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132-784: Centered in Fuzhou City , the Fuzhou dialect covers 11 cities and counties in China: Fuzhou City Proper, Pingnan , Gutian , Luoyuan , Minqing , Lianjiang , Minhou , Changle , Yongtai , Fuqing and Pingtan ; and Lienchiang County (the Matsu Islands), in Taiwan (the ROC). It is also the second local language in many northern and middle Fujian cities and counties such as Nanping , Shaowu , Shunchang , Sanming and Youxi . The Fuzhou dialect

264-605: A humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa ) influenced by the East Asian monsoon ; the summers are long, very hot and humid, and the winters are short, mild and dry. In most years, torrential rain occurs during the monsoon in the second half of May. Fuzhou is also liable to typhoons in late summer and early autumn. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 11.4 °C (52.5 °F) in January to 29.4 °C (84.9 °F) in July, while

396-456: A humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa ) influenced by the East Asian monsoon ; the summers are long, very hot and humid, and the winters are short, mild and dry. In most years, torrential rain occurs during the monsoon in the second half of May. Fuzhou is also liable to typhoons in late summer and early autumn. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 11.4 °C (52.5 °F) in January to 29.4 °C (84.9 °F) in July, while

528-462: A Chinese geographical treatise published in the 9th century, says that Fuzhou's name came from Mount Futo a mountain northwest of the city. The mountain's name was then combined with - zhou , meaning "settlement" or "prefecture", in a manner similar to many other Chinese cities. During the Warring States period , the area of Fuzhou was sometimes referred to as Ye ( Chinese : 冶 ), and Fuzhou

660-406: A Chinese geographical treatise published in the 9th century, says that Fuzhou's name came from Mount Futo a mountain northwest of the city. The mountain's name was then combined with - zhou , meaning "settlement" or "prefecture", in a manner similar to many other Chinese cities. During the Warring States period , the area of Fuzhou was sometimes referred to as Ye ( Chinese : 冶 ), and Fuzhou

792-468: A Japanese landing force on May 13, 1938. The fall of Amoy instantly threatened the security of Fuzhou. On May 23, Japanese ships bombarded Mei-Hua, Huang-chi and Pei-Chiao while Japanese planes continued to harass Chinese forces. Between May 31 and June 1, Chinese gunboats Fu-Ning , Chen-Ning and Suming defending the blockade line in the estuary of the Min River were successively bombed and sunk. Meanwhile,

924-416: A Japanese landing force on May 13, 1938. The fall of Amoy instantly threatened the security of Fuzhou. On May 23, Japanese ships bombarded Mei-Hua, Huang-chi and Pei-Chiao while Japanese planes continued to harass Chinese forces. Between May 31 and June 1, Chinese gunboats Fu-Ning , Chen-Ning and Suming defending the blockade line in the estuary of the Min River were successively bombed and sunk. Meanwhile,

1056-404: A family of his own. One night, he dreamt of a silver-haired elderly man, who told him that he has very good fortune, the young man then asked him what he can do to obtain good luck, the elderly man then floated away. That's when the young man notice the setting moon, and after the moon sank under the clouds, rose from the east a golden sun, he was inspired by the dream and invented oyster cake, which

1188-404: A family of his own. One night, he dreamt of a silver-haired elderly man, who told him that he has very good fortune, the young man then asked him what he can do to obtain good luck, the elderly man then floated away. That's when the young man notice the setting moon, and after the moon sank under the clouds, rose from the east a golden sun, he was inspired by the dream and invented oyster cake, which

1320-438: A final -h /ʔ/ . This distinction made between the glottal stop and the -k is said to have been maintained in the literary readings of characters until quite recently. Both are usually realized as the glottal stop by most modern speakers of the Fuzhou dialect, and have the same tone in isolation, but they are still distinguished both in the above tone sandhi behavior, and in initial assimilation that occurs after them. Although

1452-614: A glottal stop, though the two phonemes maintain distinct sandhi behavior in connected speech. Besides those seven tones listed above, two new tonal values, "˨˩" (Buáng-ĭng-ké̤ṳ, 半陰去 ) and ˧˥ (Buáng-iòng-ké̤ṳ, 半陽去 ) occur in connected speech (see Tonal sandhi below). Little discussed in the existing literature, there is some evidence that Fuzhou uses non-modal phonation with certain tones: creaky for 陰去 ĭng-ké̤ṳ , 陰入 ĭng-ĭk , 陽去 iòng-ké̤ṳ , and breathy for 上聲 siōng-siăng . This has been shown to be perceptually relevant for tonal identification. The rules of tonal sandhi in

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1584-493: A kind of mildly savory pastry), Buddha Jumps over the Wall (佛跳墙), and pork floss ( 肉鬆 ). Many of these street food dishes have a long history and their own local legend; an example would be the oyster cake, according Fuzhou local folklore, in the early Qing dynasty, there was a young man who inherited his father's dim sum business, despite all his hard works, he only managed to earn enough money to feed himself, not enough to raise and feed

1716-446: A kind of mildly savory pastry), Buddha Jumps over the Wall (佛跳墙), and pork floss ( 肉鬆 ). Many of these street food dishes have a long history and their own local legend; an example would be the oyster cake, according Fuzhou local folklore, in the early Qing dynasty, there was a young man who inherited his father's dim sum business, despite all his hard works, he only managed to earn enough money to feed himself, not enough to raise and feed

1848-508: A major dramatic surge in its refined culture and educational institutions throughout the Song dynasty as Fuzhou produced 10 Fuzhounese zhuangyuan scholars (scholar who is ranked the top first place in the imperial examinations), a large number for a city in the country during that dynasty. The "Hualin" Temple ( 華林寺 , not to be confused with the temple of the same name in Guangzhou ), founded in 964,

1980-411: A major dramatic surge in its refined culture and educational institutions throughout the Song dynasty as Fuzhou produced 10 Fuzhounese zhuangyuan scholars (scholar who is ranked the top first place in the imperial examinations), a large number for a city in the country during that dynasty. The "Hualin" Temple ( 華林寺 , not to be confused with the temple of the same name in Guangzhou ), founded in 964,

2112-419: A mixed sweet and sour taste. Soup, served as an indispensable dish in meals, is cooked in various ways with local seasonal fresh vegetables and seafood and often added with local cooking wine ( 福建老酒 ). Fuzhou is famous for its street food and snacks. Some notable street food dishes include Fuzhou fish balls ( 魚丸 ), meat-pastry dumplings ( 扁肉燕 ), oyster cake (海蛎饼), rice scroll soup ( 鼎邊糊 ), guong bian ( 光餅 ;

2244-419: A mixed sweet and sour taste. Soup, served as an indispensable dish in meals, is cooked in various ways with local seasonal fresh vegetables and seafood and often added with local cooking wine ( 福建老酒 ). Fuzhou is famous for its street food and snacks. Some notable street food dishes include Fuzhou fish balls ( 魚丸 ), meat-pastry dumplings ( 扁肉燕 ), oyster cake (海蛎饼), rice scroll soup ( 鼎邊糊 ), guong bian ( 光餅 ;

2376-504: A province or prefecture—and the Fujian area was organized as Minzhong Commandery ( 閩中郡 ). The area seems to have continued mostly independent of Chinese control for the next century. The Han dynasty followed the short-lived Qin, and Emperor Gaozu of Han declared both Minyue and neighboring Nanyue to be autonomous vassal kingdoms. In 202 BC, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed a leader named Wuzhu ( 無諸 ; Old Chinese : Matya ) as King of Minyue, and

2508-455: A province or prefecture—and the Fujian area was organized as Minzhong Commandery ( 閩中郡 ). The area seems to have continued mostly independent of Chinese control for the next century. The Han dynasty followed the short-lived Qin, and Emperor Gaozu of Han declared both Minyue and neighboring Nanyue to be autonomous vassal kingdoms. In 202 BC, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed a leader named Wuzhu ( 無諸 ; Old Chinese : Matya ) as King of Minyue, and

2640-1004: A rich heritage in Fuzhou's Protestant culture. They supported the creation of hospitals and schools, including the Woolston Memorial Hospital , run by the American-trained Hü King Eng . On August 23, 1884, the Battle of Fuzhou broke out between the French Far East Fleet and the Fujian Fleet of the Qing dynasty. As the result, the Fujian Fleet, one of the four Chinese regional fleets, was destroyed completely in Mawei Harbor. On November 8, 1911, revolutionaries staged an uprising in Fuzhou. After an overnight street battle,

2772-542: A rich heritage in Fuzhou's Protestant culture. They supported the creation of hospitals and schools, including the Woolston Memorial Hospital , run by the American-trained Hü King Eng . On August 23, 1884, the Battle of Fuzhou broke out between the French Far East Fleet and the Fujian Fleet of the Qing dynasty. As the result, the Fujian Fleet, one of the four Chinese regional fleets, was destroyed completely in Mawei Harbor. On November 8, 1911, revolutionaries staged an uprising in Fuzhou. After an overnight street battle,

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2904-575: A walled city called Ye ( 冶 ; Old Chinese: Lya ; literally: Beautiful) was built. The founding of Ye in 202 BC has become the traditional founding date of the city of Fuzhou. In 110 BC, the armies of Emperor Wu of Han defeated the Minyue kingdom's armies during the Han–Minyue War and annexed its territory and people into China. Many Minyue citizens were forcibly relocated into the Jianghuai area, and

3036-419: A walled city called Ye ( 冶 ; Old Chinese: Lya ; literally: Beautiful) was built. The founding of Ye in 202 BC has become the traditional founding date of the city of Fuzhou. In 110 BC, the armies of Emperor Wu of Han defeated the Minyue kingdom's armies during the Han–Minyue War and annexed its territory and people into China. Many Minyue citizens were forcibly relocated into the Jianghuai area, and

3168-536: A word, the initial of the first syllable stays unchanged while those of the following syllables, in most cases, change to match its preceding phoneme, i.e., the coda of its preceding syllable. As with the rime changes , initial assimilation is not as mandatory as tone sandhi in connected speech, and its presence and absence may indicate different parts of speech, different meanings of a single word, or different relationships between groups of words syntactically. Note that although /-k/ and /-ʔ/ are generally pronounced

3300-466: Is also a major city for scientific research, appearing in the global top 50 cities as tracked by the Nature Index . The city is home to several major universities , notably Fuzhou University , one of China's key universities and other public universities, including Fujian Normal University and Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University . The Yuanhe Maps and Records of Prefectures and Counties ,

3432-412: Is also a major city for scientific research, appearing in the global top 50 cities as tracked by the Nature Index . The city is home to several major universities , notably Fuzhou University , one of China's key universities and other public universities, including Fujian Normal University and Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University . The Yuanhe Maps and Records of Prefectures and Counties ,

3564-544: Is also home to many Buddhist monasteries, Taoist temples and Buddhist monks. Apart from mainstream religions, a number of religious worship sites of various local religions are situated in the streets and lanes of Fuzhou. The origins of local religion can be dated back centuries. These diverse religions incorporated elements such as gods and doctrines from other religions and cultures, such as totem worship and traditional legends. For example, Monkey King , originated to monkey worship among local ancients, gradually came to embody

3696-544: Is also home to many Buddhist monasteries, Taoist temples and Buddhist monks. Apart from mainstream religions, a number of religious worship sites of various local religions are situated in the streets and lanes of Fuzhou. The origins of local religion can be dated back centuries. These diverse religions incorporated elements such as gods and doctrines from other religions and cultures, such as totem worship and traditional legends. For example, Monkey King , originated to monkey worship among local ancients, gradually came to embody

3828-576: Is also widely spoken in some regions abroad, especially in Southeastern Asian countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. The Malaysian city of Sibu is called "New Fuzhou" due to the influx of immigrants there in the late 19th century and early 1900s. Many Fuzhou people have also emigrated to Japan, the United States , Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore. In Chinese, it

3960-461: Is commonly found in some modal particles, aspect markers, and some question-forming negative particles that come after units made up of one tone sandhi domain, and in some adverbs, aspect markers, conjunctions etc. that come before such units. These two types, the post-nucleus and the pre-nucleus neutral tone, exhibit different tone sandhi behavior. Disyllabic neutral tone words are also attested, as are some inter-nuclei neutral tones, mainly connected to

4092-506: Is distinct from the mainstream inland cultures of central China, and in details vary from other areas of the Chinese coast. Besides Mandarin Chinese , the majority local residents of Fuzhou ( Fuzhou people ) also speak Fuzhounese ( 福州話 ), the prestige form of Eastern Min . Min opera , also known as Fuzhou drama, is one of the major operas in Fujian Province. It enjoys popularity in

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4224-399: Is distinct from the mainstream inland cultures of central China, and in details vary from other areas of the Chinese coast. Besides Mandarin Chinese , the majority local residents of Fuzhou ( Fuzhou people ) also speak Fuzhounese ( 福州話 ), the prestige form of Eastern Min . Min opera , also known as Fuzhou drama, is one of the major operas in Fujian Province. It enjoys popularity in

4356-473: Is generally termed in simplified Chinese : 福州话 ; traditional Chinese : 福州話 ; pinyin : Fúzhōuhuà , which in the native language (using the romanization Foochow Romanized ) is: Hók-ciŭ-uâ IPA: [huʔ˨˩ tsiu˥˧ ua˨˦˨] . It is also sometimes called 福州語 ( Hók-ciŭ-ngṳ̄ ; pinyin : Fúzhōuyǔ ), using a different term for 'speech'. Native speakers also call it Bàng-uâ ( 平話 ), meaning "the everyday language". In English,

4488-408: Is narrated by American naval officer, Houghton Freeman. The date is given as October 5, 1944. Fuzhou remained under Japanese control until May 18, 1945, months before the atomic bombings. Following the restoration of Republic control (1946), the administration divisions of Fuzhou were annexed, and administration level was promoted from county-level to city-level officially. Fuzhou was occupied by

4620-408: Is narrated by American naval officer, Houghton Freeman. The date is given as October 5, 1944. Fuzhou remained under Japanese control until May 18, 1945, months before the atomic bombings. Following the restoration of Republic control (1946), the administration divisions of Fuzhou were annexed, and administration level was promoted from county-level to city-level officially. Fuzhou was occupied by

4752-489: Is nearly unique to the Fuzhou dialect and this feature makes it especially intricate and reduces its intelligibility, even to speakers of other Min varieties. Even cross-linguistically, such phonological tone-vowel interactions are rare. The neutral tone is attested in the Fuzhou dialect, as well as being found in the Southern Min group and in varieties of Mandarin Chinese , including Beijing-based Standard Mandarin . It

4884-445: Is one of the eight Chinese regional cuisines. Dishes are light but flavorful, with particular emphasis on umami taste , known in Chinese cooking as xianwei (simplified Chinese: 鲜味 ; traditional Chinese: 鮮味 ; pinyin: xiānwèi ), as well as retaining the original flavor of the main ingredients instead of masking them. In Fuzhou cuisine, the taste is light compared to that of some other Chinese cooking styles, and often have

5016-445: Is one of the eight Chinese regional cuisines. Dishes are light but flavorful, with particular emphasis on umami taste , known in Chinese cooking as xianwei (simplified Chinese: 鲜味 ; traditional Chinese: 鮮味 ; pinyin: xiānwèi ), as well as retaining the original flavor of the main ingredients instead of masking them. In Fuzhou cuisine, the taste is light compared to that of some other Chinese cooking styles, and often have

5148-583: Is one of the oldest and surviving wooden structures in China. New city walls were built in 282, 901, 905, and 974, so the city had many layers of walls – more so than the Chinese capital. Emperor Taizong of the Song dynasty ordered the destruction of all the walls in Fuzhou in 978 but new walls were rebuilt later. The latest was built in 1371. During the Southern Song dynasty , Fuzhou became more prosperous; many scholars came to live and work. Among them were Zhu Xi ,

5280-480: Is one of the oldest and surviving wooden structures in China. New city walls were built in 282, 901, 905, and 974, so the city had many layers of walls – more so than the Chinese capital. Emperor Taizong of the Song dynasty ordered the destruction of all the walls in Fuzhou in 978 but new walls were rebuilt later. The latest was built in 1371. During the Southern Song dynasty , Fuzhou became more prosperous; many scholars came to live and work. Among them were Zhu Xi ,

5412-495: Is pronounced as 蹇 . In Fujian vernacular son is called 囝 , and father 郎罷 ." In the Fuzhou dialect, " 囝 " (giāng) for 'son' and " 郎罷 " (nòng-mâ) for 'father' are still in use today. Quite a few words from Old Chinese have retained the original meanings for thousands of years, while their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use or varied to different meanings. Fuzhou City Fuzhou

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5544-608: Is the capital of Fujian , China. The city lies between the Min River estuary to the south and the city of Ningde to the north. Together, Fuzhou and Ningde make up the Mindong linguistic and cultural region. Fuzhou's population was 8,291,268 as of the 2020 Chinese census . Like other prefecture-level cities in China, its administrative area contains both urban and rural areas: in 2020, 72.49% of inhabitants (6,010,242) were urban, while 27.51% (2,281,026) were rural. As of 31 December 2018,

5676-573: Is the pronunciation of Fuzhou in the Southern Min Hokkien language or "Huchiu" ( [hu˨˩t͡ɕiu˥] ), which is the pronunciation of Fuzhou in the Eastern Min language of Fuzhou itself. Eastern Min and Southern Min are both spoken in the same Fujian Province , but the name Hokkien, while etymologically derived from the same characters as Fujian ( 福建 ), is used in Southeast Asia and

5808-401: Is white like the moon before being lowered into hot grease and coming out golden as the morning sun. According to the legend, after the young man made a fortune out of his invention and his oyster cake was imitated by many others, which was passed down till this day. another example of a Fuzhou street food with a long history is rice scroll soup, which became popular in Fuzhou in the early part of

5940-401: Is white like the moon before being lowered into hot grease and coming out golden as the morning sun. According to the legend, after the young man made a fortune out of his invention and his oyster cake was imitated by many others, which was passed down till this day. another example of a Fuzhou street food with a long history is rice scroll soup, which became popular in Fuzhou in the early part of

6072-741: The Chinese heartland . The administrative and economic center of the Fujian area was still the Ye area during the Sui dynasty (581–618). In 725, the city was formally renamed "Fuzhou". Throughout the mid- Tang dynasty , Fuzhou's economic and cultural institutions grew and developed. The later years of the Tang saw a number of political upheavals in the Chinese heartland such as the An Lushan Rebellion and Huang Chao Rebellion, prompting another wave of northerners to immigrate to

6204-493: The Chinese heartland . The administrative and economic center of the Fujian area was still the Ye area during the Sui dynasty (581–618). In 725, the city was formally renamed "Fuzhou". Throughout the mid- Tang dynasty , Fuzhou's economic and cultural institutions grew and developed. The later years of the Tang saw a number of political upheavals in the Chinese heartland such as the An Lushan Rebellion and Huang Chao Rebellion, prompting another wave of northerners to immigrate to

6336-473: The Min Kingdom in 909. The Wang brothers enticed more immigrants from the north, though their kingdom only survived until 945. In 978, Fuzhou was incorporated into the newly founded Song dynasty , though their control of the mountainous regions was tenuous. Fuzhou prospered during the Tang dynasty. Buddhism was quickly adopted by citizens who quickly built many Buddhist temples in the area. Fuzhou underwent

6468-420: The Min Kingdom in 909. The Wang brothers enticed more immigrants from the north, though their kingdom only survived until 945. In 978, Fuzhou was incorporated into the newly founded Song dynasty , though their control of the mountainous regions was tenuous. Fuzhou prospered during the Tang dynasty. Buddhism was quickly adopted by citizens who quickly built many Buddhist temples in the area. Fuzhou underwent

6600-451: The Min River estuary to the south and the city of Ningde to the north. Together, Fuzhou and Ningde make up the Mindong linguistic and cultural region. Fuzhou's population was 8,291,268 as of the 2020 Chinese census . Like other prefecture-level cities in China, its administrative area contains both urban and rural areas: in 2020, 72.49% of inhabitants (6,010,242) were urban, while 27.51% (2,281,026) were rural. As of 31 December 2018,

6732-644: The People's Liberation Army with little resistance on 17 August 1949. In the 1950s, the city was on the front line of the conflict with the KMT in Taiwan , as hostile KMT aircraft frequently bombed the city. The bombing on 20 January 1955 was the most serious one, killing hundreds of people. Fuzhou was also involved in violent mass chaos during the Cultural revolution . Different groups of Red Guards fought with each other using guns on

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6864-453: The People's Liberation Army with little resistance on 17 August 1949. In the 1950s, the city was on the front line of the conflict with the KMT in Taiwan , as hostile KMT aircraft frequently bombed the city. The bombing on 20 January 1955 was the most serious one, killing hundreds of people. Fuzhou was also involved in violent mass chaos during the Cultural revolution . Different groups of Red Guards fought with each other using guns on

6996-753: The Qing army surrendered. On November 22, 1933, Eugene Chen and the leaders of the National Revolutionary Army 's 19th Army set up the short-lived People's Revolutionary Government of Republican China . Blockaded by Chiang Kai-shek and left without support from the nearby Soviet Republic of China , the PRGRC collapsed within two months. With the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937 , hostilities commenced in Fujian Province. Xiamen (Amoy) fell to

7128-473: The Qing army surrendered. On November 22, 1933, Eugene Chen and the leaders of the National Revolutionary Army 's 19th Army set up the short-lived People's Revolutionary Government of Republican China . Blockaded by Chiang Kai-shek and left without support from the nearby Soviet Republic of China , the PRGRC collapsed within two months. With the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937 , hostilities commenced in Fujian Province. Xiamen (Amoy) fell to

7260-581: The Republic of China located in Taiwan , the teaching of the local variant, the Matsu dialect , has been successfully introduced into elementary schools . It is also one of the statutory languages for public transport announcements in Matsu and in Fuzhou. Like all Chinese varieties, the Fuzhou dialect is a tonal language , and has extensive sandhi rules in the initials , rimes , and tones . These complicated rules make

7392-659: The Yue Kingdom (present-day Zhejiang ) fell to the state of Chu . Han dynasty historian Sima Qian wrote that the surviving members of the Yue royal family fled south to what is now Fujian, where they settled alongside the native Yue people, joining Chinese and Yue culture to create Minyue. The First Emperor of Qin unified ancient China in 221 BC and desired to bring the southern and southeast regions under Chinese rule. The Qin dynasty organized its territory into "Commanderies" (Chinese: 郡 ; pinyin: jùn )—roughly equivalent to

7524-560: The Yue Kingdom (present-day Zhejiang ) fell to the state of Chu . Han dynasty historian Sima Qian wrote that the surviving members of the Yue royal family fled south to what is now Fujian, where they settled alongside the native Yue people, joining Chinese and Yue culture to create Minyue. The First Emperor of Qin unified ancient China in 221 BC and desired to bring the southern and southeast regions under Chinese rule. The Qin dynasty organized its territory into "Commanderies" (Chinese: 郡 ; pinyin: jùn )—roughly equivalent to

7656-551: The tonal sandhi or initial assimilation . Some rimes come in pairs in the above table: the one to the left represents a close rime ( 緊韻 ), while the other represents an open rime ( 鬆韻 ). This vowel alternation of close/open rimes is closely related with the tones. In single syllables, the tones of Ĭng-bìng ( 陰平 ), Siōng-siăng ( 上聲 ), Iòng-bìng ( 陽平 ) and Iòng-ĭk ( 陽入 ) have close rimes, while Ĭng-ké̤ṳ ( 陰去 ), Ĭng-ĭk ( 陰入 ) and Iòng-ké̤ṳ ( 陽去 ) have open rimes. In connected speech, an open rime shifts to its close counterpart in

7788-417: The tonal sandhi . For instance, " 福 " (hók) is a Ĭng-ĭk syllable and is pronounced [hɔuʔ˨˦] and " 州 " (ciŭ) a Ĭng-bìng syllable with the pronunciation of [tsiu˥] . When these two syllables combine into the word " 福州 " (Hók-ciŭ, Fuzhou), " 福 " changes its tonal value from ˨˦ to ˨˩ and, simultaneously, shifts its rime from [-ɔuʔ] to [-uʔ] , so the phrase is pronounced [huʔ˨˩ tsiu˥] . In contrast, in

7920-453: The 17th century, is the first and the most full-scale rime book that provides a systematic guide to character reading for people speaking or learning the Fuzhou dialect. It once served to standardize the language and is still widely quoted as an authoritative reference book in modern academic research in Min Chinese phonology. In 1842, Fuzhou was open to Westerners as a treaty port after

8052-663: The British Vice-Consul in Fuzhou) involved in aid to the Nationalist resistance to Japanese forces in Fujian Province. As part of Operation Ichi-Go (1944), the last large-scale Japanese offensive in China in World War II, Japanese troops intended to isolate Fuzhou and the Fujian Province corridor to Nationalist forces in western China and the wartime capital of Chongqing. One account of Japanese troops re-taking of Fuzhou city itself

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8184-443: The British Vice-Consul in Fuzhou) involved in aid to the Nationalist resistance to Japanese forces in Fujian Province. As part of Operation Ichi-Go (1944), the last large-scale Japanese offensive in China in World War II, Japanese troops intended to isolate Fuzhou and the Fujian Province corridor to Nationalist forces in western China and the wartime capital of Chongqing. One account of Japanese troops re-taking of Fuzhou city itself

8316-796: The Central Government. In 1990, Xi Jinping served as the Secretary of the CPC Fuzhou Municipal Committee. He proposed the Fuzhou 3820 Project to establish Fuzhou as the political economic cultural educational transportation and technological center of Fujian Province and the West Coast Economic Zone of the Taiwan Straits. He also planned the development of Fuzhou for the next hundred years. He believed that, with Guangzhou to

8448-438: The Central Government. In 1990, Xi Jinping served as the Secretary of the CPC Fuzhou Municipal Committee. He proposed the Fuzhou 3820 Project to establish Fuzhou as the political economic cultural educational transportation and technological center of Fujian Province and the West Coast Economic Zone of the Taiwan Straits. He also planned the development of Fuzhou for the next hundred years. He believed that, with Guangzhou to

8580-486: The Chinese government has discouraged the use of the vernacular in school education and in media, so the number of Mandarin speakers has been greatly boosted. Recent reports indicate that less than 50% of young people in Fuzhou are able to speak the Fuzhou dialect. In Mainland China , the Fuzhou dialect has been officially listed as an Intangible Cultural Heritage and promotion work is being systematically carried out to preserve its use. In Matsu , currently controlled by

8712-472: The Chinese ship Chu-Tai berthed at Nan-Tai was damaged. The Chinese Navy's Harbor Command School, barracks, shipyard, hospital and marine barracks at Ma-Wei were successively bombed. Fuzhou is recorded as having fallen to Japanese forces in 1938. The extent of Japanese command and control of the city of Fuzhou itself as opposed to the port at Mawei and the Min River Estuary is uncertain. By 1941 (5/7),

8844-412: The Chinese ship Chu-Tai berthed at Nan-Tai was damaged. The Chinese Navy's Harbor Command School, barracks, shipyard, hospital and marine barracks at Ma-Wei were successively bombed. Fuzhou is recorded as having fallen to Japanese forces in 1938. The extent of Japanese command and control of the city of Fuzhou itself as opposed to the port at Mawei and the Min River Estuary is uncertain. By 1941 (5/7),

8976-701: The East Lake and West Lake were constructed in Ye, as well as a canal system. The core of modern Fuzhou grew around these three water systems, though the East and West Lakes no longer exist. In 308, during the War of the Eight Princes at the end of the Jin dynasty, the first large-scale migration of Chinese immigrants moved to the south and southeast of China began, followed by subsequent waves during later periods of warfare or natural disaster in

9108-455: The East Lake and West Lake were constructed in Ye, as well as a canal system. The core of modern Fuzhou grew around these three water systems, though the East and West Lakes no longer exist. In 308, during the War of the Eight Princes at the end of the Jin dynasty, the first large-scale migration of Chinese immigrants moved to the south and southeast of China began, followed by subsequent waves during later periods of warfare or natural disaster in

9240-568: The English press to refer specifically to Southern Min, which has a larger number of speakers both within Fujian and in the Chinese diaspora of Southeast Asia. After the Qin dynasty conquered the Minyue kingdom of Southeast China in 110 BC, Chinese people began settling what is now Fujian Province . The Old Chinese language brought by the mass influx of Chinese immigrants from the Chinese heartland , along with

9372-713: The Fuzhou area and in neighboring parts of Fujian such as the northeast and northwest areas where the Fuzhou language is spoken, as well as in Taiwan and the Malay Archipelago . It became a fixed opera in the early 20th century. There are more than 1,000 plays of Min opera, most of which originate from folk tales, historical novels, or ancient legends, including such traditional plays as "Making Seal", "The Purple Jade Hairpin" and "Switching Fairy Peach with Litchi". The two traditional mainstream religions practiced in Fuzhou are Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism . Traditionally, many people practice both religions simultaneously. The city

9504-654: The Fuzhou area and in neighboring parts of Fujian such as the northeast and northwest areas where the Fuzhou language is spoken, as well as in Taiwan and the Malay Archipelago . It became a fixed opera in the early 20th century. There are more than 1,000 plays of Min opera, most of which originate from folk tales, historical novels, or ancient legends, including such traditional plays as "Making Seal", "The Purple Jade Hairpin" and "Switching Fairy Peach with Litchi". The two traditional mainstream religions practiced in Fuzhou are Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism . Traditionally, many people practice both religions simultaneously. The city

9636-627: The Fuzhou current administrative divisions were formed officially, namely, 5 districts and 8 counties. In 1990 and 1994, Fuqing ( Foochow Romanized : Hók-chiăng ) and Changle (Foochow Romanized: Diòng-lŏ̤h ) counties were promoted to county-level cities ; Changle became a district in 2017. Despite these changes, the administrative image of "5 districts and 8 counties" is still held popularly among local residents. Fuzhou's entire area only covers 9.65 percent of Fujian Province. The city of Fuzhou has direct jurisdiction over 6 districts , 1 county-level city , and 6 counties : The culture of Fuzhou

9768-627: The Fuzhou current administrative divisions were formed officially, namely, 5 districts and 8 counties. In 1990 and 1994, Fuqing ( Foochow Romanized : Hók-chiăng ) and Changle (Foochow Romanized: Diòng-lŏ̤h ) counties were promoted to county-level cities ; Changle became a district in 2017. Despite these changes, the administrative image of "5 districts and 8 counties" is still held popularly among local residents. Fuzhou's entire area only covers 9.65 percent of Fujian Province. The city of Fuzhou has direct jurisdiction over 6 districts , 1 county-level city , and 6 counties : The culture of Fuzhou

9900-434: The Fuzhou dialect are complicated, even compared with those of other Min dialects. When two or more than two morphemes combine into a word, the tonal value of the last morpheme remains stable but in most cases those of the preceding morphemes change. For example, " 獨 ", " 立 " and " 日 " are words of Iòng-ĭk ( 陽入 ) with the same tonal value ˥ , and are pronounced [tuʔ˥] , [liʔ˥] , and [niʔ˥] , respectively. When combined as

10032-451: The Fuzhou dialect is described as having eight tones, which explains how the book got its title ( Bāyīn means "eight tones"). That name, however, is somewhat misleading, because Ĭng-siōng ( 陰上 ) and Iòng-siōng ( 陽上 ) are identical in tone contour ; therefore, only seven tones exist. Ĭng-ĭk and Iòng-ĭk (or so-called entering tone ) syllables end with either velar stop [k] or a glottal stop [ʔ] . However, they are both now realized as

10164-471: The Fuzhou dialect one of the most difficult Chinese varieties. There are seven original tones in the Fuzhou dialect, compared with the eight tones of Middle Chinese : The sample characters are taken from the Qī Lín Bāyīn . More modern studies have also been done in the late 20th century and early 21st centuries, including an acoustically quantified set of data for the citation tones. In Qī Lín Bāyīn ,

10296-627: The Fuzhou dialect, believing that it could be beneficial to the rule of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . One of their most famous works was the Japanese-Chinese Translation: Fuzhou Dialect ( 日華對譯: 福州語 ) published in 1940 in Taipei , in which katakana was used to represent Fuzhou pronunciation. By the end of the Qing dynasty , Fuzhou society had been largely monolingual . But for decades

10428-641: The God of Wealth in Fuzhou after the novel Journey to the West was issued in Ming dynasty . As the most popular religion in the Min River Valley, the worship of Lady Linshui is viewed as one of the three most influential local religions in Fujian, the other two being the worship of Mazu and Baosheng Dadi ( 保生大帝 ). Fuzhou cuisine is most notably one of the four traditional cooking styles of Fujian cuisine , which in turn

10560-443: The God of Wealth in Fuzhou after the novel Journey to the West was issued in Ming dynasty . As the most popular religion in the Min River Valley, the worship of Lady Linshui is viewed as one of the three most influential local religions in Fujian, the other two being the worship of Mazu and Baosheng Dadi ( 保生大帝 ). Fuzhou cuisine is most notably one of the four traditional cooking styles of Fujian cuisine , which in turn

10692-559: The Qing dynasty. As more Fuzhou residents settled overseas, Fuzhou dishes spread to Taiwan, Southeast Asia and the U.S.. For example, one is able to find guong bian and Fuzhou fish balls in Sitiawan in Ipoh, Malaysia while Fuzhou fish balls, meat-pastry dumplings and rice scroll soup can be found in New York's Chinatown. Fuzhou Fuzhou is the capital of Fujian , China. The city lies between

10824-524: The Tanshishan Culture ( 曇石山文化 ), from around 3000 BC—have been discovered and excavated in the Fuzhou area. During the Warring States period (c. 475–221 BC), Chinese began referring to the modern Fujian area as Min Yue ( 閩越 ), suggesting that the native inhabitants of the area were a branch of the Yue peoples , a diverse population of non-Chinese tribes who once inhabited most of southern China. In 306 BC,

10956-418: The Tanshishan Culture ( 曇石山文化 ), from around 3000 BC—have been discovered and excavated in the Fuzhou area. During the Warring States period (c. 475–221 BC), Chinese began referring to the modern Fujian area as Min Yue ( 閩越 ), suggesting that the native inhabitants of the area were a branch of the Yue peoples , a diverse population of non-Chinese tribes who once inhabited most of southern China. In 306 BC,

11088-562: The West since Marco Polo . The Ryukyu Kingdom established an embassy in Fuzhou. In 1839, Lin Zexu , who himself was a Fuzhou native, was appointed by the Daoguang Emperor to enforce the imperial ban on the opium trade in Canton . His unsuccessful actions, however, precipitated the disastrous First Opium War with Great Britain, and Lin, who had become a scapegoat for China's failure in war,

11220-409: The West since Marco Polo . The Ryukyu Kingdom established an embassy in Fuzhou. In 1839, Lin Zexu , who himself was a Fuzhou native, was appointed by the Daoguang Emperor to enforce the imperial ban on the opium trade in Canton . His unsuccessful actions, however, precipitated the disastrous First Opium War with Great Britain, and Lin, who had become a scapegoat for China's failure in war,

11352-520: The Yue ethnic group was mostly assimilated into the Chinese, causing a sharp decline in Ye's inhabitants. The area was eventually re-organized as a county in 85 BC. During the Three Kingdoms period , southeast China was nominally under the control of Eastern Wu , and the Fuzhou area had a shipyard for the coastal and Yangtze River fleets. In 282, during the Jin dynasty , two artificial lakes known simply as

11484-419: The Yue ethnic group was mostly assimilated into the Chinese, causing a sharp decline in Ye's inhabitants. The area was eventually re-organized as a county in 85 BC. During the Three Kingdoms period , southeast China was nominally under the control of Eastern Wu , and the Fuzhou area had a shipyard for the coastal and Yangtze River fleets. In 282, during the Jin dynasty , two artificial lakes known simply as

11616-592: The airport in Changle was built to support the city's expansion towards the sea. On December 13, 1993, a raging fire swept through a textile factory in Fuzhou and claimed the lives of 60 workers. On October 2, 2005, floodwaters from Typhoon Longwang swept away a military school , killing at least 80 paramilitary officers. Fuzhou is located in the northeast coast of Fujian province, connects jointly northwards with Ningde and Nanping, southwards with Quanzhou and Putian, westwards with Sanming respectively. Fuzhou has

11748-542: The airport in Changle was built to support the city's expansion towards the sea. On December 13, 1993, a raging fire swept through a textile factory in Fuzhou and claimed the lives of 60 workers. On October 2, 2005, floodwaters from Typhoon Longwang swept away a military school , killing at least 80 paramilitary officers. Fuzhou is located in the northeast coast of Fujian province, connects jointly northwards with Ningde and Nanping, southwards with Quanzhou and Putian, westwards with Sanming respectively. Fuzhou has

11880-677: The annual mean is 20.5 °C (68.9 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 24 percent in March to 54 percent in July, the city receives 1,607 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −1.9 °C (29 °F) on 25 January 2016 to 41.7 °C (107 °F) on 26 July 2003. Snow is very rare, having covered the ground last times in February 1957, December 1975 and December 1991. See or edit raw graph data . The administrative divisions of Fuzhou have been changed frequently throughout history. From 1983,

12012-578: The annual mean is 20.5 °C (68.9 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 24 percent in March to 54 percent in July, the city receives 1,607 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −1.9 °C (29 °F) on 25 January 2016 to 41.7 °C (107 °F) on 26 July 2003. Snow is very rare, having covered the ground last times in February 1957, December 1975 and December 1991. See or edit raw graph data . The administrative divisions of Fuzhou have been changed frequently throughout history. From 1983,

12144-550: The biggest chickens in the world. Between 1405 and 1433, a fleet of the Ming Imperial navy under Admiral Zheng He sailed from Fuzhou to the Indian Ocean seven times; on three occasions the fleet landed on the east coast of Africa. Before the last sailing, Zheng erected a stele dedicated to the goddess Tian-Fei (Matsu) near the seaport . The Ming government gave a monopoly over Philippine trade to Fuzhou, which at times

12276-441: The biggest chickens in the world. Between 1405 and 1433, a fleet of the Ming Imperial navy under Admiral Zheng He sailed from Fuzhou to the Indian Ocean seven times; on three occasions the fleet landed on the east coast of Africa. Before the last sailing, Zheng erected a stele dedicated to the goddess Tian-Fei (Matsu) near the seaport . The Ming government gave a monopoly over Philippine trade to Fuzhou, which at times

12408-539: The city and soon set up the first missionary station there. ABCFM was followed by the Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society that was led by Revs. M. C. White and J. D. Collins , who reached Fuzhou in early September 1847. The Church Missionary Society also arrived in the city in May 1850. These three Protestant agencies remained in Fuzhou until the communist revolution in China in the 1950s, leaving

12540-413: The city and soon set up the first missionary station there. ABCFM was followed by the Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society that was led by Revs. M. C. White and J. D. Collins , who reached Fuzhou in early September 1847. The Church Missionary Society also arrived in the city in May 1850. These three Protestant agencies remained in Fuzhou until the communist revolution in China in the 1950s, leaving

12672-622: The city is recorded as having returned to Nationalist control. The British Consulate in Fuzhou is noted as operational from 1941 to 1944 after the United Kingdom Declaration of War on Japan in December 1941. Western visitors to Fuzhou in the period 1941–1944 include the Australian journalist Wilfred Burchett in 1942 and the British scientist Joseph Needham in May 1944. Both visitors record

12804-399: The city is recorded as having returned to Nationalist control. The British Consulate in Fuzhou is noted as operational from 1941 to 1944 after the United Kingdom Declaration of War on Japan in December 1941. Western visitors to Fuzhou in the period 1941–1944 include the Australian journalist Wilfred Burchett in 1942 and the British scientist Joseph Needham in May 1944. Both visitors record

12936-490: The cognates 細膩 xìnì , 對手 duìshǒu and 冤家 yuānjiā , does not assist in understanding the nuance of such sentences. The majority of Fuzhou dialect vocabulary dates back more than 1,200 years. Some everyday words are still in use as they were in the Tang dynasty , as illustrated by a poem of a renowned Chinese poet of the era, Gu Kuang . In his poem Jiǎn ( 囝 ), Gu Kuang explicitly noted: 囝，音蹇。閩俗呼子為囝，父為郎罷。 " 囝

13068-407: The historical "Yin" register, follow the sandhi rules for the merged "Shang" tone. The tonal sandhi rules of more than two syllables display further complexities. For three-syllable domains: Four-syllable words can be treated as two sequential two-syllable units, and undergo two-syllable tone sandhi accordingly; in faster speech, the first two syllables are reduced to a half dark departing tone, and

13200-487: The idea of building a high-speed rail corridor to Taipei . Xi Jinping served as the Secretary of the Fuzhou Municipal Committee for more than six years and lived in Fuzhou for nearly thirteen years, developing a deep affection for the city. When he visited Fuzhou again in 2021, he remarked that Fuzhou could make significant contributions to the great rejuvenation and unification of the Chinese nation, noting that

13332-418: The idea of building a high-speed rail corridor to Taipei . Xi Jinping served as the Secretary of the Fuzhou Municipal Committee for more than six years and lived in Fuzhou for nearly thirteen years, developing a deep affection for the city. When he visited Fuzhou again in 2021, he remarked that Fuzhou could make significant contributions to the great rejuvenation and unification of the Chinese nation, noting that

13464-405: The influences of local languages, became the early Proto-Min language from which Eastern Min, Southern Min, and other Min languages arose. Within this Min branch of Chinese, Eastern Min and Southern Min both form part of a Coastal Min subgroup, and are thus closer to each other than to Inland Min groups such as Northern Min and Central Min . The famous book Qī Lín Bāyīn , which was compiled in

13596-500: The initials /n/ and /l/ . No labiodental phonemes , such as /f/ or /v/ , exist in the Fuzhou dialect, which is one of the most conspicuous characteristics shared by all branches in the Min Family . [β] and [ʒ] exist only in connected speech (see Initial assimilation below). In the Fuzhou dialect, there are various kinds of initial assimilation , all of which are progressive. When two or more than two syllables combine into

13728-413: The iòng-ĭk ( 陽入 ) tone is also a checked tone composed of both types of syllables, in -k and in -h , there is no split in its realization, either in isolation or in its tone sandhi behavior. The three patterns of tone sandhi exhibited in the Fuzhou dialect may be a reflex of the voicing split from Middle Chinese into different registers. This is based on a comparison with the tonal sandhi system of

13860-496: The linguistic literature. In the Fuzhou dialect, the codas /-m/ , /-n/ , and /-ŋ/ have all merged as /-ŋ/ , and /-p/ , /-t/ , /-k/ have all merged as /-ʔ/ . Seven vowel phonemes, together with the codas /-ŋ/ and /-ʔ/ , are organized into forty-six rimes . As has been mentioned above, there are theoretically two different entering tonal codas in the Fuzhou dialect: /-k/ and /-ʔ/ . However, for most Fuzhou dialect speakers, those two codas are only distinguishable when in

13992-434: The modern-day Northern Min and Eastern Min areas. In 879, a large part of the city was captured by the army of Huang Chao during their rebellion against the Tang government. In 893, the warlord brothers Wang Chao and Wang Shenzhi captured Fuzhou in a rebellion against the Tang dynasty, successfully gaining control of the entire Fujian Province and eventually proclaiming their founding of an independent kingdom they called

14124-434: The modern-day Northern Min and Eastern Min areas. In 879, a large part of the city was captured by the army of Huang Chao during their rebellion against the Tang government. In 893, the warlord brothers Wang Chao and Wang Shenzhi captured Fuzhou in a rebellion against the Tang dynasty, successfully gaining control of the entire Fujian Province and eventually proclaiming their founding of an independent kingdom they called

14256-519: The most celebrated Chinese philosopher after Confucius , and Xin Qiji , the greatest composer of the ci form of poetry. Marco Polo , an Italian guest of the Emperor Kubilai , transcribed , after the conventions of Italian orthography , the place name as Fugiu . This was not the local Min pronunciation but that of the mandarin administrative class. According to Odoric of Pordenone , Fuzhou had

14388-414: The most celebrated Chinese philosopher after Confucius , and Xin Qiji , the greatest composer of the ci form of poetry. Marco Polo , an Italian guest of the Emperor Kubilai , transcribed , after the conventions of Italian orthography , the place name as Fugiu . This was not the local Min pronunciation but that of the mandarin administrative class. According to Odoric of Pordenone , Fuzhou had

14520-798: The phrase " 獨立日 " (Independence Day), " 獨 " changes its tonal value to ˨˩ , and " 立 " changes its to ˧ , therefore the pronunciation as a whole is [tuʔ˨˩ liʔ˧ niʔ˥] . The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable): Iòng-bìng ( 陽平 ˥˧ ) Iòng-ĭk ( 陽入 ˥ ) Ĭng-ké̤ṳ ( 陰去 ˨˩˧ ) Iòng-ké̤ṳ ( 陽去 ˨˦˨ ) Ĭng-ĭk ( 陰入 ˨˦ ) Ĭng-bìng ( 陰平 ˥ ) Ĭng-ké̤ṳ ( 陰去 ˨˩˧ ) Iòng-ké̤ṳ ( 陽去 ˨˦˨ ) Ĭng-ĭk-ék ( 陰入乙 ˨˦ ) Iòng-bìng ( 陽平 ˥˧ ) Iòng-ĭk ( 陽入 ˥ ) Siōng-siăng ( 上聲 ˧ ) Ĭng-ĭk-gák ( 陰入甲 ˨˦ ) Ĭng-ĭk-gák ( 陰入甲 ) are ĭng-ĭk ( 陰入 ) syllables ending with -k /k/ and ĭng-ĭk-ék ( 陰入乙 ) are those with

14652-701: The presence of a British Consul and a Fuzhou Club comprising western businessmen. In The Man Who Loved China: The Fantastic Story of the Eccentric Scientist Who Unlocked the Mysteries of the Middle Kingdom , author Simon Winchester relates the visit of Dr Needham in 1944. Needham encountered the American government agent (John Caldwell) and the British SIS agent ( Murray MacLehose working undercover as

14784-412: The presence of a British Consul and a Fuzhou Club comprising western businessmen. In The Man Who Loved China: The Fantastic Story of the Eccentric Scientist Who Unlocked the Mysteries of the Middle Kingdom , author Simon Winchester relates the visit of Dr Needham in 1944. Needham encountered the American government agent (John Caldwell) and the British SIS agent ( Murray MacLehose working undercover as

14916-401: The remaining two syllables undergo two-syllable tone sandhi. A domain of four syllables is the maximum, with anything larger broken down to into smaller domains. There are fifteen initials , including a zero initial realized as a glottal stop [ʔ] : The Chinese characters in the brackets are also sample characters from Qī Lín Bāyīn . Some speakers find it difficult to distinguish between

15048-443: The same in isolation, realized as a final glottal stop [-ʔ] , they cause drastically different effects on the initials that follow. They also differ in how common it is to drop them in natural linked speech. These have been called prelinked and floating glottal stops respectively in academic literature. The table below shows the seven vowel phonemes of the Fuzhou dialect. Fuzhou is known for its vowel alternations much discussed in

15180-536: The signing of the Treaty of Nanjing . But due to the language barrier, however, the first Christian missionary base in this city did not take place without difficulties. In order to convert Fuzhou people , those missionaries found it very necessary to make a careful study of the Fuzhou dialect. Their most notable works are listed below: During the Second World War , some Japanese scholars became passionate about studying

15312-784: The south and Shanghai to the north Fuzhou's geographical location was ideal for becoming an international metropolis between the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta. He proposed supporting strategies such as the Fujian-Zhejiang-Jiangxi-Anhui Fuzhou Economic Cooperation Zone the Fuzhou Metropolitan Circle, Maritime Fuzhou the Minjiang Estuary Golden Triangle and a Modern International City as well as

15444-413: The south and Shanghai to the north Fuzhou's geographical location was ideal for becoming an international metropolis between the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta. He proposed supporting strategies such as the Fujian-Zhejiang-Jiangxi-Anhui Fuzhou Economic Cooperation Zone the Fuzhou Metropolitan Circle, Maritime Fuzhou the Minjiang Estuary Golden Triangle and a Modern International City as well as

15576-472: The streets of the city, and even attacking the People's Liberation Army. Under the reform and opening policy since the late 1970s, Fuzhou has developed rapidly. In 1982, Fuzhou became the first city in China where the stored program control was introduced, which marked a milestone in the history of telecommunications in China. In 1984, Fuzhou was chosen as one of the first branches of Open Coastal Cities by

15708-423: The streets of the city, and even attacking the People's Liberation Army. Under the reform and opening policy since the late 1970s, Fuzhou has developed rapidly. In 1982, Fuzhou became the first city in China where the stored program control was introduced, which marked a milestone in the history of telecommunications in China. In 1984, Fuzhou was chosen as one of the first branches of Open Coastal Cities by

15840-526: The subdialect of Lianjiang , a very similar but more conservative Eastern Min variety, where three tonal categories on penultimate syllables ("Yin" / Ĭng / 陰 from unvoiced consonants in Middle Chinese; "Yang" / Iòng / 陽 from voiced consonants in Middle Chinese; and a third "Shang" / Siōng / 上 tonal category from the Middle Chinese "rising tone" 上聲 where the Yin and Yang registers have merged) interact with

15972-517: The term "Fuzhou dialect" dominates, although "Fuzhounese" is also frequently attested. In older works written in English, the variety is called "Foochow dialect", based on the Chinese postal romanization of Fuzhou. In Indonesia (especially in Surabaya of East Java ), it is known locally as "Hokchia". Meanwhile in Malaysia and Singapore , it is often called "Hokchiu" ( [hɔk̚˥t͡ɕiu˦] ), which

16104-497: The tonal category of the final syllable to form the sandhi pattern in Lianjiang. Although the effect of the historical tonal registers from Middle Chinese is clear in Lianjiang, the Fuzhou tonal sandhi system has deviated from the older pattern, in that the tone Iòng-ké̤ṳ 陽去 ˨˦˨ , which is from the historical "Yang" tonal register, now follows the sandhi rules for the "Yin" register; and the sandhi tone Ĭng-ĭk-gák 陰入乙 ˨˦ , which comes from

16236-564: The total population was estimated at 7,740,000 whom 4,665,000 lived in the built-up ( or metro ) area made of five urban districts plus Minhou County. In 2015, Fuzhou was ranked as the 10th fastest growing metropolitan area in the world by Brookings Institution . Fuzhou is listed as No. 20 in the China Integrated City Index 2016's total ranking, a study conducted by the National Development and Reform Commission . Fuzhou

16368-432: The total population was estimated at 7,740,000 whom 4,665,000 lived in the built-up ( or metro ) area made of five urban districts plus Minhou County. In 2015, Fuzhou was ranked as the 10th fastest growing metropolitan area in the world by Brookings Institution . Fuzhou is listed as No. 20 in the China Integrated City Index 2016's total ranking, a study conducted by the National Development and Reform Commission . Fuzhou

16500-639: The use of 蜀 siŏh / suoʔ˥ / in verbal reduplication. Most words in the Fuzhou dialect have cognates in other varieties of Chinese , so a non-Fuzhou speaker would find it much easier to understand the Fuzhou dialect written in Chinese characters than spoken in conversation. However, false friends do exist: for example, " 莫細膩 " (mŏ̤h sá̤-nê) means "don't be too polite" or "make yourself at home", " 我對手汝洗碗 " (nguāi dó̤i-chiū nṳ̄ sā̤ uāng) means "I help you wash dishes", " 伊共伊老媽嚟冤家 " (ĭ gâe̤ng ĭ lâu-mā lā̤ uŏng-gă) means "he and his wife are quarreling (with each other)", etc. Mere knowledge of Mandarin vocabulary, with

16632-543: The word " 中國 " [tyŋ˥˧ kuoʔ˨˦] (Dṳ̆ng-guók, China), " 中 " is a Ĭng-bìng syllable and therefore its close rime never changes, though it does change its tonal value from ˥ to ˥˧ in tonal sandhi. As with initial assimilation , the closing of open rimes in connected speech is not as compulsory as tone sandhi. It has been described as "a sort of switch that flips on and off to indicate different things", so its presence or absence can indicate different meanings or different syntactic functions. The phenomenon of close/open rimes

16764-464: Was exiled to the northwestern section of the empire. The Treaty of Nanjing (1842), which put an end to the conflict, made Fuzhou (then known to Westerners as Foochow) one of five Chinese treaty ports , and it became completely open to Western merchants and missionaries. Fuzhou was one of the most important Protestant mission fields in China. On January 2, 1846, the first Protestant missionary, Rev. Stephen Johnson (missionary) from ABCFM , entered

16896-464: Was exiled to the northwestern section of the empire. The Treaty of Nanjing (1842), which put an end to the conflict, made Fuzhou (then known to Westerners as Foochow) one of five Chinese treaty ports , and it became completely open to Western merchants and missionaries. Fuzhou was one of the most important Protestant mission fields in China. On January 2, 1846, the first Protestant missionary, Rev. Stephen Johnson (missionary) from ABCFM , entered

17028-665: Was incorporated into China proper during Qin dynasty . The city's name was changed numerous times between the 3rd and 9th centuries before finally settling on Fuzhou in 948. In Chinese, the city is sometimes referred to by the poetic nickname Rongcheng (Chinese: 榕城 ; Foochow Romanized: Ṳ̀ng-siàng ), lit. 'The Banyan City'. In older English publications, the name is variously romanized as Foochow , Foo-Chow , Fuchow , Fūtsu , Fuh-Chow , Hock Chew , and Hokchew . The remains of two Neolithic cultures—the Huqiutou Culture ( 虎丘頭文化 ), from around 5000 BC, and

17160-606: Was incorporated into China proper during Qin dynasty . The city's name was changed numerous times between the 3rd and 9th centuries before finally settling on Fuzhou in 948. In Chinese, the city is sometimes referred to by the poetic nickname Rongcheng (Chinese: 榕城 ; Foochow Romanized: Ṳ̀ng-siàng ), lit. 'The Banyan City'. In older English publications, the name is variously romanized as Foochow , Foo-Chow , Fuchow , Fūtsu , Fuh-Chow , Hock Chew , and Hokchew . The remains of two Neolithic cultures—the Huqiutou Culture ( 虎丘頭文化 ), from around 5000 BC, and

17292-543: Was shared with Quanzhou . Galeote Pereira , a Portuguese soldier and trader, was taken prisoner during the pirate extermination campaign of 1549 and imprisoned in Fuzhou. Later transferred to a form of internal exile elsewhere in the province, Pereira escaped to Langbaijiao in 1553. The record of his experiences in the Ming Empire, logged by the Jesuits at Goa in 1561, was the first non-clerical account of China to reach

17424-440: Was shared with Quanzhou . Galeote Pereira , a Portuguese soldier and trader, was taken prisoner during the pirate extermination campaign of 1549 and imprisoned in Fuzhou. Later transferred to a form of internal exile elsewhere in the province, Pereira escaped to Langbaijiao in 1553. The record of his experiences in the Ming Empire, logged by the Jesuits at Goa in 1561, was the first non-clerical account of China to reach

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