153-429: Miri ( / ˈ m ɪr i / ; Jawi : ميري ; Chinese : 美里 ; pinyin : Měilǐ ) is a coastal city in north-eastern Sarawak , Malaysia , located near the border of Brunei , on the island of Borneo . The city covers an area of 997.43 square kilometres (385.11 sq mi), located 798 kilometres (496 mi) northeast of Kuching and 329 kilometres (204 mi) southwest of Kota Kinabalu . Miri
306-658: A barrier beach between the Miri River and the shore causing a "Yazoo effect" where the river runs parallel to the coast before breaking through into the South China Sea . The city is predominately located on the inland (east) side of the Miri River with only a few scattered residential neighbourhoods, a Golf Club and a small airstrip on the Peninsula Road. Miri has a tropical rainforest climate . There are two monsoon seasons:
459-770: A bipedal stance for some behavior, and may walk a few steps bipedally. Pangolins are also good swimmers. Pangolins are insectivorous . Most of their diet consists of various species of ants and termites and may be supplemented by other insects, especially larvae. They are somewhat particular and tend to consume only one or two species of insects, even when many species are available. A pangolin can consume 140 to 200 g (5 to 7 oz) of insects per day. Pangolins are an important regulator of termite populations in their natural habitats. Pangolins have very poor vision . They also lack teeth. They rely heavily on smell and hearing , and they have other physical characteristics to help them eat ants and termites. Their skeletal structure
612-560: A Dutch flying boat from Tarakan Island attacked the Japanese destroyer Shinonome (under the command of Hiroshi Sasagawa) off Miri. The ship was sunk along with the entire crew of 228. Another flying boat X-33 also damaged a Japanese transport ship. After the fall of Singapore on 15 January 1942, skilled workers that went into hiding with their equipment were sent back to Miri by the Japanese. They were immediately put to work for Japanese oil supply service company named Nen Ryo Hai Kyu. Much of
765-452: A Malaysian national oil and gas company, was formed in 1974. As a result, a concession system was changed into production sharing contract system (PSC) between Shell and Petronas. All the foreign oil companies including Shell required to obtain licenses from Petronas. The first two PSCs were signed on 30 November 1976. Foreign oil companies are required to keep not more than 41% of the oil produced until their original costs are recovered. After
918-488: A ball when threatened, with its overlapping scales acting as armor , while it protects its face by tucking it under its tail. The scales are sharp, providing extra defense from predators. Pangolins can emit a noxious-smelling chemical from glands near the anus, similar to the spray of a skunk . They have short legs, with sharp claws which they use for burrowing into ant and termite mounds and for climbing. The tongues of pangolins are extremely long, and like those of
1071-621: A coastal road and Marudi through a 42 km road. ASEAN Bridge is located along the Miri-Baram Highway and crosses the Baram River, providing direct access to neighbouring country of Brunei, and the towns of Limbang and Lawas in Sarawak. Miri city has 2 bus stations, namely the local (located at Melayu Road next to Tamu Muhibbah and Wisma Pelita Tunku) and long-distance bus stations (located at Pujut Corner). The city bus station serves
1224-618: A deep trench uncovered by Tom Harrisson in 1958, which is the oldest modern human skull in Southeast Asia. The skull probably belongs to a 16- to 17-year-old adolescent girl. Unfossilised Manis paleojavanica (Asian giant pangolin ) bone dated back to 30,000 BC was also found in the proximity of the "Deep Skull", as well as with the Mesolithic and Neolithic burial sites inside the Niah Caves. Charles Brooke succeeded James Brooke as
1377-602: A documentation of the Song dynasty of China, mentions the imports of Borneo camphor and petroleum in the 11th century. In 1882, Mr de Crespigny reported to the Brooke government on 18 hand-dug oil wells in the Miri area. He also recommended that area near Miri River should be thoroughly explored. However, his recommendations were ignored. But when Charles Hose took over the Resident office in 1891, he
1530-519: A few times. Premises that fail to comply with this order will be fined up to a maximum of RM250, with the possibility of revocation of their business licences if they still do not comply afterwards. In the early stage, usage of Jawi stickers are allowed to put on existing signage instead of replacing the whole signage. Indonesia, having multiple regional and native languages, uses the Latin script for writing its own standard of Malay in general. Nonetheless,
1683-465: A few wooden shops operated by Chinese traders and a lone Arab trader. A fort was built in Claudetown (present day Marudi , 43 km or 27 mi to the east of Miri) in 1883. Claudetown became the administrative centre of the division. Mr Claude's administration was helped by two junior officers, 30 rangers, and a few native police. Charles Hose succeeded Mr de Crespigny as the new Resident in 1891 and
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#17328454553381836-411: A genetic dysfunction, making them extremely fragile. They are susceptible to diseases such as pneumonia and the development of ulcers in captivity, complications that can lead to an early death. In addition, pangolins rescued from illegal trade often have a higher chance of being infected with parasites such as intestinal worms , further lessening their chance for rehabilitation and reintroduction to
1989-462: A library, and an amphitheatre where concerts are frequently held. Taman Bunga (Flower Garden) is located at Asrama Road. Every plant here has a label which list the name and characteristics of the plant. Miri Crocodile Farm Wildlife Mini Zoo is located near the Baram Delta. It houses 1,000 estuarine crocodiles including Malayan gharial crocodiles. Man-made sanctuary pools are also constructed for
2142-423: A location known as "Miri Hill" (now known as "Canada Hill", 150 m (490 ft) above sea level) is suitable to act as an anticline for oil drilling. Finally, on 10 August 1910, the first oil drilling operation was started. A 30-metre-high (98 ft) rig (nicknamed the "Grand Old Lady") made up of wooden derricks and cable tool drilling was used in the operation by Royal Dutch Shell. On 22 December 1910, oil
2295-458: A major player in the city's economy after the war. Oil exploration has moved offshore since the 1950s, but subsequently new inland oil fields were found in 1989 and 2011. In 1974, the formation of Malaysian oil and gas company Petronas led to co-operation between Petronas and Shell on oil exploration in the Miri region. In 2005, Miri became the 10th city in Malaysia to be granted official city status,
2448-589: A nursing programme. Fajar International College (FIC) offers a Diploma in Occupational Safety & Health (DIPOSH), accounting, and business studies courses. IBS College was established in 1998, currently offering finance, business, accounting, and security courses. Maxcel Institute of Management offers Diploma programme for Hotel and Tourism Management. Cahaya Education and Training Academy (Ceta) offers training courses on oil and gas industries. Institut Latihan Perindustrian Miri (Miri Industry Training Institute)
2601-433: A pangolin is marked by large, hardened, overlapping, plate-like scales, which are soft on newborn pangolins, but harden as the animal matures. They are made of keratin , the same material from which human fingernails and tetrapod claws are made, and are structurally and compositionally very different from the scales of reptiles. The pangolin's scaled body is comparable in appearance to a pine cone . It can curl up into
2754-450: A peak of 15,211 barrels (2,418.4 m) per day in 1929. Water supply were improved, jungles were cleared, and more roads were built. Miri became the administrative centre of the entire Baram region in 1929. The Brooke government had been actively lobbying for the British government to accept Sarawak as one of its protectorates in an event of a war. By 1888, the British finally agreed to grant
2907-638: A return of their investments, the oil companies will keep 30% of the revenue after all operating costs and oil royalties are deducted. Petronas also formed a company named Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd which was directly involved in the exploration, development, and production of oil and gas in the country. Petronas also initiated the Baram Delta Gas Gathering (Bardegg) project which involves the collection and compression of gas from five fields, namely Betty, Bekor, Baram, Baronia, and West Lutong, located 10 to 45 km (6 to 28 mi) offshore from Miri. This
3060-669: A study found that it is "not too late" to establish conservation efforts for Philippine pangolins ( Manis culionensis ), a species that is only found on the island province of Palawan. Taiwan is one of the few conservation grounds for pangolins in the world after the country enacted the 1989 Wildlife Conservation Act. The introduction of Wildlife Rehabilitation Centers in places like Luanshan ( Yanping Township ) in Taitung and Xiulin townships in Hualien became important communities for protecting pangolins and their habitats and has greatly improved
3213-808: A tombstone discovered in Phan Rang , Vietnam dated 431 AH (1039 CE); a tombstone dated 440 AH (1048 CE) found in Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei ; and a tombstone of Fatimah Binti Maimun Bin Hibat Allah found in Gresik , East Java dated 475 AH (1082 CE). Islam was spread from the coasts to the interior of the island and generally in a top-down process in which rulers were converted and then introduced more or less orthodox versions of Islam to their peoples. The conversion of King Phra Ong Mahawangsa of Kedah in 1136 and King Merah Silu of Samudra Pasai in 1267 were among
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#17328454553383366-406: A total population of 290,274 and total area of 4,707 km (1,817 sq mi). Miri Resident Office and Miri District Office are located at Kingsway Road, Miri City. Miri is situated on the alluvial plain of the Miri River on the western shore of northern Sarawak on the island of Borneo . Because of the prevailing southerly off-shore current, beach drift has built up the Peninsula Road as
3519-529: Is Javanese Krama word to refer to the Java Island or Javanese people . According to Kamus Dewan , Jawi ( جاوي ) is a term synonymous to ' Malay '. The term has been used interchangeably with 'Malay' in other terms including Bahasa Jawi or Bahasa Yawi ( Kelantan-Pattani Malay , a Malayan language used in Southern Thailand ), Masuk Jawi (literally "to become Malay", referring to
3672-819: Is a writing system used for writing several languages of Southeast Asia , such as Acehnese , Magindanawn , Malay , Mëranaw , Minangkabau , Tausūg , and Ternate . Jawi is based on the Arabic script , consisting of all 31 original Arabic letters, six letters constructed to fit phonemes native to Malay, and one additional phoneme used in foreign loanwords, but not found in Classical Arabic , which are ca ( ⟨ چ ⟩ /t͡ʃ/ ), nga ( ⟨ ڠ ⟩ /ŋ/ ), pa ( ⟨ ڤ ⟩ /p/ ), ga ( ⟨ ݢ ⟩ /ɡ/ ), va ( ⟨ ۏ ⟩ /v/ ), and nya ( ⟨ ڽ ⟩ /ɲ/ ). Jawi
3825-445: Is a location where there are migrants from all over Sarawak, some West Malaysians, several foreigners, and several Eurasians. Among the main languages spoken here are Malay: which includes both the local variety of Malay, Sarawakian Malay or Bahasa Sarawak, and Standard Malay; Malaysian Mandarin , and Iban. The pronunciation and accent of spoken Malay differs depending on each individual's native language, background and history. English
3978-486: Is a private hospital that started its operation in 2002 and has 30 beds. It is located at Hokkien Road, Miri. Columbia Asia Medical Centre was formerly known as Selesa Medical Centre. It was acquired in 1998, located 4 km downtown Miri. It serves the communities from Miri, Limbang , Marudi , and Brunei. Shell employees make up the largest customer base for this private hospital. All the primary and secondary schools in Miri (under National Education System) are managed by
4131-477: Is a shopping destination for visitors coming from the neighbouring country of Brunei because of a discrepancy in currency exchange rate (100 Brunei dollar to around 350 Malaysian ringgit ), cheaper items, and a variety of resorts here in Miri for recreational activities. Bintang Plaza and Boulevard Shopping Mall are the two major shopping destinations for Brunei people. As of 2014, Miri visitor movement along Kuala Baram-Kuala Belait checkpoint ( Sungai Tujoh , along
4284-425: Is able to take in ships measuring up to 1,500 GT ( Gross Tonnage ), with general cargo area of 50,895 m and total developed area of 34 hectares (0.34 km; 0.13 sq mi) It is mainly used in handling petroleum, timber products, coal, and building materials. A total of 23.94 million metric tonnes of goods was handled by MPA from 2011 to 2013, which earned a total revenue of RM 48.58 million in port dues. Miri
4437-419: Is also active by day, while other species of pangolins spend most of the daytime sleeping, curled up into a ball (" volvation "). Arboreal pangolins live in hollow trees, whereas the ground-dwelling species dig tunnels to a depth of 3.5 m (11 ft). Some pangolins walk with their front claws bent under the foot pad, although they use the entire foot pad on their rear limbs. Furthermore, some exhibit
4590-493: Is also the main referral hospital in the northern region of Sarawak, and construction is currently ongoing to add an additional 328 beds in a new block There are currently 3 government polyclinics in Miri city namely Klinik Kesihatan Jalan Merbau, Klinik Kesihatan Tudan, and the new Klinik Kesihatan Bandaraya Miri. Miri has 4 private hospitals currently, with the newest private medical centres including Borneo Medical Centre Miri and KPJ Miri Specialist Hospital. Miri City Medical Centre
4743-575: Is also used as an alternative script among Malay communities in Indonesia and Thailand. Until the early 20th century, there was no standard spelling system for Jawi. The earliest orthographic reform towards a standard system was in 1937 by The Malay Language and Johor Royal Literary Book Pact. This was followed by another reform by Za'aba , published in 1949. The final major reform was the Enhanced Guidelines of Jawi Spelling issued in 1986 , which
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4896-663: Is another derivative that carries the meaning 'Malay script'. Prior to the onset of Islamisation , the Pallava script , Nagari, and old Sumatran scripts were used in writing the Malay language. This is evidenced from the discovery of several stone inscriptions in Old Malay , notably the Kedukan Bukit inscription and Talang Tuo inscription . The spread of Islam in Southeast Asia and the subsequent introduction of Arabic writing system began with
5049-559: Is based on the Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu (DKBM): Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi dictionary. Older texts may use different spellings for some words. Nonetheless, even different modern sources may use different spelling conventions; they may differ especially in the usage of the matres lectionis ( alif ا , wau و and ya ي ) and the hamzah tiga suku ء , as well as in the spelling of vowels and consonant clusters in loanwords from English . One source tends to use
5202-399: Is built at the site of "Grand Old Lady", the first oil well in Malaysia which was opened in 1910. Visitors are able to interact with advanced devices displayed in the museum. Niah Archeology Museum is located near the archaeological site of Niah cave. It exhibits the prehistorical artefacts found in the area. Baram Regional Museum was opened in 1997, housed inside Fort Hose at Marudi . The fort
5355-430: Is called the gizzard , and it is also covered in keratinous spines. These spines further aid in the grinding up and digestion of the pangolin's prey. Some species, such as the tree pangolin , use their strong, prehensile tails to hang from tree branches and strip away bark from the trunk, exposing insect nests inside. Pangolins are solitary and meet only to have sex, with mating typically taking place at night after
5508-552: Is currently in general usage. Today, Jawi is one of two official scripts in Brunei . In Malaysia, the position of Jawi is protected under Section 9 of the National Language Act 1963/67 , as it retains a degree of official use in religious and cultural contexts. In some states, most notably Kelantan , Terengganu and Pahang , Jawi has co-official script status as businesses are mandated to adopt Jawi signage and billboards. Jawi
5661-506: Is followed by Chinese (32.1%, 75,329), non-Malaysians (5.7%, 13,362), Indians (0.5%, 1134), and Others (0.4%, 980). The ethnic Malay population here consists mainly of Bruneian , Jati Miriek (early indigenous native inhabitants) and Kedayan peoples. Miri has 19 out of 27 Sarawak ethnic groups, including Orang Ulu tribal groups native to the area such as Berawan, Lakiput (often pronounce as Kiput), Lun Bawang , Kayan , Bakong, Kenyah and Kelabit people. Chinese in Miri mainly consist of
5814-610: Is generally well spoken by the older generation, many of whom received primary and secondary education in the 1960s, which then, was in English: a token of British colonialism; or who have worked in oil & gas related companies that operate in English, where they picked up English, Malay and Iban to varying levels of mastery. This is not the case for many younger Mirians, who generally were and are being educated in either Malay or Mandarin; most are capable of speaking basic English with grammar that
5967-579: Is heavily influenced by either Malay or Mandarin. This, is because the English language was reduced to a mere standalone subject after the 1980s. There is currently a minuscule minority of Miri-born Millennials and Generation Z members that speaks English as its first language, with varying levels of proficiency. The indigenous races speak their various languages as well, all of them Austronesian. These include languages such as Berawan , Lakiput (often called Kiput), Bruneian/Kedayan , Miriek, Iban , Bidayuh , Kayan , Kenyah , Lun Bawang and Kelabit . Meanwhile,
6120-720: Is located at Sarbekas Commercial Centre. It opens in late evening every Friday, Saturday and Sunday. There are over 170 stalls in the market which sell vegetables, fruits, sea products, drinks, satay, grilled fish, BBQ chicken wings and other products such as local handicrafts, clothes as well as used magazines at reasonable prices. Miri Handicraft Centre is located at Brooke Road, Miri. It features handicrafts and souvenirs of Sarawak such as colourful bags, beadwork, woodcarvings, and textiles made by local indigenous groups, Chinese, and Malay artisans. There are three music festivals in Miri, namely Borneo Jazz Festival , Asia Music Festival (AMF) and Miri Country Music Fest (MCMF). Borneo Jazz Festival
6273-755: Is no direct bus to Miri Airport , most people will prefer to use car or taxi because of short distance between airport and city. Miri Airport (IATA: MYY, ICAO: WBGR) is an important gateway to the northern region of Sarawak. It is located 11 km south of Miri city. It serves as a hub for domestic, international, and rural air services. Miri Airport is the tenth busiest airport in Malaysia and second busiest in Sarawak. It provided services to 2.2 million passengers in 2013. The airport has only one direct international flight to Singapore . It also receives flights from domestic destinations such as Kuala Lumpur , Johor Bahru , Kota Kinabalu , Labuan , Kuching and other major towns in Sarawak. Miri Airport also caters flights to
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6426-452: Is now majority-owned by Shin Yang Group and Sarawak Land Custody and Development Authority (LCDA) with its headquarters in Miri. By 2014, oil palm plantations between Miri-Bintulu zone constituted 60% of total oil palm estates in Sarawak. Miri Port Authority (MPA) was established on 1 February 1981 and commenced operation on 1 March 1983. It is located near the mouth of Baram River . The port
6579-499: Is now. Prehistoric Niah Cave was surrounded by a mosaic of closed forests with bush, parkland, swamps, and rivers. The foragers were able to survive in the rainforests through hunting, fishing, mollusc collection, and plant gathering. The earliest evidence of human population in the area dates back to 40,000 BC in Niah Cave at Paleolithic period. This is evidenced by the discovery of a Homo sapiens skull nicknamed "Deep Skull" in
6732-577: Is one district police headquarters at Pujut Road, Miri. Miri central police station is located at Raja Road while other police stations are located at Bakam Road, Miri Airport , Kampung Tulang Road, Bekenu , and Niah. There is also a central prison in Miri. The current Miri Hospital started its operation on 6 May 1995, located 2.5 km away from Miri city centre and with an area of 87.11 hectares. The hospital has 339 beds, and it provides tertiary specialist services such as surgery, ophthalmology, obstetrics and gynaecology (ONG), nephrology and radiology. It
6885-834: Is predominantly Christian, in contrast with most of the Indonesian archipelago This is also owing to the 2 previous Christian Revivals : the Bario Revival and the Ba’ Kelalan Revival that occurred between the 1960s and 1990s. There are a few industrial areas in Miri, some examples include Kuala Baram Industrial Estate (Mixed, Light, and Medium Industries), Piasau Industrial Estate (Mixed Light Industries), Senadin Industrial Area, Eastwood Industrial Estate and Bekenu Light Industrial Area (food processing). Miri mainly relies on its oil and gas industry, which contributes significantly to
7038-468: Is reported in Nigeria , where the animal is on the verge of extinction due to overexploitation . The overexploitation comes from hunting pangolins for game meat and the reduction of their forest habitats due to deforestation caused by timber harvesting . The pangolin are hunted as game meat for both medicinal purposes and food consumption. The nucleic acid sequence of a specific receptor-binding domain of
7191-707: Is sturdy and they have strong front legs used for tearing into termite mounds. They use their powerful front claws to dig into trees, soil, and vegetation to find prey, then proceed to use their long tongues to probe inside the insect tunnels and to retrieve their prey. The structure of their tongue and stomach is key to aiding pangolins in obtaining and digesting insects. Their saliva is sticky, causing ants and termites to stick to their long tongues when they are hunting through insect tunnels. Without teeth, pangolins cannot also chew; but while foraging , they ingest small stones ( gastroliths ), which accumulate in their stomachs to help to grind up ants. This part of their stomach
7344-680: Is the first international school in Miri. In 2019, Tenby International School was renamed Knewton Global Schools under new ownership. Other private schools in Miri such as Sekolah Rendah Sri Mawar and Sekolah Rendah Sri Mulia are providers of primary education. Curtin University, Malaysia is the first foreign university to establish its campus in Sarawak since 1999. It offers business, accounting, and engineering courses. Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia Kampus Miri Sarawak (Teachers Training Institute Malaysia Miri) offers training for teachers placements in primary and secondary schools. I-Systems College offers
7497-415: Is the only building which survives World War II. Miri is surrounded by five national parks namely: Gunung Mulu National Park , which is a renowned UNESCO World Heritage Site ; Niah National Park ; Lambir Hills National Park ; Loagan Bunut National Park and Miri-Sibuti Coral Reef National Park . Tanjung Lobang Beach is the oldest recreational park in Miri. There are two wooden piers extending out into
7650-428: Is the second largest city in Sarawak, with a population of 356,900 as of 2020. The city is also the capital of Miri District , Miri Division . Before Miri was founded, Marudi was the administrative centre of the northern region of Sarawak . Miri was founded in 1910 when the first oil well was drilled by Royal Dutch Shell . The discovery of an oil field in Miri has led to rapid development of Miri town. Miri became
7803-456: Is to ensure the minimisation of gas loss during oil production. Petronas and Shell are also involved in educational outreach activities such as awarding scholarships to deserving students. Both companies are also involved in Malaysian first rig-to-reef project, in an effort to preserve bio-marine life in the sea offshore Miri. In this project, an abandoned offshore platform was made to become part of
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#17328454553387956-525: Is widely used in Riau and Riau Island province, where road signs and government building signs are written in this script. A sister variant called Pegon is used to write Javanese, Sundanese, and Madurese and is still widely used in traditional religious schools across Java , but has been supplanted in common writing by the Latin alphabet and, in some cases, Javanese script and Sundanese script . Modern Jawi spelling
8109-473: The Fuzhounese majority with significant populations of Hakka and Cantonese including a small number of Teochews and Hainanese. A majority of non-Malaysians in Miri are Bajau people from the working at Baram Delta as fishermen. There are also illegal Suluk and Bajau people entering Miri using Pulau Tikus (near Baram Delta) as a transit point. There is great diversity in terms of languages spoken in Miri, as it
8262-707: The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Sarawak. Sarawak Shell Berhad ( upstream business ) and Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd have their offices based in Miri. Other multinational oil and gas companies also set up their offices here, including Nippon Oil , Schlumberger , Baker Hughes , Halliburton , Technip , Ranhill WorleyParsons, and Petra Resources Sdn Bhd. In 1989, Asam Paya Oilfield was discovered in Sarawak inland areas. In 2010, Petronas discovered two oil fields offshore between Bintulu and Miri. In 2011, new underground reserves of oil and gas deposits were discovered by Nippon Oil in an inland region near Miri, Sarawak. In
8415-468: The IUCN , while three are classified as critically endangered . All pangolin species are currently listed under Appendix I of CITES which prohibits international trade, except when the product is intended for non-commercial purposes and a permit has been granted. China had been the main destination country for pangolins until 2018, where it was surpassed by Vietnam. In 2019, Vietnam was reported to have seized
8568-602: The Malay word pengguling meaning "one who rolls up" from guling or giling "to roll"; it was used for the Sunda pangolin ( Manis javanica ). However, the modern name is tenggiling . In Javanese , it is terenggiling ; and in the Philippine languages , it is goling , tanggiling , or balintong (with the same meaning). In ancient India, according to Aelian , it was known as the phattáges (φαττάγης). The physical appearance of
8721-614: The Manidae , has three genera: Manis , Phataginus , and Smutsia . Manis comprises four species found in Asia, while Phataginus and Smutsia include two species each, all found in sub-Saharan Africa. These species range in size from 30 to 100 cm (12 to 39 in). Several extinct pangolin species are also known. In September 2023, nine species were reported. Pangolins have large, protective keratin scales, similar in material to fingernails and toenails, covering their skin; they are
8874-648: The Royal Malaysia Police obtained a court injunction against it on the grounds it would trigger ethnic tensions. The state government of Kedah in Malaysia has long defended the use of Jawi in the state. The Menteri Besar of Kedah has denied the allegation that the state government was trying to create an Islamic state ambience by promoting the use of Jawi in 2008, saying that it is a normal occurrence evidenced by Chinese coffeeshops and pawnshops having signboards written in Jawi. This can further be seen later on when
9027-748: The Song dynasty , the notion of penetrating and clearing blockages was emphasized in the Taiping sheng hui fan ("Formulas from Benevolent Sages Compiled During the Era of Peace and Tranquility"), compiled by Wang Huaiyin in 992. In the 21st century, the main uses of pangolin scales are quackery practices based on unproven claims the scales dissolve blood clots , promote blood circulation, or help lactating women secrete milk. The supposed health effects of pangolin meat and scales claimed by folk medicine practitioners are based on their consumption of ants, long tongues, and protective scales. The official pharmacopoeia of
9180-498: The carnivorans , with which they form a clade , the Ferae . Palaeanodonts are even closer relatives to pangolins, being classified with pangolins in the clade Pholidotamorpha . The split between carnivorans and pangolins is estimated to have occurred 79.47 Ma (million years) ago. The first dichotomy in the phylogeny of extant Manidae separates Asian pangolins ( Manis ) from African pangolins ( Smutsia and Phataginus ). Within
9333-456: The giant anteater and the tube-lipped nectar bat , the root of the tongue is not attached to the hyoid bone but is in the thorax between the sternum and the trachea . Large pangolins can extend their tongues as much as 40 cm (16 in), with a diameter of only about 0.5 cm ( 1 ⁄ 5 in). Most pangolins are nocturnal animals which use their well-developed sense of smell to find insects. The long-tailed pangolin
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#17328454553389486-442: The southwest monsoon , which is the dry season from April to September, and the northeast monsoon , which is the wet season from October to March. The annual rainfall is around 250 to 380 cm (98 to 150 in). The air temperature is between 23 °C (73 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F) the whole year round. But on rare occasions, the temperature can go down to 16 °C (61 °F) to 18 °C (64 °F) especially in
9639-554: The spike protein belonging to coronaviruses taken from pangolins was found to be a 99% match with SARS coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ), the virus which causes COVID-19 and is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic . Researchers in Guangzhou , China, hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 had originated in bats, and prior to infecting humans, was circulating among pangolins. The illicit Chinese trade of pangolins for use in traditional Chinese medicine
9792-664: The threatened tier. Three ( Manis culionensis , M. pentadactyla and M. javanica ) are critically endangered, three ( Phataginus tricuspis , Manis crassicaudata and Smutsia gigantea ) are endangered and two ( Phataginus tetradactyla and Smutsia temminckii ) are vulnerable on the Red List of Threatened Species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature . The name of order Pholidota comes from Ancient Greek ϕολιδωτός – "clad in scales" from φολίς pholís " scale ". The name "pangolin" comes from
9945-638: The 15th century and lasted right up to the 19th century. Other forms of Arabic-based scripts existed in the region, notably the Pegon alphabet used for Javanese in Java and the Serang alphabet used for Buginese in South Sulawesi . Both writing systems applied extensive use of Arabic diacritics and added several letters which were formed differently from Jawi letters to suit the languages. Due to their fairly limited usage,
10098-528: The 1970 to 1980s, timber exporting industry became one of the major income generators for Miri. Multinational conglomerates based in Miri such as Shin Yang and Samling had their early beginnings in timber industry. Besides, shipbuilding companies such as Sealink Shipyard, Shin Yang Shipping & Shipyard, Berjaya Dockyard, and Sarawak Slipways have their major shipyards set up in Miri - Kuala Baram industrial area along
10251-560: The Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company (later became a part of Royal Dutch Shell Company in 1907). H. N. Benjamin, a branch manager from the petroleum company, was interested in this idea. Finally in 1909, Rajah Charles Brooke came to London to sign the first Sarawak Oil Mining Lease. Royal Dutch Shell dispatched a senior geologist named Josef Theodor Erb together with Charles Hose back to Miri. Erb started to map Miri oil fields from August 1909 to July 1910. He also identified
10404-485: The Baram river. First large-scale oil palm plantation in Sarawak began in 1968, in which the newly formed Sarawak Oil Palm Berhad (SOPB) planted a total of 5,000-hectare (50 km) oil palm plantations near Miri by employing Indonesian workers at these plantations. Since the 1980s, SOPB has a total of 30,000-hectare (300 km) of oil palm in Miri and Bintulu Divisions, generating a total revenue of RM 85 million in 2005. SOPB
10557-546: The British government advocated a " scorched earth policy" for the Brooke government in the event of a Japanese attack. A Denial Scheme was formulated to destroy oil installations in Miri and Lutong. This was because the coastline measuring 48 kilometres (30 mi) from Lutong to Miri was impossible to defend from Japanese landings due to shortage of manpower. By May 1941, 1 Infantry Company from 2/15 Punjab Regiment , 6-inch Hong Kong-Singapore Royal Artillery Battery, and 1 Platoon of Royal Engineers were stationed at Miri to oversee
10710-493: The Chinese Malaysians speak Malaysian Mandarin , Hakka , Cantonese , Teochew , Hainanese , Hokkien and Foochow , in addition to possibly Henghua , a minority Chinese language in Malaysia. However, many Millennials and Generation Z members in Miri tend to use the lingua francas Malay and Malaysian Mandarin rather than their indigenous languages (such as Kayan and Kelabit) and Chinese dialects (Hokkien and Foochow); with
10863-763: The IUCN considered all eight species of pangolin on its Red List of Threatened Species as threatened. The IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group launched a global action plan to conserve pangolins, dubbed "Scaling up Pangolin Conservation", in July 2014. This action plan aims to improve all aspects of pangolin conservation with an added emphasis on combating poaching and trafficking of the animal while educating communities on its importance. Another suggested approach to fighting pangolin (and general wildlife) trafficking consists in "following
11016-535: The Japanese oil drilling and refinery equipment was portable. A total of 0.75 million barrels (119,000 m) were produced during the Japanese occupation from 1941 to 1945. During the occupation, Miri and Lutong became a periodic subject of Allied air raids and bombings. Food, clothes, and medicine were scarce. Workers of the Japanese oil supply service were used to reconstruct and maintain Lutong Bridge and Lutong airstrip from Allied bombing damage. Petronas ,
11169-509: The Jawi script does have a regional status in native Malay areas such as Riau , Riau archipelago , Jambi , South Sumatra (i.e Palembang Malay language ), Aceh , and Kalimantan (i.e. Banjar language ). This is due to the fact that regional and native languages are compulsory studies in the basic education curriculum of each region (examples include Javanese for Javanese regions, Sundanese for Sundanese regions, Madurese for Maduranese regions, and Jawi for Malay regions). Jawi script
11322-638: The Jawi script was then deemed as the writing of the Muslims. The oldest remains of Malay using the Jawi script have been found on the Terengganu Inscription Stone , dated 702 AH (1303 CE), nearly 600 years after the date of the first recorded existence of Arabic script in the region. The inscription on the stone contains a proclamation issued by the "Sri Paduka Tuan" of Terengganu, urging his subjects to "extend and uphold" Islam and providing 10 basic Sharia laws for their guidance. This has attested
11475-469: The Jawi script. Additionally local religious scholars later began to elucidate the Islamic teachings in the forms of original writings. Moreover, there were also individuals of the community who used Jawi for the writing of literature which previously existed and spread orally. With this inclusion of written literature, Malay literature took on a more sophisticated form. This was believed to have taken place from
11628-638: The Kedah state government has shown its support with Johor state government's move to use Jawi in official matters in 2019. The exco of local authority of the state of Kedah had also stated that the Jawi script in billboards in Kedah is not forbidden, but rather recommended. He claims that the recommendation to use Jawi script has been gazetted in the state law, and that it has been part of the state identity to have billboards in Jawi script in addition to other scripts. He also stated that there are high demands in incorporating Jawi script in billboards in Kedah. Kuantan ,
11781-463: The Marina Bay, Miri and head up to the ocean for 3 days. The participant who catches the biggest fish in that category wins. Miri city Christmas Parade is held annually since 2007. Churches in Miri would start the parade at Miri City Fan and cover the main streets in the city centre. In 2005, a petroleum museum was opened in Miri to preserve the city's roots as an oil and gas city. The petroleum museum
11934-941: The Miri District Education Office located at Kipas Road, Miri. Among the Chinese primary schools are SJK (C) Chung Hua Miri, SJK (C) Chung Hua Pujut, and SJK (C) Chung Hua Lutong. SK Agama Miri is an Islamic primary school. There are several national primary schools such as: SK Anchi, SK Senadin, and SK St Columba, along with several other national secondary schools in Miri namely SMK Agama Miri , SMK St. Columba , SM Sains Miri , Kolej Tun Dato Tuanku Haji Bujang , SMK St.Joseph , SMK Lutong , SMK Pujut , SMK Lopeng Tengah , SMK Chung Hua Miri and Sekolah Menengah Teknik Miri . Miri has 2 out of 14 Chinese independent schools in Sarawak. These are Pei Min Middle School (培民中学) and Riam Road Middle School (廉律中学). Tenby International School
12087-817: The Miri May Fest. Gong Xi Fa Cai Bazaar is held annually a few weeks before the Chinese New Year eve. There will be stalls opening daily selling food and drinks, clothes, decorative items, potted plants, paintings, and handicrafts. Various entertainment programmes such as lion and dragon dances will be held every evening. Miri International Dance for Humanity is held annually since 2004 by Miri Chapter of Malaysian Red Crescent Society to promote racial and cultural harmony. This event will showcase up to 40 to 50 multicultural dance troupes which attract an audience of around 3,500. No dancing competition will be held during this event. Donation cards will be distributed to raise funds for
12240-606: The People's Republic of China included Chinese pangolin scales as an ingredient in TCM formulations. Pangolins were removed from the pharmacopoeia starting from the first half of 2020. Although pangolin scales have been removed from the list of raw ingredients, the scales are still listed as a key ingredient in various medicines. Pangolin parts are also used for medicinal purposes in other Asian countries such as India, Nepal and Pakistan. In some parts of India and Nepal, locals believe that wearing
12393-463: The Permyjaya, Tudan, Senadin, Miri Hospital, RTM (Eastern road from Pujut 1 to Pujut 5), Taman Tunku and Sungai Rait + Bakam. Buses to Lambir Hills National Park, rest of division within Sarawak and Pontianak, Indonesia depart from the long-distance bus station. Local taxi services are also provided in the city with the main taxi stand at China Road in the city centre. Taxis here do not use meters. There
12546-491: The Red Crescent Society. 916 Malaysia Day Countdown cum Street Party has been held annually since 2010. It consists of a variety of outdoor sports events, street parties, and entertainment programmes which runs beyond midnight to commemorate the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963. Miri International Deep Sea Fishing Tournament is held annually at Luconia Shoals at South China Sea . Participants will depart from
12699-450: The Sarawak interior such as Bario , Ba'kelalan , Marudi , Lawas , Limbang , and Mukah through MASwings using DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft. Currently, there are five airlines serving Miri airport, namely Scoot , Malaysia Airlines , Air Asia , Firefly and MASwings . Kuala Baram Express Boat Jetty is located 45 minutes away from Miri city centre. It was last operated in the year 2014 and
12852-518: The Sarawak-Brunei border) reached a total of 2.9 million people in one year. Miri is also an eco-tourism gateway to four national parks and a marine national park. Miri is also a destination for Bruneians to go clubbing on occasion. The education sector is another income generator for Miri. Curtin University, Malaysia brought in RM 480 million foreign exchange annually from 3,000 foreign students studying at
13005-590: The Siwa reef. Both companies also started to establish Piasau Nature Reserve in 2014. Miri Municipal Council has adopted the seahorse as the town's official symbol. It was proposed by the former Sarawak chief minister Abdul Taib Mahmud and introduced as part of the "I love Miri campaign" in 1994. The seahorse is chosen because of its distinctive figure with gentle and graceful motion. These characteristics describe multiple ethnic and cultural identities of Miri which live in peace and harmony with good values of life. It also denotes
13158-539: The World, are among the countless epics written by the Malay people. The Sufic poems by Hamzah Fansuri and many others contributed to the richness and depth of the Malay civilisation. Jawi script was the official script for the Unfederated Malay States when they were British protectorates. Today, Jawi is one of the official scripts of Brunei . In Malaysia, it is used for religious and cultural administration in
13311-581: The administrative centre of the northern region of Sarawak by 1929. During World War II , the Miri oil fields were destroyed by the Brooke government to sabotage Japanese operations in Southeast Asia but to no avail; Miri town was the first landing point of Japanese troops in Borneo . The subsequent Japanese occupation led Miri to become a target of Allied air raids which caused the destruction of oil refinery facilities in Miri. The petroleum industry continued to be
13464-618: The arrival of Muslim merchants in the region since the seventh century. Among the oldest archaeological artefacts inscribed with Arabic script are; a tombstone of Syeikh Rukunuddin dated 48 AH (668/669 CE) in Barus, Sumatra ; a tombstone dated 290 AH (910 CE) on the mausoleum of Syeikh Abdul Qadir Ibn Husin Syah Alam located in Alor Setar , Kedah ; a tombstone found in Pekan , Pahang dated 419 AH (1026 CE);
13617-448: The burrow riding on the mother's back. Weaning takes place around three months of age, when the young begin to eat insects in addition to nursing. At two years of age, the offspring are sexually mature and are abandoned by the mother. The order Pholidota was long considered to be the sister taxon to Xenarthra (neotropical anteaters , sloths , and armadillos ), but recent genetic evidence indicates their closest living relatives are
13770-412: The city. It is a common spot for barbecues and picnics. Further down to the south of Luak Esplanade Beach is Bungai Beach, which is located at Bekenu , about 1 hour drive from Miri city. Since 2015, the "Blue Tears" phenomenon caused by Dinoflagellate bioluminescence can be seen at Miri beaches particularly at Tusan beach, which is a half-an-hour drive from the Miri city. Miri Bulatan Park was opened to
13923-618: The crocodiles. Other animals can also be found here such as cassowary , sun bears, python, monkeys and porcupines. Visitors are allowed to feed the animals with bananas available from the canteen. Miri has always been a shopping haven for nearby Bruneians, thanks to the favourable currency exchange rates. There are plenty of shopping malls in Miri and the popular ones include Bintang Megamall, Boulevard Shopping Complex, The Imperial Mall, E-Mart, Miri Plaza (Servay Hypermarket), MYY Mall, Permy Mall, Soon Hup Shopping Complex, Wisma Pelita Tunku, and Permaisuri Imperial City Mall. Saberkas Weekend Market
14076-610: The day and a souvenir book was buried at Petroleum Science Museum at Canada Hill, Miri. The time capsule will be opened 100 years later on 20 May 2105. An effort has also been made to develop Miri as liveable resort city. Miri City currently elects one member of parliament from the Miri parliamentary seat (P.219) into the Parliament of Malaysia . The city also elects 3 state assemblymen into the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly , namely Piasau, Pujut, and Senadin. Miri
14229-487: The destruction of the Miri oil fields. In August 1941, an operation was carried out to reduce Miri oil output by 70%. Soon after the news of Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor , Japanese planes were seen making reconnaissance flights over Miri. The Brooke government decided on a complete destruction of oilfields and airfields in Miri. Shell company officials received orders to carry out the Denial Scheme on 8 December 1941. In
14382-682: The earliest examples. At the early stage of Islamisation, the Arabic script was taught to the people who had newly embraced Islam in the form of religious practices, such as the recitation of Quran as well as salat . The Arabic script was accepted by the Malay community together with their acceptance of Islam and was adapted to suit spoken Classical Malay . Six letters were added for sounds not found in Arabic: ca , pa , ga , nga , va and nya . Some Arabic letters are rarely used as they represent sounds not present in modern Malay however may be used to reflect
14535-635: The efficacy of those practices, and they have no logical mechanism of action , their popularity still drives the black market for animal body parts, despite concerns about toxicity, transmission of diseases from animals to humans, and species extermination. The ongoing demand for parts as ingredients continues to fuel pangolin poaching, hunting and trading . The first record of pangolin scales occurs in Ben Cao Jinji Zhu ("Variorum of Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica", 500 CE), which recommends pangolin scales for protection against ant bites; burning
14688-588: The evening on the same day, the task was completed. All producing oil wells were sealed up with vital equipment and machinery dismantled and shipped off to Singapore. Skilled workers and important company papers also went along with the equipment and sent to Singapore. The Punjab Regiment and several officials were sent to guard Kuching. On 16 December 1941, 9 days after the Pearl Harbor bombing, Japanese troops consisting of 10,000 men landed on Tanjung Lobang Beach, Miri without much resistance. However, on 17 December 1941,
14841-488: The event. Miri Country Music Fest (MCMF) is a one-day event introduced in 2014, held at Parkcity Everly Hotel, Miri. Among the activities that can be found here are music and dance workshop, and night concert featuring country music bands from all over the world. Stalls selling food items, games, and souvenir items are also available. Jawi alphabet Jawi ( جاوي ; Acehnese : Jawoë ; Kelantan-Pattani : Yawi ; Malay pronunciation: [d͡ʒä.wi] )
14994-966: The exception of Iban, which is widely used here; although certain efforts have been made in the past to promote the usage of indigenous languages among the younger generation. Religions in Miri include Christianity , Islam , Buddhism , Taoism , Hinduism , Sikhism and Baháʼí Faith . Among the Christian churches, there are the Borneo Evangelical Church , Anglicanism , Methodism , Roman Catholics . Respective religious groups are free to hold processions in Miri city. Among notable religious places in Miri are: Tua Pek Kong Temple , Che Sing Khor Moral Uplifting Society, Lian Hua San Ching Tian Temple (莲花山三清殿, Taoist temple), St Joseph Cathedral (Roman Catholic), Hwai En Methodist Church, St Columba church (Anglican), Al-Taqwa Mosque, Al-Jamek Mosque, Sikh Temple, and Kamini Durga Eswari Amman Temple (Hinduism). Sarawak
15147-408: The first non-state-capital city to be bestowed such status. Miri is the main tourist gateway to the world-famous UNESCO World Heritage Site , Gunung Mulu National Park ; Loagan Bunut National Park ; Lambir Hills National Park ; and Niah National Park and Miri-Sibuti Coral Reef National Park . The Gunung Mulu National Park with its Sarawak Chamber , which is the largest known cave chamber in
15300-970: The following conventions; there are numerous exceptions to them nonetheless. Akin to the Arabic script, Jawi is constructed from right-to-left . Below is an exemplification of the Jawi script extracted from the first and second verse of the notable Ghazal untuk Rabiah , غزال اونتوق ربيعة ( English : A Ghazal for Rabiah). کيلاون اينتن برکليڤ-کليڤ دلاڠيت تيڠݢي⹁ دان چهاي مناري-ناري دلاڠيت بيرو⹁ تيدقله داڤت مننڠکن ڤراسا ء نکو⹁ يڠ ريندوکن کحاضيرن کاسيه. ݢمرسيق ايراما مردو بولوه ڤريندو⹁ دان ڽاڽين ڤاري٢ دري کايڠن⹁ تيدقله داڤت تنترمکن سانوباري⹁ يڠ مندمباکن کڤستين کاسيهمو. Kilauan intan berkelip-kelip di langit tinggi, Dan cahaya menari-nari di langit biru, Tidaklah dapat menenangkan perasaanku, Yang rindukan kehadiran kasih. Gemersik irama merdu buluh perindu, Dan nyanyian pari-pari dari kayangan, Tidaklah dapat tenteramkan sanubari, Yang mendambakan kepastian kasihmu. The glimmer of gems twinkling in
15453-486: The former, Manis pentadactyla is the sister group to a clade comprising M. crassicaudata and M. javanica . Within the latter, a split separates the large terrestrial African pangolins of the genus Smutsia from the small arboreal African pangolins of the genus Phataginus . Asian and African pangolins are thought to have diverged about 41.37 Ma ago. Moreover, the basal position of Manis within Pholidota suggests
15606-575: The fort in Marudi was renamed as "Fort Hose". To restore peace among various ethnic tribes fighting in the Baram region, Charles Hose decided to organise a peace conference at his fort in April 1899. This peace conference also led to the birth of first Baram Regatta, a long boat race competition among the natives which continued to be held until today. The local population in Miri has indeed started to extract oil from hand-dug wells for centuries. Song Huiyao Jigao ,
15759-496: The genomes of dead Manis javanica and Manis pentadactyla . To refer to both sampling site and hosts, they were named Dongyang pangolin virus (DYPV) and Lishui pangolin virus (LSPV). The DYPV pestivirus was also identified in Amblyomma javanense nymph ticks from a diseased pangolin. Pangolin scales and flesh are used as ingredients for various traditional Chinese medicine preparations. While no scientific evidence exists for
15912-464: The group originated in Eurasia, consistent with their laurasiatherian phylogeny. Pangolins are in high demand in southern China and Vietnam because their scales are believed to have medicinal properties in traditional Chinese and Vietnamese medicine . Their meat is also considered a delicacy. 100,000 are estimated to be trafficked a year to China and Vietnam, amounting to over one million over
16065-583: The largest volumes of pangolin scales, surpassing Nigeria that year. Pangolins are also hunted and eaten in Ghana and are one of the more popular types of bushmeat , while local healers use the pangolin as a source of traditional medicine. Though pangolins are protected by an international ban on their trade, populations have suffered from illegal trafficking due to beliefs in East Asia that their ground-up scales can stimulate lactation or cure cancer or asthma . In
16218-448: The late 1950s. The first oil well on Canada Hill (Miri Well No. 1) produced a total of 0.65 million barrels (103,000 m) for the next 60 years until its closure on 31 October 1972. The first oil refinery and submarine pipeline was built in Miri in 1914. The oil refinery has since been relocated to Lutong , 11 km (6.8 mi) to the north of Miri, in 1916. Resident Office moved from Marudi to Miri in 1912. Miri grew as fast as
16371-452: The letter from Sultan Iskandar Muda of Acèh Darussalam to King James I of England (1615), and the letter from Sultan Abdul Jalil IV of Johor to King Louis XV of France (1719). Many literary works such as epics, poetry and prose use the Jawi script. It is the pinnacle of the classic Malay civilisation. Historical epics such as the Malay Annals , as listed by UNESCO under Memories of
16524-474: The lingua franca of the region, alongside the spread of Islam. It was widely used in the Sultanate of Malacca , Sultanate of Johor , Sultanate of Maguindanao , Sultanate of Brunei , Sultanate of Sulu , Sultanate of Pattani , the Sultanate of Aceh to the Sultanate of Ternate in the east as early as the 15th century. The Jawi script was used in royal correspondences, decrees, poems and was widely understood by
16677-446: The location of Miri town near to the sea and coral reefs and the city status as a resort paradise. Miri was elevated to city status on 20 May 2005 and became Malaysia's tenth city. Miri is also the first town in Malaysia which is not a state capital to be granted city status. Miri City Day is celebrated each year on 20 May since it was declared by the past Chief Minister , Abdul Taib Mahmud . A time capsule containing news article of
16830-580: The lofty sky, And light that dances across upon the azure sky, Are not able to soothe my heart, That pines for the presence of the Beloved. The melodious rhythm of the reed flute, And the chorus of nymphs from Heaven, Are not able to calm the soul, That craves the certainty of your Love. Pangolin Pangolins , sometimes known as scaly anteaters , are mammals of the order Pholidota ( / f ɒ l ɪ ˈ d oʊ t ə / ). The one extant family,
16983-431: The male and female pangolin meet near a watering hole. Males are larger than females, weighing up to 40% more. While the mating season is not defined, they typically mate once each year, usually during the summer or autumn. Rather than the males seeking out the females, males mark their location with urine or feces and the females find them. If competition over a female occurs, the males use their tails as clubs to fight for
17136-513: The merchants in the port of Malacca as the main means of communication. Early legal digests such as the Undang-Undang Melaka Code and its derivatives including the Codes of Johor, Perak, Brunei, Kedah, Pattani and Aceh were written in this script. It is the medium of expression of kings, nobility and the religious scholars. It is the traditional symbol of Malay culture and civilisation. Jawi
17289-817: The money" rather than "the animal", which aims to disrupt smugglers' profits by interrupting money flows. Financial intelligence gathering could thus become a key tool in protecting these animals, although this opportunity is often overlooked. In 2018, a Chinese NGO launched the Counting Pangolins movement, calling for joint efforts to save the mammals from trafficking. Wildlife conservation group TRAFFIC has identified 159 smuggling routes used by pangolin traffickers and aims to shut these down. Many attempts have been made to breed pangolins in captivity, but due to their reliance on wide-ranging habitats and very particular diets, these attempts are often unsuccessful. Pangolins have significantly decreased immune responses due to
17442-597: The months of November, December and January. The lowest temperature ever recorded was in December 2010 when the mercury dropped down to 11 °C (52 °F). People from Miri are called "Mirians". The growth of Miri population is shown below: According to the 2010 Malaysian census, Miri City has a total population of 234,541. Indigenous people form the largest ethnic group in the city (61.3%, 143,736) which consists of Iban (61,273), Malay (46,723), other indigenous tribes (24,119), Melanau (8,313), and Bidayuh (3,308). This
17595-502: The new Rajah of Sarawak in 1868. By 1883, Sultan of Brunei ( Sultan Abdul Momin ) ceded the Baram region (including Miri) to Charles Brooke. The fourth division of Sarawak was immediately created with the installation of Claude Champion de Crespigny as the first Resident of the Division. The Miri area was still a fishing village at that time. It was a small settlement surrounded by mangrove and Nipah palm jungles consisted of 20 scattered houses,
17748-423: The ocean which offer a view of the coastline and the seahorse lighthouse at Marina Bay. Miri Marriott Hotel is located at Tanjung Lobang Beach. Marina Bay also has berthing facilities for yachts. Hawaii Beach is located 15 minutes away from Miri city. Picnic and barbecue facilities are provided here. Lutong Beach is suitable for paragliding and paramotor sports. Luak Esplanade Beach is located 11 km south of
17901-431: The only known mammals with this feature. Depending on the species, they live in hollow trees or burrows . Pangolins are nocturnal , and their diet consists of mainly ants and termites , which they capture using their long tongues. They tend to be solitary animals, meeting only to mate and produce a litter of one to three offspring, which they raise for about two years. Pangolins superficially resemble armadillos , though
18054-450: The opportunity to mate with her. Gestation periods differ by species, ranging from roughly 70 to 140 days. African pangolin females usually give birth to a single offspring at a time, but the Asiatic species may give birth to from one to three. Weight at birth is 80 to 450 g ( 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 to 15 + 3 ⁄ 4 oz), and the average length is 150 mm (6 in). At
18207-470: The original spelling of Arabic loanwords. The sounds represented by these letters may be assimilated into sounds found in Malay's native phoneme inventory or in some instances appear unchanged. Like the other Arabic scripts, some letters are obligatorily joined while some are never joined. This was the same for the acceptance of Arabic writing in Turkey , Persia and India which had taken place earlier and thus,
18360-543: The past decade, numerous seizures of illegally trafficked pangolin and pangolin meat have taken place in Asia. In one such incident in April 2013, 10,000 kg (22,000 pounds) of pangolin meat were seized from a Chinese vessel that ran aground in the Philippines . In another case in August 2016, an Indonesian man was arrested after police raided his home and found over 650 pangolins in freezers on his property. The same threat
18513-553: The past decade. This makes them the most trafficked animal in the world. This, coupled with deforestation , has led to a large decrease in the numbers of pangolins. Some species, such as Manis pentadactyla have become commercially extinct in certain ranges as a result of overhunting. In November 2010, pangolins were added to the Zoological Society of London 's list of evolutionarily distinct and endangered mammals. All eight species of pangolin are assessed as threatened by
18666-549: The practice of circumcision to symbolise the coming of age ), and Jawi pekan or Jawi Peranakan (literally 'Malay of the town' or 'Malay born of', referring to the Malay-speaking Muslims of mixed Malay and Indian ancestry). With verb-building circumfixes men-...-kan , menjawikan (literally ' to make something Malay ' ), also refers to the act of translating a foreign text into Malay language. The phrase Tulisan Jawi that means ' Jawi script '
18819-405: The protection to Sarawak. The British dispatched several troops to Sarawak to strengthen its defences in the 1930s. By 1938, under the leadership of Rajah Charles Vyner Brooke , airstrips were constructed in Miri, Kuching, Oya , and Mukah in preparation for an imminent war. However, by 1941, British Royal Navy and Royal Air Force had withdrawn from Sarawak and returned to Singapore. Therefore,
18972-405: The public in 1993. It has a man-made lake, a jogging track, and a traffic garden. Traffic games will held every year at Miri Bulatan Park. Taman Awam Miri (Miri Public Park) is located 3 km away from Miri city centre. It has a children's playground, botanical garden, and a jogging trail. Miri City Fan is an urban park complex that has a variety of theme gardens, botanical garden, a swimming pool,
19125-623: The public. Open University Malaysia (OUM) also operates a learning centre in Miri. Miri City Council Library was established in 1958. Currently, it has branches in Piasau, Lutong, and Taman Tunku. Pustaka Miri is a regional library established by the state-run Sarawak State Library . It is located at Miri City Fan. Miri May Fest has been held in Miri since 1989. It is a month-long celebration of entertainment programmes, trade fairs, cultural, arts, sports, and social activities organised by various governmental agencies. Miri City Day will also be held during
19278-477: The rate of oil production by the Shell company. In 1920, roads were built in Miri. Bicycles and motorcycles were also bought into the town. By 1921, there were 40 shop houses in Miri, with one English school and one Chinese school. Motor cars were later introduced to the town. In 1924, Pujut Road was built to link Miri with Lutong. By 1925, rotary drilling was introduced. Oil production continued to increase until it reached
19431-459: The region for oil exploration mistakenly pronounced "Miriek" as "Miri", and this name continues to be used today. The first foragers visited the West Mouth of Niah Cave – located 110 km (68 mi) southwest of Miri city – 50,000 years ago when Borneo was connected to the mainland of Southeast Asia . The landscape of Niah Cave was drier and more open than it
19584-582: The scales as a cure for people crying hysterically during the night. During the Tang dynasty , a recipe for expelling evil spirits with a formulation of scales, herbs, and minerals appeared in 682, and in 752 CE the idea that pangolin scales could also stimulate milk secretion in lactating women, one of the main uses today, was recommended in the Wai Tai Mi Yao ("Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library"). In
19737-553: The scales of a pangolin can help prevent pneumonia. Pangolin scales have also been used for medicinal purposes in Malaysia, Indonesia and northern Myanmar. Indigenous people in southern Palawan , Philippines, have held the belief that elders could avoid prostate illnesses by wearing belts made with the scales. As a result of increasing threats to pangolins, mainly in the form of illegal, international trade in pangolin skin, scales, and meat, these species have received increasing conservation attention in recent years. As of January 2020 ,
19890-459: The spelling system of both scripts did not undergo similar advanced developments and modifications as experienced by Jawi. The script became prominent with the spread of Islam, supplanting the earlier writing systems. The Malays held the script in high esteem as it is the gateway to understanding Islam and its Holy Book, the Quran. The use of Jawi script was a key factor driving the emergence of Malay as
20043-406: The standard script of the Malay language, and gave birth to traditional Malay literature when it featured prominently in official correspondences, religious texts, and literary publications. With the arrival of Western influence through colonization and education, Jawi was relegated to religious education, with the Malay language eventually adopting a form of the Latin alphabet called Rumi that
20196-525: The state capital of Pahang in Malaysia has introduced the usage of Jawi on all signage across the city from 1 August 2019. This was done after a recommendation from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who was then the Regent of Pahang, to uphold usage of the writing system. The Pahang state government has since expanded the order and made it mandatory for every signage statewide including road signs to display Jawi alongside other scripts from 1 January 2020 after being delayed
20349-545: The states of Terengganu , Kelantan , Kedah , Perlis , Penang , Pahang and Johor . Various efforts were in place to revive the Jawi script in Malaysia and Brunei due to its role in the Malay and Islamic spheres. Jawi is also seen on the reverse of Malaysian ringgit and Brunei dollar banknotes. Malays in Patani still use Jawi today for the same reasons. In August 2019, the Malaysian Government's plans to introduce
20502-546: The strong observance of the Muslim faith in the early 14th century Terengganu specifically and the Malay world as a whole. The development of Jawi script was different from that of Pallava writing which was exclusively restricted to the nobility and monks in monasteries. The Jawi script was embraced by the entire Muslim community regardless of class. With the increased intensity in the appreciation of Islam, scriptures originally written in Arabic were translated in Malay and written in
20655-454: The system was developed and derived directly from the Arabic script , while scholars like R. O. Windstedt suggest it was developed with the influence of the Perso-Arabic alphabet . The ensuing trade expansions and the spread of Islam to other areas of Southeast Asia from the 15th century carried the Jawi alphabet beyond the traditional Malay-speaking world. Until the 20th century, Jawi was
20808-443: The teaching of Jawi at the most basic level in ethnic Chinese and Tamil vernacular schools attracted opposition from ethnic Chinese and Indian education groups, which claimed that the move would lead to an Islamization of the Malaysian education system. The Chinese educationist group Dong Jiao Zong organised a conference calling on the Malaysian Government to rescind its decision in late December 2019. Perhaps fearing violence,
20961-454: The time of birth, the scales are soft and white. After several days, they harden and darken to resemble those of an adult pangolin. During the vulnerable stage, the mother stays with her offspring in the burrow, nursing it, and wraps her body around it if she senses danger. The young cling to the mother's tail as she moves about, although, in burrowing species, they remain in the burrow for the first 2–4 weeks of life. At one month, they first leave
21114-400: The two are not closely related; they have merely undergone convergent evolution . Pangolins are threatened by poaching (for their meat and scales, which are used in traditional medicine ) and heavy deforestation of their natural habitats, and are the most trafficked mammals in the world. As of January 2020 , there are eight species of pangolin whose conservation status is listed in
21267-569: The university. All the roads in Miri are maintained by Miri City Council (MCC). Miri is accessible by road from Bandar Seri Begawan ( Brunei ) through the Sungai Tujoh checkpoint which is located 35 km north of Miri. Miri is connected to all major cities and towns in Sarawak including Kota Kinabalu in Sabah through the Pan Borneo Highway . Miri is also connected to Bintulu town through
21420-577: The wild. The idea of farming pangolins to reduce the number being illegally trafficked is being explored with little success. The third Saturday in February is promoted as World Pangolin Day by the conservation NPO Annamiticus. World Pangolin Day has been noted for its effectiveness in generating awareness about pangolins. In 2017, Jackie Chan made a public service announcement called WildAid : Jackie Chan & Pangolins (Kung Fu Pangolin) . In December 2020,
21573-438: The world by area, remains one of the favourite ecotourism destinations in Miri. Miri is also the birthplace of the Malaysian petroleum industry. Other major industries in the city include timber, oil palm and tourism . Miri town is named after a minority ethnic group called " Jati Miriek " or simply "Mirek", or "Miriek". This ethnic group are the earliest settlers in the region of Miri Division . Europeans who later came to
21726-495: Was based on the Za'aba system. Jawi can be typed using the Jawi keyboard . The word Jawi ( جاوي ) is a shortening of the term in Arabic : الجزائر الجاوي , romanized : Al-Jaza'ir Al-Jawi , lit. 'Java Archipelago', which is the term used by Arabs for Nusantara . The word jawi is a loanword from Javanese : ꦗꦮꦶ , romanized: jawi which
21879-412: Was burnt down in 1994, but it was rebuilt later according to its original design and was converted into a museum. It displays historical and cultural artefacts belonging to various ethnic groups living in the area. The Miri Tua Pek Kong Temple was built in 1913 to give thanks to a monk who was believed to chase away evil spirits. The evil spirits were believed to have caused an unknown epidemic in Miri. It
22032-548: Was closed due to the presence of a better air and road connectivity to the interior especially Marudi Town and all other major towns in Baram. The current court complex is located at Merdu Road, Miri. It contains the High Court , Sessions Court, and the Magistrate Court. Miri city also has Syariah Subordinate Court which is located at Wisma Pelita Tunku, Miri with area of jurisdiction of Miri District and Marudi District. There
22185-564: Was developed during the advent of Islam in Maritime Southeast Asia , supplanting the earlier Brahmic scripts used during Hindu-Buddhist era. The oldest evidence of Jawi writing can be found on the 14th century Terengganu Inscription Stone , a text in Classical Malay that contains a mixture of Malay, Sanskrit and Arabic vocabularies. There are two competing theories on the origins of the Jawi alphabet. Popular theory suggests that
22338-527: Was formed in 2004, currently offering courses such as electrician, product design, and telecommunication. RIAM Institute of Technology Sarawak (RIAMTEC) was established in 1996, offering technical training in the fields of agriculture and mechanics. Institut Kemahiran Belia Negara (National Youth skills Institute) and Pusat Pembangunan Kemahiran Sarawak (Sarawak Skills Development Centre) also offer technical training for students. Kolej Komuniti Miri (Miri Community College) offers short module courses upon request from
22491-545: Was formerly administered by the Miri Municipal Council for 24 years. It was upgraded to Miri City Council (MCC) on 20 May 2005, with Adam Yii Siew Sang as its current mayor, headquartered at Kinsgway Road, Miri. Area under the jurisdiction of MCC is 977.43 km (377.39 sq mi). Miri lies within the boundary of the Miri District , which consists of Miri City, Sibuti sub-district, and Niah sub-district, with
22644-474: Was interested in Mr de Crespigny's idea and began to collaborate with him. Mr de Crespigny began to map oil seeps around the Miri area, however a consultant geologist from England discouraged the oil exploration in Miri due to poor logistical conditions. After his retirement from administrative positions in Sarawak, Charles Hose went back to England. He later went to London to discuss the idea of oil exploration in Miri with
22797-432: Was later proved that the testing which suggested that pangolins were a potential host for the virus was flawed, when genetic analysis showed that the spike protein and its binding to receptors in pangolins had minimal effect from the virus, and therefore were not likely mechanisms for COVID-19 infections in humans. In 2020, two novel RNA viruses distantly related to pestiviruses and coltiviruses have been detected in
22950-450: Was started in 2006. It is a 2-night festival of 4 performances in each night by local and international jazz musicians at Parkcity Everly hotel, Miri. Asia Music Festival is also a 2-day event featuring artists and musicians from Asian countries such as India, Taiwan, Philippines, and Indonesia. It was first held in 2013 at Eastwood Valley Golf and Country Club, about 5 km from the city centre. It attracts about 4,000 music lovers attending
23103-420: Was struck after 130 metres (430 ft) of drilling at the well. Royal Dutch Shell also founded a subsidiary company named Sarawak Oil Field Ltd, which now operated as Sarawak Shell Berhad. Since then, another 624 land wells have been drilled around Miri until 1972 which are collectively known as the "Miri field". The Miri field is the only onshore field in Sarawak, because oil production has shifted offshore since
23256-448: Was suggested as a vector for human transmission. However, whole-genome comparison found that the pangolin and human coronaviruses share only up to 92% of their RNA. Ecologists worried that the early speculation about pangolins being the source may have led to mass slaughters, endangering them further, which was similar to what happened to Asian palm civets during the SARS outbreak. It
23409-404: Was used not only amongst the ruling class, but also the common people. The Islamisation and Malayisation of the region popularised Jawi into a dominant script. Royal correspondences for example are written, embellished and ceremoniously delivered. Examples of royal correspondences still in the good condition are the letter between Sultan Hayat of Ternate and King John III of Portugal (1521),
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