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52-628: The Ainu in Russia are an Indigenous people of Siberia located in Sakhalin Oblast , Khabarovsk Krai and Kamchatka Krai . The Russian Ainu people ( Aine ; Russian : айны , romanized :  Ayny ), also called Kurile (курилы, kurily ), Kamchatka's Kurile (камчатские курилы, kamchatskiye kurily / камчадальские айны, kamchadalskiye ayny ) or Eine (эйны, eyny ), can be subdivided into six groups. Although only around 100 people currently identify themselves as Ainu in Russia (according to

104-507: A subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ), falling just short of a humid continental climate ( Dfb ). However, this area's climate has strong oceanic influences due its proximity to the Pacific Ocean . Average annual precipitation is 1,180 millimeters (46 in), or about 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 times as much as most of Siberia averages, mostly falling as frozen precipitation, primarily snow , from November to April. Average monthly precipitation

156-1111: A Russian Association of the Far-Eastern Ainu (RADA) under Rechkabo Kakukhoningen (Boris Yaravoy). In March 2017, Alexei Nakamura revealed that plans for an Ainu village to be created in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky , and plans for an Ainu dictionary are underway. According to the Russian Census (2010) , a total of 109 Ainu live in Russia. Of this, 94 lived in Kamchatka Krai , 4 in Primorye , 3 in Sakhalin , 1 in Khabarovsk , 4 in Moscow , 1 in St.Petersburg , 1 in Sverdlovsk , and 1 in Rostov . The real population

208-533: A number of laws aimed at preservation and support of these ethnicities. Ten of these peoples count less than 1,000 and 11 of them live beyond the Arctic Circle . Far North is the part of Russia which lies mainly beyond the Arctic Circle. According to a 2000 decree of the government of Russian Federation, Dagestan was supposed to compile their own list of small-numbered Indigenous peoples, to be included in

260-635: A population of 39 (33 Ainu & 6 Russian). However, under Soviet rule both villages were abolished and inhabitants forcibly moved to the ethnic Russian-dominated Zaporozhye settlement in Ust-Bolsheretsky Raion . As a result of intermarriage, the ethnic groups assimilated to form the Kamchadal community. During the Tsarist period, the Ainu living in Russia were forbidden to identify themselves by that name, since

312-417: A problem amid lax law-enforcement and widespread corruption. A M w   7.5 earthquake occurred on March 25, 2020 . The earthquake was the largest to occur in Russia since the 2013 Okhotsk Sea earthquake. In Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, 285 miles (460km) away from the epicenter, the intensity was felt at 5: objects fell in buildings and people ran out into the street for safety. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky

364-487: Is believed to be much higher, as hundreds of Ainu in Sakhalin refused to identify themselves as such. Additionally many local people are ethnically Ainu or have significant Ainu ancestry, but identify as various recognized groups, such as Nivkhs and speak Russian as mother tongue, often not knowing about their Ainu ancestry. During the Tsarist times, the Ainu living in Russia were forbidden from identifying themselves as such, as

416-524: Is due to the fact that the clan originally immigrated to Kamchatka from Kunashir in 1789. The Ainu of Kunashir are South Kurils Ainu. They settled down near Kurile Lake , which was inhabited by the Kamchatka Ainu and North Kuril Ainu. In 1929, the Ainu of Kurile Lake fled to the island of Paramushir after an armed conflict with the Soviet authorities. At that time, Paramushir was under Japanese rule. During

468-590: Is estimated to be many times this amount, but in general, there is reluctance from the individuals themselves and from the census takers to record the nationality as "Ainu" (although not on a scale which is seen in Sakhalin). The majority of the population in Zaporozhye refers themselves as either Kamchadal (a term used for the natives of Kamchatka to refer to them without acknowledging their ethnic Ainu or Itelmen identity) or Russian, rather than identifying with either of

520-1000: Is highest in autumn, with October the wettest month on average, closely followed by November. May through July are markedly the driest months on average; June is the single driest month. Winter temperatures are much milder than in Siberia. Here, average January daytime high temperatures are around −4.0 °C (24.8 °F), while average daytime high temperature in August, the warmest month, is 17 °C (63 °F). Thus, resulting from oceanic cooling, summer daytime high temperatures in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy are markedly cooler than in interior Siberia. In warmer-summer years, monthly high averages in July–August can reach 18 °C (64 °F) and higher. Days of above 20 °C (68 °F) can be expected an average of 19.6 days per summer. Despite

572-748: Is situated at sea level and surrounded by volcanoes . The surrounding terrain is mountainous enough that the horizon cannot be seen clearly from any point in town. Across Avacha Bay from the city in Vilyuchinsk is Russia's largest submarine base , the Rybachiy Nuclear Submarine Base, established during the Soviet period and still used by the Russian Navy . The city is located 6,766 kilometres (4,204 mi) from Moscow and about 2,220 kilometres (1,380 mi) from Vladivostok . The climate at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy reasonably qualifies as

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624-404: Is the administrative center of Kamchatka Krai . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky City Under Krai Jurisdiction — an administrative unit with status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky City Under Krai Jurisdiction is incorporated as Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Urban Okrug. The city

676-457: Is the 5,000-capacity Spartak Stadium . The former club FC Volcano played at the stadium. There are multiple museums in the city. The city is the main gateway to the rest of Kamchatka. The city is served by Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (Elizovo) Airport , which is linked to the town and its port via the A-401 road. During the warmer months cruise ships regularly stop there for the day. There

728-460: Is widely known simply as Petropavlovsk (literally "city of Peter and Paul "). The adjective Kamchatsky ("Kamchatkan") was added to the official name in 1924. Cossack units visited the area from 1697. The explorer and navigator Captain Vitus Bering (a Danish-born Russian) is considered to have founded the city in 1740, although navigator Ivan Fomich Yelagin  [ ru ] had laid

780-452: The 2010 Census of Russia , almost 100 people tried to register themselves as ethnic Ainu, but the governing council of Kamchatka Krai refused to do so and enrolled them as ethnic Kamchadal . In 2011, the leader of the Ainu community in Kamchatka, Alexei Vladimirovich Nakamura requested that Vladimir Ilyukhin (Governor of Kamchatka) and Boris Nevzorov (Chairman of state Duma) include the Ainu in

832-490: The Commander Islands . An agreement was reached in 1881 and the Ainu chose to settle in the village of Yavin. In March 1881, the group left Petropavlovsk and began the long journey to Yavin by foot. Four months later, they reached their new homes. Another village, Golygino, was founded later. Nine more Ainu arrived from Japan in 1884. According to the 1897 Census of Russia, Golygino had a population of 57 (all Ainu) and Yavin

884-507: The Common List of Minor Indigenous Peoples of Russia ( Единый перечень коренных малочисленных народов России ) approved by the government of Russia on March 24, 2000 and updated in subsequent years. These peoples satisfy the following criteria: Some of them, such as Soyots , were recognized only after the dissolution of the Soviet Union . These peoples subject to benefits according to

936-660: The Invasion of the Kuril Islands , Akira Nakamura (b. 1897) was captured by the Soviet army and his elder son Takeshi Nakamura (1925–1945) was killed in the battle. Akira's only surviving son, Keizo (b. 1927) was taken prisoner and joined the Soviet Army after his capture. After the war, Keizo went to Korsakov to work in the local harbor. In 1963, he married Tamara Pykhteeva, a member of the Sakhalin Ainu tribe. Their only child, Alexei

988-567: The Kamchatka Peninsula and other northern regions which today are part of Russia began very early on, despite the traditionally sedentary customs of Ainu society. Ainu migrations to Kamchatka and the Amur River area from Hokkaido were increasingly limited after the 16th century however, as Japanese merchants and officials increasingly limited their ability to migrate. The Kamchatka Ainu first came into contact with Russian fur traders by

1040-534: The 888 Japanese who live in Russian territory (2010 Census) are of mixed Japanese and Ainu ancestry, though they generally do not claim it, since full Japanese ancestry gives them the right of visa-free entry to Japan. Similarly, no one identifies as Amur Valley Ainu, even though people with partial descent are known to exist in Khabarovsk. It is thought that no living descendants of the Kamchatka Ainu remain today. In 1979,

1092-642: The Ainu and Russian. All the Creole spoke the Aleut language , as it was the language of their mothers. The Ainu, along with other minorities were quickly assimilated by the Aleut within a few decades. According to the Census authority of Russian Federation, the Ainu are extinct as an ethnic group in Russia. Those who identify as Ainu, neither speak the Ainu language , nor practice any aspect of

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1144-460: The Ainu are not recognized in the official list of ethnic groups living in Russia, they are either counted as people without nationality or as ethnic Russian, Nivkh or Kamchadal. As of 2012, both the Kurile Ainu and Kurile Kamchadal ethnic groups do not have the fishing and hunting rights the Russian government grants to other indigenous tribal communities of the far north. The Ainu have now formed

1196-614: The Ainu still living in the USSR. The order was finally revoked after two decades. The North Kurile Ainu of Zaporozhye are the largest Ainu subgroup remaining in Russia. The Nakamura clan (South Kuril Ainu on the paternal side) are the smallest and number just 6 individuals who live in Petropavlovsk . There are several dozen people on Sakhalin Island who identify themselves as Sakhalin Ainu, but many more have unacknowledged partial Ainu ancestry. Most of

1248-498: The Imperial Japanese officials had claimed that all the regions inhabited by the Ainu in the past or present, are a part of Japan. The terms "Kurile", "Kamchatka Kurile" or simply Russian were used to identify the ethnic group. As a result, large number of Ainu changed their surnames to Slavic ones. To eradicate the Ainu identity, the Soviet authorities removed the ethnic group from the list of nationalities which can be mentioned in

1300-579: The Japanese officials claimed that all areas inhabited by the Ainu in the past or present belonged to Japan. The Ainu were referred to as "Kurile", "Kamchatka Kurile" or simply as Russian. As a result, many Ainu changed their surnames to Slavic sounding ones. On 7 February 1953, K. Omelchenko, the Soviet Minister of the Protection of Military and State Secrets banned the press from publishing any information on

1352-588: The Japanese. As a result, the Russians failed to win over the Ainu during World War II. As a result of the Treaty of St. Petersburg , the Kurile islands were surrendered to the Japanese, along with the Ainu inhabitants. A total of 83 North Kurile Ainu arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on September 18, 1877, after they decided to remain under Russian rule. They refused the offer by Russian officials to move to new reservations in

1404-456: The Russian census of 2002. For example, the median age of ethnic Russians was 37.6 years, while that of Yuraq Samoyeds was 26.2 years. [1] The below table gives the average birth rate for Smaller Ethnic groups for the 1997-2002 period based on the 2002 census. (per 1000 people) Source: [2] For most of the groups the birth rate was more than the death rate. For example for the Yuraq Samoyeds

1456-535: The USSR removed the term "Ainu" from the list of living ethnic groups of Russia, the government proclaiming that the Ainu as an ethnic group was now extinct in its territory. According to the 2002 Russian Federation census, no one marked the Ainu option in boxes 7 or 9.2 in the K-1 form. The Ainu emphasize that they are the original inhabitants of the Kurile islands and that both the Japanese and Russians were invaders. In 2004,

1508-586: The allies (5 September 1854). The allied ships then retreated from Russian Pacific waters (7 September 1854). The total Russian losses were reported at around a hundred men; the Anglo-French were said to have lost 209 men, over twice that number. At the time of the surrender of Japan in World War II (August/September 1945), United States Naval Construction Battalion 114 was in the Aleutians . In September 1945

1560-584: The battalion received orders to send a detachment to the USSR to build a Naval Advance Base (a Fleet Weather Central) – located ten miles outside Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and code-named TAMA. The original agreement gave the Seabees three weeks to complete the camp. Upon arrival the Soviets told the Seabees they had ten days, and were amazed that the Seabees achieved the task. It was one of two to which Stalin agreed. The other

1612-509: The birth rate was more than double the death rate. But for ethnic groups like Veps (Death rate 7 times the birth rate) the reverse was true. For Ingrians, not a single birth was recorded in 1992-2002 period. The youngest of the Ingrians are 3 people in 10-14 age group (Total ethnic population 327, of which more than 60% are above 70 years of age. The 1989 population was 820, signifying a decline of 2.5 times) Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky The city

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1664-843: The census of 2010), it is believed that at least 1,000 people are of significant Ainu ancestry. The low numbers identifying as Ainu are a result of the refusal by the government of the Russian Federation to recognise the Ainu as a "living" ethnic group. Most of the people who identify themselves as Ainu live in Kamchatka Krai, although the largest number of people who are of Ainu ancestry (without acknowledging it) are found in Sakhalin Oblast. Many local people are ethnically Ainu or have significant Ainu ancestry but identify as Russian or Nivkh and speak Russian as mother tongue, often not knowing of their Ainu ancestry. Ainu trading expeditions with

1716-634: The central list of Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East . This was also turned down. Ethnic Ainu living in Sakhalin Oblast and Khabarovsk Krai are not politically organized. According to Alexei Nakamura, as of 2012, there were only 205 Ainu living in Russia (up from just 12 people who self-identified as Ainu in 2008) and they, with the Kurile Kamchadals ( Itelmen of Kuril Islands), are fighting for official recognition. Since

1768-491: The descended from Kuril Ainu include Butin (Бутины), Storozhev (Сторожевы), Ignatiev (Игнатьевы), Merlin (Мерлины), Konev (Коневы), Lukaszewski (Лукашевские), and Novograblenny (Новограбленные) among other unknown ones. Unlike the other Ainu clans currently living in Russia, there is considerable doubt whether the Nakamura clan of Kamchatka should be identified as Northern Kurils Ainu, Southern Kurils Ainu or as Kamchatka Ainu. This

1820-698: The end of the 17th century. Contact with the Amur Ainu and North Kuril Ainu were established during the 18th century. By mid-18th century more than 1,500 Ainu had accepted Russian citizenship. The Ainu (especially those in the Kuriles) supported the Russians over the Japanese in conflicts of the 19th century. However, after their defeat during the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, the Russians abandoned their allies and left them to their fate. Hundreds of Ainu were executed and their families were forcibly relocated to Hokkaido by

1872-633: The foundation a few months earlier. Bering reached Avacha Bay in late 1740 and in his capacity as the superior officer, named the new settlement "Petropavlovsk" (Peter and Paul) after his two ships, the Saint Peter and the Saint Paul , which had been built in Okhotsk for his second expedition (1733–42). The town's location on the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula , on the sheltered Avacha Bay and at

1924-597: The generally high precipitation, the weather is less cloudy than in the adjacent Kuril Islands that are one of the least sunny places in the world, since the city is located behind a peninsula to the north that blocks some of the fog from the cold Oyashio Current offshore of the Kamchatka Peninsula. Oceanic water in Avacha Bay and adjacent bays is also warmer than coastal waters of Kuril Islands and Okhotsk sea coast (except Southern Kuriles and Southern Sakhalin). In

1976-573: The island of Sakhalin, to live in the city of Tomari . In 1877, the Badaev (Бадаев) family split from the rest of Northern Kuril Ainu and decided to settle in the Commander Islands , along with the Aleut. They were assimilated by the Aleut and currently identify themselves as Aleut. Two of the families residing there are believed to be of partial Ainu ancestry: the Badaevs and the Kuznetsovs. Commander Islands

2028-732: The language was extinct by the 1980s there. Although Keizo Nakamura was a fluent speaker of Kurile Ainu and translated several documents from the language to Russian for the NKVD , he did not pass on the language to his son. ( Take Asai , the last speaker of Sakhalin Ainu, died in Japan in 1994.) Sinelschikova, Yekaterina (27 June 2019). "Who are the Ainu and why do authorities still deny their existence?" . www.rbth.com . Retrieved 19 July 2019 . Small-numbered indigenous peoples of Russia The following peoples are officially recognized minor indigenous peoples of Russia . Many of them are included into

2080-642: The mouth of the Avacha River , saw it develop to become the most important settlement in Kamchatka. It gained town status on 9 April 1812. During the 1853–55 Crimean War , Anglo-French forces initiated the Siege of Petropavlovsk (August–September 1854), but it never fell. The city had been fortified under the overall command of Nikolay Muravyov ( Governor-General of the Eastern Siberia Governorate-General  [ ru ] from 1847 to 1861) in

2132-439: The offer and rejected it, as they wanted to stay in Kamchatka mainland, whose geography was familiar to them. Only one Ainu family moved to the island, and were joined by ethnic Russians, Kamchadals, Itelmen, Kadyaktsy (Kodiak Island Eskimo), Creoles (mixed origin people]]), Komi-Zyrians and Roma . By 1879, the island was home to a total of 168 Aleut and 332 Creole, plus around 50 to 60 people from other nationalities including

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2184-504: The official Ainu households disappeared in the late 1960s, when Yamanaka Kitaro committed suicide after the death of his wife. The couple was childless. Out of a total of 826 people living in the village of Zaporozhye in Ust-Bolsheretsky District , more than 100 people claimed during the 2010 Census that they are Ainu. They are former residents of the liquidated villages Yavin and Golygino. The number of people with Ainu ancestry

2236-456: The overall List of small-numbered Indigenous peoples of Russia The peoples below fall under the criteria of the decree, but were not included into the list in 2000. There are about 40 other tiny ethnic groups in Dagestan, with total number of less than 40,000. Most peoples with smaller populations have median ages that are considerably lower than the Russian average. The below table is taken from

2288-461: The passport, as they feared the Ainu as possible Japanese spies. Due to this, children born after 1945 were not able to identify themselves as Ainu. After World War II, many of the Ainu living in Sakhalin were deported to Japan. Out of the 1,159 known Ainu, only around 100 remained in Russia. Of those who remained, only the elderly were full blooded Ainu. Others were either mixed race, married to ethnic Russians or self-identified as Russian. The last of

2340-420: The preceding years, but possessed only a small garrison of a few hundred soldiers and sixty-seven cannon. After much exchange of fire, six hundred Anglo-French troops landed south of the city; two hundred and thirty Russian troops forced them to retreat after heavy fighting (1 September 1854). Four days later, a larger force of nine hundred Anglo-French troops landed east of the town, but again the Russians repelled

2392-525: The small Ainu community living in Kamchatka Krai wrote to Vladimir Putin, urging him to reconsider any move to return the Southern Kurile islands to Japan. They criticized the Japanese, the Tsarist Russians, and the Soviets for crimes against the Ainu, including killings and forced assimilation. They urged him to recognize the Japanese genocide against the Ainu people, which Putin refused to do. During

2444-459: The spring (February to April), seawater may freeze. Highest Temperature: 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) on July 2, 2012 Lowest Temperature: −31.7 °C (−25.1 °F) on February 14, 1917 Highest Daily Precipitation: 200.2 millimetres (7.88 in) on November 10, 2002 Wettest Year: 1,996 millimetres (78.6 in) in 1971 Driest Year: 432 millimetres (17.0 in) in 1947 The main association football stadium in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy

2496-453: The traditional Ainu culture . In social behavior and customs, they are almost identical with the Old Russian settlers of Kamchatka and therefore the benefits which are given to the Itelmen cannot be given to the Ainu of Kamchatka. The Ainu language is extinct as a spoken language in Russia. The Bolsheretsky Kurile stopped using the language as early as the beginning of the 20th century. Only 3 fluent speakers remained in Sakhalin as of 1979, and

2548-406: The two native ethnic groups (Ainu and Itelmen). Although identifying as Itelmen can give additional benefits (hunting and fishing rights), the residents seems to be wary about ethnic polarization and response from full-blooded Russian neighbors. Identifying as Ainu is not beneficial in any way. As an unrecognized nation, the Ainu are not eligible for either fishing or hunting quotas. Families who are

2600-503: Was born in 1964. The descendants of Tamara and Alexei are found in Kamchatka and Sakhalin. The last known deportation of Ainu to Japan occurred in 1982, when Keizo Nakamura, a full blooded Southern Kurils Ainu was deported to Hokkaido after serving 15 years hard labor in the province of Magadan . His wife, Tamara Timofeevna Pykhteeva was of mixed Sakhalin Ainu and Gilyak ancestry. After the arrest of Keizo in 1967, Tamara and her son Alexei Nakamura were expelled from Kamchatka Krai and sent to

2652-513: Was near Khabarovsk , in buildings provided by the Russians. For mail Petropavlovsk was assigned Navy number 1169, FPO San Francisco. The American use of these two bases proved short-lived. Petropavlovsk was a great source of fish, particularly salmon , and crab meat for the Soviet Union in the 20th century. Following the end of the Soviet era in December 1991, fishing rights have also been granted to foreign interests. Poaching of salmon for their caviar at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy remains

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2704-414: Was originally designated as a refuge for the Aleut people (from Atka , Attu , Fox , Andreanof .etc.), who were forced to flee Alaska after Russia sold it to the US. In 1827, on Bering Island lived 110 people (of which 93 spoke either Aleut or Aleut-Russian creole). Since the Northern Kuril Ainu were also having similar problems, the Tsar hoped to resettle them near the Aleut. But the Ainu were skeptical of

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