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69-441: μίτρα, mítra ( Ionic μίτρη, mítrē ) is Greek , and means a piece of armour , usually a metal guard worn around the waist and under a cuirass , as mentioned in Homer 's Iliad . In later poems, it was used to refer to a headband used by women for their hair, and a sort of formal Babylonian headdress, as mentioned by Herodotus ( Histories 1.195 and 7.90). It also refers to a kind of hairband, such as "the victor's chaplet at

138-460: A bishop or higher-ranking priest). The rites of "Setting Aside a Taper-bearer" and "Tonsuring a Reader " have now been combined into one service. It is the custom in some traditions, such as the Greek Orthodox or Melkite Catholic, to allow tonsured altar servers to also vest in the orarion , worn crossed over the back like that of a subdeacon but with the ends hanging parallel in front. Among

207-562: A formal coronation in June 1963. However, as a sign of the perceived need for greater simplification of the papal rites, as well as the changing nature of the papacy itself, he abandoned the use of his tiara in a dramatic ceremony in Saint Peter's Basilica during the second session of Vatican II in November 1963. However his 1975 Apostolic Constitution made it clear the tiara had not been abolished: in

276-713: A high social group that everywhere spoke the same kind of "civilized Ionic". However, local speech by the "man in the street" must have shown differences. An inkling of this may be witnessed in the language of Ephesian "beggar poet" Hipponax , who often used local slang (νικύρτας, σάβαυνις: terms of abuse; χλούνης, thief ; κασωρικός, whorish ) and Lydian loanwords (πάλμυς, king ). Proto-Greek ā > Ionic ē ; in Doric , Aeolic , ā remains; in Attic , ā after e, i, r , but ē elsewhere. Proto-Greek e, o > East/Central Ionic ei, ou : compensatory lengthening after loss of w in

345-507: A literary form of the Ionic dialect, known as Epic or Homeric Greek . The oldest Greek prose , including that of Heraclitus , Herodotus , Democritus , and Hippocrates , was also written in Ionic. By the end of the 5th century BC, Ionic was supplanted by Attic, which had become the dominant dialect of the Greek world. The Ionic dialect appears to have originally spread from the Greek mainland across

414-409: A mitre is always white, although in liturgical usage white also includes vestments made from gold and silver fabrics. The embroidered bands and other ornaments which adorn a mitre and the lappets may be of other colours and often are. On all occasions, an altar server may wear a shawl-style veil , called a vimpa , around the shoulders when holding the bishop's mitre. In ecclesiastical heraldry ,

483-632: A mitre was placed above the shield of all persons who were entitled to wear the mitre, including abbots. It substituted for the helm of military arms, but also appeared as a crest placed atop a helmet, as was common in German heraldry. In the Anglican Churches, the Church of Sweden, and the Lutheran Church of Finland, the mitre is still placed above the arms of bishops instead of the ecclesiastical hat . In

552-511: A mitre. In 1585 a Russian envoy witnessed the patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, and Jerusalem celebrated the divine liturgy together and only the Alexandrian patriarch wore a mitre. Some modern scholars believe that the mitre was first adopted among the Orthodox when Cyril Lucaris (previously patriarch of Alexandria) became Ecumenical Patriarch in the early 1600s. Others instead claim that

621-466: A new pontificate. The most typical mitre in the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches is based on the closed Imperial crown of the late Byzantine Empire . Therefore, it too is ultimately based on the older καμιλαύκιον although it diverged from the secular headdress at a much later date, after it had already undergone further development. Orthodox bishops started wearing mitres around

690-435: A papal mitre (containing still the three levels of 'crowns' representing the powers of the papacy in a simplified form) and pallium . Prior to Benedict XVI, each pope's coat of arms always contained the image of the papal tiara and St. Peter's crossed keys, even though the tiara had fallen into disuse, especially under popes John Paul I and John Paul II . Pope Paul VI was the last pope to date to begin his papal reign with

759-525: A peak and sewn together at the sides. Two short lappets always hang down from the back. The camelaucum ( Greek : καμιλαύκιον , kamilaukion ), the headdress that both the mitre and the papal tiara stem from, was originally a cap used by officials of the Imperial Byzantine court. "The tiara [from which the mitre originates] probably developed from the Phrygian cap , or frigium, a conical cap worn in

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828-644: A result of a long pre-Homeric epic tradition. This Epic Ionic was used in all later hexametric and elegiac poetry, not only by Ionians, but also by foreigners such as the Boeotian Hesiod . Ionic would become the conventional dialect used for specific poetical and literary genres. Ιt was used by many authors, regardless of their origin; like the Dorian Tyrtaeus , composing elegies in a form of Ionic. This ability of poets to switch between dialects would eventually temper regional differences, while contributing to

897-580: A very early time the /h/ sound ( psilosis ) ( Herodotos should therefore properly be called Erodotos). The /w/ sound ( digamma ) is also completely absent from Eastern Ionic, but was sometimes retained in Western and Cycladic Ionic. Also pronouns that begin with /hop-/ in Western and Cycladic Ionic (ὅπου where , ὅπως how ), begin with ok- (conventionally written hok-) in Eastern Ionic (ὅκου/ὄκου, ὅκως/ὄκως). Western Ionic differs from Cycladic and Eastern Ionic by

966-433: Is a lay assistant to a member of the clergy during a Christian liturgy . An altar server attends to supporting tasks at the altar such as fetching and carrying, ringing the altar bell , helping bring up the gifts, and bringing up the liturgical books, among other things. If young, the server is commonly called an altar boy or altar girl . In some Christian denominations, altar servers are known as acolytes . While

1035-406: Is an alb , which is to be tied at the waist with a cincture unless the alb is made to fit without cincture. Acolytes, readers and other lay ministers (such as altar servers) may wear either an alb or other appropriate attire as determined by the local episcopal conference . Servers often wear cassock and surplice , with black and red being the most common colors for a server's cassock. In

1104-622: The Aegean at the time of the Dorian invasions , around the 11th century BC, during the early Greek Dark Ages . According to tradition, the ancestors of Ionians first set out from Athens, in a series of migrations, to establish their colonies on the coast of Asia Minor and the islands of the Cyclades, around the beginning of the Protogeometric period (1075/1050   BC). Between the 11th and 9th century BC,

1173-533: The Byzantine Rite , altar servers assist the higher clergy during services. They might carry the cross, candles or liturgical fans in processions and entrances ; maintain the censer , ensuring it has enough live charcoal, loading it with incense and handing it to the priest or deacon when required; preparing the hot water ( zeon ) in time for it to be added to the chalice at the Divine Liturgy ; prepare

1242-528: The Cross ), which the bishop may kiss before he puts it on. Eastern mitres are usually gold, but other liturgical colours may be used. The mitre is topped by a cross, either made out of metal and standing upright, or embroidered in cloth and lying flat on the top. In Greek practice , the mitres of all bishops are topped with a standing cross. The same is true in the Russian tradition . Mitres awarded to priests will have

1311-477: The Ottoman Empire . The mitre is removed at certain solemn moments during the Divine Liturgy and other services, usually being removed and replaced by the protodeacon . The use of the mitre is a prerogative of bishops, but it may be awarded to archpriests , protopresbyters and archimandrites . The priestly mitre is not surmounted by a cross, and is awarded at the discretion of a synod of bishops. During

1380-485: The Russians , however, the orarion is not usually worn by servers, but only by duly ordained subdeacons and deacons, with the exception that laymen who are blessed to perform some of the functions of subdeacons may sometimes be blessed to wear the orar. Before vesting, the server must fold his sticharion and bring it to the priest for him to bless. The priest blesses and lays his hand on the folded sticharion. The server kisses

1449-418: The antidoron for the people to receive after Holy Communion ; and any other necessary tasks so that the priest need not be distracted during the service. An altar server is vested in the sticharion only. In the early Church , before someone could be a server he had to be tonsured . Nowadays, in many places it is not necessary to be tonsured before one is allowed to serve (since the tonsure must be done by

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1518-578: The bearskin or had been replaced by the standard infantry tricorn or bicorn . The British Army made this change in 1765 and the Prussian Army in 1790. All Russian grenadiers continued however to wear mitre caps until 1805, even when on active service. The mitre in its classic metal-fronted 18th-century form survived as an item of ceremonial parade dress in the Prussian Leib-Grenadier No 1 and 1. Garde-Regiment zu Fuß regiments; plus

1587-634: The diaconate must be instituted as acolytes at least six months previously. This ministry was long classified in the Latin Church as a minor order , as by the Council of Trent . The General Instruction of the Roman Missal , which does not use the term "server" and instead speaks of altar servers generically among "other ministers", treats in detail of the functions of the "acolyte", often specifying "instituted acolyte". The 1983 Code of Canon Law altered

1656-458: The 16th or 17th century, but the date of adoption is disputed. The use of headgear of any kind by the Byzantine church was a late development, and before the 1500s they wore no headgear. Theodore Balsamon , Patriarch of Antioch (ca. 1130–1140) stated that the patriarch of Alexandria was the only Orthodox prelate to wear a hat during the liturgy. This claim was repeated by Symeon of Thessalonica in

1725-447: The 18th century (and in a few cases the 19th), soldiers designated as grenadiers in various northern European armies wore a mitre (usually called a "mitre cap") similar in outline to those worn by western bishops. As first adopted in the 1680s this cap had been worn instead of the usual broad-brimmed hat to avoid the headdress being knocked off when the soldier threw a grenade . The hand grenade in its primitive form had become obsolete by

1794-562: The Christian Gospels and the book of Acts . On the basis of inscriptions, three subdialects of Ionic may be discerned: 1. Western Ionic, the dialect of Euboea and parts of Attica , like Oropos ; 2. Central or Cycladic Ionic, the dialect of the Cycladic Islands ; 3. Eastern Ionic, the dialect of Samos , Chios , and the west coast of Asia Minor . Eastern Ionic stands apart from both other dialects because it lost at

1863-430: The German model was subsequently adopted. The British style—usually simply called a "grenadier cap" instead of a mitre—had a tall cloth front with elaborate regimental embroidery forward of a sloping red back, lined in white. Some German and Russian fusilier regiments also wore a mitre with a smaller brass front-plate. By the end of the 18th century, due to changes in military fashion, the mitre had generally given way to

1932-463: The Graeco-Roman world. In the 10th century the tiara was pictured on papal coins." Other sources claim the tiara developed the other way around, from the mitre. In the late Empire it developed into the closed type of Imperial crown used by Byzantine Emperors (see illustration of Michael III , 842–867). Worn by a bishop, the mitre is depicted for the first time in two miniatures of the beginning of

2001-449: The Ionians continued to spread around those areas. The linguistic affinity of Attic and Ionic is evident in several unique features, like the early loss of /w/, or the merger of /ā/ and /ē/, as seen in both dialects. By the end of Archaic Greece and early Classical Greece in the 5th century BC, the central west coast of Asia Minor , along with the islands of Chios and Samos , formed

2070-547: The Latin Church, the term "acolyte" is also used in a more restricted sense, often specified as "instituted acolyte", to mean an adult woman or man who has received the instituted ministry of that name. Acolytes in this narrower sense are not necessarily preparing for ordination as deacons and priests. They are authorized to carry out some functions, in particular that of cleansing the Eucharistic vessels, that are not entrusted to ordinary servers. Those who are to be ordained to

2139-557: The Patriarch (also granted to the metropolitan of Kiev starting in 1686). The Eastern mitre is made in the shape of a bulbous crown, completely enclosed, and the material is of brocade , damask or cloth of gold . It may also be embroidered , and is often richly decorated with jewels. There are normally four icons attached to the mitre (often of Christ, the Theotokos , John the Baptist and

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2208-467: The Roman Catholic Church, the use of the mitre above the shield on the personal arms of clergy was suppressed in 1969, and is now found only on some corporate arms, like those of dioceses. Previously, the mitre was often included under the hat, and even in the arms of a cardinal, the mitre was not entirely displaced. In heraldry the mitre is always shown in gold , and the lappets ( infulae ) are of

2277-572: The Russian Pavlovskii Regiment , until World War I. The bishop in the board game chess is represented by a stylised Western mitre having Unicode codes U+2657 (white) and U+265D (black): ♗♝ . The crowns of the Austrian Empire and Imperial Russia incorporated a mitre of precious metal and jewels into their design. The Austrian Imperial Crown was originally the personal crown of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and has

2346-766: The United States, after the Arlington Diocese's decision to allow them, the Diocese of Lincoln, Nebraska in 2006 became the only diocese in the country that did not allow females to be altar servers. However, it was joined by a church in the Diocese of Phoenix in August 2011, when it was announced that girls would no longer be allowed to altar serve. In the absence of instituted acolytes, some of their functions at Mass may be carried out by altar servers. The vestment common to all ordained and instituted ministers of whatever rank

2415-877: The United States, the first Presiding Bishop, Samuel Seabury wore a mitre as early as 1786. The mitre is also worn by bishops in a number of Lutheran churches, for example the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia , the Church of Sweden , and the Lutheran Church in Great Britain . In the Catholic Church , ecclesial law gives the right to use the mitre and other pontifical insignia (crosier, pectoral cross, and ring) to bishops , abbots , cardinals, and those canonically equivalent to diocesan bishops who do not receive episcopal ordination. The principal celebrant presents

2484-579: The altar is one of the "other functions" open to lay persons in general, without distinguishing between male and female. In reference to this authentic interpretation, the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments sent on 15 March 1994 a circular letter to presidents of episcopal conferences , clarifying that the canon in question is only of permissive character. It does not require

2553-651: The awareness of the Greekness that all dialects had in common. The poet Archilochus wrote in late Old Ionic. The most famous New Ionic authors are Anacreon , Theognis , Herodotus , Hippocrates , and, in Roman times, Aretaeus , Arrian , and the Lucianic or Pseudo-Lucianic On the Syrian Goddess . Ionic acquired prestige among Greek speakers because of its association with the language used by both Homer and Herodotus and

2622-508: The close linguistic relationship with the Attic dialect as spoken in Athens. This was further enhanced by the writing reform implemented in Athens in 403   BC, whereby the old Attic alphabet was replaced by the Ionic alphabet, as used by the city of Miletus . This alphabet eventually became the standard Greek alphabet, its use becoming uniform during the Koine era. It was also the alphabet used in

2691-466: The cold temperatures in Russia. The mitre was first appeared in Russia with Patriarch Nikon , who adopted it from the tradition of the Patriarch of Constantinople. Initially, it was only worn by the Patriarch of Moscow, but it was soon adopted by the rest of the bishops, and a council in 1675 mandated the mitre for all bishops, following the Greek custom. Mitres were also given to some archimandrites , by

2760-426: The constitution he made provision for his successor to receive a coronation. Pope John Paul I, however, declined to follow Paul VI's constitution and opted for a simpler papal inauguration , a precedent followed by his three successors. Pope John Paul II's 1996 Apostolic Constitution left open several options by not specifying what sort of ceremony was to be used, other than that some ceremony would be held to inaugurate

2829-566: The cross lying flat. Sometimes, instead of the flat cross, the mitre may have an icon on the top. As an item of Imperial regalia , along with other such items as the sakkos (Imperial dalmatic ) and epigonation , the mitre came to signify the temporal authority of bishops (especially that of the Patriarch of Constantinople ) within the administration of the Rum millet (i.e., the Christian community) of

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2898-557: The decree of Peter the Great in 1705; in 1786 Catherine the Great awarded a mitre to her spiritual father, Archpriest John Pamphilov. In 1797 the decree of Paul I allowed the mitre to be awarded to archpriests as mark of special distinction. In 1988, the Holy Synod of the Russian Church decided that the mitres of all bishops would be topped with a cross, which until then was reserved for

2967-679: The eleventh century. The first written mention of it is found in a Bull of Pope Leo IX in the year 1049. By 1150 the use had spread to bishops throughout the West. In the Church of England , the mitre fell out of use after the Reformation, but was restored in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a result of the Oxford Movement , and is now worn by most bishops of the Anglican Communion on at least some occasions. In The Episcopal Church of

3036-504: The fifteenth century, who in his Concerning the Holy Temple, wrote that all Eastern hierarchs and priests, with the exception of the patriarch of Alexandria conduct sacred service with uncovered heads. Another evidence pointing to the lack of headgear among the Orthodox bishops was the complaint against John XI of Constantinople who was accused of copying the Catholic pope in wearing

3105-575: The form proper to that of a Holy Roman Emperor . At the Roman rite of their Coronation , the Pope placed a mitre on their heads before placing the crown over it. Their empress consorts also received both a mitre and crown on their heads from a cardinal bishop at the same ceremony. The form of the Russian Imperial Crown dates back to the time of Peter the Great ’s early attempts to westernise Russia and

3174-645: The function of altar server is commonly associated with children, it can be and is carried out by people of any age or dignity. According to the General Instruction of the Roman Missal , "Mass should not be celebrated without a minister, or at least one of the faithful, except for a just and reasonable cause." As in other churches, altar servers are sometimes called acolytes in the Latin Church . Pope Benedict XVI spoke of Saint Tarcisius as "presumably an acolyte, that is, an altar server". However, within

3243-670: The games", a headband and a badge of rank at the Ptolemaic court , an oriental headdress, perhaps a kind of turban, worn "as a mark of effeminacy", a diadem , the headdress of the priest of Heracles , or the headdress of the Jewish high priest referenced in the Septuagint (Greek) text of Exodus 29 :6. In its modern form in Western Christianity , the mitre is a tall folding cap , consisting of two similar parts (the front and back) rising to

3312-424: The grounds that the young man is no longer innocent enough to serve in the altar. Altar servers, regardless of age, are subject to all the normal restrictions for those not of higher clerical position. Anyone who is bleeding, or has an open sore, is not permitted to enter the altar. They may not touch the altar table or anything on it under any circumstances, nor the prothesis without a blessing. They may not touch

3381-590: The heartland of Ionia proper. The Ionic dialect was also spoken on islands across the central Aegean and on the large island of Euboea north of Athens. The dialect was soon spread by Ionian colonization to areas in the northern Aegean, the Black Sea , and the western Mediterranean, including Magna Graecia in Sicily and Italy . The Ionic dialect is generally divided into two major time periods, Old Ionic (or Old Ionian) and New Ionic (or New Ionian). The transition between

3450-590: The juridical situation: without distinguishing between male and female, it declared: "Lay persons can fulfill the function of lector in liturgical actions by temporary designation. All lay persons can also perform the functions of commentator or cantor , or other functions, according to the norm of law." On 30 June 1992, the Pontifical Council for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts issued an authentic interpretation of that canon declaring that service of

3519-461: The mid-18th century but grenadiers continued as elite troops in most European armies, usually retaining the mitre cap as a distinction. Militarily, this headdress came in different styles. The Prussian style had a cone-shaped brass or white metal front with a cloth rear having lace braiding; the Russian style initially consisted of a tall brass plate atop of a leather cap with a peak at the rear, although

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3588-599: The mitre and other pontifical insignia to a newly ordained bishop during the Rite of Ordination of a Bishop and to a new abbot during the Rite of Blessing of an Abbot. In the case of a person who is canonically equivalent to a diocesan bishop but does not receive episcopal ordination, this presentation normally occurs during a public installation as the ordinary of his jurisdiction. Catholic ecclesial law also permits former Anglican bishops received into full communion and subsequently ordained to

3657-479: The mitre started being used after the fall of Constantinople (1453). There are some examples of Orthodox religious headgear (and possibly mitres) as early as the 14th century, such as a fresco of Metropolitan Kalevit in the Kremikovtsi Monastery or the mitre donated to the patriarch of Belgrade by Katarina Branković . Some have hypothesized that shape of the mitres adopted after the fall of Constantinople

3726-586: The mitre. Andreas Vesalius , the father of anatomy, noted the striking similarity between the two while performing anatomic dissections in the sixteenth century. Ionic Greek Ionic or Ionian Greek ( Ancient Greek : Ἰωνική , romanized :  Iōnikḗ ) was a subdialect of the Eastern or Attic –Ionic dialect group of Ancient Greek . The Ionic group traditionally comprises three dialectal varieties that were spoken in Euboea (West Ionic),

3795-689: The noble tradition of having boys serve at the altar". As priests in charge of churches are not obliged to avail of a diocesan bishop's permission in this matter, those belonging to traditionalist Catholic groups such as the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter , the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest , the Institute of The Good Shepherd , the Society of Saint Pius X and the self-professed Catholic CMRI and some other priests do not. In

3864-403: The northern Cyclades (Central Ionic), and from c.  1000   BC onward in Asiatic Ionia (East Ionic), where Ionian colonists from Athens founded their cities. Ionic was the base of several literary language forms of the Archaic and Classical periods, both in poetry and prose. The works of Homer and Hesiod are among the most popular poetic works that were written in

3933-505: The order of presbyter in the Catholic Church to obtain permission to use pontifical insignia as a mark of recognition of their previous ministry (they also may be admitted to the national or regional episcopal conference with status equivalent to that of retired Catholic bishops), but former Anglican bishops typically have not requested permission to use pontifical insignia under this provision. Three types of mitres are worn by Roman Catholic clergy for different occasions: The proper colour of

4002-751: The other Cycladic Islands this distinction was not made, Η and Ε were used there interchangeably. Within Eastern Ionic, Herodotus recognized four subgroups ( Histories , I.142), three of them apparently influenced by a neighbouring language: a. The dialect of Miletus , Myus , and Priene , and their colonies, influenced by Carian ; b. The Ionic of Ephesos , Kolophon , Lebedos , Teos , Klazomenai , and Phokaia , and their colonies, influenced by Lydian ; c. The dialect of Chios and Erythrai and their colonies, influenced by Aeolic Greek; d. The dialect of Samos and its colonies. Differences between these four groups are not clearly visible from inscriptions, probably because inscriptions were usually ordered by

4071-539: The priest's hand and the Cross on the vestment, and then withdraws to vest. Any server who has not been tonsured must remove the sticharion when he receives Holy Communion , because communicants receive the Mysteries according to their order within the Church (so tonsured clergy vest while laymen remove their vestments). Before divesting at the end of the service, the server must receive the priest's blessing. The minimum age varies by local circumstance, but boys must be mature enough to carry out their duties without disrupting

4140-464: The sacred vessels, the chalice and diskos (paten) at any time. They may not stand directly in front of the altar table or pass between the front of it and the iconostasis , but must cross between the altar and the High Place if they need to move to the opposite side. In general, women do not serve in the altar except in women's monasteries . In that case they do not receive the clerical tonsure (though they must be tonsured nuns ), and do not vest in

4209-423: The same colour. It has been asserted that before the reformation, a distinction was used to be drawn between the mitre of a bishop and an abbot by the omission of the infulae in the abbot's arms. In England and France it was usual to place the mitre of an abbot slightly in profile. With his inauguration as pope , Benedict XVI broke with tradition and replaced the papal tiara even on his papal coat of arms with

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4278-400: The sanctity of the altar. Although it is common in North America for boys to act as altar servers, in some places this practice is virtually unknown and these duties are always carried out by adult men. In other places where altar servers are normally boys, adult men will not vest if called upon to serve. In yet other places, boys are not permitted to serve in the Altar on reaching their teens on

4347-565: The sequences enw-, erw-, onw-, orw- . In Attic and West Ionic, e, o are not lengthened. East Ionic generally removes initial aspiration (Proto-Greek h V - > Ionic V-). Ionic contracts less often than Attic. Proto-Greek *kʷ before o > Attic, West/Central Ionic p , some East Ionic k . Proto-Greek *ťť > East/Central Ionic ss , West Ionic, Attic tt . This feature of East and Central Ionic made it into Koine Greek. Proto-Greek Mycenaean Ancient Koine Medieval Modern Altar server An altar server

4416-502: The sounds -tt- and -rr- where the other two have -ss- and -rs- (τέτταρες vs. τέσσαρες, four ; θάρρος vs. θάρσος, bravery ). Western Ionic also stands apart by using the form ξένος (xenos, foreigner, guest ), where the other two use ξεῖνος (xeinos). Cycladic Ionic may be further subdivided: Keos , Naxos , and Amorgos retained a difference between two /æ/ sounds, namely original /æ/ (written as Ε), and /æ/ evolved from /ā/ (written as Η); for example ΜΗΤΕΡ = μήτηρ < μάτηρ, mother . On

4485-399: The sticharion, but wear their normal religious habit for attending services, and serve at a certain distance from the actual altar table. Normally, only older nuns may serve in the altar; but the Hegumenia ( Abbess ) is permitted to enter even if she is younger. A few parishes have begun to use women as altar servers. In many Anglican churches, and Lutheran churches, all who serve in

4554-403: The two is not clearly defined, but 600   BC is a good approximation. The works of Homer ( The Iliad , The Odyssey , and the Homeric Hymns ) and of Hesiod were written in a literary dialect called Homeric Greek or Epic Greek , which largely comprises Old Ionic, but with some admixture from the neighboring Aeolic dialect to the north, as well as with some Mycenean elements as

4623-431: The use of female altar servers. It is thus for each diocesan bishop to decide whether to allow them in his diocese. A later document from 2001 states that even if a bishop permits female altar servers, the priest in charge of a church in that diocese is not obliged to recruit them, since no one, male or female, has a right to become an altar server. The document also states that "it will always be very appropriate to follow

4692-458: Was likely derived by the stemma , the Byzantine imperial crown. Together with other imperial-derived vestements like the sakkos, the crown-like mitre embodied the regality and richness of the defunct empire, of which the bishops inherited the legacy. In medieval Russia bishops wore hats with a fringe, but not a mitre. This is in contrast to Constantinople and most other Orthodox clergy who did not wear any headgear, and might be accounted for by

4761-424: Was probably inspired by the crowns worn by Habsburg emperors of the Holy Roman Empire and possibly also the Orthodox mitre. Abbesses of certain very ancient abbeys in the West also wore mitres, but of a very different form than that worn by male prelates. The mitral valve of the human heart, which is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle , is named so because of its similarity in shape to

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