Misplaced Pages

#384615

77-628: The name originated in the Evenki language , where "мома" means wood, timber or tree. The Moma Range extends from NW to SE for almost 500 kilometres (310 mi) southeast of the southern end of the Selennyakh Range and north of the Ulakhan-Chistay Range , the highest subrange of the Chersky Range system. It is parallel to the latter and separated from it by a wide intermontane basin , where

154-695: A pinyin -like Latin spelling. They published an Evenki–Mongolian–Chinese dictionary ( Kesingge, Cidaltu & Alta 1983 ) with Evenki words spelled in IPA, a pinyin-like orthography, and Mongolian script, as well as a collection of folk songs in IPA and Mongolian script (and Chinese-style numbered musical notation ). The orthographic system developed by Chinese Evenki scholars reflects differences between Evenki and Mongol phonology . It uses both ᠬ and ᠭ (usually romanised from Mongolian as q and ɣ ) for /g/ . The system uses double letters in both Mongolian and Latin to represent most long vowels; however for /ɔː/ ao

231-450: A "pioneer treatise" in the field of Tungusology. The exact internal structure of the Tungusic family is a matter of some debate. Some scholars propose two sub-families: one for Manchu, and another for all the other Tungusic languages, including Evenki. SIL International 's Ethnologue divides Tungusic into two sub-families, Northern and Southern, with Evenki alongside Even and Negidal in

308-463: A "poor ability to speak their mother tongue...". The Evenki language varies considerably among its dialects, which are divided into three large groups: the northern, the southern and the eastern dialects. These are further divided into minor dialects. A written language was created for Evenkis in the Soviet Union in 1931, first using a Latin alphabet , and from 1937 a Cyrillic one. In China, Evenki

385-585: A Chinese team visiting the lower Amur (known to them under its Manchu name, Sahaliyan Ula, "the Black River"), in 1709, and learned of the existence of the nearby offshore island from the Nanai natives of the lower Amur. The Jesuits did not have a chance to visit the island, and the geographical information provided by the Nanai people and Manchus who had been to the island was insufficient to allow them to identify it as

462-621: A ceasefire. The Soviets completed the conquest of Karafuto on August 25, 1945, by occupying the capital of Toyohara . Of the approximately 400,000 people – mostly Japanese and Korean – who lived on South Sakhalin in 1944, about 100,000 were evacuated to Japan during the last days of the war. The remaining 300,000 stayed behind, some for several more years. While the vast majority of Sakhalin Japanese and Koreans were gradually repatriated between 1946 and 1950, tens of thousands of Sakhalin Koreans (and

539-551: A classical five-vowel system with distinctions between long and short vowels (except in /e/ ) and the addition of a long and short /ə/ , while Nedjalkov claims that there are 13 vowel phonemes. Evenki has a moderately small consonant inventory; there are 18 consonants (21 according to Nedjalkov 1997) in the Evenki language and it lacks glides or semivowels. Below are tables of Evenki consonant phonemes, including those identified by Nedjalkov (1997) in italics. The phoneme ( /β/ ) has

616-597: A memoir of his journey. Japanese forces invaded and occupied Sakhalin in the closing stages of the Russo-Japanese War . In accordance with the Treaty of Portsmouth of 1905, the southern part of the island below the 50th parallel north reverted to Japan, while Russia retained the northern three-fifths. In 1920, during the Siberian Intervention , Japan again occupied the northern part of the island, returning it to

693-619: A number of their Japanese spouses) remained in the Soviet Union. No final peace treaty has been signed and the status of four neighboring islands remains disputed . Japan renounced its claims of sovereignty over southern Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in the Treaty of San Francisco (1951), but maintains that the four offshore islands of Hokkaido currently administered by Russia were not subject to this renunciation. Japan granted mutual exchange visas for Japanese and Ainu families divided by

770-641: A tributary of the Indigirka, and Ozhogina , a tributary of the Kolyma , flow from the northern slopes of the Moma Range. In some works the Moma Range is included in the Chersky mountain system. Evenki language Evenki ( / eɪ ˈ v ɛ ŋ k i / ay- VEN -kee ), formerly known as Tungus , is the largest member of the northern group of Tungusic languages , a group which also includes Even , Negidal , and

847-525: A word-final allophone , [f] , as well as an intervocalic variant, [w] . Likewise, some speakers pronounce intervocalic /s/ as [h] . Speakers of some dialects also alternate /b/ and /β/ . Consonant inventories given by researchers working on dialects in China are largely similar. The differences noted: Chaoke and Kesingge et al. give /h/ instead of /x/ and lack /β/ , /ɣ/ , or /ɲ/ ; furthermore, Kesingge et al. give /dʐ/ instead of /dʒ/ . Below

SECTION 10

#1732851316385

924-500: Is a chart of Evenki vowels found among Russian dialects, including those identified by Nedjalkov (1997) in italics. The vowel inventory of the Chinese dialects of Evenki, however, is markedly different (Chaoke, 1995, 2009): Like most Tungusic languages , Evenki employs back-front vowel harmony—suffix vowels are matched to the vowel in the root. However, some vowels – /i, iː, u, uː/ – and certain suffixes no longer adhere to

1001-431: Is about 24 nautical miles (44 km) west from the nearest coast of Sakhalin and 41 nmi (76 km) from the port city of Nevelsk. Ush Island is an island off of the northern coast of Sakhalin. According to the 1897 census, Sakhalin had a population of 28,113, of which 56.2% were Russians, 8.4% Ukrainians , 7.0% Nivkh , 5.8% Poles , 5.4% Tatars , 5.1% Ainu , 2.82% Oroks , 0.95% Germans , 0.81% Japanese , with

1078-721: Is an island in Northeast Asia . Its north coast lies 6.5 km (4.0 mi) off the southeastern coast of Khabarovsk Krai in Russia , while its southern tip lies 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of the Japanese island of Hokkaido . An island of the West Pacific , Sakhalin divides the Sea of Okhotsk to its east from the Sea of Japan to its southwest. It is administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast and

1155-418: Is easily recognizable and carries only one piece of meaning. Evenki pronouns distinguish between singular and plural as well as inclusive and exclusive in the first person. The Evenki language has a rich case system — 13 cases, though there is some variation among dialects — and it is a nominative–accusative language. Evenki differentiates between alienable and inalienable possession: alienable possession marks

1232-627: Is separated from the mainland by the narrow and shallow Strait of Tartary , which often freezes in winter in its narrower part, and from Hokkaido , Japan, by the Soya Strait or La Pérouse Strait . Sakhalin is the largest island in Russia, being 948 km (589 mi) long, and 25 to 170 km (16 to 106 mi) wide, with an area of 72,492 km (27,989 sq mi). It lies at similar latitudes to England, Wales and Ireland. Its orography and geological structure are imperfectly known. One theory

1309-416: Is spelled eweŋki , despite Mongolian orthography usually prohibiting the letter combination ŋk . The vowel inventory of this system is also rather different from that of Chaoke (1995, 2009). Du (2007) uses a different version of Latin script, which distinguishes certain vowels and consonants more clearly than the system of Kesingge et al. : Evenki is highly agglutinating and suffixing: Each morpheme

1386-641: Is that Sakhalin arose from the Sakhalin Island Arc . Nearly two-thirds of Sakhalin is mountainous. Two parallel ranges of mountains traverse it from north to south, reaching 600–1,500 m (2,000–4,900 ft). The Western Sakhalin Mountains peak in Mount Ichara, 1,481 m (4,859 ft), while the Eastern Sakhalin Mountains's highest peak, Mount Lopatin 1,609 m (5,279 ft), is also

1463-529: Is the largest island of Russia , with an area of 72,492 square kilometres (27,989 sq mi). The island has a population of roughly 500,000, the majority of whom are Russians . The indigenous peoples of the island are the Ainu , Oroks , and Nivkhs , who are now present in very small numbers. The island's name is derived from the Manchu word Sahaliyan ( ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ). The Ainu people of Sakhalin paid tribute to

1540-442: Is used only inconsistently in printed works, due to typographical limitations. Boldyrev's dictionary uses ң instead. Some editions use the digraph нг. Other sounds found in Evenki but not Russian, such as /dʒ/ , lack devoted letters. Instead д stands in for both /d/ and /dʒ/ ; when the latter pronunciation is intended, it is followed by one of Cyrillic's iotated letters, similar to the way those letters cause palatalization of

1617-514: Is written experimentally in the Mongolian script . The language is generally considered endangered . Evenki is a member of the Tungusic family . Its similarity to Manchu , the best-documented member of the family, was noted hundreds of years ago, first by botanist P. S. Pallas in the late 18th century, and then in a more formal linguistic study by M. A. Castren in the mid-19th century, regarded as

SECTION 20

#1732851316385

1694-401: Is written instead of oo . The same scholars' collection of songs has some orthographic differences from the table below; namely, long vowels are occasionally written not just doubled but also with an intervening silent ᠭ ( ɣ ), showing clear orthographic influence from the Mongolian language . In medial and final positions, t is written in the Manchu script form ᡨ . Evenki itself

1771-732: The Ainu in the southern half, the Oroks in the central region, and the Nivkhs in the north. After the Mongols conquered the Jin dynasty (1234) , they suffered raids by the Nivkh and Udege peoples . In response, the Mongols established an administration post at Nurgan (present-day Tyr, Russia ) at the junction of the Amur and Amgun rivers in 1263, and forced the submission of

1848-538: The Kuril Islands chain) in 1845, in the face of competing claims from Russia. In 1849, however, the Russian navigator Gennady Nevelskoy recorded the existence and navigability of the strait later given his name, and Russian settlers began establishing coal mines, administration facilities, schools, and churches on the island. In 1853–54, Nikolay Rudanovsky surveyed and mapped the island. In 1855, Russia and Japan signed

1925-580: The Matsumae clan drew a map of the island and called it "Kita-Ezo" (Northern Ezo, Ezo being the old Japanese name for the islands north of Honshu ). In the 1780s, the influence of the Japanese Tokugawa Shogunate on the Ainu of southern Sakhalin increased significantly. By the beginning of the 19th century, the Japanese economic zone extended midway up the east coast, to Taraika. With the exception of

2002-765: The Moma River flows from the southeast and joins the Indigirka . Turning northwards, the Indigirka River cuts deeply across the range in its northwestern part. The Aby Lowland , part of the Yana-Indigirka Lowland , lies to the north and the Alazeya Plateau to the east. The highest point of the Moma Range is an unnamed 2,533 metres (8,310 ft) high peak located very near the Arctic Circle . Rivers Badyarikha ,

2079-610: The Neolithic Stone Age. Flint implements such as those found in Siberia have been found at Dui and Kusunai in great numbers, as well as polished stone hatchets similar to European examples, primitive pottery with decorations like those of the Olonets , and stone weights used with fishing nets. A later population familiar with bronze left traces in earthen walls and kitchen- middens on Aniva Bay . Indigenous people of Sakhalin include

2156-504: The Strait of Tartary , and islanders he encountered near today's Nevelskoy Strait told him that the island was called "Tchoka" (or at least that is how he recorded the name in French), and "Tchoka" appears on some maps thereafter. On the basis of its belief that it was an extension of Hokkaido, both geographically and culturally, Japan again proclaimed sovereignty over the whole island (as well as

2233-620: The Treaty of Shimoda , which declared that nationals of both countries could inhabit the island: Russians in the north, and Japanese in the south, without a clearly defined boundary between. Russia also agreed to dismantle its military base at Ootomari. Following the Second Opium War , Russia forced China to sign the Treaty of Aigun (1858) and the Convention of Peking (1860), under which China lost to Russia all claims to territories north of Heilongjiang ( Amur ) and east of Ussuri . In 1857,

2310-580: The Yalta Conference . The Soviet attack started on August 11, 1945, a few days before the surrender of Japan. The Soviet 56th Rifle Corps, part of the 16th Army , consisting of the 79th Rifle Division , the 2nd Rifle Brigade, the 5th Rifle Brigade and the 214 Armored Brigade, attacked the Japanese 88th Infantry Division . Although the Soviet Red Army outnumbered the Japanese by three to one, they advanced only slowly due to strong Japanese resistance. It

2387-549: The Yuan , Ming , and Qing dynasties and accepted official appointments from them. Sometimes the relationship was forced but control from dynasties in China was loose for the most part. Sakhalin was later claimed by both Russia and Japan over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. These disputes sometimes involved military conflicts and divisions of the island between the two powers. In 1875, Japan ceded its claims to Russia in exchange for

Moma Range - Misplaced Pages Continue

2464-652: The "Imperial History of the National Languages of Liao, Jin, and Yuan" ( Chinese : 欽定遼金元三史國語解 ; pinyin : Qīndìng liáo jīn yuán sān shǐ guóyǔ jiě ) commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor , the Manchu alphabet is used to write Evenki words. Evenki in China is now written in the Latin script and experimentally in the Mongolian script . Evenki scholars made an attempt in the 1980s to create standard written forms for their language, using both Mongolian script and

2541-693: The 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk , which defined the Stanovoy Mountains as the border between the Qing and the Russian Empires . In the following year the Qing sent forces to the Amur estuary and demanded that the residents, including the Sakhalin Ainu, pay tribute. This was followed by several further visits to the island as part of the Qing effort to map the area. To enforce its influence, the Qing sent soldiers and mandarins across Sakhalin, reaching most parts of

2618-460: The 1730s, the Qing had appointed senior figures among the indigenous communities as "clan chief" ( hala-i-da ) or "village chief" ( gasan-da or mokun-da ). In 1732, 6 hala , 18 gasban , and 148 households were registered as tribute bearers in Sakhalin. Manchu officials gave tribute missions rice, salt, other necessities, and gifts during the duration of their mission. Tribute missions occurred during

2695-674: The Ainu migrated onto the mainland, the Chinese described a "strong Kui (or Kuwei, Kuwu, Kuye, Kugi, i.e. Ainu) presence in the area otherwise dominated by the Gilemi or Jilimi (Nivkh and other Amur peoples)." Related names were in widespread use in the region, for example the Kuril Ainu called themselves koushi . The origins of the traditional Japanese name, Karafuto ( Japanese : 樺太 ), are unclear and multiple competing explanations have been proposed. These include: The Japanese form 樺太 equates to Korean : 화태 Hwangt'ae , an earlier name for

2772-689: The Ainu. The Ainu resisted the Mongol invasions but by 1308 had been subdued. They paid tribute to the Mongol Yuan dynasty at posts in Wuliehe, Nanghar, and Boluohe. The Chinese Ming dynasty (1368–1644) placed Sakhalin under its "system for subjugated peoples" ( ximin tizhi ). From 1409 to 1411 the Ming established an outpost called the Nurgan Regional Military Commission near the ruins of Tyr on

2849-732: The Evenki alphabet began in the 1920s. In May 1928, researcher G. M. Vasilevich prepared for the Evenk students who studied in Leningrad the Memo to Tungus-vacationers . It was a small textbook duplicated on the glass. It used the Vasilyevich Evenki alphabet on a Latin graphic basis. A year later, she compiled the First Book for Reading in the Tungus Language ( əwənkil dukuwuntin ). This alphabet had

2926-883: The Japanese portion in the final days of World War II in 1945, as well as all of the Kurils. Japan no longer claims any of Sakhalin, although it does still claim the southern Kuril Islands . Most Ainu on Sakhalin moved to Hokkaido, 43 kilometres (27 mi) to the south across the La Pérouse Strait , when Japanese civilians were displaced from the island in 1949. Sakhalin has several names including Karafuto ( Japanese : 樺太 ), Kuye ( simplified Chinese : 库页岛 ; traditional Chinese : 庫頁島 ; pinyin : Kùyèdǎo ), Sahaliyan ( Manchu : ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ), Bugata nā ( Orok : Бугата на̄ ), Yh-mif ( Nivkh : Ых-миф ). The Manchus called it Sahaliyan ula angga hada ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ ᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᡥᠠᡩᠠ ' Island at

3003-603: The Matsumae, took control of Sakhalin in 1807. Mogami's interest in the Sakhalin trade intensified when he learned that Yaenkoroaino, the above-mentioned elder from Nayoro, possessed a memorandum written in Manchurian, which stated that the Ainu elder was an official of the Qing state. Later surveys on Sakhalin by shogunal officials such as Takahashi Jidayú and Nakamura Koichiró only confirmed earlier observations: Sakhalin and Sóya Ainu traded foreign goods at trading posts, and because of

3080-642: The Ming took tribute from Sakhalin and the Amur river region. The Manchu Qing dynasty , which came to power in China in 1644, called Sakhalin "Kuyedao" ( Chinese : 库页岛 ; pinyin : Kùyè dǎo ; lit. 'island of the Ainu';) or "Kuye Fiyaka" ( ᡴᡠᠶᡝ ᡶᡳᠶᠠᡴᠠ ). The Manchus called it "Sagaliyan ula angga hada" (Island at the Mouth of the Black River). The Qing first asserted influence over Sakhalin after

3157-514: The Mouth of the Black River ' . Sahaliyan , the word that has been borrowed in the form of "Sakhalin", means "black" in Manchu, ula means "river" and sahaliyan ula ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ ' Black River ' is the proper Manchu name of the Amur River . The Qing dynasty called Sakhalin ‘Kuyedao’ (‘the island of Ainu’) and the indigenous people paid tribute to the Chinese empire. However, there

Moma Range - Misplaced Pages Continue

3234-412: The Nayoro Ainu located on the west coast in close proximity to China, most Ainu stopped paying tribute to the Qing dynasty. The Matsumae clan was nominally in charge of Sakhalin, but they neither protected nor governed the Ainu there. Instead they extorted the Ainu for Chinese silk, which they sold in Honshu as Matsumae's special product. To obtain Chinese silk, the Ainu fell into debt, owing much fur to

3311-481: The Northern sub-family, and the Southern family itself subdivided into Southwestern (among which Manchu) and Southeastern ( Nanai and others). Others propose three or more sub-families, or at the extreme a continuum with Manchu at one end and Evenki at the other. Bulatova enumerated 14 dialects and 50 sub-dialects within Russia, spread over a wide geographical area ranging from the Yenisei River to Sakhalin . These may be divided into three major groups primarily on

3388-412: The Russians established a penal colony, or katorga , on Sakhalin. The island remained under shared sovereignty until the signing of the 1875 Treaty of Saint Petersburg , in which Japan surrendered its claims in Sakhalin to Russia. In 1890 the author Anton Chekhov visited the penal colony on Sakhalin. He spent three months there interviewing thousands of convicts and settlers for a census and published

3465-461: The Santan ( Ulch people ), who lived near the Qing office. The Ainu also sold the silk uniforms ( mangpao , bufu , and chaofu ) given to them by the Qing, which made up the majority of what the Japanese knew as nishiki and jittoku . As dynastic uniforms, the silk was of considerably higher quality than that traded at Nagasaki , and enhanced Matsumae prestige as exotic items. Eventually the Tokugawa government, realizing that they could not depend on

3542-559: The Siberian mainland, which continued operating until the mid-1430s. There is some evidence that the Ming eunuch Admiral Yishiha reached Sakhalin in 1413 during one of his expeditions to the lower Amur, and granted Ming titles to a local chieftain. The Ming recruited headmen from Sakhalin for administrative posts such as commander ( 指揮使 ; zhǐhuīshǐ ), assistant commander ( 指揮僉事 ; zhǐhuī qiānshì ), and "official charged with subjugation" ( 衛鎮撫 ; wèizhènfǔ ). In 1431, one such assistant commander, Alige, brought marten pelts as tribute to

3619-485: The Soviet Union in 1925. South Sakhalin was administered by Japan as Karafuto Prefecture (Karafuto-chō ( 樺太庁 ) ), with the capital at Toyohara (today's Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk ). A large number of migrants were brought in from Korea. The northern, Russian, half of the island formed Sakhalin Oblast , with the capital at Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky . Between 1848 and 1902, American whaleships hunted whales off Sakhalin. They cruised for bowhead and gray whales to

3696-505: The Wuliehe post. In 1437, four other assistant commanders (Zhaluha, Sanchiha, Tuolingha, and Alingge) also presented tribute. According to the Ming Veritable Records , these posts, like the position of headman, were hereditary and passed down the patrilineal line. During these tributary missions, the headmen would bring their sons, who later inherited their titles. In return for tribute, the Ming awarded them with silk uniforms. Nivkh women in Sakhalin married Han Chinese Ming officials when

3773-631: The basis of phonology: Evenks in China also speak several dialects. According to Ethnologue , the Hihue or Hoy dialect is considered the standard; Haila'er, Aoluguya (Olguya), Chenba'erhu (Old Bargu), and Morigele (Mergel) dialects also exist. Ethnologue reports these dialects differ significantly from those in Russia. Some works focused on individual Russia dialects include Gortsevskaya 1936 (Barguzin), Andreeva 1988 (Tommot), and Bulatova 1999 (Sakhalin). The Evenki language typically has CV syllables but other structures are possible. Bulatova and Grenoble list Evenki as having 11 possible vowel phonemes;

3850-410: The change in status. Recently, economic and political cooperation has gradually improved between the two nations despite disagreements. On 1 September 1983, Korean Air Flight 007 , a South Korean civilian airliner, flew over Sakhalin and was shot down by the Soviet Union, just west of Sakhalin Island, near the smaller Moneron Island . The Soviet Union claimed it was a spy plane; however, commanders on

3927-405: The following composition: Aa Bb Çç HH Dd Ӡӡ Ee Әә Gg Hh Ii Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Ww Yy ; it also included diacritical marks: a macron to indicate the longitude of the sound and a sub-letter comma to indicate palatalization. In 1930, it was decided to create a written language for the majority of the peoples of the North of the USSR. The Latin alphabet was chosen as its graphic basis. In

SECTION 50

#1732851316385

4004-419: The ground realized it was a commercial aircraft. All 269 passengers and crew died, including a U.S. Congressman, Larry McDonald . On 27 May 1995, the 7.0 M w   Neftegorsk earthquake shook the former Russian settlement of Neftegorsk with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX ( Violent ). Total damage was $ 64.1–300 million, with 1,989 deaths and 750 injured. The settlement was not rebuilt. Sakhalin

4081-428: The island except the southern tip. The Qing imposed a fur-tribute system on the region's inhabitants. The Qing dynasty ruled these regions by imposing upon them a fur tribute system, just as had the Yuan and Ming dynasties. Residents who were required to pay tributes had to register according to their hala ( ᡥᠠᠯᠠ , the clan of the father's side) and gashan ( ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ , village), and a designated chief of each unit

4158-419: The island now superseded by the transcription 사할린 Sahallin . The island was also historically referred to as "Tschoka" by European travelers in the late 18th century, such as Lapérouse and Langsdorff . This name is believed to derive from an obsolete endonym used by Sakhalin Ainu , possibly based on the word cookay ( /t͡ɕoː.kay/ , "we") in Sakhalin Ainu language . Humans lived on Sakhalin in

4235-522: The island's highest mountain. Tym-Poronaiskaya Valley separates the two ranges. Susuanaisky and Tonino-Anivsky ranges traverse the island in the south, while the swampy Northern-Sakhalin plain occupies most of its north. Crystalline rocks crop out at several capes; Cretaceous limestones , containing an abundant and specific fauna of gigantic ammonites , occur at Dui on the west coast; and Tertiary conglomerates , sandstones , marls , and clays , folded by subsequent upheavals, are found in many parts of

4312-428: The island. The clays, which contain layers of good coal and abundant fossilized vegetation, show that during the Miocene period, Sakhalin formed part of a continent which comprised north Asia, Alaska, and Japan, and enjoyed a comparatively warm climate. The Pliocene deposits contain a mollusc fauna more Arctic than that which exists at the present time, indicating that the connection between the Pacific and Arctic Oceans

4389-564: The land visited by de Vries in 1643. As a result, many 17th-century maps showed a rather strangely shaped Sakhalin, which included only the northern half of the island (with Cape Patience), while Cape Aniva, discovered by de Vries, and the "Black Cape" (Cape Crillon) were thought to form part of the mainland. Only with the 1787 expedition of Jean-François de La Pérouse did the island began to resemble something of its true shape on European maps. Though unable to pass through its northern "bottleneck" due to contrary winds, La Perouse charted most of

4466-436: The mandarin. Those who offered especially large fur tributes were granted the right to create a familial relationship with officials of the Manchu Eight Banners (at the time equivalent to Chinese aristocrats) by marrying an official's adopted daughter. Further, the tribute payers were allowed to engage in trade with officials and merchants at the tribute location. By these policies, the Qing dynasty brought political stability to

4543-478: The more closely related Oroqen language . The name is sometimes wrongly given as "Evenks". It is spoken by the Evenki or Ewenkī(s) in Russia and China . In certain areas the influences of the Yakut and the Buryat languages are particularly strong. The influence of Russian in general is overwhelming (in 1979, 75.2% of the Evenkis spoke Russian, rising to 92.7% in 2002). Evenki children were forced to learn Russian at Soviet residential schools, and returned with

4620-422: The north and right whales to the east and south. On June 7, 1855, the ship Jefferson (396 tons), of New London , was wrecked on Cape Levenshtern , on the northeastern side of the island, during a fog. All hands were saved as well as 300 barrels of whale oil . In August 1945, after repudiating the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact , the Soviet Union invaded southern Sakhalin, an action planned secretly at

4697-413: The northern Kuril Islands . In 1897 more than half of the population were Russians and other European and Asian minorities. In 1905, following the Russo-Japanese War , the island was divided, with Southern Sakhalin going to Japan. After the Siberian intervention , Japan invaded the northern parts of Sakhalin, and ruled the entire island from 1918 to 1925. Russia has held all of the island since seizing

SECTION 60

#1732851316385

4774-935: The possessor in the nominative case and the possessum in the possessed case , while inalienable possession is marked by personal indices. Below is a table of cases and suffixes in Evenki, following Nedjalkov (1997): LOCDIR:locative-directive case ALLLOC:allative-locative case ACD:accusative case, definite PRO:prolative case INS:instrumental case SEM:semblative case POS:possessed asatkan asatkan 'the girl' e-ja e-ja 'what?' bi I kete-ve much- ACD himmikte-ve cowberry - ACD tevle-che-v gather- PST - 1SG bi kete-ve himmikte-ve tevle-che-v I much-ACD cowberry -ACD gather-PST-1SG 'I gathered much cowberry ' hute-kle-vi child- LOCDIR - REF hute-kle-vi child-LOCDIR-REF 'to/for [her] own child' e:kun-ngi who- GEN e:kun-ngi who-GEN Sakhalin Sakhalin (Russian: Сахали́н , IPA: [səxɐˈlʲin] )

4851-428: The preceding consonant in Russian. However orthographic decisions like these have resulted in some confusion and transfer of Russian phonetics to Evenki among younger speakers. For example, the spellings ди and ды were intended to record [dʒi] and [di] (i.e. the same vowel sound). However, in Russian и and ы are respectively two different vowels, /i/ and /ɨ/ . Long vowels are optionally indicated with macrons. In

4928-411: The pressure to meet quotas, they fell into debt. These goods, the officials confirmed, originated at Qing posts, where continental traders acquired them during tributary ceremonies. The information contained in these types of reports turned out to be a serious blow to the future of Matsumae's trade monopoly in Ezo. Japan proclaimed sovereignty over Sakhalin in 1807; in 1809, Mamiya Rinzō claimed that it

5005-445: The region and established the basis for commerce and economic development. The Qing dynasty established an office in Ningguta , situated midway along the Mudan River , to handle fur from the lower Amur and Sakhalin. Tribute was supposed to be brought to regional offices, but the lower Amur and Sakhalin were considered too remote, so the Qing sent officials directly to these regions every year to collect tribute and to present awards. By

5082-432: The rules of vowel harmony. Knowledge of the rules of vowel harmony is fading, as vowel harmony is a complex topic for elementary speakers to grasp, the language is severely endangered (Janhunen), and many speakers are multilingual. Possible syllable structures include V, VC, VCC, CV, CVC, and CVCC. In contrast to dialects in Russia, dialects in China do not have /k/, /ŋ/, or /r/ in word-initial position. The creation of

5159-421: The same year, the project of the Evenki alphabet was proposed by Ya. P. Alcor. This project differed from Vasilevich's alphabet only by the presence of letters for displaying Russian borrowings ( C c, F f, J j, W w, Z z ), as well as using V v instead of W w . After some refinement, the letter Çç was replaced by C c , V v by W w , and the letter Y y was excluded. In May 1931, the Evenki romanized alphabet

5236-437: The second daimyō of Matsumae Domain in Hokkaidō, sent Satō Kamoemon and Kakizaki Kuroudo on an expedition to Sakhalin. One of the Matsumae explorers, Kodō Shōzaemon, stayed in the island in the winter of 1636 and sailed along the east coast to Taraika (now Poronaysk ) in the spring of 1637. In an early colonization attempt, a Japanese settlement was established at Ōtomari on Sakhalin's southern end in 1679. Cartographers of

5313-421: The southern extremity of the island. The northernmost point of Sakhalin is Cape of Elisabeth on the Schmidt Peninsula , while Cape Crillon is the southernmost point of the island. See also: Cape Khalpili Sakhalin has two smaller islands associated with it, Moneron Island and Ush Island . Moneron, the only land mass in the Tatar strait, 7.2 km (4.5 mi) long and 5.6 km (3.5 mi) wide,

5390-465: The summer months. During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–95), a trade post existed at Delen, upstream of Kiji (Kizi) Lake, according to Rinzo Mamiya . There were 500–600 people at the market during Mamiya's stay there. Local native Sakhalin chiefs had their daughters taken as wives by Manchu officials as sanctioned by the Qing dynasty when the Qing exercised jurisdiction in Sakhalin and took tribute from them. In 1635, Matsumae Kinhiro ,

5467-407: The two peoples. From the Nivkh perspective, their surrender to the Mongols essentially established a military alliance against the Ainu who had invaded their lands. According to the History of Yuan , a group of people known as the Guwei ( 骨嵬 ; Gǔwéi , the Nivkh name for Ainu) from Sakhalin invaded and fought with the Jilimi (Nivkh people) every year. On 30 November 1264, the Mongols attacked

5544-534: Was an island. The first European known to visit Sakhalin was Martin Gerritz de Vries , who mapped Cape Patience and Cape Aniva on the island's east coast in 1643. The Dutch captain, however, was unaware that it was an island, and 17th-century maps usually showed these points (and often Hokkaido as well) as part of the mainland. As part of a nationwide Sino-French cartographic program, Jesuits Jean-Baptiste Régis , Pierre Jartoux, and Xavier Ehrenbert Fridelli joined

5621-459: Was no formalized border around the island. The Qing dynasty was a pre- modern or ‘world empire’ which did not place emphasis on demarcating borders in the manner of the modern ‘national empires’ of the nineteenth and early twentieth century (Yamamuro 2003: 90–97). The island was also called "Kuye Fiyaka". The word "Kuye" used by the Qing is "most probably related to kuyi , the name given to the Sakhalin Ainu by their Nivkh and Nanai neighbors." When

5698-449: Was not until the 113th Rifle Brigade and the 365th Independent Naval Infantry Rifle Battalion from Sovetskaya Gavan landed on Tōro, a seashore village of western Karafuto, on August 16 that the Soviets broke the Japanese defense line. Japanese resistance grew weaker after this landing. Actual fighting continued until August 21. From August 22 to August 23, most remaining Japanese units agreed to

5775-556: Was officially approved, and in 1932 regular publishing began on it. The basis of the literary language was laid the most studied Nepsky dialect (north of the Irkutsk region). The official Latinized Evenk alphabet, in which book publishing and schooling were conducted, looked like this: Today, the official writing system in Russia for the Evenki language is the Cyrillic script . The script has one additional letter, ӈ, to indicate /ŋ/ ; it

5852-499: Was probably broader than it is now. Main rivers: The Tym , 330 km (205 mi) long and navigable by rafts and light boats for 80 km (50 mi), flows north and northeast with numerous rapids and shallows, and enters the Sea of Okhotsk . The Poronay flows south-southeast to the Gulf of Patience or Shichiro Bay, on the southeastern coast. Three other small streams enter the wide semicircular Aniva Bay or Higashifushimi Bay at

5929-400: Was put in charge of district security as well as the annual collection and delivery of fur. By 1750, fifty-six hala and 2,398 households were registered as fur tribute payers, – those who paid with fur were rewarded mainly with Nishiki silk brocade , and every year the dynasty supplied the chief of each clan and village with official silk clothes ( mangpao , duanpao ), which were the gowns of

#384615