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102-481: The heartland of the beylik corresponded roughly to ancient Caria or to the early modern Muğla Province in Turkey, including the province's three protruding peninsulas . Among the important centers within the beylik were the cities of Beçin , Milas , Balat , Elmalı , Finike , Kaş , Mağrı (modern Fethiye ), Muğla , Çameli , Acıpayam , Tavas , Bozdoğan , and Çine . The city of Aydın (formerly Tralles )

204-563: A meander pattern. These labyrinthoi lead to the roof of the temple and their function is not yet clear. The oracular procedure so well documented at Delphi is almost unknown at Didyma and must be reconstructed on the basis of the temple's construction. The priestess sat above the oracle spring and was inspired by Apollo. The prophet announced the oracle probably from the room with the high and impassable threshold. The answers were delivered, as in Delphi, in classical hexameters. But at Delphi, nothing

306-470: A stadium which dates from the Hellenistic period , though athletic agons were probably held there earlier. The steps of the temple's crepidoma served as seats for the spectators on the northern side of the stadium. Upon these seven steps are engraved many „topos inscriptions". That means the spectators marked their seats engraving their names. As these inscriptions are also found on the southern part of

408-460: A cultic function because it is characterised by the same curious orientation as the temple of Apollo (or it was used as a propylon ). Above the substructure was a small church built in Byzantine times which has seen several reconstructions up until the 19th century. The most famous church of Didyma stood in the sekos of the temple of Apollo . Its final remains were demolished in 1925. This church

510-559: A general of Seleucus I and Antiochus I whose inscribed altars there were still to be seen by Pliny's correspondents. Corroborating inscriptions on amphoras were found by I. R. Pichikyan at Dilbergin. Afterwards the kings of Bithynia made donations to the Didymaion in the 2nd century BC and the Ptolemaic kings of Egypt in the first half of 1st century BC. The annual festival held in Didyma under

612-424: A known building or monument. One of them is a Doric stoa from the 2nd century BC, and another one the so-called „Prophetenhaus" or chresmographeion, a smaller Doric building also from the 2nd century BC. The search of the foundations of these and other structures is difficult because the area around Apollo's temple is closely built-up. Therefore, it is almost impossible to use geophysical prospecting methods for

714-561: A room whose roof was supported by two columns on the central cross-axis. Among these three doors were placed two Corinthian half columns, whose spectacular capitals originally survived but during the First World War they were unfortunately destroyed. The room with the two central columns opened to the east to the great impassable portal. To the north and south of this hall two stairwells existed. In inscriptions they were called "labyrinthoi", probably because of their ceiling decoration showing

816-649: A territory which was still held by Pixodarus as shown by the Xanthos trilingual inscription . The Carians were incorporated into the Macedonian Empire following the conquests of Alexander the Great and the Siege of Halicarnassus in 334 BC. Halicarnassus was the location of the famed Mausoleum dedicated to Mausolus , a satrap of Caria between 377–353 BC, by his wife, Artemisia II of Caria . The monument became one of

918-608: Is Antioch on the Maeander and on the Orsinus in the mountains a border town with Phrygia , Gordiutichos ("Gordius' Fort") near Geyre . Founded by the Leleges and called Ninoe it became Megalopolis ("Big City") and Aphrodisias , sometime capital of Caria. Other towns on the Orsinus are Timeles and Plarasa. Tabae was at various times attributed to Phrygia, Lydia and Caria and seems to have been occupied by mixed nationals. Caria also comprises

1020-588: Is Caunus (near Dalyan), with Pisilis or Pilisis and Pyrnos between. Then follow some cities that some assign to Lycia and some to Caria: Calynda on the Indus River, Crya and Alina in the Gulf of Glaucus (Katranci Bay or the Gulf of Makri ), the Glaucus River being the border. Other Carian towns in the gulf are Clydae or Lydae and Aenus. At the base of the east end of Latmus near Euromus , and near Milas where

1122-482: Is Greek for ‘courtyard’; we can therefore deduce that the late geometric temple and its successors had never been roofed. The oldest temple of Apollo surrounded the sacred spring and the sacred laurel tree. This spring and tree formed the centre of the sanctuary for more than 1000 years. From the middle of the 6th century BC the Milesians raised a new temple and constructed a new altar for Apollo. Alas, of this temple only

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1224-477: Is also Lagina as well as Panamara , Tendeba and Astragon . Further inland towards Aydın is Alabanda , noted for its marble and its scorpions , Orthosia , Coscinia or Coscinus on the upper Maeander and Alinda . To the east is the religious centre Hyllarima . At the confluence of the Maeander and the Harpasus is Harpasa (Arpaz). At the confluence of the Maeander and the Orsinus, Corsymus or Corsynus

1326-496: Is not yet really clear, but they could have had a cultic function. Along the road during the Roman period stood a stoa . It also flanked the passageway to the Roman baths . So the stoai together with the water facilities make it more likely that the complex, of the so-called „Felsbarre", served for profane reasons. One option would be a function similar to a Roman macellum (food market), as proposed by Helga Bumke. The Roman baths at

1428-630: Is the Cynossema, or Onugnathos Promontory, opposite Symi . South of there is the Rhodian Peraea , a section of the coast under Rhodes . It includes Loryma or Larymna in Oedimus Bay, Gelos, Tisanusa, the headland of Paridion, Panydon or Pandion (Cape Marmorice) with Physicus, Amos , Physca or Physcus, also called Cressa ( Marmaris ). Beyond Cressa is the Calbis River ( Dalyan River). On the other side

1530-485: Is totally unique in Greek architecture . It is like a handbook on this topic which informs you about all the different stages of constructing a temple. When something is unfinished it becomes easier to see the process of construction. This "book" begins in the quarries of Miletus at the former Latmian Gulf (today Bafa Gölü) and lead from the harbours there to the harbour of Didyma (former Panormos, today Mavisehir). From there along

1632-693: The Bodrum Peninsula Myndus (Mentecha or Muntecha), 56 miles (90 km) from Miletus. In the vicinity is Naziandus, exact location unknown. On the tip of the Bodrum Peninsula (Cape Termerium) is Termera (Telmera, Termerea), and on the other side Ceramicus Sinus ( Gökova Körfezi ). It "was formerly crowded with numerous towns." Halicarnassus , a Dorian Greek city, was planted there among six Carian towns: Theangela , Sibde , Medmasa , Euranium , Pedasa or Pedasum, and Telmissus . These with Myndus and Syangela (or Syagela or Souagela) constitute

1734-406: The Hellenistic period. Greek and Roman authors laboured to refer the name Didyma to "twin" temples or to temples of the twins Apollo and Artemis , whose own cult center at Didyma had then only recently been established. Also, as Wilamowitz suggested, there may be a connection to Cybele Dindymene , the "Cybele of Mount Dindymon ". Excavations by German archaeologists have lately uncovered

1836-626: The Hellenistic period , beside Alexander, the kings Seleucus I and Seleucus II received oracles. So in the 3rd century BC the sanctuary of Apollo stood under the influence of the Seleucids , offering very rich donations to Apollo. Didyma suffered a serious setback in 277/76 BC, as Galatians looted it, coming from the Balkans to Asia Minor . Pliny reported the worship of Apollo Didymiae , Apollo of Didymus, in Central Asia, transported to Sogdiana by

1938-669: The Ionian Revolt (499–493 BC) against the Persian rule. During the Second Persian invasion of Greece (480-479 BC), the cities of Caria were allies of Xerxes I and they fought at the Battle of Artemisium and the Battle of Salamis , where the Queen of Halicarnassus Artemisia commanded the contingent of 70 Carian ships. Themistocles , before the battles of Artemisium and Salamis, tried to split

2040-550: The Louvre , but no excavation was attempted until Emmanuel Pontremoli and Bernard Haussoullier were sent out by the French Schools of Rome and Athens in 1895. They cleared the eastern façade and partly the northern flank, and discovered inscriptions giving information about other parts. German excavations made between 1905 and 1913 revealed all of the incomplete Hellenistic temple of Apollo and some carved fragments that belonged to

2142-579: The Mysians and the Lydians . The Carians spoke Carian , a native Anatolian language closely related to Luwian . Also closely associated with the Carians were the Leleges , which could be an earlier name for Carians. Cramer's detailed catalog of Carian towns is based entirely on ancient sources. The multiple names of towns and geomorphic features, such as bays and headlands, reveal an ethnic layering consistent with

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2244-583: The Roman Empire the name of Caria was still used for the geographic region. The territory administratively belonged to the province of Asia . During the administrative reforms of the 4th century this province was abolished and divided into smaller units. Caria became a separate province as part of the Diocese of Asia. Christianity was on the whole slow to take hold in Caria. The region was not visited by St. Paul , and

2346-669: The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , and from which the Romans named any grand tomb a mausoleum. Caria was conquered by Alexander III of Macedon in 334 BC with the help of the former queen of the land Ada of Caria who had been dethroned by the Persian Empire and actively helped Alexander in his conquest of Caria on condition of being reinstated as queen. After their capture of Caria, she declared Alexander as her heir. As part of

2448-420: The stylobate 51 by 109 meters. The temple building itself was surrounded by a double file of Ionic columns, each one of them 19.70 meters high. This consisted of 10 columns along the shorter sides and the 21 columns filling the longer sides, though not all of these were erected even by the end of antiquity. Above the columns followed the architraves with the frieze . The frieze is especially famous as it housed

2550-447: The 25 meters high walls of the sekos. This was the location of the oracle spring, the laurel tree and the naiskos with the cult statue. The foundations of the naiskos are 8.24 meters wide and 14.23 meters long. This Ionic prostylos was built around 300 BC. It is famed because of the superior high quality of its ornamentation. The naiskos with the cult statue of Apollo is depicted on Imperial coins of Miletus . The sacred oracle spring

2652-600: The 6th century BC, are now in the British Museum (Room 13), excavated by the British archaeologist Charles Thomas Newton in the 19th century. The Milesians erected an altar dedicated to Poseidon 6 km southwest of Didyma. The altar was built in the first half of the 6th century BC at the southwest cape of the Milesian Peninsula. Here was the border between Ionia and Caria (according to Strabo ). The remains of

2754-606: The Greeks in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo. But its establishment is supposed to precede literacy and even the Hellenic colonization of Ionia around 1000 BC. In contrary the first archaeological pieces of evidence of Didyma date in the 8th century BC. Mythic genealogies of the origins of the Branchidae line of priests, designed to capture the origins of Didyma as a Hellenic tradition, date to

2856-461: The Ionians and Carians from the Persian coalition. He told them to come and be on his side or not to participate at the battles, but if they were bound down by too strong a compulsion to be able to make revolt, when the battles begin, to be purposely slack. Plutarch in his work, The Parallel Lives, at The Life of Themistocles wrote that: "Phanias ( Greek : Φαινίας ), writes that the mother of Themistocles

2958-531: The Ottoman Navy was from the Menteshe Beylik. Today, the present-day Mugla continues to be a major shipbuilding region where many luxury yachts are now produced for export. Architecturally, the Menteshe Beylik had a significant impact on later Ottoman Architecture . They were the first Beylik to construct large precision cut stone buildings and became experts in building domes and archways. The region itself

3060-520: The Turks continue to call it Yoran. About 1300 AD the Turks conquered this area of Ionia . Afterwards an earthquake in 1493 destroyed the temple of Apollo and the village was abandoned. About 300 years later the village was resettled by Greeks who used the broken ancient buildings as quarries. When Ciriaco de' Pizzicolli visited the spot in 1446, it seems that the temple was still standing in great part, although

3162-568: The altar are still visible and can be easily found due to the location of a nearby modern lighthouse. Architectural members of this famous altar can be seen in the Pergamon Museum of Berlin . In Greek didyma means "twins", but the Greeks who sought a "twin" at Didyma ignored the Carian origin of the name. The Carians settled this area before the Ionian Greeks. Didyma was first mentioned among

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3264-489: The archaic oracle was silenced. Although the sanctuaries of Delphi and Ephesus were swiftly rebuilt, Didyma remained a ruin until the time Alexander the Great conquered Miletus and freed it from the Persians in 334 BC. In between a complete break had been rent in the oracles' personnel and tradition, the Branchidae priests marched off to Persian sovereign territory. Callisthenes , a court historian of Alexander , reported that

3366-500: The area around 1100 BC, along with other markers of Greek material culture. The coast of Caria was part of the Doric hexapolis ("six-cities"). An account also cited that Aristotle claimed Caria, as a naval empire, occupied Epidaurus and Hermione and that this was confirmed when the Athenians discovered the graves of the dead from Delos . Half of it were identified as Carians based on

3468-471: The auspices of Miletus were called the Didymeia. They are first mentioned at the beginning 3rd century BC. A hundred years later they were made a Panhellenic (open to all Greeks) and a penteteric festival (they took place every four years). In the first half of the 1st century BC the Didymeia were banned because Miletus had supported Mithridates , in his war against the Romans. Furthermore, the sanctuary of Apollo

3570-415: The blocks of the southern tier of the stadium were reused for the cavea of the theatre in the second half of the 1st century AD. One can but assume that the music agons became more important and influential than the athletic ones. The remains of the theatre came to light during 2010 and 2011. The walls, stairs and steps of the cavea were a totally unexpected find. Evidence that the theatre arose in

3672-553: The cella had been converted into a fortress by the Byzantines , but when the next European visitor, the Englishmen Jeremy Salter and Dr Pickering, arrived in 1673, it had collapsed. The Society of Dilettanti sent two expeditions to explore the ruins, the first in 1764 under Richard Chandler , the second in 1812 under William Gell . The French "Rothschild Expedition" of 1873 sent a certain amount of architectural sculpture to

3774-763: The characteristics of the weapons they were buried with. The expansionism of Lydia under Croesus (560-546 BC) incorporated Caria briefly into Lydia before it fell before the Achaemenid advance. Caria was then incorporated into the Persian Achaemenid Empire as a satrapy (province) in 545 BC. The most important town was Halicarnassus , from where its sovereigns, the tyrants of the Lygdamid dynasty (c.520-450 BC), reigned. Other major towns were Latmus, refounded as Heracleia under Latmus , Antiochia , Myndus , Laodicea , Alinda and Alabanda . Caria participated in

3876-470: The closing of the temples under Theodosius I . This was the end of the oracle. In Late Antiquity Didyma had been the seat of a bishop . Under Justinian I it was honoured with the title Iustinianopolis. In Byzantine times it changed the name to Hieronda deriving from the Greek name for sanctuary (hieron). This name was used for the village above the temple ruin until the early 20th century (Jeronda) and today

3978-410: The cult statue of Apollo. The sacred spring in its original location was already dry by the 6th c. BC and had diverted its position to the eastern half of the sekos. In front of this late Archaic temple was a circular building erected to surround the altar for Apollo, which, according to Pausanias, was made of blood and ashes of the sacrificed animals. This circular building with the conical altar inside

4080-436: The current village Selimiye is, was the district of Euromus or Eurome, possibly Europus, formerly Idrieus and Chrysaoris ( Stratonicea ). The name Chrysaoris once applied to all of Caria; moreover, Euromus was originally settled from Lycia . Its towns are Tauropolis, Plarasa and Chrysaoris. These were all incorporated later into Mylasa . Connected to the latter by a sacred way are Labraunda and Sinuri . Around Stratonicea

4182-414: The discovery of the Greek theatre in 2010/11 and during 2013 the foundations of the temple of Artemis and of another Hellenistic building, residing under a Byzantine chapel. The Hellenistic temple had two predecessors. The first sacred building dedicated to Apollo was erected around 700 BC. It was probably a hekatompedos , which means 100 feet long. The width of this first sekos measured 10 meters. 'Sekos'

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4284-621: The earlier Archaic temple and to associated statues. After the Second World War the German Archaeological Institute recommenced the investigations at Didyma in 1962. From now on not only the temple of Apollo was explored but the whole area surrounding the temple. In this way some unknown buildings were discovered. The huge district with the Sacred Way north of the temple of Apollo was excavated by Klaus Tuchelt. There he found

4386-636: The eight Lelege towns. Also on the north coast of the Ceramicus Sinus is Ceramus and Bargasus. On the south of the Ceramicus Sinus is the Carian Chersonnese, or Triopium Promontory ( Cape Krio ), also called Doris after the Dorian colony of Cnidus . At the base of the peninsula ( Datça Peninsula ) is Bybassus or Bybastus from which an earlier names, the Bybassia Chersonnese, had been derived. It

4488-403: The end of an alley were erected in the 2nd century AD. Rudolf Naumann investigated them and found impressive mosaics in the entrance hall, the apodyterium . It was followed by the frigidarium , the tepidarium and caldarium . The baths were used until the 6th/7th century AD, as were other buildings along the Sacred Way. Parallel to the southern colonnade of the temple of Apollo was situated

4590-413: The eponymous founder Miletus, was buried within the temple enclosure of Didyma. Under the Persian king Darius , following the naval battle of Lade , the sanctuary was burned in 494 BC. The Persians carried away the bronze cult statue of Apollo to Ecbatana , traditionally attributed to Canachus of Sicyon at the end in the 6th century BC. It was then reported that the oracle spring ceased to flow and

4692-560: The expansive forests in the high coastal mountains. These boats sailed well and were well built and the models for today's Gulet Sailboats, which are prevalent in the Aegean Sea in both Greece and Turkey. The Beylik even conquered Rhodes and many other islands, which are still referred to as the "Menteşe" Islands or the Dodecanese . During the Siege of Constantinople in 1453, approximately 40% of

4794-404: The foundations of the stage building , but the architectural members of a building typical for a scene building are known since the beginning of the 20th century. After the cavea of the theatre was excavated Helga Bumke suggested that the entablature of the so-called „Tabernakel" building was part of the scene building. The inscribed dedications on the architraves reveals that the stage building

4896-466: The foundations of the sekos wall survived. Though as a lot of late Archaic column fragments were found it was likely a Dipteros, which means the sekos was surrounded by two rows of columns. These Ionic columns were partly ornamented with reliefs like the columns of the temple of Artemis in Ephesus. In the western half of the sekos the remains of a small temple were found, the so-called Naiskos, which housed

4998-406: The foundations were reinterred after each campaign, so today nothing is visible of them. It is not altogether clear if the temple of Artemis was orientated to the east or to the west because its altar has not yet been found. During excavations at the east side came no remains of the altar to light, and the area in front of the west side has not yet been excavated. So it is more likely that the temple

5100-456: The greatest temples ever made. This goal was not really reached, but they built a temple with a unique plan. The temple of Apollo was clearly planned according to ritual requirements. Though at this present moment, the exact usage and function can only possibly be a matter of conjecture. The temple certainly attained the ambition of being one of the largest ancient temples ever built, its crepidoma with 7 steps measures almost 60 by 120 meters and

5202-558: The headwaters of the Indus and Eriya or Eriyus and Thabusion on the border with the small state of Cibyra . Caria is often identified with the Bronze Age region of Karkiya (or Karkisa ) known from Hittite texts, though this identification is uncertain. Caria was settled by Greek immigrants in the Early Iron Age . Their presence is attested by protogeometric pottery which appears in

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5304-594: The highest office in the sanctuary. Under Commodus the Didymeia were held as the Commodeia for the cult of the emperor. In Hellenistic and Roman times the sanctuary of Apollo flourished again. Numerous oracles of Apollo were imparted; some of them are extant in Roman inscriptions. These included inquiries and responses, and literary testimony records Didyma's role as an oracle, with the "grim epilogue" of Apollo's supposed sanction of Diocletian's persecution of Christians , until

5406-405: The impressively monumental heads of Medusa . The entrance was at the east side. With a pronaos of three rows of four columns, the approaching visitor passed through a regularized grove formed by the columns. The door usually leading to a cella was replaced by a blank wall with a large upper opening through which one could glimpse the upper part of the naiskos in the inner court (in inscriptions

5508-405: The inner court is referred to as "sekos" or " adyton "). The impassable threshold of this door stands 1.5 meters above the floor of the pronaos , while the entire door reaches a height of 14 meters. The entry route lay down either of two long constricted sloping tunnels built within the thickness of the walls and giving access to the inner court, still open to the sky but isolated from the world by

5610-506: The islands. Most chose to leave in 1919, before the population exchange . In July 2021, archaeologists led by Abuzer Kızıl have announced the discovery of two 2,500-year-old marble statues and an inscription during excavations at the Temple of Zeus Lepsynos in Euromus . According to Abuzer Kızıl, one of the statues was naked while other was wearing armor made of leather and a short skirt. Both of

5712-460: The known colonization. Coastal Caria begins with Didyma south of Miletus , but Miletus had been placed in the pre-Ion Caria. South of it is the Iassicus Sinus ( Güllük Körfezi) and the towns of Iassus and Bargylia , giving an alternative name of Bargyleticus Sinus to Güllük Körfezi, and nearby Cindye, which the Carians called Andanus . After Bargylia is Caryanda or Caryinda, and then on

5814-527: The largest and most significant sanctuary on the territory of the great classical city Miletus . The natural connection between Miletus and Didyma was by way of ship. But during antiquity the sediments from the Meander River silted up the harbour of Miletus. A slow process which eventually meant that the nearby Latmian Gulf developed from a bay into a lake (today Bafa Gölü ). The linear distance between Miletus and Didyma measures some 16 km. As well as

5916-488: The main body of the temple itself had been completed around 100 BC. In the following centuries Miletus continued to erect the columns of the colonnade . The columns of the eastern façade were built during the reign of emperor Hadrian . The western facade was completed too and some columns on the flanks. The roof was also never entirely finished; the temple lacked the pediments . There were also other parts of this huge temple which remained unfinished. Therefore, this building

6018-404: The naiskos of Apollo and the temple of his sister Artemis concerns the time of their construction. The ornamentation of the naiskos can stylistically be dated around 300 BC, but the ornaments of the temple of Artemis date in the 2nd century BC. Hence the date of the new temple is known, but though it seems likely that it was dedicated to Artemis there remains speculation, especially as no inscription

6120-461: The naiskos. But one problem persisted unsolved, because the drawn pediment is over 2 meters wider than the actual one of the naiskos of Apollo. This perplexing enigma was eventually unravelled in 2012. It had been clear that the drawing on the western sekos wall would also suit to the rediscovered fragments of architectural members from the temple of Artemis also. So the Hellenistic temple of Artemis

6222-481: The newly found theatre, but it can be assumed that a Hellenistic predecessor existed. An inscription from the beginning 3rd century BC reports that Antiochos I received a seat of honour during the choir contests at Didyma. The ancient inscriptions of Didyma testify that many more buildings existed there in antiquity than the mentioned ones above. During the many years of excavations hundreds of architectural fragments came to light which could be not allocated to

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6324-460: The only early churches seem to be those of Laodicea and Colossae ( Chonae ) on the extreme inland fringe of the country, which itself pursued its pagan customs. It appears that it was not until Christianity was officially adopted in Constantinople that the new religion made any real headway in Caria. In the 7th century, Byzantine provinces were abolished and the new military theme system

6426-525: The rebuilding of the Temple of Artemis there, and Daphnis of Miletus. The dipteral temple of Apollo was surrounded by a double file of Ionic columns . From the pronaos lead two tunnels to the inner court. This was the location of the oracle spring, the sacred laurel tree and the naiskos - which was itself a small temple. It contained in its own small cella the bronze cult image of Apollo, brought back by Seleucus I Nicator from Persia about 300 BC. In

6528-556: The recently arrived Greek settlers. In 1924 it was converted into a mosque for the Muslims just transported from North Greece during the Exchange of Populations . More chapels or churches surely existed in Byzantine Didyma because it was the seat of a bishopric , but about this age little is known. Some of these Byzantine churches either fell into disrepair or used as animal pens after

6630-581: The region as a whole, a large Muslim (practically exclusively Turkish) majority reaching as high as 99% and a non-Muslim minority (practically exclusively Carian supplemented with a small Jewish community in Milas) as low as one per cent. One of the first acts of the Ottomans after their takeover was to transfer the administrative center of the region from its millenary seat in Milas to the then much smaller Muğla , which

6732-427: The road to the sanctuary and then into the sanctuary. At all these places unfinished architectural members of the temple are visible. The inner walls of the sekos remained unpolished too. That's why Lothar Haselberger could discover there the Hellenistic construction drawings. This discovery and interpretation led to some important information about the planning and the building phase of the Apollo temple. In particular,

6834-521: The same pattern and size as architrave and frieze from the Hellenistic naiskos of Apollo. Therefore, it seemed likely they belonged to the elusive and tantalising temple of Artemis because of the twinning stylistic components. But this idea was only proven by Ulf Weber in 2012. The architrave and frieze blocks from the Artemis temple are deeper and wider than the ones from Apollo's naiskos. A cornice block (consisting of geison and sima), already found in 1909, but first investigated in 2012 belongs to them. It

6936-433: The sanctuary of Artemis was situated west of the sacred way, as Helga Bumke had some years ago already suggested. The Sacred Way inside the sanctuary of Apollo was excavated under Klaus Tuchelt. He found the remains of different buildings from the Archaic period along the wide and plastered road. To the west of the road the rock comes to the surface. Situated there were some wells, basins and small water canals. Their usage

7038-401: The sanctuary which have been rediscovered recently; a Greek theatre and the foundations of the above-mentioned Hellenistic temple of Artemis, to name but two. The ruins of Didyma are located a short distance to the northwest of modern Didim in Aydın Province , Turkey , whose name is derived from the ruins. It sits on a headland that in antiquity formed the Milesian Peninsula. Didyma was

7140-423: The search. Interpreting the written sources and old maps make it possible to find places with ancient foundations. This was done by Helga Bumke in the case of the foundation of the temple of Artemis and another Hellenistic foundation southeast of the temple of Apollo in 2013. This squarish substructure measuring 11 meters by 12 meters consisted of limestone blocks, but no superstructure came to light. It may have had

7242-438: The second half of the 1st century AD is indicated by the find of a coin dating from the time of the Roman emperor Nero and a lot of sherds from the same period. Then the cavea had a diameter of 52 meters and could receive 3000 spectators. Later in the first half of the 2nd century AD it was enlarged to a diameter of 61 meters and 4000 spectators would have found a seat. At this present time it has not been possible to excavate

7344-494: The simple footway there also existed a Sacred Way between the city and its sanctuary which measured some 20 km in distance. This Sacred Way, built in the 6th century BC, was used for festival processions. It touched the harbour of Didyma, situated 3 km northwest of the sanctuary called Panormos (today Mavişehir). Along this route were ritual waystations, and statues of noblemen and noblewomen, as well as animal and mythological beast figures. Some of these statues, dating to

7446-467: The spring began once more to flow as Alexander passed through Egypt in 331 BC. After the liberation from the Persians the Milesians began to build a new temple for Apollo, which was the largest in the Hellenic world after the temple of Hera on the Isle of Samos and the temple of Artemis at Ephesus . Vitruvius recorded a tradition that the architects were Paeonius of Ephesus , whom Vitruvius credited with

7548-561: The stations of the procession from Miletus to Didyma. In 2003 Andreas Furtwaengler took over the directorship of the excavation of Didyma. His explorations were concentrated on the Archaic period of the Apollo temple and its close surroundings. Helga Bumke succeeded him 2013. She began in 2001 the exploration of the disposal site (the so-called Taxiarchis hill) of the debris from the Persian looting in 494 BC. Afterwards, also under her auspices, were

7650-425: The statues were depicted with a lion in their hands. 37°30′N 28°00′E  /  37.5°N 28.0°E  / 37.5; 28.0 Didyma Didyma ( / ˈ d ɪ d ɪ m ə / ; Ancient Greek : Δίδυμα ) was an ancient Greek sanctuary on the coast of Ionia in the domain of the famous city of Miletus . Apollo was the main deity of the sanctuary of Didyma, also called Didymaion . But it

7752-426: The supposed sanctuary of Artemis. In 1979 Lothar Haselberger discovered scratched drawings on the walls in the courtyard of the temple of Apollo. A closer examination brought the first ancient blueprint of at least two temples (Apollo and Artemis) back to life. Under Klaus Tuchelt and Peter Schneider the Sacred Way from Miletus was investigated, especially the area outside of the sanctuary of Apollo. They found some of

7854-411: The temple dedicated to Artemis, north of the temple of Apollo. Apollo was worshipped in nearby Miletus under the name Delphinius (the same name was also used at Delphi). At Didyma, he was worshipped as Didymeus (Διδυμευς). His other names in the area were Philesios ( Φιλήσιος ), Helios , and Carinus ( Καρινος ). It is supposed that until its destruction by the Persians in 494 BC, Didyma's sanctuary

7956-406: The temple of Apollo the foundation of the temple of Artemis is orientated exactly East-West, as it is common for most Greek temples . The remains of the foundations show that the temple had the dimensions of 31,60 meters long and 11,50 meters wide. The extant limestone blocks prove that the temple of Artemis had three rooms. Parts of its superstructure came not to light in situ. After the excavations

8058-400: The very famous one of the draft of a column of the temple of Apollo is on the northern sekos wall. On the western wall inside the sekos the inscribed pictorial instructions of the pediment of a small temple is scratched in. Because the inscribed architectural members are similar in style to the naiskos of Apollo Haselberger and other scholars thought that it could have been the design drawings of

8160-424: The western colonnade it seems likely that the stadium was longer than the south side of the temple of Apollo. The average stadium length was usually about 190 meters (one stadion ). The seating on the southern side of the stadium consisted of tiers of limestone blocks with seven or eight steps. The remains of a device for starting the contests are extant near the southeast corner of the Apollo temple. Astonishingly,

8262-405: Was a region of western Anatolia extending along the coast from mid- Ionia ( Mycale ) south to Lycia and east to Phrygia . The Carians were described by Herodotus as being Anatolian mainlanders and they called themselves Caria because of the name of their king. He reports the Carians themselves maintained that they were Anatolian mainlanders intensely engaged in seafaring and were akin to

8364-485: Was administered by the family of the Branchidae, who claimed descent from an eponymous Branchos , a youth beloved of Apollo. The priestess, seated above the sacred spring, gave utterances that were interpreted by the Branchidae. Both Herodotus and Pausanias dated the origins of the oracle at Didyma before the Ionian colonization of this coast. Clement of Alexandria quotes Leandrios saying that Cleochus, grandfather of

8466-665: Was an important source of marble and stone since the Roman times and continues to be Turkey's top stone export region. They also left important works of architecture, such as the Firus Bey Mosque in Milas and İlyas Bey Mosque in Balat. Menteşe Bey first submitted to Ottoman rule in 1390, during the reign of Bayezid I, "the Thunderbolt" . After 1402, Tamerlane restored the beylik to Menteşoğlu İlyas Bey, who recognized Ottoman overlordship in 1414. A dozen years later, in 1426, Menteshe

8568-439: Was consecrated to the gods Apollo , Artemis , Leto , Zeus , the emperor Hadrian and the people of Miletus . But it is not known who dedicated this building. As emperor Hadrian visited Miletus and Didyma in 129 AD the scene building was probably complete by that time. The winners of the musical contests , organized to worship Apollo, were honoured in several inscriptions from the Roman period . These competitions took place in

8670-404: Was constructed 100 meters north of the temple of Apollo, at approximately the same location where today the mosque stands. This church also employed the use of ancient blocks salvaged from the temple of Artemis nearby and the previously mentioned Doric stoa above. Its later history is not yet clear, but in 1830 their remains were used to erect a new church (dedicated to Saint Charalambos ) for

8772-530: Was controlled by this beylik for a time, during which it was called "Güzelhisar"; it later was transferred to the Aydinids in the north, who renamed the city for the founder of their dynasty. The Beylik of Menteshe were serious regional naval powers of their time. They were sometimes referred to as the Sea Turks as they were the first seafaring Beylik. The Beylik produced fine boats using special trees harvested from

8874-414: Was designed with Apollo's naiskos as a model, drawn upon the wall behind the naiskos in the 2nd century BC. The only existing problem was to find a foundation with the width of the drawing (10,71 meters). The foundations of the temple of Artemis were discovered in 2013 directly behind the mosque and former Greek Orthodox church of Saint Charalambos 100 m north of the temple of Apollo . In contrast to

8976-410: Was found on the architectural members? Older inscriptions from the 6th century BC show that beside Apollo, both Artemis and Hekate had been worshipped in Didyma. Another inscription from the 3rd century BC mentions the cult statue of Artemis. In later inscriptions reconstruction works of the temple of Artemis are reported. Therefore, there can be no doubt that Artemis had her own temple in Didyma. She

9078-473: Was home to both of the temples dedicated to the twins Apollo and Artemis . Other deities were also honoured within the sanctuary. The Didymaion was well renowned in antiquity because of its famed oracle . This oracle of Apollo was situated within what was, and is, one of the world's greatest temples to Apollo. The remains of this Hellenistic temple belong to the best preserved temples of classical antiquity . Besides this temple other buildings existed within

9180-527: Was incorporated into the Ottoman realm. The present-day Muğla Province of Turkey was named the sub-province ( sanjak ) of Menteshe until the early years of the Republic of Turkey , although the provincial seat had been moved from Milas to Muğla with the establishment of Ottoman rule in the 15th century. Caria Caria ( / ˈ k ɛər i ə / ; from Greek : Καρία, Karia ; Turkish : Karya )

9282-510: Was introduced. The region corresponding to ancient Caria was captured by the Turks under the Menteşe Dynasty in the early 13th century. There are only indirect clues regarding the population structure under the Menteşe and the parts played in it by Turkish migration from inland regions and by local conversions. The first Ottoman Empire census records indicate, in a situation not atypical for

9384-587: Was looted by pirates in 67 BC. After Pompey had reorganized the East of the Roman Empire, the Didymeia were permitted again in 63 BC. Some years later Julius Caesar expanded the area under asylum in Didyma. Apparently the Roman emperor Caligula tried to complete the huge temple of Apollo. Emperor Trajan renewed the Sacred Way between Miletus and Didyma as inscriptions prove in 101 AD. His successor Hadrian visited Miletus and Didyma in 129 AD and acted as Prophet -

9486-470: Was made with blocks from the naiskos and other small buildings from outside the temple around 500 AD. After a serious earthquake in the 7th century AD, a reconstruction of the three-aisled basilica was erected. In the 11th century AD, another earthquake occurred and the church in the sekos collapsed. This was replaced by only a small chapel which was used for the Christian cult . Another early Christian church

9588-454: Was nevertheless better suited for controlling the southern fringes of the province. Still named Menteşe until the early decades of the 20th century, the kazas corresponding to ancient Caria are recorded by sources such as G. Sotiriadis (1918) and S. Anagiostopoulou (1997) as having a Greek population averaging at around ten per cent of the total, ranging somewhere between twelve and eighteen thousand, many of them reportedly recent immigrants from

9690-578: Was not a Thracian , but a Carian woman and her name was Euterpe ( Eυτέρπη ), and Neanthes ( Νεάνθης ) adds that she was from Halicarnassus in Caria.". After the unsuccessful Persian invasion of Greece in 479 BC, the cities of Caria became members of the Athenian-led Delian League , but then returned to Achaemenid rule for about one century, from around 428 BC. Under Achaemenid rule, the Carian dynast Mausolus took control of neighbouring Lycia ,

9792-416: Was not situated in the naiskos, but in the eastern half of the sekos. It was found beneath the early Byzantine church. The inner walls of the sekos were articulated by pilasters . The capitals of them are ornamented with griffins and flowers. Among them a long frieze with griffins decorated the whole sekos. Between the two tunnel exits in the sekos a monumental staircase leads up to three openings into

9894-461: Was now Acanthus and Doulopolis ("slave city"). South of the Carian Chersonnese is Doridis Sinus, the "Gulf of Doris" (Gulf of Symi ), the locale of the Dorian Confederacy. There are three bays in it: Bubassius, Thymnias and Schoenus, the last enclosing the town of Hyda. In the gulf somewhere are Euthene or Eutane, Pitaeum, and an island: Elaeus or Elaeussa near Loryma . On the south shore

9996-515: Was orientated to the west because generally the altar was situated in front of Greek temples . This supposition is strengthened by the fact that the two most famous temples of Artemis in Asia Minor, at Ephesus and at Magnesia ad Maeandrum , were also faced to the west. During excavations in 1994, to the south of the mosque, an Ionic architrave and frieze blocks of an unknown building had been excavated. These blocks of white marble bear almost

10098-484: Was the keystone to solve the riddle. For architrave, frieze and cornice are derived from a wider temple than the naiskos. Further they match perfectly to the construction drawing in the sekos. Finally this construction drawing matches the proportions of the new temple foundation. That means the Ionic temple of Artemis had four front columns and its length was exactly three times longer than its width. Another difference between

10200-405: Was the main deity beside Apollo, and to no other deity worshipped in Didyma is a temple documented. Furthermore, Artemis is the twin sister of Apollo. All this leads to the conclusion that this temple designed according to Apollo's naiskos must be the one of Artemis and it stood originally on the promontory north of the temple of Apollo. In the end these results contradict Klaus Tuchelt's view that

10302-440: Was used until the end of antiquity, whilst to the east and south of the temple stood a stoa for storing some of the famous donations of Apollo. The ramifications for the temple after the Ionians lost the naval battle off of the islands of Lade in 494 BC were that most of the buildings of Didyma were heavily damaged by the Persians. The planning for the new Hellenistic temple started after 334 BC. The Milesians resolved to build one of

10404-481: Was written; at Didyma, inquiries and answers were written and some inscriptions with them were found. In Didyma a small structure, the Chresmographion featured in this process; it was situated outside the temple because according to inscriptions it was used for storing architectural members for the temple there. Although the construction work continued for over 600 years the temple of Apollo was never completed. But

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