81-527: Mangyan is the generic name for the eight indigenous groups found in Mindoro each with its own tribal name, language, and customs. The total population may be around 280,001, but official statistics are difficult to determine under the conditions of remote areas, reclusive tribal groups and some having little if any outside world contact. The ethnic groups of the island, from north to south, are: Iraya , Alangan, Tadyawan, Tawbuid (called Batangan by lowlanders on
162-408: A carcinogenic compound. The United States Food and Drug Administration warns that consumption of aristolochic acid-containing products is associated with "permanent kidney damage, sometimes resulting in kidney failure that has required kidney dialysis or kidney transplantation. In addition, some patients have developed certain types of cancers, most often occurring in the urinary tract." Raw ginger
243-583: A folk medicine . It is an herbaceous perennial that grows annual pseudostems (false stems made of the rolled bases of leaves) about one meter tall, bearing narrow leaf blades. The inflorescences bear flowers having pale yellow petals with purple edges, and arise directly from the rhizome on separate shoots. Ginger is in the family Zingiberaceae , which also includes turmeric ( Curcuma longa ), cardamom ( Elettaria cardamomum ), and galangal . Ginger originated in Maritime Southeast Asia and
324-452: A carbonated beverage and also fresh in their homes. Ginger tea is often made from fresh ginger, as well as the famous regional specialty Jamaican ginger cake. In Western cuisine , ginger is traditionally used mainly in sweet foods such as ginger ale , gingerbread , ginger snaps , parkin , and speculaas . A ginger-flavored liqueur called Canton is produced in Jarnac , France. Ginger wine
405-780: A certificate of ancestral domain title (CADT) in December 2010 from President Benigno Aquino III . In July 2022, Tadyawan and Tau-buid Mangyan were the first Indigenous communities in Oriental Mindoro to receive their CADT from the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples . The title covers 3,270.78 hectares of ancestral lands in Sabang in Pinamalayan town and Buong Lupa in Gloria town. Mangyan are mainly subsistence agriculturalists , planting
486-566: A folk medicine. Ginger can be used for a variety of food items such as vegetables, candy, soda, pickles, and alcoholic beverages. Ginger is a fragrant kitchen spice. Young ginger rhizomes are juicy and fleshy with a mild taste. They are often pickled in vinegar or sherry as a snack or cooked as an ingredient in many dishes. They can be steeped in boiling water to make ginger herb tea , to which honey may be added. Ginger can be made into candy or ginger wine . Mature ginger rhizomes are fibrous and nearly dry. The juice from ginger roots
567-715: A high degree of creativity, usually employed to embellish utilitarian objects, such as bowls, baskets, clothing, weapons and spoons. The tribal groups of the Philippines are known for their carved wooden figures, baskets, weaving, pottery and weapons. Indigenous peoples in Northern Luzon are found mostly in the Cordillera Administrative Region , where various Igorot groups such as Bontoc , Ibaloi , Ifugao , Isneg , Kalinga , Kankanaey , Tinguian , Karao , and Kalanguya exist. Other indigenous groups living in
648-639: A portion of their produce to village traders who collect produce right at the farm gate. Once the produce is collected, it is transported to the closest assembly market where it is then taken to main regional or district level marketing centres. Farmers with a large yield of produce will directly take their produce to local or regional markets. Once the produce has "reached [the] regional level markets, they are cleaned, graded, and packed in sacks of about 60 kg". They are then moved to terminal markets such as in New Delhi, Kochi, and Bombay. States from which ginger
729-635: A term that they use to stress the fact that they are strict in the sense of ancestral preservation of tradition and practices. Before the Spaniards arrived in Mindoro, the people traded with the Chinese extensively, with thousands of pieces of supporting archaeological evidence found in Puerto Galera and in written Chinese references. A division was created among the people of Mindoro when the Spaniards came. There were
810-451: A variety of sweet potato , upland (dry cultivation) rice, and taro . They also trap small animals and wild pig. Many who live in close contact with lowland Filipinos sell cash crops such as bananas and ginger . Their languages are mutually unintelligible, though they share some vocabulary and use Hanunó'o script to write: Tawbuid and Buhid are closely related, and are unusual among Philippine languages in having an /f/ phoneme ; Tawbuid
891-420: A variety of nuts and seeds. In Thailand' where it is called ขิง khing , it is used to make a ginger garlic paste in cooking. In Indonesia , a beverage called wedang jahe is made from ginger and palm sugar . Indonesians also use ground ginger root, called jahe , as a common ingredient in local recipes. In Malaysia , ginger is called halia and used in many kinds of dishes, especially soups. Called luya in
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#1732843962437972-647: Is 79% water, 18% carbohydrates , 2% protein , and 1% fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), raw ginger supplies 333 kilojoules (80 kilocalories) of food energy and moderate amounts of potassium (14% of the Daily Value , DV), magnesium (10% DV) and manganese (10% DV), but otherwise is low in micronutrient content (table). If consumed in reasonable quantities, ginger has few negative side effects , although large amounts may cause adverse events , such as gastrointestinal discomfort, and undesirable interactions with prescription drugs . It
1053-412: Is a cysteine protease and has similar properties to rennet . Evidence that ginger use is associated with reduced nausea during pregnancy is of low quality. There is no good evidence ginger helps alleviate chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. There is no clear evidence that taking ginger to treat nausea during pregnancy is safe. Ginger is not effective for treating dysmenorrhea . There
1134-475: Is a perennial reed -like plant with annual leafy stems, about a meter (3 to 4 feet) tall. Traditionally, the rhizome is gathered when the stalk withers ; it is immediately scalded , or washed and scraped, to kill it and prevent sprouting . The fragrant perisperm of the Zingiberaceae is used as sweetmeats by Bantu , and also as a condiment and sialagogue . Source: Food and Agricultural Organization of
1215-630: Is a ginger-flavoured wine produced in the United Kingdom, traditionally sold in a green glass bottle. Ginger is also used as a spice added to hot coffee and tea. On the island of Corfu , Greece, a traditional drink called τσιτσιμπύρα ( tsitsibira ), a type of ginger beer , is made. The people of Corfu and the rest of the Ionian islands adopted the drink from the British, during the period of the United States of
1296-470: Is a summer yogurt drink made with ginger as a key ingredient, along with green chillies, salt and curry leaves. Ginger powder is used in food preparations intended primarily for pregnant or nursing women, the most popular one being katlu , which is a mixture of gum resin, ghee , nuts, and sugar. Ginger is also consumed in candied and pickled form. In Japan, ginger is pickled to make beni shōga and gari or grated and used raw on tofu or noodles . It
1377-433: Is an ingredient in traditional Indian drinks, both cold and hot, including spiced masala chai . Fresh ginger is one of the main spices used for making pulse and lentil curries and other vegetable preparations. Fresh ginger together with peeled garlic cloves is crushed or ground to form ginger garlic masala . Fresh, as well as dried, ginger is used to spice tea and coffee, especially in winter. In south India, "sambharam"
1458-525: Is commonly paired with meat, when it is cooked. Candied ginger is sometimes a component of Chinese candy boxes, and a herbal tea can be prepared from ginger. Raw ginger juice can be used to set milk and make a dessert , ginger milk curd . In the Caribbean , ginger is a popular spice for cooking and for making drinks such as sorrel , a drink made during the Christmas season. Jamaicans make ginger beer both as
1539-451: Is divided into eastern and western dialects; Western Tawbuid may be the only Philippine language to have no glottal phonemes, having neither /h/ or /ʔ/ . They call the lowlanders or the people who live in local suburbs and plains damuong . Their traditional religious world view is primarily animistic ; around 10% have embraced Christianity , both Catholicism and Evangelical Protestantism (The New Testaments have been published in six of
1620-505: Is effective for treating any disease, and use of ginger as a drug has not been approved by the FDA . In 2020, world production of ginger was 4.3 million tonnes , led by India with 43% of the world total. The English origin of the word "ginger" is from the mid-14th century, from Old English gingifer , which derives in turn from the Medieval Latin gingiber , gingiber from
1701-471: Is exported follow the marketing channels of vegetable marketing in India, and the steps are similar to those when transported domestically. However, instead of reaching a terminal market after the regional forwarding centres, the produce will reach an export market and then be sent off by vehicle, plane or boat to reach its final international destination, where it will arrive at a local retail market and finally reach
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#17328439624371782-485: Is made into a candy called shoga no sato zuke . In the traditional Korean kimchi , ginger is either finely minced or just juiced to avoid the fibrous texture and added to the ingredients of the spicy paste just before the fermenting process. In Myanmar , ginger is called gyin . It is widely used in cooking and as a main ingredient in traditional medicines . It is consumed as a salad dish called gyin-thot , which consists of shredded ginger preserved in oil, with
1863-481: Is often used as a seasoning in Indian recipes and is a common ingredient of Chinese , Korean , Japanese , Vietnamese , and many South Asian cuisines for flavoring dishes such as seafood , meat , and vegetarian dishes . In Indian cuisine, ginger is a key ingredient, especially in thicker gravies, as well as in many other dishes, both vegetarian and meat-based. Ginger has a role in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It
1944-533: Is on the FDA 's " generally recognized as safe " list, though it does interact with some medications, including the anticoagulant drug warfarin and the cardiovascular drug nifedipine . The characteristic fragrance and flavor of ginger result from volatile oils that compose 1–3% of the weight of fresh ginger, primarily consisting of sesquiterpenes , such as beta-bisabolene and zingiberene , zingerone , shogaols , and gingerols with [6]-gingerol (1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) as
2025-560: Is some evidence for it having an anti-inflammatory effect, and improving digestive function, but insufficient evidence for it affecting pain in osteoarthritis . The evidence that ginger retards blood clotting is mixed. A 2018 review found evidence that ginger could decrease body weight in obese subjects and increase HDL-cholesterol . Although generally recognized as safe , ginger can cause heartburn and other side effects, particularly if taken in powdered form. It may adversely affect individuals with gallstones , and may interfere with
2106-577: Is the "largest producer of ginger in the world". Regions in southwest and Northeast India are most suitable for ginger production due to their warm and humid climate, average rainfall and land space. Ginger has the ability to grow in a wide variety of land types and areas, however is best produced when grown in a warm, humid environment, at an elevation between 300 and 900 m (1,000 and 3,000 ft), and in well-drained soils at least 30 cm deep. A period of low rainfall prior to growing and well-distributed rainfall during growing are also essential for
2187-492: Is the harvesting stage. When the rhizome is planted for products such as vegetable, soda, and candy, harvesting should be done between four and five months of planting, whereas when the rhizome is planted for products such as dried ginger or ginger oil, harvesting must be done eight to ten months after planting. Dry ginger is one of the most popular forms of ginger in commerce. Ginger rhizomes for dry ginger are harvested at full maturity (8–10 months). After soaking them in water,
2268-509: Is the root cooked in sugar until soft, and is a type of confectionery . Fresh ginger may be peeled before eating. For longer-term storage, the ginger can be placed in a plastic bag and refrigerated or frozen. Ginger is used in Iranian cuisine . Ginger bread is a kind of cookie traditionally prepared in the city of Gorgan on the holiday of Nowruz (New Year's Day). Other members of the family Zingiberaceae are used in similar ways. They include
2349-657: The Analects , written by the Disciples of Confucius in China during the Warring States period (475–221 BCE). In it, Confucius was said to eat ginger with every meal. In 406, the monk Faxian wrote that ginger was grown in pots and carried on Chinese ships to prevent scurvy . During the Song dynasty (960–1279), ginger was being imported into China from southern countries. Ginger spice
2430-400: The myoga ( Zingiber mioga ), the several types of galangal , the fingerroot ( Boesenbergia rotunda ), and the bitter ginger ( Zingiber zerumbet ). A dicotyledonous native species of eastern North America, Asarum canadense , is also known as " wild ginger ", and its root has similar aromatic properties, but it is not related to true ginger. The plant contains aristolochic acid ,
2511-661: The Bukidnon in Mindanao , had intermarried with lowlanders for almost a century. Other groups such as the Kalinga in Luzon have remained isolated from lowland influence. There were several upland groups living in the Cordillera Central of Luzon in 1990. At one time it was employed by lowland Filipinos in a pejorative sense, but in recent years it came to be used with pride by native groups in
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2592-1047: The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino , there are 135 recognized local indigenous Austronesian languages in the Philippines, of which one ( Tagalog ) is vehicular and each of the remaining 134 is vernacular . Chapter II, Section 3h of the Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997 defines "indigenous peoples" (IPs) and "indigenous cultural communities" (ICCs) as: A group of people or homogenous societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by others, who have continuously lived as organized community on communally bounded and defined territory, and who have, under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed and utilized such territories, sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits, or who have, through resistance to political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, non-indigenous religions and cultures, became historically differentiated from
2673-499: The Negritos formerly dominated the highlands throughout the islands for thousands of years, but have been reduced to a small population, living in widely scattered locations, primarily along the eastern ranges of the mountains. Upland and lowland indigenous groups are concentrated on western Visayas , although there are several upland groups such as the Mangyan living in Mindoro . Among
2754-714: The Pacific Islands in prehistory, long before any contact with other civilizations. Reflexes of the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian word * laqia are found in Austronesian languages all the way to Hawaii . They also presumably introduced it to India along with other Southeast Asian food plants and Austronesian sailing technologies , during early contact by Austronesian sailors with the Dravidian -speaking peoples of Sri Lanka and South India at around 3,500 BP . It
2835-462: The Philippines , ginger is a common ingredient in local dishes and is brewed as a tea called salabat . In Vietnam , the fresh leaves, finely chopped, can be added to shrimp-and-yam soup ( canh khoai mỡ ) as a top garnish and spice to add a much subtler flavor of ginger than the chopped root. In China, sliced or whole ginger root is often paired with savory dishes such as fish, and chopped ginger root
2916-742: The Pulanguiyon-Manobo of Bukidnon; the Ubo-Manobo in southwestern parts of Davao City, and northern parts of Cotabato ; the Arumanen-Manobo of Carmen, Cotabato ; and the Dulangan-Manobo in Sultan Kudarat . The Yakan is the major indigenous peoples of the Sulu Archipelago and live primarily in the hinterlands of Basilan . The Sama Banguingui live in the lowlands of Sulu , while
2997-952: The Subanon of upland areas in Zamboanga ; the Mamanwa in the Agusan-Surigao border region; and the B'laan , Teduray and Tboli of the region of Cotabato . The Manobo is a large ethnographic group and includes the Ata-Manobo and the Matigsalug of Davao City , Davao del Norte and Bukidnon; the Langilan-Manobo in Davao del Norte; the Agusan-Manobo in Agusan del Sur and southern parts of Agusan del Norte ;
3078-402: The 1990s, there were more than 100 highland tribal groups constituting approximately 3% of the population. The upland tribal groups were a blend in ethnic origin, like those in lowland areas of the country, although the upland tribal groups do not interact nor intermingle with the latter. Because they displayed a variety of social organization, cultural expression and artistic skills. They showed
3159-594: The Cordillera's adjacent regions are the Gaddang of Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela ; Ilongot of Nueva Vizcaya and Nueva Ecija , and Aurora ; Isinay , primarily of Nueva Vizcaya ; Aeta of Zambales , Tarlac , Pampanga , Bataan , Nueva Ecija ; and the Ivatan of Batanes . Many of these indigenous groups cover a wide spectrum in terms of their integration and acculturation with lowland Christian Filipinos. Native groups such as
3240-689: The Greek ζιγγίβερις zingiberis from the Prakrit (Middle Indic) siṅgabera , and siṅgabera from the Sanskrit śṛṅgavera . The Sanskrit word is thought to come from an ancient Dravidian word that also produced the Tamil and Malayalam term iñci-vēr (from vēr , "root"); an alternative explanation is that the Sanskrit word comes from srngam , meaning "horn", and vera , meaning "body" (describing
3321-502: The Ionian Islands . Fresh ginger can be substituted for ground ginger at a ratio of six to one, although the flavours of fresh and dried ginger are somewhat different. Powdered dry ginger root is typically used as a flavouring for recipes such as gingerbread , cookies , crackers and cakes, ginger ale , and ginger beer . Candied or crystallized ginger , known in the UK as " stem ginger ",
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3402-510: The Iraya Mangyans, who isolated themselves from the culture of the Spaniards, and the lowland Tagalogs who submitted themselves to Christianity. These two groups only interacted for economic matters through trading forest goods from the Mangyan and consumer goods for the lowlanders. Despite being grouped as one tribe, Mangyans differ in many ways. In comparison to the technological advance between
3483-526: The Mangyan languages). Historically, Mangyan stories were orally transmitted. A select group of stories were preserved in poems and written in syllabic writing. These poems were carved into materials such as bamboo with a sharp object. Practicing oral tradition came with its own set of rules for the Mangyans. For example, folk tales called suyot were only to be told after the sun had set. The Mangyans believed telling stories during daylight would lead to rotting of
3564-585: The Mangyans may have been the first Filipinos to trade with the Chinese. Examples of this relationship are seen in the burial caves, as porcelains and other potteries abound. However, not much ethnographic research has been made except for the tribal and linguistic differences that may lead to the indication that the tribes can be treated separately. Mangyan communities inhabit the island of Mindoro, laying claim to 40,000 hectares of forest lands. Hanunuo, Gubatnon, and Ratagnon (Hagura) Mangyan of Occidental Mindoro received
3645-509: The Philippines The indigenous peoples of the Philippines are ethnolinguistic groups or subgroups that maintain partial isolation or independence throughout the colonial era, and have retained much of their traditional pre-colonial culture and practices. The Philippines has 110 enthnolinguistic groups comprising the Philippines' indigenous peoples; as of 2010, these groups numbered at around 14–17 million persons. Austronesians make up
3726-547: The Philippines found conflicts in institutional mandates among the Local Government Code , mining law and the National Integrated Protected Areas Act, and recommended exclusive resource use rights to community-based forest management communities. Ginger Ginger ( Zingiber officinale ) is a flowering plant whose rhizome , ginger root or ginger, is widely used as a spice and
3807-518: The United Arab Emirates, Morocco, the United States, Yemen Republic, the United Kingdom, and Netherlands". Though India is the largest ginger producer in the world, it fails to play the role of a large exporter and only accounts for about 1.17% of total ginger exports. Ginger farming in India is a costly and risky business, as farmers do not gain much money from exports and "more than 65% of
3888-509: The United Nations, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) In 2020, global production of ginger was 4.3 million tonnes , led by India with 43% of the world total. Nigeria , China , and Nepal also had substantial production. Though it is grown in many areas across the globe, ginger is "among the earliest recorded spices to be cultivated and exported from southwest India". India holds the seventh position in ginger export worldwide, however
3969-423: The average, they only share 40% of their vocabulary. Another difference between tribes is the date of their arrival in the Philippines. A theory suggests that the southern Mangyan were already present by 900 AD while the northern Mangyan are believed to have arrived hundreds of years later. The Spanish authorities had documented their existence since their arrival in the 16th century. However, historians suggest that
4050-518: The back, and can also be found on their woven bags. Their system of writing, called surat Mangyan , is a pre-Hispanic syllabic system and is believed to be of Indic origin. It is still practiced today and is still being taught in different Mangyan schools of Oriental Mindoro. The Hanunó'os also practice their own traditional poetry called the ambahan , a rhythmic poetic expression with a meter of seven syllables presented through recitation and chanting or inscribed on bamboo. Indigenous peoples of
4131-482: The consumer once purchased. Dry ginger is most popularly traded between Asian countries through a unique distribution system involving a network of small retail outlets. Fresh and preserved ginger are often sold directly to supermarket chains, and in some countries fresh ginger is seen exclusively in small shops unique to certain ethnic communities. India frequently exports its ginger and other vegetable produce to nearby Pakistan and Bangladesh, as well as "Saudi Arabia,
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#17328439624374212-399: The farmer to break up the soil. After the soil is sufficiently ploughed (at least 3–5 times), water channels are made 60–80 feet (18–24 m) apart to irrigate the crop. The next step is planting the rhizome seed. In India, planting the irrigated ginger crop is usually done in the months between March and June as those months account for the beginning of the monsoon, or rainy season. Once
4293-408: The firmness of the soil from rain, and conserve soil moisture. Farmers must ensure that their ginger crops are receiving supplemental irrigation if rainfall is low in their region. In India, farmers must irrigate their ginger crops every two weeks at the least between September and November (when the monsoon is over) to ensure maximum yield and high quality product. The final farming stage for ginger
4374-405: The genus Asarum are commonly called wild ginger because of their similar taste. Ginger has been used in traditional medicine in China, India and Japan for centuries, and as a dietary supplement . There is no good evidence that ginger helps alleviate nausea and vomiting associated with pregnancy or chemotherapy , and its safety has not been demonstrated. It remains uncertain whether ginger
4455-405: The ginger to thrive well in the soil. Ginger produced in India is most often farmed through homestead farming, with work adaptively shared by available family and community members. The size of the ginger rhizome is essential to the production of ginger. The larger the rhizome piece, the faster ginger will be produced and therefore the faster it will be sold onto the market. Prior to planting
4536-440: The leading export crop on both Hispaniola and Puerto Rico by the end of the century, until the introduction of slave labour from Africa made sugar more economical to produce in the 17th century. Ginger produces clusters of white and pink flower buds that bloom into yellow flowers. Because of its aesthetic appeal and the adaptation of the plant to warm climates, it is often used as landscaping around subtropical homes. It
4617-524: The leaves were used to flavour food or eaten directly. The leaves were also used to weave mats. Aside from these uses, ginger had religious significance among Austronesians, being used in rituals for healing and for asking protection from spirits. It was also used in the blessing of Austronesian ships . Ginger was carried with them in their voyages as canoe plants during the Austronesian expansion , starting from around 5,000 BP . They introduced it to
4698-477: The major pungent compound. Some 400 chemical compounds exist in raw ginger. Zingerone is produced from gingerols during drying, having lower pungency and a spicy-sweet aroma. Shogaols are more pungent, and are formed from gingerols during heating, storage or via acidity. Numerous monoterpenes , amino acids , dietary fiber , protein, phytosterols , vitamins , and dietary minerals are other constituents. Fresh ginger also contains an enzyme zingibain which
4779-554: The majority of Filipinos. ICCs/IPs shall likewise include peoples who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country, at the time of conquest or colonization, or at the time of inroads of non-indigenous religions and cultures, or the establishment of present state boundaries, who retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions, but who may have been displaced from their traditional domains or who may have resettled outside their ancestral domains; In
4860-853: The most important indigenous groups in Mindanao are collectively called the Lumad . These include the Manobo ; the Talaandig , Higaonon and Bukidnon people of Bukidnon ; the Bagobo , Mandaya , Mansaka , Tagakaulo of the Davao Region who inhabit the mountains bordering Davao Gulf ; the Kalagan people who live in lowland areas and seashores of Davao del Norte , Compostela Valley , Davao Oriental and some seashores in Davao del Sur ;
4941-719: The mountain region as a positive expression of their ethnic identity. The Ifugao of Ifugao province , the Bontoc, Kalinga, Tinguian, Kankanaey and Ibaloi were all farmers who constructed the rice terraces for many centuries. Other mountain peoples of Luzon such as the Isnag of Apayao, the Gaddang of the border between Kalinga and Isabela provinces, and the Ilongot Nueva Vizcaya and Caraballo Mountains all developed hunting and gathering, farming cultivation and headhunting . Other groups such as
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#17328439624375022-613: The nomadic Luwa'an live in coastal areas. The Sama or the Sinama and the Jama Mapun are the indigenous peoples of Tawi-Tawi . In the Philippines , the term is used to refer to indigenous peoples' land rights in law. Ancestral lands are referred to in the Philippines Constitution . Article XII, Section 5 says: "The State, subject to the provisions of this Constitution and national development policies and programs, shall protect
5103-474: The non-Muslim culturally-indigenous groups of mainland Mindanao are collectively called Lumad . Australo-Melanesian groups throughout the archipelago are termed Aeta , Ita , Ati , Dumagat , among others. Numerous culturally-indigenous groups also live outside these two indigenous corridors. In addition to these labels, groups and individuals sometimes identify with the Tagalog term katutubo , which denotes any person of indigenous origin. According to
5184-572: The only inhabitants of Mindoro. Being coastal dwellers at first, they have moved inland and into the mountains to avoid the influx and influence of foreign settlers such as the Tagalogs , the Spanish and their conquests and religious conversion, and raids by the Moro . Today, the Mangyans live in relative seclusion along rivers in the highlands but periodically descend lowland to trade. Their sustenance are farming, fruit gathering, and hunting. A certain group of Mangyans living in Southern Mindoro call themselves Hanunó'o, meaning "true", "pure" or "genuine",
5265-453: The outer skin is scraped off with a bamboo splinter or wooden knife by hand as it is too delicate a process to be done by machinery. The whole dried rhizomes are ground in the consuming centres. Fresh ginger does not need further processing after harvest, and it is harvested much younger. Ginger is sent through various stages to be transported to its final destination either domestically or internationally. The journey begins when farmers sell
5346-436: The overwhelming majority, while full or partial Negritos scattered throughout the archipelago. The highland Austronesians and Negrito have co-existed with their lowland Austronesian kin and neighbor groups for thousands of years in the Philippine archipelago. Culturally-indigenous peoples of northern Philippine highlands can be grouped into the Igorot (comprising many different groups) and singular Bugkalot groups, while
5427-402: The planting stage is done, farmers go on to mulch the crop to conserve moisture and check weed growth, as well as check surface run-off to conserve soil. Mulching is done by applying mulch (green leaves for example) to the plant beds directly after planting and again 45 and 90 days into growth. After mulching comes hilling, which is the stirring and breaking up of soil to check weed growth, break
5508-469: The pre-Hispanic era are exceptional in their weaving, pottery, and system of writing. Their clothing differs between genders. The male generally wears bahag loincloths as covering for the lower body, whereas the female would wear a skirt and a shirt for the top. The terms and materials would differ from tribe to tribe, but more exceptional designs would come from the Hanunó'os. Their textiles are dyed in indigo blue, with an embroidery design called pakudos at
5589-525: The rights of indigenous cultural communities to their ancestral lands to ensure their economic, social, and cultural well-being." The Indigenous People's Rights Act of 1997 recognizes the right of Indigenous peoples to manage their ancestral domains. The law defines ancestral domain to include lands, inland waters, coastal areas, and natural resources owned or occupied by Indigenous peoples, by themselves or through their ancestors. The Food and Agriculture Organization 's research on forest land ownership in
5670-402: The seed rhizomes, farmers are required to treat the seeds to prevent pests, and rhizome rot and other seed-borne diseases . Various ways Indian farmers do seed treatment include dipping the seeds in cow dung emulsion, smoking the seeds before storage, and hot water treatment. Once the seeds are properly treated, the farmland in which they are to be planted must be thoroughly dug or ploughed by
5751-640: The shape of its root), but that may be folk etymology . The word probably was readopted in Middle English from the Old French gingibre (modern French gingembre ). Ginger originated from Maritime Southeast Asia . It is a true cultigen and does not exist in its wild state. The most ancient evidence of its domestication is among the Austronesian peoples where it was among several species of ginger cultivated and exploited since ancient times. They cultivated other gingers including turmeric ( Curcuma longa ), white turmeric ( Curcuma zedoaria ), and bitter ginger ( Zingiber zerumbet ). The rhizomes and
5832-625: The southern coast of Sweden in the summer of 1495 while conveying King Hans to a summit with the Swedish Council. Among the luxuries carried on the ship were ginger, cloves, saffron, and pepper. The ginger plant was smuggled onto the Caribbean islands from Asia sometime in the 16th century, along with black pepper , cloves , and cinnamon , at the encouragement of the Spanish Crown, though only ginger thrived. It eventually displaced sugar to become
5913-414: The teeth. There were several distinct types of oral works that the Mangyans practiced. There are no English equivalents for the names of Mangyan story categories. English speakers have given descriptive names for these categories. The Mangyans also told stories about their day-to-day life to describe the world around them. There were stories about different medicines they used, and stories used to describe
5994-411: The total cost incurred is toward labor and seed material purchase". The farm owner may benefit given that there is no losses in production or price decreases, which is not easily avoidable. Production of dry ginger proves to have a higher benefit-cost ratio, as well as ginger cultivated in intercropping systems rather than as a pure crop. Ginger is a common spice used worldwide, whether for meals or as
6075-405: The two geographical divisions, the southern Mangyan are considered more advanced as seen in their use of weaving, pottery and system of writing. In contrast, the northern Mangyan are simpler in their way of living. Their language, as in the rest of the Philippines, came from the Austronesian language family. However, even if they are defined as one ethnic group, the tribes used different languages. On
6156-479: The varieties and characteristics of rice they cultivated. Most of our understanding of Mangyan culture and practices is derived from these oral and written accounts. The Mangyan have a complex spiritual belief system which includes the following deities: The Indigenous Mangyans offer a myriad of culturally rich artifacts that give insight into their culture and trade. The people living in Southern Mindoro during
6237-451: The west of the island), Buhid , and Hanunoo . An additional group on the southernmost tip is the Ratagnon , who appear to be intermarried with neighboring Bisaya (Cuyonon) lowlanders. The group known on the east of Mindoro as Bangon may be a subgroup of Tawbuid, as they speak the 'western' dialect of that language. They also have a kind of poetry called the ambahan . The Mangyans were once
6318-651: Was also carried by Austronesian voyagers into Madagascar and the Comoros in the 1st millennium CE. From India, it was carried by traders into the Middle East and the Mediterranean by around the 1st century CE. It was primarily grown in southern India and the Greater Sunda Islands during the spice trade , along with peppers , cloves , and numerous other spices. The first written record of ginger comes from
6399-565: Was imported into Europe in increased quantity during the Middle Ages after European tastes shifted favorably towards its culinary properties; during this time, ginger was described in the official pharmacopeias of several countries. In 14th century England, a pound of ginger cost as much as a sheep. Archaeological evidence of ginger in northwest Europe comes from the wreck of the Danish-Norwegian flagship, Gribshunden . The ship sank off
6480-773: Was introduced to the Mediterranean by the Arabs, and described by writers like Dioscorides (40–90) and Pliny the Elder (24–79). In 150, Ptolemy noted that ginger was produced in Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Ginger—along with its relative, galangal —was imported into the Roman Empire as part of very expensive herbal remedies that only the wealthy could afford, e.g. for the kidneys. Aëtius of Amida describes both ginger and galangal as ingredients in his complex herbal prescriptions. Raw and preserved ginger
6561-509: Was likely domesticated first by the Austronesian peoples . It was transported with them throughout the Indo-Pacific during the Austronesian expansion ( c. 5,000 BP ), reaching as far as Hawaii . Ginger is one of the first spices to have been exported from Asia, arriving in Europe with the spice trade , and was used by ancient Greeks and Romans . The distantly related dicots in
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