at the intersection of various climate zones , these being hot desert, hot semi-arid, cold semi-arid, and humid subtropical climates. The majority of the state, including most of the Monterrey metropolitan area , has a hot semi-arid climate , while the northern part of
31641-440: The source of the bulk of the state's agricultural production. Most of the inhabitants live along the Rio Grande Valley, and the Conchos River Valley. The etymology of the name Chihuahua has long been disputed by historians and linguists. The most accepted theory explains that the name was derived from the Nahuatl language meaning "the place where the water of the rivers meet" (i.e. "confluence", cf. Koblenz ). Chihuahua has
31840-426: The start of Mexican War of Independence. However, it took until 29 September for news of this event to reach the New Kingdom of León due to its geographical isolation from the rest of New Spain. In January 1811, the governor of the New Kingdom of León, Manuel de Santa María, joined the insurgency after the royalist defeat at the Battle of Aguanueva and José Mariano Jiménez's arrival in Monterrey, who arrived to spread
32039-478: The state capital and established himself as governor; he brooked no delay in uniting a large force to combat the liberal forces which he defeated in La Batalla del Gallo . Cajen attained several advantages over the liberals within the state, but soon lost his standing due to a strong resurgence of the liberal forces within the state. The successful liberal leaders José María Patoni of Durango and J.E. Muñoz of Chihuahua quickly strengthened their standing by limiting
32238-502: The state has a hot desert climate due to its proximity to the Chihuahuan desert . Some southern portions of the state have a humid subtropical climate due to the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range. The state typically encounters arid, hot summers, with peak temperatures in the hottest regions soaring to 47 °C. As summer progresses, the climate transitions into a wet season, primarily observed in August and September, marked by increased rainfall. During these periods of rainfall,
32437-406: The state have been Tropical Storm Fernand in 2019 and Hurricane Hanna in 2020. Pinus pseudostrobus is the tree with largest volume per hectare in southern Nuevo León. Nuevo's León is divided into 51 municipalities (municipios) . These municipalities are categorized into five regions, these being the Monterrey metropolitan area , Peripheral region, Citrícola region, Northern region, and
32636-470: The state of Hidalgo was created in 1869. Every year on the night of September 15–16, the president of Mexico re-enacts the Grito from the balcony of the National Palace . This scene is repeated by the heads of cities and towns all over Mexico. The remains of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla lie in the column of the Angel of Independence in Mexico City. Next to it is a lamp lit to represent the sacrifice of those who gave their lives for Mexican Independence. In
32835-399: The state of Chihuahua because it was the sole defense for the state capital. The battle ended quickly because of some devastating defensive errors from the Mexican forces and the ingenious strategic moves by the American forces. After their loss at the Battle of Sacramento, the remaining Mexican soldiers retreated south, leaving the city to American occupation. Almost 300 Mexicans were killed in
33034-428: The state of Chihuahua. President Juárez, in an effort to organize a strong defense against the French, decreed a list of national guard units that every state had to contribute to the Ministry of War and the Navy; Chihuahua was responsible for inducting 2,000 men. Regaining power, Governor Luis Terrazas assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the national army led by General Jesús González Ortega ;
33233-438: The state replaced the old state security with a state policy to form militias organized with every Mexican in the state capable to serve between the ages of 18 and 55 to fulfill the mandate of having six men defending for every 1000 residents. The frontier counties of the state along the border with the United States expected federal protection from the federal government under Herrera and Arista , but were soon disappointed by
33432-411: The state were worried about the potential attack from the hostile indigenous tribes north of the Rio Grande; as a result a decree on July 19, 1848, the state established 18 military colonies along the Rio Grande. The new military colonies were to replace the presidios as population centers to prevent future invasions by indigenous tribes; these policies remained prominent in the state until 1883. Eventually
33631-453: The state's territory, collectively known to the Spaniards as chicimecas . Archaeological remains, such as cave paintings and carved stones, enabled historians to identify four main indigenous groups that inhabited the state: the Coahuiltecans to the west, Alazapas to the north, the " Borrados " to the east, and the Guachichiles to the south. Like numerous groups across Aridoamerica , the indigenous peoples of Nuevo León were constantly on
33830-438: The state, but his request was denied. After the death of General Ojinaga, the Republican government declared General Villagran in charge of the fight against the Imperial forces. The French left the state on October 29, 1865. President Juárez returned to Chihuahua City on November 20, 1865 and remained in the city until December 9, 1865 when he returned to El Paso del Norte. Shortly after the president left Chihuahua City, Terrazas
34029-524: The state, placing it sixth nationwide. About 48% of these units have two bedrooms, and more than 95% of the units have running water, sewage systems, and electric power. In 2020, Nuevo León had 49,500 foreign-born residents, with 46.8% from the United States , 12% from Venezuela , and 8.9% from Honduras . Between 2015 and 2020, 277,369 people immigrated to Nuevo León from other Mexican states, with 24% originating from Veracruz , 15% from Tamaulipas , 11% from San Luis Potosí , 6% from Coahuila , and 5% from
34228-451: The state. The course thus outlined was followed by Governor José Isidro Madero , who succeeded in 1830, associated with J. J. Calvo as general commander, stringent laws being issued against secret societies , which were supposed to be the main spring to the anti-clerical feeling among liberals. The anti-clerical feeling was widespread, and Durango supported the initial reaction against the government at Mexico. In May 1832, José Urrea ,
34427-464: The state. The increased precipitation often results in the overflow of the state's rivers, most notably the Santa Catarina River, leading to fatalities and significant damage to urban infrastructure. Notable examples of this include the 1909 Monterrey hurricane , causing about 3,000 fatalities in Monterrey; Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 with approximately 150 fatalities; and Hurricane Alex in 2010, which caused 15 deaths. Additional storms that have impacted
34626-415: The temperature drops significantly, leading to lower than average temperatures. The state experiences mild winters with average high temperatures around 21 °C and lows around 8 °C. Notably, regions next to or situated on the mountain ranges have lower mean temperatures compared to the rest of the state during the winter months, which may cause occasional light snowfall in the winter. While snowfall
34825-417: The total population occupies urban areas, significantly surpassing the national average of 79%, while only 4% live in rural areas. As of 2024, Nuevo León ranks first in the country by life expectancy , with a life expectancy of 77.7, surpassing the national average of 75.5. In 2019, the primary causes of death were heart disease, malignant tumors, and diabetes. Nuevo León's population density as of 2020
35024-423: The town remained small and isolated from other important towns like Saltillo and Zacatecas . Life for the early inhabitants was marked by poverty, with agriculture and livestock farming being the primary occupations, focused solely on self-consumption. The establishment of Spanish settlements in the northern part of the territory were hindered by Coahuiltecan attacks, mostly in response to Spanish slave raids on
35223-425: The treasury and the municipal patrimony. The political parties with representation in the city are the Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI , the National Action Party or PAN , the Party of the Democratic Revolution or PRD , the Labor Party or PT , the Green Party , Citizens' Movement , Socialdemocratic Party and Nueva Alianza . In 2005, Monterrey was ranked one of the safest cities in Mexico, and one of
35422-431: The two safest in 2006. But since 2008 it has experienced violence related to turf battles between warring drug cartels. The year 2011 was the most violent in history. Drug dealers are a major concern, although military offensives and police captures of important drug-cartel chiefs have weakened cartels trying to settle in the city. The city is safe to travel by day and night. In 2019, cartels were still fighting for control of
35621-495: The war, gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, and established the U.S.–Mexican border of the Rio Grande. As news of peace negotiations reached the state, new call to arms began to flare among the people of the state. But as the Mexican officials in Chihuahua heard that General Price was heading back to Mexico with a large force comprising several companies of infantry and three companies of cavalry and one division of light artillery from Santa Fe on February 8, 1848, Ángel Trías sent
35820-433: The west coast expired. Arcé was less of a yorkino than his confrère of Durango. Although unable to resist the popular demand for the expulsion of the Spaniards, he soon quarreled with the legislature, which declared itself firmly for Guerrero , and announcing his support of Bustamante 's revolution, he suspended, in March 1830, eight members of that body, the vice-governor, and several other officials, and expelled them from
36019-417: The zenith of their power, the imperialist forces controlled all but four states in Mexico; the only states to maintain strong opposition to the French were: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California. President Juárez once again based his government in the state of Chihuahua and it served as the center for the resistance against the French invasion throughout Mexico. On March 25, 1866, a battle ensued in
36218-437: Was abandoned and uninhabited, until a third expedition of 13 families led by conquistador Diego de Montemayor founded the Ciudad Metropolitana de Nuestra Señora de Monterrey ("Metropolitan City of Our Lady of Monterrey") on September 20, 1596, next to a water spring called Ojos de Agua de Santa Lucia , where the Museum of Mexican History and Santa Lucía riverwalk are now. During the years of Spanish rule, Monterrey remained
36417-443: Was about 3–4 times as much rain as Hurricane Gilbert produced in the city on September 15, 1988. The death toll of Hurricane Alex was estimated to be around 20. According to the national INEGI population census of 2010, of the total population of the state of Nuevo León , 87.3% lived in the Monterrey metropolitan area. The Monterrey metropolitan area is the second most populous in Mexico with more than 5 million. It comprises
36616-492: Was added to UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program of Biosphere Reserves in 2006. Cumbres de Monterrey includes: Monterrey has a semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification BSh ), not having enough precipitation for a humid subtropical climate . Being inland at a modest elevation, it is one of the warmest major cities in Mexico. Summers are generally hot, spring and fall temperate, and winters mild, with temperatures rarely below freezing. The average high in August
36815-437: Was anticipated by the state government and it began to reinforce the defense lines along the political boundary with Texas. Supplies of weapons were sent to fully equip the military and steps were taken to improve efficiency at the presidios. Later, the Regimen for the Defenders of the Border were organized by the state which were made up of: light cavalry, four squads of two brigades, and a small force of 14 men and 42 officials at
37014-483: Was confirmed by the people of Chihuahua to be governor of the state. But soon after the election, President Juárez had another crisis on his hands; the Juárez administration was suspected to be involved in the assassination of the military chief José María Patoni executed by General Canto in August 1868. General Canto turned himself over to Donato Guerra . Canto was sentenced to death, but later his sentence changed to 10 years imprisonment. The sense of injustice gave rise to
37213-402: Was considered worse than Hurricane Gilbert , with record-breaking rain bringing floods and causing severe economic damage. Damage estimates totaled US$ 1.885 billion and $ 16.9 billion MXN. Reconstruction and urban renewal ensued. Recently, the Nuevo León Development Plan 2030 was presented, along with some other metropolitan projects. In August 2011 the city was the scene of a terror attack on
37412-408: Was created by the people of the Mogollon civilization of Northern Mexico. It is recognized as an UNESCO World Heritage site. Chihuahua is the largest state in Mexico by area, with an area of 247,455 square kilometres (95,543 sq mi), it is slightly larger than the United Kingdom , and slightly smaller than Wyoming , the tenth largest US state by area . The state is consequently known under
37611-434: Was executed on July 30, 1811, in Chihuahua city. Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with its namesake, the Chihuahuan Desert , it has more forests than any other state in Mexico, aside from Durango . Due to its varied climate, the state has a large variety of fauna and flora. The state is mostly characterized by rugged mountainous terrain and wide river valleys. The Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range, part of
37810-408: Was first displayed outside the prison but then buried in the Church of St Francis in Chihuahua. Those remains would later be transferred, in 1824, to Mexico City. Hidalgo's death resulted in a political vacuum on the insurgent side until 1812. The royalist military commander, General Felix Calleja, continued to pursue rebel troops. Insurgent fighting evolved into guerrilla warfare, and eventually
38009-407: Was founded in 1969 with the support of local leading multinational corporations such as Cemex, Alfa, Femsa, Gamesa, Protexa and CYDSA. It is a private educational institution offering university-preparatory school, undergraduate and graduate programs, having agreements with more than 350 universities across the globe (such as the recent expanded agreement with Texas A&M International University). It
38208-479: Was founded in 1983, resulting in the development of numerous shopping complexes throughout the region, such as Plaza Fiesta San Agustín in 1988. To meet the population's urban transport needs, the government inaugurated Metrorrey , Monterrey's light rapid transit system, in 1991. In 1994, the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement cemented Nuevo León's position as a manufacturing hub with an export-oriented economy, capitalizing on its close proximity to
38407-499: Was in the secondary and tertiary sectors. The industrial surge led to remarkable population growth, soaring from 417,491 in 1930 to 3,098,736 in 1990. Monterrey's urban sprawl surpassed city limits by the 1970s, extending into adjacent municipalities like Guadalupe, San Pedro Garza García, Santa Catarina, San Nicolás, General Escobedo, and Apodaca. The 1960s witnessed the construction of the state's first high-rise, Condominios Acero . The state's first shopping mall, Galerías Monterrey ,
38606-585: Was not enforced, commanding officer, Colonel J.I. Gutiérrez , declared the term of the legislature and governor expired on September 3. At a convention of citizens called to select a new provisional ruler, Gutiérrez obtained the vote, with P. J. Escalante for his deputy, and a council to guide the administration. Santa Anna ordered the reinstatement of Mendarozqueta as comandante general. Gutiérrez yielded, but Escalante refused to surrender office, demonstrations of support ensued, but Escalante yielded when troops were summoned from Zacatecas . A new election brought
38805-429: Was restored as governor of the state on December 11, 1865. Maximilian was deeply dissatisfied with General Bazaine's decision to abandon the state capital of Chihuahua and immediately ordered Agustín B. Billaut to recapture the city. On December 11, 1865, Billaut with a force of 500 men took control of the city. By January 31, 1866 Billaut was ordered to leave Chihuahua, but he left behind 500 men to maintain control. At
39004-422: Was successful in quelling rebellions in Durango and Chihuahua. On July 18, 1872, President Juárez died from a heart attack; soon after, many of his supporters ceased the fighting. Peace returned to Chihuahua and the new government was led by Governor Antonio Ochoa (formerly a co-owner of the Batopilas silver mines) in 1873 after Luis Terrazas finished his term in 1872. But the peace in the state did not last long,
39203-399: Was the last French stronghold within the state. On June 17, 1866, President Juárez arrived in Chihuahua City and remained in the capital until December 10, 1866. During his two years in the state of Chihuahua, President Juárez passed ordinances regarding the rights of adjudication of property and nationalized the property of the clergy. The distance of the French forces and their allies allowed
39402-425: Was the last battle of the Mexican–American War and it occurred after the peace treaty was signed. The American forces maintained control over the state capital for three months after the confirmation of the peace treaty. The American presence served to delay the possible succession of the state which had been discussed at the end of 1847, and the state remained under United States occupation until May 22, 1848. During
39601-412: Was to take the city in order to advance toward Mexico City . The battle inflicted heavy casualties on both sides. By 24 September, a truce was brokered between the opposing generals, stipulating a two-month armistice and the withdrawal of Mexican forces from the city in exchange for its surrender. The state remained under U.S. occupation until 18 June 1848. In 1855, Santiago Vidaurri seized control of
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