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67-612: The nature reserve is located in the south-eastern corner of the Komi Republic ( Troitsko-Pechorsky District ), on the western slopes of the Ural Mountains and the adjacent foothills and lowlands. The area is drained by the upper course of the Pechora River and its tributary the Ilych , from whose names the name of the reserve is derived. The idea of the creation of a nature reserve in

134-412: A Proto-Indo-European word *morwi- was the root for Sanskrit vamrah , Greek μύρμηξ mýrmēx , Old Church Slavonic mraviji , Old Irish moirb , Old Norse maurr , Dutch mier , Swedish myra , Danish myre , Middle Dutch miere , and Crimean Gothic miera . The family Formicidae belongs to the order Hymenoptera , which also includes sawflies , bees , and wasps . Ants evolved from

201-581: A UNESCO World Heritage Site , Virgin Komi Forests . It is the first natural UNESCO World Heritage Site in Russia and the largest expanse of virgin forests in Europe . The site includes two pre-existing protected areas: Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve (created in 1930) and Yugyd Va National Park (created in 1994). Winters in the republic are long and cold, and the summers, while short, are quite warm. Deemed one of

268-480: A cosmopolitan distribution . They are found on all continents except Antarctica , and only a few large islands, such as Greenland , Iceland , parts of Polynesia and the Hawaiian Islands lack native ant species. Ants occupy a wide range of ecological niches and exploit many different food resources as direct or indirect herbivores, predators and scavengers. Most ant species are omnivorous generalists , but

335-585: A penal colony . Russians explored the Komi territory most extensively in the 19th and early 20th centuries, starting with the expedition led by Alexander von Keyserling in 1843. They found ample reservoirs of various minerals, as well as timber, to exploit. After the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922, the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast was established on August 22, 1921, and on December 5, 1936, it

402-469: A "moose farm" ( лосеферма , loseferma ) to study the feasibility of moose domestication. The first director of this project was Yevgeny Knorre . After he moved to the Volga-Kama Nature Reserve in 1962, his student M. V. Kozhukhov became the director. The main objectives of the farm were to learn more about moose biology and to use this knowledge to develop suitable food rations for

469-531: A 2,000 km (north-south) by 300 km (west-east) region. The region is on the divide between European and Asian ecoregions, and also the meeting point of tundra and taiga. The climate of Pechora-Ilych is Humid continental climate, cool summer ( Köppen climate classification Subarctic climate (Dfc)). This climate is characterized by mild summers (only 1-3 months above 10 °C (50.0 °F)) and cold, snowy winters (coldest month below −3 °C (26.6 °F)). Russian geographer A.A. Korchagin divided

536-400: A conservative estimate of the ants at about 20 × 10 (20 quadrillion). Ants range in size from 0.75 to 52 millimetres (0.030–2.0 in), the largest species being the fossil Titanomyrma giganteum , the queen of which was 6 cm ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) long with a wingspan of 15 cm (6 in). Ants vary in colour; most ants are yellow to red or brown to black, but

603-499: A few are specialist feeders. There is considerable variation in ant abundance across habitats, peaking in the moist tropics to nearly six times that found in less suitable habitats. Their ecological dominance has been examined primarily using estimates of their biomass : myrmecologist E. O. Wilson had estimated in 2009 that at any one time the total number of ants was between one and ten quadrillion ( short scale ) (i.e., between 10 and 10 ) and using this estimate he had suggested that

670-406: A few species are green and some tropical species have a metallic lustre . More than 13,800 species are currently known (with upper estimates of the potential existence of about 22,000; see the article List of ant genera ), with the greatest diversity in the tropics. Taxonomic studies continue to resolve the classification and systematics of ants. Online databases of ant species, including AntWeb and

737-409: A high resolution image. They also have three small ocelli (simple eyes) on the top of the head that detect light levels and polarization . Compared to vertebrates , ants tend to have blurrier eyesight, particularly in smaller species, and a few subterranean taxa are completely blind . However, some ants, such as Australia's bulldog ant , have excellent vision and are capable of discriminating

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804-508: A lineage within the stinging wasps , and a 2013 study suggests that they are a sister group of the Apoidea . However, since Apoidea is a superfamily, ants must be upgraded to the same rank. A more detailed basic taxonomy was proposed in 2020. Three species of the extinct mid- Cretaceous genera Camelomecia and Camelosphecia were placed outside of the Formicidae, in a separate clade within

871-446: A node-like petiole . The head, mesosoma , and metasoma are the three distinct body segments (formally tagmata ). The petiole forms a narrow waist between their mesosoma ( thorax plus the first abdominal segment, which is fused to it) and gaster (abdomen less the abdominal segments in the petiole). The petiole may be formed by one or two nodes (the second alone, or the second and third abdominal segments). Tergosternal fusion, when

938-642: A power-sharing agreement with the government of Russia, granting it autonomy. The agreement was abolished on 20 May 2002. The republic is situated to the west of the Ural Mountains , in the north-east of the East European Plain . The Polar Urals rise in the northeastern part. Forests cover over 70% of the territory, and swamps cover approximately 15%. The Komi Republic is the second-largest federal region by area in European Russia after Arkhangelsk Oblast. Major rivers include: There are many lakes in

1005-403: A protective casing around the body and a point of attachment for muscles, in contrast to the internal skeletons of humans and other vertebrates . Insects do not have lungs ; oxygen and other gases, such as carbon dioxide , pass through their exoskeleton via tiny valves called spiracles . Insects also lack closed blood vessels ; instead, they have a long, thin, perforated tube along the top of

1072-430: A single gene of Solenopsis invicta can decide whether the colony will have single or multiple queens. The Australian jack jumper ant ( Myrmecia pilosula ) has only a single pair of chromosomes (with the males having just one chromosome as they are haploid ), the lowest number known for any animal, making it an interesting subject for studies in the genetics and developmental biology of social insects. Genome size

1139-561: A small lowland section near Yaksha being separated from the highland part. In 1959 the area of the reserve was increased to its current size (7,213 km), but it still remains non-contiguous. To better protect the reserve, in 1973 a buffer area of 324 km (similar in status to a national forest in the United States) was created outside of the reserve; the size of the buffer area size was increased in 1984 by additional 330 km. Since 1986 reserve has been listed by UNESCO as one of

1206-492: Is paraphyletic In 1966, E. O. Wilson and his colleagues identified the fossil remains of an ant ( Sphecomyrma ) that lived in the Cretaceous period. The specimen, trapped in amber dating back to around 92 million years ago, has features found in some wasps, but not found in modern ants. The oldest fossils of ants date to the mid-Cretaceous, around 100 million years ago, which belong to extinct stem-groups such as

1273-548: Is developed by Lukoil. The petroleum, wood and paper industries made up 94.5% of the Republic’s exports in 2021. Railroad transportation is very well developed. The most important railroad line is Kotlas – Vorkuta – Salekhard , which is used to ship most goods in and out of the republic. The rivers Vychegda and Pechora are navigable. There are airports in Syktyvkar , Ukhta , and Vorkuta . In 1997, total railroad trackage

1340-405: Is known that their height and abnormal shapes make the top of these rock giants inaccessible even to experienced rock-climbers. Population : 737,853 ( 2021 Census ) ; 901,189 ( 2010 Census ) ; 1,018,674 ( 2002 Census ) ; 1,261,024 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Source: According to the 2010 Census , ethnic Russians make up 65.1% of the republic's population, while

1407-427: Is small compared to a dairy cow : over the lactation season, a total of 300–500 liters (75–125 gallons) of milk is obtained from a moose. However, the milk has a high (12–14%) fat content, and is rich in vitamins and micronutrient elements; it is said to have medicinal properties. A farm-raised moose can live as long as 18 years, although few reached that age because of the depredations of wolves, bears, and poachers on

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1474-650: The 2010 census . The Komi people first feature in the records of the Novgorod Republic in the 11th century, when traders from Novgorod traveled to the Perm region in search of furs and animal hides. The Novgorodians called these lands Zavolochye ("beyond the portage"), from the Russian word volok ("portage"), and the Komi were referred to as "the Chud beyond the portage". The Novgorodians penetrated deep into these lands, and

1541-676: The 2021 Bandy World Championship , but it was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and then cancelled after many participants pulled out after the 2022 invasion of Ukraine . Ant Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees , belong to the order Hymenoptera . Ants evolved from vespoid wasp ancestors in the Cretaceous period. More than 13,800 of an estimated total of 22,000 species have been classified. They are easily identified by their geniculate (elbowed) antennae and

1608-543: The Catholic Church . In addition, 41% of the population declared to be " spiritual but not religious ", 14% is atheist , and 6.4% follows other religions or failed to answer the question. There are over 450 secondary schools in the republic (with ~180,000 students). The most important higher education facilities include Komi Republican Academy of State Service and Administration, Syktyvkar State University and Ukhta State Technical University . The head of government in

1675-673: The Haidomyrmecinae , Sphecomyrminae and Zigrasimeciinae , with modern ant subfamilies appearing towards the end of the Cretaceous around 80–70 million years ago. Ants diversified extensively during the Angiosperm Terrestrial Revolution and assumed ecological dominance around 60 million years ago. Some groups, such as the Leptanillinae and Martialinae , are suggested to have diversified from early primitive ants that were likely to have been predators underneath

1742-787: The Paleogene period . By the Oligocene and Miocene , ants had come to represent 20–40% of all insects found in major fossil deposits. Of the species that lived in the Eocene epoch, around one in 10 genera survive to the present. Genera surviving today comprise 56% of the genera in Baltic amber fossils (early Oligocene), and 92% of the genera in Dominican amber fossils (apparently early Miocene). Termites live in colonies and are sometimes called "white ants", but termites are only distantly related to ants. They are

1809-591: The Seven Wonders of Russia , the Komi Republic is home to Manpupuner (Man-Pupu-Nyer), a mysterious site in the northern Ural mountains , in the Troitsko-Pechorsky District , made out of seven rock towers bursting out of the flat plateau known as the "7 Strong Men". Manpupuner is a very popular attraction in Russia, but not on an international level. Information regarding its origin is scarce. However, it

1876-671: The biosphere reserves of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves . In 1995 the forest area including the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve and its northern neighbor, the Yugyd Va National Park , were recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site , under the name Virgin Komi Forests . Pechora-Ilych is in the Urals montane tundra and taiga ecoregion, a region that covers the main ridge of the Ural Mountains (both sides) -

1943-438: The haplodiploid sex-determination system in ants, workers of a number of species can lay unfertilised eggs that become fully fertile, haploid males. The role of workers may change with their age and in some species, such as honeypot ants , young workers are fed until their gasters are distended, and act as living food storage vessels. These food storage workers are called repletes . For instance, these replete workers develop in

2010-485: The mandibles , used to carry food, manipulate objects, construct nests, and for defence. In some species, a small pocket (infrabuccal chamber) inside the mouth stores food, so it may be passed to other ants or their larvae. Both the legs and wings of the ant are attached to the mesosoma ("thorax"). The legs terminate in a hooked claw which allows them to hook on and climb surfaces. Only reproductive ants ( queens and males) have wings. Queens shed their wings after

2077-457: The nuptial flight , leaving visible stubs, a distinguishing feature of queens. In a few species, wingless queens ( ergatoids ) and males occur. The metasoma (the "abdomen") of the ant houses important internal organs, including those of the reproductive, respiratory (tracheae), and excretory systems. Workers of many species have their egg-laying structures modified into stings that are used for subduing prey and defending their nests. In

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2144-605: The red imported fire ant ( Solenopsis invicta ) of South America, are regarded as invasive species in other parts of the world, establishing themselves in areas where they have been introduced accidentally. The word ant and the archaic word emmet are derived from ante , emete of Middle English , which come from ǣmette of Old English ; these are all related to Low Saxon e(e)mt , empe and varieties ( Old Saxon emeta ) and to German Ameise ( Old High German āmeiza ). All of these words come from West Germanic * ǣmaitjōn , and

2211-499: The Hymenoptera Name Server, help to keep track of the known and newly described species. The relative ease with which ants may be sampled and studied in ecosystems has made them useful as indicator species in biodiversity studies. Ants are distinct in their morphology from other insects in having geniculate (elbowed) antennae , metapleural glands , and a strong constriction of their second abdominal segment into

2278-566: The Komi Republic is the Head of the Republic. As of 2024, the current Head is Rostislav Goldshteyn . The State Council is the legislature. The Komi Republic's major industries include oil processing, timber, woodworking, paper, natural gas and electric power industries. Major industrial centers are Syktyvkar , Inta , Pechora , Sosnogorsk , Ukhta , and Vorkuta . Komigaz conducts natural gas transportation and distribution. The Yaregskoye oil field

2345-549: The Komi, known by contemporary Russians as Zyrians ( zyriane ). He settled in Ust-Vym and became the first bishop of Perm. After Novgorod was annexed by Moscow, the Komi territories came under the influence of Moscow in the late 15th and early 16th century. The site of Syktyvkar , settled from the 16th century, was known as Sysolskoye (Сысольскoe). In 1780, under Catherine the Great , it was renamed to Ust-Sysolsk (Усть-Сысольск) and used as

2412-745: The North American honeypot ant Myrmecocystus mexicanus . Usually the largest workers in the colony develop into repletes; and, if repletes are removed from the colony, other workers become repletes, demonstrating the flexibility of this particular polymorphism . This polymorphism in morphology and behaviour of workers initially was thought to be determined by environmental factors such as nutrition and hormones that led to different developmental paths ; however, genetic differences between worker castes have been noted in Acromyrmex sp. These polymorphisms are caused by relatively small genetic changes; differences in

2479-403: The animals raised over the year is said to have exceeded 500. The farm's adult moose would spend most of the time browsing in the forest; however, a pregnant moose cow would always come back to the farm to give birth. Then, during the lactation period of three to five months, the moose cow would come to the farm several times a day, at the same hours, to be milked. The milk production of a moose

2546-1167: The ants appear to operate as a unified entity, collectively working together to support the colony. Ants have colonised almost every landmass on Earth . The only places lacking indigenous ants are Antarctica and a few remote or inhospitable islands. Ants thrive in moist tropical ecosystems and may exceed the combined biomass of wild birds and mammals. Their success in so many environments has been attributed to their social organisation and their ability to modify habitats, tap resources, and defend themselves. Their long co-evolution with other species has led to mimetic , commensal , parasitic , and mutualistic relationships. Ant societies have division of labour , communication between individuals, and an ability to solve complex problems . These parallels with human societies have long been an inspiration and subject of study. Many human cultures make use of ants in cuisine, medication, and rites. Some species are valued in their role as biological pest control agents. Their ability to exploit resources may bring ants into conflict with humans, however, as they can damage crops and invade buildings. Some species, such as

2613-451: The area of the reserve into five natural regions: Moose , beavers , squirrels , pine martens are abundant in the reserve. Sables are known to live in the piedmont forest region of the reserve. The wild reindeer have almost disappeared after the loss of the pine forest section of the reserve in 1951, and consequent habitat destruction . The large predators include brown bears , wolves , and wolverines . Ten mustelid species make

2680-556: The body (called the "dorsal aorta") that functions like a heart, and pumps haemolymph toward the head, thus driving the circulation of the internal fluids. The nervous system consists of a ventral nerve cord that runs the length of the body, with several ganglia and branches along the way reaching into the extremities of the appendages. An ant's head contains many sensory organs . Like most insects, ants have compound eyes made from numerous tiny lenses attached together. Ant eyes are good for acute movement detection, but do not offer

2747-515: The colonies of a few ant species, there are physical castes—workers in distinct size-classes, called minor (micrergates), median, and major ergates (macrergates). Often, the larger ants have disproportionately larger heads, and correspondingly stronger mandibles . Although formally known as dinergates, such individuals are sometimes called "soldier" ants because their stronger mandibles make them more effective in fighting, although they still are workers and their "duties" typically do not vary greatly from

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2814-532: The distance and size of objects moving nearly a meter away. Based on experiments conducted to test their ability to differentiate between selected wavelengths of light, some ant species such as Camponotus blandus, Solenopsis invicta, and Formica cunicularia are thought to possess a degree of colour vision. Two antennae ("feelers") are attached to the head; these organs detect chemicals, air currents , and vibrations ; they also are used to transmit and receive signals through touch. The head has two strong jaws,

2881-712: The distinctive node-like structure that forms their slender waists. Ants form colonies that range in size from a few dozen individuals often living in small natural cavities to highly organised colonies that may occupy large territories with sizeable nest that consist of millions of individuals or into the hundreds of millions in super colonies . Typical colonies consist of various castes of sterile, wingless females, most of which are workers (ergates), as well as soldiers (dinergates) and other specialised groups. Nearly all ant colonies also have some fertile males called "drones" and one or more fertile females called " queens " ( gynes ). The colonies are described as superorganisms because

2948-400: The ethnic Komi make up 23.7%. Other groups include Ukrainians (4.2%), Tatars (1.3%), Belarusians (1%), Ethnic Germans (0.6%), Chuvash (0.6%), Azeris (0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. Excluding 46,886 people who were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that

3015-403: The free-ranging population. Among the potential productive uses of the moose, the milk production was found the most promising. However, riding a moose and using it to pull a sleigh were tried at the farm as well. Over the years, a number of research articles dealing with the physiology , ethology , and ecology of the moose were published by the biologists from the reserve, as well as from

3082-862: The general superfamily Formicoidea , which, together with Apoidea, forms the higher-ranking group Formicapoidina . Fernández et al. (2021) suggest that the common ancestors of ants and apoids within the Formicapoidina probably existed as early as in the end of the Jurassic period, before divergence in the Cretaceous. Chrysidoidea Vespidae Rhopalosomatidae Pompilidae Mutillidae Tiphiidae Chyphotidae Scolioidea Apoidea Formicidae Myrmicinae Ectatomminae Heteroponerinae Formicinae Dolichoderinae Aneuretinae Pseudomyrmecinae Myrmeciinae Dorylinae‡ Ponerinae Agroecomyrmecinae Paraponerinae Proceratiinae Amblyoponinae Apomyrminae Leptanillinae Martialinae *Cerapachyinae

3149-477: The methods used were typical of those used by later Russians in subsequent campaigns. The Moscow principality also played an increasing role in the expansion into Komi territories, accompanied by a great increase in monastic activity in the 14th and 15th centuries under the influence of the Russian Orthodox Church . The missionary Stephen of Perm , a native of Ustyug , created the first alphabet for

3216-484: The minor or median workers. In a few species, the median workers are absent, creating a sharp divide between the minors and majors. Weaver ants , for example, have a distinct bimodal size distribution. Some other species show continuous variation in the size of workers. The smallest and largest workers in Carebara diversa show nearly a 500-fold difference in their dry weights. Workers cannot mate; however, because of

3283-423: The moose and techniques for caring for them; to study the feasibility of raising a farm-bred population; and to explore the possibilities of the use of the moose in the national economy. Over the first 40-plus years of the project, six generations of moose were raised on the farm, with some 30–35 animals at the farm in any given year. About 15 moose calves were raised at the farm in a good spring. The total number of

3350-403: The more favorably located Kostroma Moose Farm . Komi Republic The Komi Republic ( Russian : Республика Коми ; Komi : Коми Республика ), sometimes simply referred to as Komi , is a republic of Russia situated in the northeast of European Russia . Its capital is the city of Syktyvkar . The population of the republic at the 2021 census was 737,853, down from 901,189 at

3417-544: The original meaning of the word was "the biter" (from Proto-Germanic * ai- , "off, away" + * mait- "cut"). The family name Formicidae is derived from the Latin formīca ("ant") from which the words in other Romance languages , such as the Portuguese formiga , Italian formica , Spanish hormiga , Romanian furnică , and French fourmi are derived. It has been hypothesised that

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3484-458: The proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. According to a 2012 survey, 30.2% of the population of Komi adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 1% are Rodnovers or Komi native religious believers, 1% are Muslims , 1% are Orthodox Christians not belonging to churches or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches , 1% are Old Believers , and 0.4% are members of

3551-432: The republic. Major lakes include: The republic's natural resources include coal , oil , natural gas , gold , diamonds , and timber . Native reindeer are in abundance and have been intentionally bred for human usage by the indigenous population. Around 32,800 km of mostly boreal forest (as well as some alpine tundra and meadows) in the Republic's Northern Ural Mountains have been recognized in 1995 as

3618-462: The research institutes in Syktyvkar and Moscow (e.g. ) Knorre's and his associates' moose domestication work at Pechora Ilych, as well as somewhat similar Muskox Domestication Project at the University of Alaska 's Institute of Northern Agricultural Research , also provided valuable insights in the general theory of animal domestication. The facility, located in the remote Northern Urals taiga,

3685-532: The reserve their home, from the largest, the wolverine , to the least weasel , as well as the ermine , the American and European mink , the pine marten , the sable , and the Siberian weasel . Over the years, scientific research in many areas of biology and ecology was conducted in the reserve. Topics of research ranged from ants to squirrels to fish . The moose was a particularly important topic of research in

3752-428: The reserve. The moose ( Alces alces ) has long been an object of research at the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve. In the late 1940s, the management of the reserve encountered the problem of unsustainable growth of the moose population. By the early 1950s, pastures in the reserve started to be exhausted. To handle the problem, in 1956 a moose hunting enterprise ( лосепромысловое хозяйство ) was instituted. The enterprise

3819-509: The sub-order Isoptera , and together with cockroaches , they form the order Blattodea . Blattodeans are related to mantids , crickets , and other winged insects that do not undergo complete metamorphosis . Like ants, termites are eusocial , with sterile workers, but they differ greatly in the genetics of reproduction. The similarity of their social structure to that of ants is attributed to convergent evolution . Velvet ants look like large ants, but are wingless female wasps . Ants have

3886-518: The surface of the soil. During the Cretaceous period, a few species of primitive ants ranged widely on the Laurasian supercontinent (the Northern Hemisphere ). Their representation in the fossil record is poor, in comparison to the populations of other insects, representing only about 1% of fossil evidence of insects in the era. Ants became dominant after adaptive radiation at the beginning of

3953-464: The tergite and sternite of a segment fuse together, can occur partly or fully on the second, third and fourth abdominal segment and is used in identification. Fourth abdominal tergosternal fusion was formerly used as character that defined the poneromorph subfamilies, Ponerinae and relatives within their clade, but this is no longer considered a synapomorphic character. Like other arthropods, ants have an exoskeleton , an external covering that provides

4020-400: The total biomass of all the ants in the world was approximately equal to the total biomass of the entire human race. More careful estimates made in 2022 which take into account regional variations puts the global ant contribution at 12 megatons of dry carbon, which is about 20% of the total human contribution, but greater than that of the wild birds and mammals combined. This study also puts

4087-416: The untouched tundra and taiga . The first mine, "Rudnik No. 1", became the city of Vorkuta , and other towns of the region have similar origins: "Prisoners planned and built all of the republic's major cities, not just Ukhta but also Syktyvkar, Pechora, Vorkuta, and Inta. Prisoners built Komi's railways and roads, as well as its original industrial infrastructure." On 21 March 1996, the Komi Republic signed

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4154-516: The upper Pechora, as a sable zakaznik (sanctuary), was proposed in 1915 by S. T. Nat, the Chief Forester of Vologda Guberniya , in his article in Lesnoy Zhurnal ( Forest Journal ). The nature reserve was created on May 4, 1930, originally occupying 11,350 square kilometers. The borders of the reserve were set on July 30, 1931. Originally, the reserve's main office was built in

4221-585: The village of Ust-Ilych , at the fall of the Ilych into the Pechora. Access to that location being extremely difficult, the main office was moved in 1935 to the village of Yaksha , further upstream on the Pechora, but closer to the Kama River basin, via which the area communicated with the outside world in those days. In 1951 the reserve was greatly reduced in size, to a mere 930 km; its area became non-contiguous, with

4288-544: Was 1,708 km, automobile roads 4,677 km. Stroitel plays again in the Russian Bandy Super League in the 2017–18 season, after several years in Russian Bandy Supreme League , the second highest division. In 2015 a bandy federation for the republic was founded. In 2016 the authorities presented a five-year plan to develop bandy in the republic. There was an application in place to host

4355-409: Was affiliated with the reserve, but located outside of its territory. It has been economically successful. Between 1956 and 1968, 1000 moose were taken, providing 200 tons of meat. At the same time, hunting operations allowed the collection of valuable statistics on the biology of the Pechora moose population. Besides moose hunting, in 1949 the reserve staff created the facility they referred to as

4422-440: Was never meant to turn a profit, and found itself in a difficult situation after the government funding cutbacks of the early 1990s. According to a recent trip report, the moose farm operations have been greatly reduced; the remaining buildings are in a poor conditions, and only a few animals remain. A Moscow teacher visiting in 2003 reported that there were only five left. However, moose domestication experiments in Russia continue at

4489-639: Was reorganized into the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with its administrative center located at the town of Syktyvkar . Many of the "settlers" who arrived in the early 20th century were prisoners of the Gulag – sent by the hundreds of thousands to perform forced labor in the Arctic regions of the USSR. Towns sprang up around labor-camp sites, which gangs of prisoners initially carved out of

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