91-523: The Cordillera Administrative Region ( CAR ; Ilocano : Rehion/Deppaar Administratibo ti Kordiliera ; Filipino : Rehiyong Pampangasiwaan ng Cordillera ), also known as the Cordillera Region and Cordillera ( IPA: [kɔrdiljɛra] ), is an administrative region in the Philippines , situated within the island of Luzon . It is the only landlocked region in the archipelago, bordered by
182-521: A "Kalinga Special Development Region" (KSDR), in an effort to neutralize opposition to the Chico IV dam. Marcos had placed the entirety of the Philippines under Martial Law in 1972, so the areas affected by the dam project were easily militarized. Aside from the provincial constabulary forces, paramilitary units (the infamously violent Civilian Home Defense Forces ) were activated in communities opposed to
273-596: A 12-year-old child. Macli-ing was one of 16 Bugnay villagers incarcerated for two months by the PC that year. Pressure from groups such as Amnesty International finally forced the PC to release these prisoners - some of whom had been incarcerated for 8 months - in June 1977. By December 1978, parts of the Chico IV area had been declared "free fire zones", no-man's-land areas where the army could freely fire on any animals or permit-less humans at will. The 51st Philippine Constabulary Brigade
364-453: A large minority at about 20–30% of the population. The traditional anitist religions maintain a significant presence in the region and are still practiced by the tribal people. There is a significant increasing members of Iglesia Ni Cristo for the landmarks like kapilyas (chapels) in each town approximately 4-6% . Poverty incidence of Cordillera Administrative Region Source: Philippine Statistics Authority The Cordillera region
455-566: A little success. Since Macli-ing was a prominent figure within the opposition, many of the Marcos administrations' efforts at bribing the opposition focused on him. He was offered a plush job as coordinator of the KSDR, which would have given him a large monthly salary, but he rejected the offer. In another instance, he was invited to a meeting at the Panamin Foundation headquarters; upon arriving he
546-548: A majority vote in the plebiscite on January 30, 1990 . The second law, Republic Act No. 8438 passed by Congress of the Philippines on December 22, 1997, also failed to pass the approval of the Cordillera peoples in a region-wide plebiscite on March 7, 1998 . At present, a third organic act of the Cordillera is in the offing supported by the Cordillera Regional Development Council. In September 2000,
637-751: A million speakers), was allowed to be used as a medium of instruction until the second grade. It is recognized by the Commission on the Filipino Language as one of the major languages of the Philippines . Constitutionally, Ilocano is an auxiliary official language in the regions where it is spoken and serves as auxiliary media of instruction therein. In 2009, the Department of Education instituted Department Order No. 74, s. 2009 stipulating that "mother tongue-based multilingual education" would be implemented. In 2012, Department Order No. 16, s. 2012 stipulated that
728-596: A pivotal role in preserving and publishing Ilocano literary works, including the earliest known text of Biag ni Lam-ang . While there is no official dialectology for Ilocano, the usually agreed dialects of Ilocano are two, which are differentiated only by the way the letter e is pronounced. In the Amianan (Northern) dialect, there exist only five vowels while the older Abagatan (Southern) dialect employs six. Reduplicate vowels are not slurred together, but voiced separately with an intervening glottal stop: The letter in bold
819-694: A respected pangat (leader) among the Butbut people, who lived in the villages of Bugnay, Buscalan, Lokong, Ngibat and Butbut in the Municipality of Tinglayan, Kalinga . He was elected to three terms as barrio captain of Bugnay. One contemporary noted: " No adda riribuk dagiti agkakailian dagdagusenna't tumulong nga mangibanag kadagitoy. (He did not hesitate to lose a day's work to settle disputes among his people.)" In 1974, residents of Sadanga, Mountain Province and Tinglayan, Kalinga were surprised when teams from
910-666: A source of income like wood-carving, basket-weaving, weaving clothes, amulets and ikat weaving. They have different patterns in weaving and they also have their own God that is called " Bulul ", it is the God of the rice that is made and worshipped by the Ifugaos . Aside from their tattoo art, the Bontocs are also known for their excellence in making different baskets for storage and rice. Ilocano language Iloco (also Ilokano ; / iː l oʊ ˈ k ɑː n oʊ / ; Ilocano: Pagsasao nga Iloko )
1001-512: A syllable onset or coda . The phoneme /h/ is a borrowed sound (except in the negative variant haan ) and rarely occurs in coda position. Although the Spanish word reloj 'clock' would have been heard as [re.loh] , the final /h/ is dropped resulting in /re.lo/ . However, this word also may have entered the Ilokano lexicon at early enough a time that the word was still pronounced /re.loʒ/ , with
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#17328369047281092-521: A system that is termed as an abugida , or an alphasyllabary. It was similar to the Tagalog and Pangasinan scripts, where each character represented a consonant-vowel, or CV, sequence. The Ilocano version, however, was the first to designate coda consonants with a diacritic mark – a cross or virama – shown in the Doctrina Cristiana of 1621, one of the earliest surviving Ilokano publications. Before
1183-429: A translation of St. Vincent Ferrer’s sermons by Fr. Antonio Mejia. The 19th century witnessed the rise of Leona Florentino , who has been recognized as the " National Poetess of the Philippines ," although her sentimental poetry received criticism from modern readers for lacking depth and structure. The early 20th century brought forth notable Ilocano writers such as Manuel Arguilla , whose prose effectively captured
1274-562: A vibrant reflection of the rich cultural heritage and history of the Ilocano people, tracing its origins to their animistic past. It encompasses a profound backdrop of mythology, folklore, and superstition, all rooted in a tradition of oral history shaped by cultural evolution. Key narratives include creation myths featuring figures such as Aran, Angalo, and Namarsua, the Creator, alongside tales of benevolent and malevolent spirits that are integral to
1365-715: Is laud /la.ʔud/ ('west'). Also, u in final stressed syllables can be pronounced [o], like [dɐ.ˈnom] for danum ('water'). The two vowels are not highly differentiated in native words due to fact that /o/ was an allophone of /u/ in the history of the language. In words of foreign origin, notably Spanish, they are phonemic . Example: uso 'use'; oso 'bear' Unlike u and o , i and e are not allophones, but i in final stressed syllables in words ending in consonants can be [ɛ] , like ubíng [ʊ.ˈbɛŋ] ('child'). The two closed vowels become glides when followed by another vowel. The close back rounded vowel /u/ becomes [w] before another vowel; and
1456-649: Is a highly urbanized city ; figures are excluded from Benguet. Cordillera is home to many ethnic tribes living on the Cordillera mountain range. They are commonly referred to as the Igorot . The Tingguians are composed of sub-groups known as the Itneg tribes which includes Adasen, Balatok, Banaw, Belwang, Binungan, Gubang, Inlaud, Mabaka, Maeng, Masadiit, and Muyadan or Ammutan.: Their places in Abra are as follows: The region has been called "the most diversified ethno-linguistic region in
1547-514: Is a story about the chieftain Dulag who led Igorot tribes against the government's dam project during the Marcos regime. The story won third prize in the 2012 Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature . The University of the Philippines Press published in 2015 Macli-ing Dulag: Kalinga Chief, Defender of the Cordillera , written by journalist Ma. Ceres P. Doyo. The essay on which the book
1638-775: Is also spoken as a second language by over two million people, including native speakers of Ibanag , Ivatan , Pangasinan , Sambal , and other regional languages. The Ilocano language is primarily spoken in the Ilocos Region, the Babuyan Islands , the Cordillera Administrative Region , Cagayan Valley , and the northern and western parts of Central Luzon . It is also spoken in Batanes , parts of Mindoro and Palawan , and scattered areas in Mindanao , particularly in
1729-463: Is an Austronesian language predominantly spoken in the Philippines by the Ilocano people. It ranks as the third most widely spoken native language in the country and serves as a lingua franca in Northern Luzon, particularly among the Igorot people and the indigenous settlers of Cagayan Valley . As an Austronesian language, Ilocano shares linguistic roots with other Philippine languages and
1820-425: Is an allophone of /u/ in final syllables. Thus, apúy ('fire') may be pronounced /ɐ.ˈpoi/ and baboy ('pig') may be pronounced /ˈba.bui/ . As for the diphthong /au/ , the general rule is to use /aw/ for native words while /au/ will be used for spanish loanword such as the words autoridad, autonomia, automatiko. The same rule goes to the diphthong /ai/ . All consonantal phonemes except /h, ʔ/ may be
1911-401: Is further celebrated through life rituals, festivities, and oral traditions , expressed in songs ( kankanta ), dances ( salsala ), poems ( dandaniw ), proverbs ( pagsasao ), and literary duels ( bucanegan ). These rich literary forms not only preserve Ilocano identity but also demonstrate its adaptability within the evolving Filipino cultural landscape. During the Spanish regime, Iloco poetry
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#17328369047282002-556: Is hardly a letter. As for money, it is only given to someone who has something to sell. I have nothing to sell. Macli-ing Dulag was assassinated by Marcos-controlled military forces on April 24, 1980. Eyewitness accounts indicate that ten individuals in military uniforms arrived in Bugnay on two Ford Fiera trucks, seeking out Macli-ing Dulag and Pedro Dungoc Sr., another opposition leader who lived nearby. The military personnel told Macli-ing to come out, but he refused, telling them to return
2093-522: Is inscribed on the Bantayog ng mga Bayani 's Wall of Remembrance memorial in Quezon City. There are no records documenting Macli-ing Dulag's date of birth, but he was born in the highland village of Bugnay, Tinglayan , Kalinga-Apayao , and the accounts of his contemporaries in Bugnay indicate that he was in his early twenties during World War II, when he served as a porter to guerilla forces fighting against
2184-409: Is known for its unique musical instruments including the gangsa kalinga, nose flute , bamboo flute , buzzer , bangibang , tongatong , diwdiw-as , saggeypo , and bamboo zither. The region is also known for their dance, arts, and crafts like wood-carving, ibaloi basket, loom weaving, tinalik, loinclothes called ikat, amulets, tattoo, akob, bobo, suklang and ikat weaving. The symbol of the tattoo of
2275-472: Is one of two days observed annually as "Cordillera Day" in the Cordillera Administrative Region . The Philippine Educational Theater Association (PETA) portrayed the life of Macli-ing Dulag and the horrors of martial law in the 1988 play Macli-ing Dulag . It was written by Malou Leviste Jacob and directed by Soxy Topacio. It starred Nanding Josef in the title role. Writer-director Dennis N. Marasigan lists it as one of 14 essential plays on martial law in
2366-572: Is predominantly spoken. Iloco (Ilocano) like all Philippine languages, belongs to the Austronesian language family, which is believed to have originated in Taiwan . It constitutes its own branch within the Philippine Cordilleran subfamily and is spoken as a first language by approximately seven million people. As a lingua franca of Northern Luzon and several areas of Central Luzon, Ilocano
2457-711: Is related to Malay (both Indonesian and Malaysian), Tetum , Chamorro , Fijian , Māori , Hawaiian , Samoan , Tahitian , Paiwan , and Malagasy . It exhibits close ties with several Austronesian languages in Northern Luzon and has some degree of mutual intelligibility with the Balangao language and certain eastern dialects of Bontoc . The Ilocano people historically utilized an indigenous writing system known as kur-itan . There have been proposals to revive this script by incorporating its instruction in public and private schools within Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur , where Ilocano
2548-474: Is the graphic (written) representation of the vowel. e /ɯ/ For a better rendition of vowel distribution, please refer to the IPA Vowel Chart . Unstressed /a/ is pronounced [ɐ] in all positions except final syllables, like madí [mɐˈdi] ('cannot be') but ngiwat ('mouth') is pronounced [ˈŋiwat] . Unstressed /a/ in final-syllables is mostly pronounced [ɐ] across word boundaries. Although
2639-485: Is the revival of the U.S. political division of Mountain Province, with Abra which was part of Spanish province of Ilocos . Nueva Vizcaya & Quirino were not included in the region despite having an Igorot majority at the time. On February 14, 1995, Kalinga-Apayao, one of the five provinces of the region was split into two separate and independent provinces of Apayao and Kalinga with the enactment of Republic Act No. 7878 . Several attempts at legalizing autonomy in
2730-592: Is the weekly magazine Bannawag . The following are two versions of the Lord's Prayer. The one on the left is written using Spanish-based orthography, while the one on the right uses the Tagalog-based system. aldao aldaw day Notes With the implementation by the Spanish of the Bilingual Education System of 1897, Ilocano, together with the other seven major languages (those that have at least
2821-539: The Bontocs is about being brave (because of the pain while inking), a talisman or a good luck charm against evil forces, or a symbol of a status or position (ex. Chief captain, Leader, Mayor). They also use tattoos as a decoration and clothes to their body using arts by drawing or placing inks with a pattern or abstract on their skin. It has been observed that the people in Cordillera make arts based on their emotions and belief. They use their talents in making arts and crafts as
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2912-579: The Chico River Dam Project near Sadanga, Mountain Province and Tinglayan, Kalinga . Frustrated by the project delays caused by the opposition, Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree no. 848 in December 1975, constituting the municipalities of Lubuagan, Tinglayan, Tanudan, and Pasil into a "Kalinga Special Development Region" (KSDR), in an effort to neutralize opposition to the Chico IV dam. Empowered by martial law to conduct warrantless arrests,
3003-599: The Cordillera Mountain Range of Luzon that is home to numerous ethnic groups . Nueva Vizcaya province has a majority Igorot population transplanted by the American colonial government in the Cagayan Valley Region instead during the early 20th century, as does Quirino . According to the 2020 Census of Population and Housing, this region is the least populated region in the Philippines, less than that of
3094-748: The Cordillera Mountains against the proposed dam, causing both the World Bank and the Marcos regime to eventually abandon the project a few years after. Dulag's name is inscribed on the Bantayog ng mga Bayani (Monument of the Heroes) Wall of Remembrance in Quezon City , Metro Manila , which is dedicated to victims of extrajudicial killings since the Martial Law era. April 24, the date of Dulag's murder,
3185-450: The Doctrina , is celebrated as the " Father of Ilocano Poetry and Literature ," credited for composing the epic Biag ni Lam-ang ("Life of Lam-ang"). This poem, which narrates the extraordinary adventures of the Ilocano hero Lam-ang, encapsulates core values of the Ilocano people, such as courage, loyalty, and respect for familial and ancestral ties. A study of Iloco poetry can also be found in
3276-498: The Gramatica Ilokana , published in 1895, which is based on Lopez's earlier work, Arte de la Lengua Iloca , published in 1627 but likely written before 1606. In the 18th century, missionaries played a crucial role in promoting literacy and religious education among the Ilocano population through the publication of both religious and secular texts, including Sumario de las Indulgencias de la Santa Correa by Fr. Jacinto Rivera and
3367-462: The Ilocos Region to the west and southwest, and by the Cagayan Valley Region to the north, east, and southeast. The region comprises six provinces : Abra , Apayao , Benguet , Ifugao , Kalinga and Mountain Province . The regional center is the highly urbanized city of Baguio , which is the largest city in the region. The region was officially created on July 15, 1987, covering most of
3458-643: The Ilocos Region . The region is primarily mountainous, positioned in the Cordillera Central mountain range, which includes Mount Pulag , the highest mountain in Luzon. Within the region are several streams and rivers including the Chico River , which is a tributary of the Cagayan River . Other major rivers include Cordillera Administrative Region is politically subdivided into 6 provinces . It has 2 cities;
3549-683: The close front unrounded vowel /i/ , [j] . Example: kuarta /kwaɾ.ta/ 'money'; paria /paɾ.ja/ 'bitter melon' In addition, dental / alveolar consonants become palatalized before /i/ . (See Consonants below). Unstressed /i/ and /u/ are pronounced [ɪ] and [ʊ] except in final syllables, like pintás ('beauty') [pɪn.ˈtas] and buténg ('fear') [bʊ.ˈtɛŋ, bʊ.ˈtɯŋ] but bangir ('other side') and parabur ('grace/blessing') are pronounced [ˈba.ŋiɾ] and [pɐ.ˈɾa.buɾ] . Unstressed /i/ and /u/ in final syllables are mostly pronounced [ɪ] and [ʊ] across word boundaries. The letter ⟨e⟩ represents two vowels in
3640-452: The dallot , an improvised long poem delivered in a melodic manner. A significant work within this literary tradition is the epic Biag ni Lam-ang (The Life of Lam-ang), which stands as one of the few indigenous narratives to have survived colonial influence. While it has assimilated foreign elements over time, it continues to embody essential values such as courage, loyalty, and the importance of familial and ancestral bonds. Ilocano culture
3731-686: The highly urbanized city of Baguio , and the component city of Tabuk . There are 1,178 barangays in the region. Geographically, the western half of Nueva Vizcaya is part of the main Cordilleras, while its eastern half is part of the Caraballos, the meeting point of the Cordilleras and the Sierra Madre. There have been moves to reunify Nueva Vizcaya with the Cordilleras, however, no such legislation has yet been introduced in Congress. † Baguio
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3822-495: The j pronounced as in French , resulting in /re.los/ in Ilokano. As a result, both /re.lo/ and /re.los/ occur. Macli-ing Dulag Macli-ing Dulag (customarily referred to by his first name, also spelled Macliing or Macli'ing (April 13, 1930 – April 24, 1980) was a pangat (leader) of the Butbut tribe of Kalinga province in the Philippines . He is best known as one of
3913-533: The orthography , vowels in sequence such as uo and ai , do not coalesce into a diphthong, rather, they are pronounced with an intervening glottal stop, for example, buok 'hair' /bʊ.ʔok/ and dait 'sew' /da.ʔit/ . The diphthong /ei/ is a variant of /ai/ in native words. Other occurrences are in words of Spanish and English origin. Examples are reyna /ˈɾei.na/ (from Spanish reina , 'queen') and treyner /ˈtɾei.nɛɾ/ ('trainer'). The diphthongs /oi/ and /ui/ may be interchanged since /o/
4004-450: The "4th Infantry Division"). Under pressure from the international community to solve Macli-ing's murder, the Ministry of National Defense informed Amnesty International in 1981 that it had recommended the filing of cases against Adalem, two sergeants, and two draftees, the "reversion to inactive duty" of another (unspecified) officer and three of his men, and the administrative reprimand of
4095-521: The 60th PC Brigade had arrested at least 150 locals by April 1977, accusing them of supposed subversion and of obstructing government projects, and various other offenses such as boycotting the October 1976 Constitutional Referendum. Individuals arrested included tribal papangat (leaders/elders), young couples, and in at least one case, a 12-year-old child. By December 1978, parts of the Chico IV area had been declared "free fire zones", no-man's-land areas where
4186-501: The American regime, Mountain Province was established by the Philippine Commission with the enactment of Act No. 1876 . Ifugao , which was part of Nueva Vizcaya province, and the former Spanish comandancias of Amburayan , Apayao , Benguet , Bontoc, Kalinga and Lepanto, were annexed to the newly created province as sub-provinces. Amburayan was later abolished in 1920 and its corresponding territories were transferred to
4277-599: The Bontoc and Kalinga people in opposition against the dam and the Marcos Administration. These early opposition efforts forced the Marcos administration to temporarily pull the NAPOCOR survey teams out of the area in 1975. Frustrated by the project delays caused by the opposition, Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree no. 848 in December 1975, constituting the municipalities of Lubuagan, Tinglayan, Tanudan, and Pasil into
4368-641: The CPLA on September 13, 1986, ending hostilities. On July 15, 1987, President Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order 220 which created the Cordillera Administrative Region. The provinces of Abra , Benguet and Mountain Province (of the Ilocos Region), and Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao (of the Cagayan Valley ) were annexed as part of the newly created region. Cordillera Administrative Region
4459-700: The Chico River Dam Project features prominently as a plot point in Auraeus Solito 's 2008 film " Pisay ," which is set in the Philippine Science High School in Quezon City during the months leading up to the 1986 EDSA Revolution and the 1997 documentary Batas Militar . "Ang Pangat, ang Lupang Ninuno at ang Ilog" ("The Chieftain, the Ancestral Land and the River"), written by Luz Maranan,
4550-571: The Cordillera region have failed in two separate plebiscites . An affirmative vote for the law on regional autonomy is a precondition by the 1987 Philippine Constitution to give the region autonomy in self-governance much like the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (now the BARMM ) in southern Philippines. The first law Republic Act No. 6766 , took effect on October 23, 1989 but failed to muster
4641-489: The Ilocano language, although other languages, such as Pangasinan , Kankanaey , and Ibaloi , are also spoken in La Union. The modern Ilokano alphabet consists of 29 letters: Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, LLll, Mm, Nn, Ññ, NGng, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, and Zz Pre-colonial Ilocano people of all classes wrote in a syllabic system known as Baybayin prior to European arrival. They used
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#17328369047284732-450: The Ilocano worldview. Shaped by centuries of interaction with diverse influences, Ilocano literature encompasses a wide array of literary forms, including epic poetry, folk tales, proverbs, riddles, religious documents, and songs. Central themes include resilience, familial loyalty, honor, and a deep connection to both the natural and spiritual realms. Ancient Ilocano poets articulated their expressions through folk and war songs, as well as
4823-472: The Japanese forces. As was usual among the Butbut people at the time, he did not receive any formal schooling, although he learned how to sign his name. Like the majority of Kalinga people of the time, Macli-ing earned his living through farming, although at one point briefly took on a job as a " caminero " (road maintenance worker) for the Department of Public Works and Highways . By the 1960s, he had become
4914-482: The National Power Corporation began appearing in their villages, conducting preparatory surveys for the Chico River Dam Project of then- President Ferdinand E. Marcos . They had not been consulted when a technical feasibility study for the project had been completed a year before, in 1973. The communities, composed of indigenous Kalinga and Bontoc people , objected to the project when they learned that
5005-449: The Philippines" with the many "sub-dialect variations" of its major languages. This diversity has been attributed to the mountainous topology of the region. However, this did not lead to variations in "cultural development", and the majority of the people share a "similar cultural identity". The region has been using the Ilocano language as a lingua franca across different Igorot groups after
5096-695: The Philippines. "Dumaloy ang Ilog Chico" ("And so the Chico River Flows") is a 1995 children's book narrating the campaign to defend the Kalinga community against soldiers and foreign contractors. It was written by Judy Cariño and Rene Villanueva and illustrated by Bernie Solina. It was one of the stories about Dulag recited at the Philippine Daily Inquirer's Read-Along session in Surigao del Sur in 2015. The story of Macli-ing Dulag's opposition to
5187-556: The Soccsksargen region. Internationally, it is spoken in the United States, with the largest concentrations in Hawaii and California , as well as in Canada . In Hawaii, 17% of those who speak a non-English language at home speak Ilocano, making it the most spoken non-English language in the state. In September 2012, the province of La Union became the first in the Philippines to pass an ordinance recognizing Ilocano (Iloko) as an official provincial language, alongside Filipino and English. This ordinance aims to protect and revitalize
5278-399: The Spanish system and the Tagalog system. In the Spanish system words of Spanish origin kept their spellings. Native words, on the other hand, conformed to the Spanish rules of spelling. Most older generations of Ilocanos use the Spanish system. In the alphabet system based on that of Tagalog there is more of a phoneme-to-letter correspondence, which better reflects the actual pronunciation of
5369-469: The addition of the virama, writers had no way to designate coda consonants. The reader, on the other hand, had to guess whether a consonant not succeeding a vowel is read or not, for it is not written. Vowel apostrophes interchange between e or i , and o or u . Due to this, the vowels e and i are interchangeable, and letters o and u , for instance, tendera and tindira ('shop-assistant'). In recent times, there have been two systems in use:
5460-456: The army could freely shoot people without permits and animals. On April 24, 1980, Marcos-controlled military forces assassinated Macli-ing Dulag a pangat (leader) of the Butbut tribe of Kalinga . The assassination became a watershed moment, marking the first time the mainstream Philippine press could be openly critical against Marcos and the military, and building up a sense of Igorot identity that eventually led to Cordillera autonomy. After
5551-618: The commander of the 44th Infantry Battalion, although Amnesty International was unable to ascertain whether these recommendations had been acted upon. In August 1980, Adalem, along with Sgt. Angeles Tanag anad draftees Francisco Garcia and Robino Galleno, were detained for their involvement in the murder. They were later brought before a court martial at Martinez Hall in Camp Henry T. Allen in Baguio City. Adalem and Tanag were charged for violation of Articles of War No. 94, which covers murder, frustrated murder and robbery. The other two draftees were not charged. They were later found guilty, but Adalem
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#17328369047285642-419: The creation of an autonomous Cordillera. However, questions lingered on the issue of Nueva Vizcaya's exclusion from the proposed region, despite being culturally and geographically part of the Cordilleras, leaving Nueva Vizcaya Igorots left out from the proposal. The region is the only landlocked region in the Philippines, bounded on the northeast and east by the Cagayan Valley , and on the southwest and west by
5733-549: The dam. By 1976, the 60th Philippine Constabulary (PC) Brigade had been brought into the Chico IV area to suppress opposition to the dam project. Empowered by Martial Law to conduct warrantless arrests, the 60th PC Brigade had arrested at least 150 locals by April 1977, accusing them of supposed subversion and of obstructing government projects, and various other offenses such as boycotting the October 1976 Constitutional Referendum. Individuals arrested included tribal papangat (leaders/elders), young couples, and in at least one case,
5824-422: The door and walls of Macli-ing Dulag's residence, and shell casings from a Browning Automatic Rifle and an M-16 rifle were found. Dungoc Sr., upon hearing the commotion, immediately arranged his pillows and blanket to make it seem like a person was asleep inside and hid beside it. When men in uniform began shouting in their direction, demanding for them to open the door, his wife answered the door. She pointed to
5915-399: The end of the Marcos administration due to the 1986 People Power Revolution, the succeeding government under President Corazon Aquino secured a ceasefire with the main indigenous armed group in the Cordilleras, the Cordillera People's Liberation Army led by Conrado Balweg . The Aquino government made a sipat or indigenous treaty, which would be known as the Mount Data Peace Accord , with
6006-454: The following day. He asked his wife to hold the door closed while he secured its lock, and lit a lamp to do so. The light of the lamp allowed the assailants to see where their target was behind the door, and they immediately fired on Macli-ing through a slit under the door, killing him instantly. He sustained a total of ten bullet wounds, with the fatal ones being on the left breast and the right pelvis. At least 13 bullet holes were later found on
6097-430: The freedom to devastate tribal lands, allowed 100% foreign ownership, and gave companies the right to displace and resettle people within their concessionary areas. Some influential people filed a lawsuit with the Supreme Court against the IPRA, because it contradicted with the Mining Code and would therefore be unlawful. The petition was dismissed in a 7–7 vote by the Supreme Court. A bill creating an autonomous Cordillera
6188-463: The imposition of a migration policy for Ilocano settlers into the area. The use of Filipino and English as the official languages of the Philippines is also implemented within the Cordillera. Like most other regions of the Philippines, Roman Catholicism is the single largest denomination in this region, however, a slightly lower (around 60–70% of the population) adhere to the faith, while Protestants, mostly Anglicans and Evangelicals forming
6279-402: The jurisdiction of the Cagayan Valley region, with Benguet and Mountain Province placed under the Ilocos Region . From that time on, Ferdinand Marcos imposed a migration policy for Ilocano settlers into those provinces. After the declaration of martial law by Ferdinand Marcos in 1972, the region became the focus of militarization as a result of local objections to the government's push for
6370-407: The leaders of the opposition to the Chico River Dam Project , which led to his assassination by armed forces under the command of then-president Ferdinand Marcos . Because his murder was a watershed moment that united the peoples of the Cordillera in opposition against the dam, Macli-ing Dulag is among the most well known of the many victims of Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos , and his name
6461-405: The living environment of the Igorot. The Cordillera Peoples Alliance (CPA), an indigenous rights organization in the region, in co-operation with other organizations, had highly resisted this project and thus booked a little victory. In May 2001, however, President Arroyo stated that the San Roque Dam project would proceed regardless due to the fact that it had already been initiated and therefore
6552-584: The modern (Tagalog) writing system is largely phonetic, there are some notable conventions. In native morphemes , the close back rounded vowel /u/ is written differently depending on the syllable. If the vowel occurs in the ultima of the morpheme, it is written o ; elsewhere, u . Example: Instances such as masapulmonto , ' You will manage to find it, to need it', are still consistent. Note that masapulmonto is, in fact, three morphemes: masapul (verb base), -mo (pronoun) and -(n)to (future particle). An exception to this rule, however,
6643-539: The mother tongue-based multilingual system was to be implemented for Kindergarten to Grade 3 Effective School Year 2012–2013. Ilocano is used in public schools mostly in the Ilocos Region and the Cordilleras. It is the primary medium of instruction from Kindergarten to Grade 3 (except for the Filipino and English subjects) and is also a separate subject from Grade 1 to Grade 3. Thereafter, English and Filipino are introduced as mediums of instruction. Ilocano literature serves as
6734-471: The municipal council of Itogon, Benguet , withdrew support for the San Roque Dam project. The project had met a lot of resistance, because of the reported failure of its proponents to update its Environmental Certificate of Compliance (ECC) and to submit a watershed management plan required for a project of that magnitude. The San Roque Dam was to become one of the biggest dams in the world and would threaten
6825-589: The national capital, the City of Manila . During the Spanish occupation of the Philippines , Christianization and eventual subjugation of the mountain region proved difficult for the Spanish colonial government. Several comandancias were established by the Spanish colonial government in strategic areas of the mountain region. Among them were Amburayan , Cabugaoan, Kayapa , Quiangan , Itaves, Apayaos, Lepanto, Benguet, Bontoc , Banaue , and Tiagan. On August 18, 1908, during
6916-521: The non-nuclear dialects (areas outside the Ilocos provinces) [ɛ ~ e] in words of foreign origin and [ɯ] in native words, and only one in the nuclear dialects of the Ilocos provinces, [ɛ ~ e] . Diphthongs are combination of a vowel and /i/ or /u/. In the orthography, the secondary vowels (underlying /i/ or /u/) are written with their corresponding glide, y or w , respectively. Of all the possible combinations, only /aj/ or /ej/, /iw/, /aw/ and /uj/ occur. In
7007-477: The opposition effort. Furthering the militarization of Tomiangan, the Philippine Constabulary forces were replaced by the 44th Army Infantry Brigade, which had previously been assigned to Isabela. Even as the armed forces were focused harassing the Bontoc and Kalinga into relinquishing their lands, government officials also attempted to get the locals to leave by bribing tribal leaders, achieving only
7098-512: The peoples of the Cordillera decisive influence over the establishment of foreign mining companies. In this act, ownership over the lands was regarded as communal, rather than individual and thus coincided more with the view on ownership of the Igorot. The IPRA was totally different in tone than the 1995 Mining Code. Without consultation from the people of the Cordilleras, the Mining Code gave companies
7189-572: The project called for the construction of four hydroelectric dams along the Chico River , with the priority being the construction of the Chico II dam in Sadanga, and the Chico IV dam in Tinglayan. The UN special rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples later estimated that 300,000 people would have been affected by the project. As a pangat of the Butbut, Macli-ing was one of the first leaders to oppose
7280-661: The project, organizing a bodong (peace council) in Barrio Tanglag in 1974 as an attempt to rally opposition against the dam. In May 1975, the Episcopal Commission on Tribal Filipinos of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines helped organize another bodong involving 150 Bontoc and Kalinga leaders alongside church-based support groups, at St. Bridget's School in Quezon City. The Quezon City bodong resulted in an agreement ( Pagta ti Bodong ) which united
7371-436: The provinces of Ilocos Sur and La Union . Lepanto was also reduced in size and its towns were integrated into the sub-provinces of Bontoc and Benguet, and to the province of Ilocos Sur. On June 18, 1966, Republic Act No. 4695 was enacted to split Mountain Province and create four separate and independent provinces namely Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao , and Mountain Province. Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao were placed under
7462-524: The soldiers where his husband was "sleeping," and the soldiers opened fire upon the rolled-up blanket. Dungoc Sr. managed to escape with only a minor hit on the wrist. His attackers were eventually identified as men under the command of Lieutenant Leodegario Adalem of the 44th Infantry Battalion, a graduate of the Philippine Military Academy's class of 1978. (Adalem and his men were identified more broadly in most media reports as elements of
7553-464: The story out in the press, and were interrogated by the military as a result. Editor Leonor Aureus, writing in 1985 for the National Press Club, noted that in the decade since 1972, there had been "no open and serious confrontation between the [mainstream] press and the military following the wave of arrests after martial law was declared." Macli-ing Dulag's murder unified the various peoples of
7644-575: The unique aspects of Ilocano culture during his time as a World War II guerrilla hero. Carlos Bulosan emerged as another prominent figure, with his novel America is in the Heart celebrated as a significant work in the Filipino-American literary canon. Other distinguished writers from this period include F. Sionil Jose, known for his epic sagas set in Pangasinan, and Isabelo de los Reyes , who played
7735-442: The word. The letters ng constitute a digraph and count as a single letter, following n in alphabetization. As a result, numo ('humility') appears before ngalngal ('to chew') in newer dictionaries. Words of foreign origin, most notably those from Spanish, need to be changed in spelling to better reflect Ilocano phonology. Words of English origin may or may not conform to this orthography. A prime example using this system
7826-458: Was brought in from the conflict area in Sulu, to replace the 60th. Macli-ing and the other opposition leaders were undaunted, and more bodong pacts ceremonies were organized - including two of the largest bodong councils ever, in June 1978, and December 1979. The December 1979 bodong was attended by 2,000 Kalingas and Bontocs and saw Macli-ing officially designated as the official spokesperson for
7917-598: Was difficult to stop. At the same time, she promised not to sacrifice the environment, to rehabilitate the people who will lose their homes, to compensate those who will suffer, and to not initiate any more large-scale irrigation projects in the future. In December 2000, the Supreme Court of the Philippines dismissed a petition that questioned the constitutional legality of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA), and act which came into existence in 1997 giving
8008-506: Was filed in Congress in 2014, but it was not backed by strategic politicians in the region due to lack of support from the national government. However, in 2017, all provincial congressmen within the CAR jointly filed a new Bill creating an autonomous Cordillera, the first time in three decades where all provincial district representatives called in unison for autonomy. The move was made due to the election win of President Duterte, who publicly supported
8099-515: Was heavily influenced by Spanish literary forms, with the earliest written Iloco poems largely based on romances translated from Spanish by Francisco Lopez . In 1621, Lopez published the Doctrina Cristiana , the first book printed in Iloco , marking a significant milestone in the documentation of Ilocano literature. The 17th-century author Pedro Bucaneg , known for his collaboration with Lopez on
8190-578: Was later covertly reinstated in the army. Later, however, Adalem was restored to active duty and was eventually able to retire with the rank of Major in the Philippine Army. He was killed in an ambush in April 2000. Coverage of Macli-ing's murder proved to be a watershed moment in the mainstream press' coverage of Martial Law. The story of Macli-ing's murder was most actively pursued by journalist Ma Ceres P. Doyo and playwright Rene O. Villanueva , who got
8281-609: Was shocked when he was led to a room full of "young and beautiful women," and told to "choose one for the night." He refused and asked to be allowed to leave. The best known of these bribery attempts describes a meeting between Macli-ing and Manuel Elizalde Jr. , the Presidential Assistant on National Minorities . According to the account documented by Doyo, Elizalde handed Macli-ing an envelope, but Macli-ing refused to accept it, saying: There can be one of two things in an envelope: letter or money. Since I am illiterate, this
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