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59-629: The relief of the park contains three Alpine mountain systems: the Šar , Korab and Bistra mountains. The Šar and Korab exceed heights of 2700 m (the Korab peak , with its 2764 m, is the highest in North Macedonia). These mountains are distinguished by chains of snowy, jagged peaks and broad grassy plateaus below them. Between the three mountains extends the Radika gorge for more than 25 km (16 miles). Vertical cliffs exceeding 300 m (980 feet) rise above

118-511: A 'stronghold' place and eats its food in a high tree or on an inaccessible ledge. Lynx populations decrease when wolves appear in an area, such as observed in the Pritelsk region of the Altai Mountains , and lynx are likely to take smaller prey where wolves are active. In eastern Slovakia , after an increase of wolves after World War II, lynx were observed to move out. However, there is also

177-585: A chance to consume its kill itself. The Eurasian lynx is included on CITES Appendix II and listed as a protected species in the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats , Appendix III. Hunting lynx is illegal in many range countries, with the exception of Estonia, Latvia, Russia, Armenia and Iraq. Since 2005, the Norwegian government sets national population goals, while

236-666: A daily prey intake of about 900 g (32 oz). It is therefore classified as lagomorph specialist. Diet studies in central Asia and Yakutia also indicate a diet mainly composed of lagomorphs and ungulate prey contributes in low amounts to lynx diet. Eurasian lynx scat found in Dolpa District in the Nepal Himalayas contained remains of woolly hare ( Lepus oiostolus ), pika ( Ochotona sp.), mountain voles ( Alticola sp.), Himalayan marmot ( Marmota himalayana ) and domestic goat ( Capra hircus ). The mating season of

295-554: A forest-steppe mixed ecosystem in northwestern Anatolia by camera traps, genetic material and radiotelemetry between 2009 and 2019. In Kars Province , a breeding population occurs in Sarıkamış-Allahuekber Mountains National Park . The Eurasian lynx and grey wolf can occur sympatrically , as they occupy different trophic niches. In Central Asia , it is native to Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Afghanistan and

354-552: A long grey-and-white ruff. It is the largest of the four lynx species, ranging in body length from 76–106 cm (30–42 in) in males; 73–99 cm (29–39 in) in females; and standing 55–75 cm (22–30 in) at the shoulder. The tail is 11–24.5 cm (4.3–9.6 in) long, constituting a total length of up to 130 cm (51 in) in the largest males. Weights of both sexes in Russia range from 12 to 32 kg (26 to 71 lb), but more than 30 kg (66 lb)

413-557: A prominence of 2,169 m (7,116 ft), Korab is the 18th most prominent mountain peak in the European continent. The mountains are composed of sedimentary rock, including shale, sandstone, dolomite and limestone. The name refers to a pre-Christian sea god . Geographically , the Korab mountain range extends 40 km (25 mi) from the Dibër Valley in a north-south direction, between

472-633: A reported instance of a male lynx having expelled an adult and apparently healthy male wolf in Belarus in a fight. After the incident, the wolf vanished from the record, suggesting that it might have succumbed to the wounds sustained during the fight. Moreover, recent population dynamics and a high mortality rate among wolf cubs in the Naliboki forest might be connected to an increasing lynx population. All in all, this suggests that, at least locally, lynx may dominate wolves, since no signs for predation of wolves on lynx

531-534: A typical adult lynx kills about 60 roe deer a year; in the years when the roe deer population plummets, the lynx switch to beavers, hares, foxes, raccoon dogs, and birds. Even where roe deer are quite uncommon, the deer are still quantitatively the favored prey species, though in summer smaller prey and occasional domestic sheep are eaten more regularly. In parts of Finland , introduced white-tailed deer are eaten regularly. In some areas in Poland and Austria , red deer

590-681: Is European hare , forming 79% to 99% of prey biomass eaten. Although the lynx is in sympatry with wild ungulates, such as wild goat, chamois, red deer and wild boar in these ecosystems, ungulate biomass in lynx diet does not exceed 10%. In ten other study sites in the Black Sea region of northern Anatolia where roe deer can occur in high densities, lynx occurrence is positively correlated with European hare occurrence rather than roe deer. Lynx in Anatolia also has physiological requirements and morphological adjustments similar to other lagomorph specialists, with

649-531: Is a mountain range in eastern Albania and western North Macedonia , running along the border between the two countries. It forms also the European Green Belt . In Albania, it is also called Vargu lindor (English: Eastern range ), but this term encompasses mountains further north, such as the Koritnik and Gjallica . The highest peak is Mount Korab at 2,764 m (9,068 ft) above sea level . With

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708-623: Is a direct reason for the existence of an enormous number of relict and endemic species. Remnants of the life that existed in the Ice age or in the Tertiary coexist in one diverse environment, concealed between the jagged cliffs and peaks. In fact, the six life zones of the park (a rare phenomenon for such a small area) support 22 forest and 16 grass ecosystems. There are more than 1300 species of herbaceous plants and 145 species of trees living in them. About 40 percent of them are relict or endemic. Moreover,

767-410: Is abandoned two to three months after the kittens are born, but the young typically remain with their mother until they are around ten months of age. Eurasian lynx reach sexual maturity at two or three years, and have lived for twenty one years in captivity. Females usually have two kittens; litters with more than three kittens are rare. The primary predators of the lynx are the gray wolf and, in

826-567: Is attained very rarely and is possibly exaggerated. A Eurasian lynx from the Altai Mountains weighed 35 kg (77 lb). Those inhabiting Fennoscandia and westwards are considerably smaller, with a range of just 7–26 kg (15–57 lb), though individuals in the Carpathian Mountains may rival those in the Altai in size. The Eurasian lynx inhabits rugged country providing plenty of hideouts and stalking opportunities. Depending on

885-525: Is estimated to be nowadays larger than ever before. Limited hunting is permitted. In 2009 the Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry gave a permit for hunting of 340 lynx individuals. In Great Britain , subfossil remains of Eurasian lynx have been dated to the early Middle Ages , and the 7th or 8th century Welsh poem Dinogad's Smock likely makes reference to the presence of lynx in Cumbria . It

944-463: Is lined with feathers, deer hair, and dry grass to provide bedding for the young. At birth, Eurasian lynx kittens weigh 240 to 430 g (8.5 to 15.2 oz) and open their eyes after ten to twelve days. They initially have plain, greyish-brown fur, attaining the full adult colouration around eleven weeks of age. They begin to take solid food at six to seven weeks, when they begin to leave the den, but are not fully weaned for five or six months. The den

1003-433: Is more brightly coloured with more numerous spots in animals living at the southern end of its range. In winter, it is much thicker and varies from silver-grey to greyish brown. Some animals have dark brown stripes on the forehead and back. It has powerful, relatively long legs, with large webbed and furred paws that act like snowshoes. It also has a short "bobbed" tail with an all-black tip, black tufts of hair on its ears, and

1062-581: Is one of the four extant species within the medium-sized wild cat genus Lynx . It is widely distributed from Northern , Central and Eastern Europe to Central Asia and Siberia , the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas . It inhabits temperate and boreal forests up to an elevation of 5,500 m (18,000 ft). Despite its wide distribution, it is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation , poaching and depletion of prey . Felis lynx

1121-622: Is possible that other Medieval and Modern era references to "wild cats" and "cats of the mountain", as late as the 18th century, actually refer to Eurasian lynx and not the Scottish wildcat as is commonly assumed. It has been proposed to reintroduce the lynx to the Scottish Highlands and Kielder Forest in Northumberland . A large lynx that hunted deer and livestock, sometimes called " tiger " and "deer's wolf" ( llobu /lobo cerval ),

1180-570: Is the preferred prey, and in Switzerland , chamois is locally favored. Eurasian lynx also feeds on carrion when available. Adult lynx require 1.1 to 2 kg (2.4 to 4.4 lb) of meat per day, and may take several days to fully consume some of their larger prey. In the Mediterranean mixed forest-steppe and subalpine ecosystems of Anatolia the main and most preferred prey of the Eurasian lynx

1239-618: Is to be found only in this part of the Balkans and is also a remnant of the late Tertiary age. Through the Forest Reserve Jasen , the park abounds with numerous glacial relic species from the Ice age, mostly in the form of awkward herbaceous plants scattered throughout the Alpine zone. Certainly one of the most dazzling forests is the community of Norway spruce hidden deep in an inaccessible canyon of

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1298-621: The Catalonian Pyrenees , the last Eurasian lynx was killed in the 1930s, though unconfirmed sightings continued until the 1990s. The Síndic d'Aran planned a reintroduction in 2016 but canceled it due to the opposition of hunters and livestock farmers. In Germany , the Eurasian lynx was exterminated in 1850. It was reintroduced to the Bavarian Forest and the Harz in the 1990s; other areas were populated by lynxes migrating from France and

1357-508: The Chinese provinces of Xinjiang , Gansu , Qinghai , Sichuan , Shaanxi , and to the northern slopes of Iran 's Alborz Mountains and Mongolia . In northern Pakistan , the Eurasian lynx was recorded at elevations of 1,067–5,000 m (3,501–16,404 ft) in Chitral District . In India : Ladakh , Himachal Pradesh and most other Himalayan states. In Nepal , a Eurasian lynx

1416-623: The Czech Republic . In 2002, the first birth of wild lynx on German territory was announced, following a litter from a pair of lynx in the Harz National Park . Small populations exist also in Saxon Switzerland , Palatinate Forest , and Fichtel Mountains . Eurasian lynx also migrated to Austria , where they had also been exterminated. An episode of the PBS television series Nature featured

1475-713: The Macedonian pine and the Whitebark pine , rare endemic conifers of the Central Balkans. This group includes the endemic Greek maple and the yew (extremely uncommon in the Mediterranean). One of the few natural habitats of the common chestnuts (an endemic Balkan tertiary relic) exists on the southern slopes of Mount Bistra . Large areas of the park are covered in forests of the Macedonian fir (a riddling hybrid fir species) which

1534-519: The grey wolf ( Canis lupus ) is abundant, and wolves have been reported to attack and even eat lynx. The Eurasian lynx was once widespread throughout most of continental Europe. By the early 19th century, it was persecuted to local extinction in western and southern European lowlands, but survived only in mountainous areas and Scandinavian forests. By the 1950s, it had become extinct in most of Western and Central Europe , where only scattered and isolated populations exist today. The Eurasian lynx

1593-440: The region are named after the village of Mavrovo . Dense forest vegetation covers mountain slopes in the park, while Alpine pastures grow in the higher areas. The various climatic influences, as well as the large differences in altitude are the main contributing factors for the diversity of flora and fauna. The fact that this region is a kind of "geographical crossroads" where major changes of climate have occurred through history

1652-428: The Eurasian lynx is the only lynx species to preferentially take ungulates. Although taking on larger prey presents a risk to the Eurasian lynx, the bounty provided by killing them can outweigh the risks. The Eurasian lynx thus prefers fairly large ungulate prey, especially during winter, when small prey is less abundant. Where common, roe deer appear to be the preferred prey species for the Eurasian lynx. In Estonia,

1711-470: The Eurasian lynx lasts from January to April. The female typically comes into oestrus only once during this period, lasting from four to seven days. If the first litter is lost, a second period of oestrus is common. It does not appear to be able to control its reproductive behaviour based on prey availability. Gestation lasts from 67 to 74 days. Pregnant females construct dens in secluded locations, often protected by overhanging branches or tree roots. The den

1770-592: The Iberian lynx in Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub . The Eurasian lynx of Spain was a unique, extinct lineage more related to the Carpathian and Baltic subspecies. It was genetically impoverished already in pre-Roman times, possibly because of founder effect , which made it even more vulnerable to human persecution. The government of Asturias studied the feasibility of Eurasian lynx reintroduction in 2019. In

1829-559: The Korab massif . To the north of this double-peak, there are many other nameless peaks of a similar height. Korab-Pforte ( Albanian : Maja Portat e Korabit , Macedonian : Mala Korapska Vrata ) lies around 2 km (1.2 mi) southwest of Korab massif and is almost as tall as the main mountain, at 2,727 m (8,947 ft). A few hundred meters further south, there are other peaks, Maja e Moravës 2,718 m (8,917 ft) and Mali i Gramës 2,345 m (7,694 ft). The mountains are composed of shale and limestone . Much of

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1888-455: The Western Šar mountains. This forest is far beyond the southernmost point of the range of Norway spruce, indicating that a long time ago it had invaded the Mediterranean regions. The diverse forest vegetation supports an abundance of wildlife. More than 140 species of birds (some of them very rare, like hawks, eagles and vultures) thrive in the forested areas of the park. With more than 45 species,

1947-552: The church of the Holi Saviour ( Crkva Sveti Spas ) in Skopje . In Galičnik , one of the largest villages in Mavrovo, folklore traditions are cherished as they had been centuries ago. As a result of its long geological history, the park abounds with relics from the tertiary and glacial epochs (even two plant species from the early tropical vegetation). The most interesting tertiary relics are

2006-458: The competition becomes especially fierce; the lynx is at a disadvantage as its competitors are able to capture additional, larger prey animals, and more efficiently. This competition may be especially severe in the northern parts of the lynx's range, where lynx populations are vastly outnumbered by red fox and even by wolverine. The presence of other large carnivores is one factor limiting their population. In two ecosystems of Anatolia, cannibalism

2065-517: The female. Eurasian lynx are secretive, and because the sounds they make are very quiet and seldom heard, their presence in an area may go unnoticed for years. Remnants of prey or tracks on snow are usually observed long before the animal is seen. The Eurasian lynx is an ambush predator but also hunts by stalking, sneaking and jumping on prey using both vision and hearing. When snow conditions make this harder, it may be forced to switch to larger prey. It often climbs onto high rocks or fallen trees to scan

2124-433: The former often being left in prominent locations along the boundary of the hunting territory. Eurasian lynx makes a range of vocalizations, but is generally silent outside of the breeding season. They have been observed to mew, hiss, growl, and purr, and, like domestic cats , will "chatter" at prey that is just out of reach. Mating calls are much louder, consisting of deep growls in the male, and loud "meow-like" sounds in

2183-637: The late 1970s onwards. In Italy , it recolonised the Italian Alps since the 1980s, also from reintroduced populations in Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. By 2010, the Alpine lynx population comprised about 120–150 individuals ranging over 27,800 km (10,700 sq mi) in six sub-areas. In the Netherlands , lynxes have been sighted sporadically since 1985 in the country's southern part. Since 2020,

2242-517: The local availability of prey. Males tend to hunt over much larger areas than females, which tend to occupy exclusive, rather than overlapping, hunting ranges. The Eurasian lynx can travel up to 20 km (12 mi) during one night, although about half this distance is more typical. They patrol regularly throughout all parts of their hunting range, using scent marks to indicate their presence to other individuals. As with other cats, its scent marks may consist of faeces , urine , or scrape marks, with

2301-464: The locality, this may include rocky-steppe, mixed forest-steppe, boreal forest , and montane forest ecosystems. In the more mountainous parts of its range, Eurasian lynx descends to the lowlands in winter, following prey species and avoiding deep snow. Despite its adaptations for moving in snow, it finds loose, deep snow difficult to deal with and cannot survive in areas with snow depths exceeding 100 cm (39 in). It tends to be less common where

2360-567: The northern part of its range, the wolverine . In Russian forests, gray wolves kill and eat lynx that fail to escape into trees, as evidenced by examination of wolf and lynx trackways in the Central Forest Nature Reserve , and of lynx hair and bones found in wolf stomach contents in the Belovezh Forest . The lynx saves itself from its enemies by quickly climbing a tree or down the edge of a cliff or ravine; it usually lives near

2419-505: The park is among the richest reserves of rare animals. There are bears, several types of deer, wild goats, otters, wolves, etc. Most importantly, the Mavrovo National Park is one of the three remaining habitats of the European lynx . A population of 60 specimens of this near-extinct species lives predominantly in the western and central areas of the park. Korab Korab ( Albanian : Mali i Korabit , Macedonian : Кораб )

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2478-585: The park is the habitat of many rare plants (like the Crimean wild juniper) which are extinct in their natural habitat. Nearby stands the Saint Jovan Bigorski Monastery , which with its famous carved wooden iconostasis has retained colorful folklore traditions. This iconostasis is a sample of traditional woodcarving which can be found in North Macedonia along with the 19th-century iconostasis of

2537-699: The population has grown slowly but steadily. In 2019, around 250 lynx were reportedly living in Switzerland, roughly a third of them in the Jura Mountains, and the rest roaming the Alps and Pre-Alps. The Eurasian lynx was exterminated in the French Alps in the early 20th century. Following reintroduction of lynx in the Swiss Jura Mountains in the 1970s, lynxes were recorded again in the French Alps and Jura from

2596-410: The predators described above, and also with the red fox , eagle owls , golden eagles , wild boar (which scavenge from lynx kills), and in the southern part of its range, the snow leopard and leopard as well. Brown bears , although not (so far as is known) a predator of Eurasian lynx, are in some areas a semi-habitual usurpers of ungulate kills by lynxes, not infrequently before the cat has had

2655-777: The presence of lynxes has been confirmed by camera trapping in the Ardennes region in southern Belgium , proving the presence of the species following more than 25 years of unconfirmed sightings in the region. In the Anatolian part of Turkey , the Eurasian lynx is present in the Lesser Caucasus , Kaçkar Mountains and Artvin Province . In Ciglikara Nature Reserve located in the Taurus Mountains , 15 individuals were identified. More than 50 individuals were identified and monitored at

2714-639: The range is protected by nature parks, a prominent one being the Korab-Koritnik Nature Park . South of the complex of peaks around Mount Korab, there are other large mountains: Mali i Gramës (2,345 m (7,694 ft)) and Dešat 's Velivar summit (2,375 m (7,792 ft)). After that, the range falls away to the city of Debar and the Debar Lake . The city of Peshkopi is to the southwest of Mali i Gramës and has geothermal baths. European lynx The Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx )

2773-524: The result of carrion consumption. Occasionally, in areas such as Manchuria and the Amur River , it may be possible the Amur leopard targets lynx; in the same geographic region, Siberian tigers have also preyed on lynxes, as evidenced by examination of tiger stomach contents. In Sweden , out of 33 deaths of lynx of a population being observed, one was probably killed by a wolverine. Lynx compete for food with

2832-505: The return of the lynx to Austria's Kalkalpen National Park after a 150-year absence. A higher proportion is killed by humans than by infectious diseases. In Switzerland , the Eurasian lynx was exterminated in the early 20th century, with the last confirmed sighting around Simplon pass in 1904. From 1971 on, Carpathian lynx were reintroduced in the Alps and the Jura Mountains . Since then,

2891-683: The river valleys of the Black Drin and its tributary the Radika . It is located near the tripoint of Albania, North Macedonia, and Kosovo , southwest of the Šar Mountains . The Drin Valley lies around 400 m (1,300 ft) to the west, the bed of the Radika at about 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above sea level. The geology of the park is dominated by mountains made up of exposed faulted sedimentary rock and valleys containing glacial lakes. The Albanian part has numerous high peaks and ranges, almost as tall as

2950-546: The surrounding area. It is a powerful predator that has killed adult deer weighing at least 150 kg (330 lb). Eurasian lynx in Europe prey largely on small to fairly large sized mammals and birds. Among the recorded prey items for the species are hares , rabbits , marmots , squirrels , dormice , muskrats , martens , grouse , red foxes , wild boar , chamois , young moose , European roe deer , red deer , reindeer and other ungulates. In keeping with its larger size,

3009-456: The waters of the Radika river. The park area contains other interesting natural phenomena—the highest waterfall in the Balkans (with a vertical fall of approximately 120 m), alpine bogs in the Šar mountains as remnants of the Ice age, rare karst relief (including beautiful caves) in the Bistra mountains, as well as numerous glacial lakes throughout the Alpine zone. The national park, the lake, and

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3068-617: Was also reported in Green Spain until the 19th century. These accounts were traditionally regarded as references to Iberian lynx ( Lynx pardinus ), a smaller endemic species of the Iberian Peninsula . However, genetic testing of remains showed that the Eurasian and Iberian lynx coexisted into recent times in the Iberian Peninsula with little overlap , the Eurasian lynx being present in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests and

3127-467: Was close to extinction in Scandinavia in the 1930s. Since the 1950s, the population slowly recovered and forms three subpopulations in northern, central and southern Scandinavia. In Norway , the Eurasian lynx was subjected to an official bounty between 1846 and 1980 and could be hunted without license. In 1994, a compensation scheme for livestock killed by lynx was introduced. By 1996, the lynx population

3186-473: Was common, and fellow lynx were found to form 5% to 8% of prey biomass in their diets. Claws and bones analysed showed that sub-adult lynx were the victims of cannibalism during the mating and spring seasons. Lynx were not found in the sympatrically occurring wolves' diets. On the contrary, lynx themselves were the predators of red fox, pine marten , domestic and feral cats and dogs, and golden jackal remains have also been found in lynx fecal samples, possibly

3245-516: Was estimated to comprise 410 Individuals, decreased to less than 260 individuals in 2004 and increased since 2005 to about 452 mature individuals by 2008. In Sweden , the lynx population was estimated at 1,400 individuals in 2006 and 1,250 in 2011. Hunting is controlled by government agencies. In Finland , about 2,200–2,300 individuals were present according to a 2009 estimate. The lynx population in Finland has been increasing every year since 1991, and

3304-521: Was found. In the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve in Russia , wolverine predation and consumption of lynx has been documented, and in the Altai Mountains , the lynx actively avoids wolverines. The gray wolf, wolverine, as well as the red fox and the eagle owl , are also competitors with the Eurasian lynx for prey, notably in the taiga regions of Russia . In years of low hare populations,

3363-532: Was probably extirpated from the Japanese archipelago during the Jōmon period . Although they may hunt during the day when food is scarce, the Eurasian lynx is mainly nocturnal or crepuscular , and spends the day sleeping in dense thickets or other places of concealment. It lives solitarily as an adult. The hunting area of Eurasian lynx can be anything from 20 to 450 km (7.7 to 173.7 sq mi), depending on

3422-428: Was sighted in the western Dhaulagiri massif in 1975. It is also present above elevations of 3,800 m (12,500 ft) in Humla , Mustang and Dolpa Districts . Fossils of the Eurasian or a closely related Lynx species from the Late Pleistocene era and onward were excavated at various locations in the Japanese archipelago . Since no archaeological evidence dated after the Yayoi period has been found, it

3481-451: Was the scientific name used in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus in his work Systema Naturae . In the 19th and 20th centuries, the following Eurasian lynx subspecies were proposed: The following were also proposed, but are not considered valid taxa: The Eurasian lynx has a relatively short, reddish or brown coat that is marked with black spots; their number and pattern are highly variable. The underparts, neck and chin are whitish. The fur

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