The Kankanaey people are an indigenous peoples of northern Luzon , Philippines . They are part of the collective group of indigenous peoples in the Cordillera known as the Igorot people .
131-659: La Union ( Tagalog pronunciation: [lɐ ʔʊˈɲon] ), officially the Province of La Union ( Ilocano : Probinsia ti La Union ; Tagalog : Lalawigan ng La Union), is a coastal province in the Philippines situated in the Ilocos Region on the island of Luzon . The province's capital, the City of San Fernando , is the most populous city in La Union and serves as the regional center of
262-488: A bangkito / tokdowan , po-ok (small box for storage of rice and wine), clay pots, and sokong (carved bowl). Their baskets are made of woven rattan , bamboo or anes , and come in various shapes and sizes. The Kankana-eys have three main weapons, the bolo ( gamig ), the axe ( wasay ) and the spear ( balbeg ), which they previously used to kill with but now serve practical purposes in their livelihood. They also developed tools for more efficient ways of doing their work like
393-460: A bamboo-wood guitar ( agaldang ). There is no more pure Southern Kankana-ey culture because of culture change that modified the customs and traditions of the people. The socio-cultural changes are largely due to a combination of factors which include the change in the local government system when the Spaniards came, the introduction of Christianity, the education system that widened the perspective of
524-591: A density of 550 inhabitants per square kilometer or 1,400 per square mile. The province had 538,730 registered voters as of 2022. The province official language is Iloco (Ilocano), as declared by the provincial government of La Union. La Union is renowned for its picturesque coastal towns, popular surfing spots, and pristine beaches. The province is rich in natural and cultural attractions, offering activities such as red clay pottery, grape picking, loom weaving, and pilgrimage tours to historic churches, alongside beautiful waterfalls and eco-tours. The population includes both
655-474: A dirge by three men), menbaya-o (elegy) and sedey (offering of pig). They finish off the burial ritual with dedeg (song of the dead), and then, the sons and grandsons carry the body to its resting place. The funeral ritual of the Southern Kankana-eys lasts up to ten days, when the family honors their dead by chanting dirges and vigils and sacrificing a pig for each day of the vigil. Five days after
786-567: A dynamic relationship between the highland and lowland communities, contributing to a rich, interconnected cultural landscape in early La Union. A year after Adelantado Miguel Lopez de Legazpi made Manila the capital of the Philippines on June 24, 1571, the Spaniards started the colonization in Northern Luzon " to pacify the people in it ". In June 1572, conquistadores led by Juan de Salcedo , grandson of Miguel López de Legazpi , sailed up
917-677: A general attack to the ridge on 16 March 1945 and fought the Japanese defenders until the capture of Bacsil on 19 March. On the same day, the 3rd battalion captured the Reservoir Hill. The Battle of Bacsil Ridge between the Filipino soldiers and recognized guerrillas and the Japanese Forces resulted in the recapture of the city of San Fernando, La Union. Which resulted in the capture of San Fernando, La Union on 23 March 1945, and Bacnotan , La Union and
1048-476: A gunshot killed the much-hated Friar Mariano Garcia of Santo Tomas a shot heard across the province, igniting the revolution in what the Spaniards once called "Una Provincia Modelo." Manuel Tinio y Bondoc , a young general allied with Emilio Aguinaldo , led the charge against the Spanish forces, ultimately driving them from La Union, although some retreated to Vigan . Following their defeat, a Revolutionary Government
1179-401: A linguistic group. H. Otley Beyer believed they originated from a migrating group from Asia who landed on the coasts of Pangasinan before moving to Cordillera. Beyer's theory has since been discredited, and Felix Keesing speculated the people were simply evading the Spanish. Their smallest social unit is the sinba-ey , which includes the father, mother, and children. The sinba-eys make up
1310-413: A long process for courtship and marriage which starts when the man makes his intentions of marrying the woman known to her. Next is the sabangan , when the couple makes their wish to marry known to their family. The man offers firewood to the father of the woman, while the woman offers firewood to the man’s father. The parents then talk about the terms of the marriage, including the bride price to be paid by
1441-751: A million speakers), was allowed to be used as a medium of instruction until the second grade. It is recognized by the Commission on the Filipino Language as one of the major languages of the Philippines . Constitutionally, Ilocano is an auxiliary official language in the regions where it is spoken and serves as auxiliary media of instruction therein. In 2009, the Department of Education instituted Department Order No. 74, s. 2009 stipulating that "mother tongue-based multilingual education" would be implemented. In 2012, Department Order No. 16, s. 2012 stipulated that
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#17328454243291572-768: A non-English language at home speak Ilocano, making it the most spoken non-English language in the state. In September 2012, the province of La Union became the first in the Philippines to pass an ordinance recognizing Ilocano (Iloko) as an official provincial language, alongside Filipino and English. This ordinance aims to protect and revitalize the Ilocano language, although other languages, such as Pangasinan , Kankanaey , and Ibaloi , are also spoken in La Union. The modern Ilokano alphabet consists of 29 letters: Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, LLll, Mm, Nn, Ññ, NGng, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, and Zz Pre-colonial Ilocano people of all classes wrote in
1703-596: A pivotal role in preserving and publishing Ilocano literary works, including the earliest known text of Biag ni Lam-ang . While there is no official dialectology for Ilocano, the usually agreed dialects of Ilocano are two, which are differentiated only by the way the letter e is pronounced. In the Amianan (Northern) dialect, there exist only five vowels while the older Abagatan (Southern) dialect employs six. Reduplicate vowels are not slurred together, but voiced separately with an intervening glottal stop: The letter in bold
1834-595: A result of this relocation. When things returned to normal, the provincial government was relocated to San Fernando, followed by the La Union National High School. The North Provincial High School was established after the provincial high school in Bacnotan was transferred (now Bacnotan National High School). The postwar recovery period marked a return of the tobacco industry to the Ilocos Region. Ever since
1965-705: A significant chapter in La Union's contribution to the broader Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule. The American colonization of La Union began after the Spanish-American War in 1898 when the Philippines was ceded to the United States under the Treaty of Paris . Following the Philippine-American War (1899–1902), La Union was reorganized under American colonial administration, leading to significant political, economic, and social changes. During
2096-517: A simple political life, with the Dap-ay / abong being the center of all political, religious, and socials activities, with each dap-ay experiencing a certain degree of autonomy. The council of elders, known as the Amam-a , are a group of old, married men expert in custom law and lead in the decision-making for the village. They worship ancestors ( anitos ) and nature spirits. The Southern Kankanaey are one of
2227-544: A syllabic system known as Baybayin prior to European arrival. They used a system that is termed as an abugida , or an alphasyllabary. It was similar to the Tagalog and Pangasinan scripts, where each character represented a consonant-vowel, or CV, sequence. The Ilocano version, however, was the first to designate coda consonants with a diacritic mark – a cross or virama – shown in the Doctrina Cristiana of 1621, one of
2358-462: A syllable onset or coda . The phoneme /h/ is a borrowed sound (except in the negative variant haan ) and rarely occurs in coda position. Although the Spanish word reloj 'clock' would have been heard as [re.loh] , the final /h/ is dropped resulting in /re.lo/ . However, this word also may have entered the Ilokano lexicon at early enough a time that the word was still pronounced /re.loʒ/ , with
2489-404: A time that they move to their own separate home. The Southern Kankana-eys have different types of houses among which are binang-iyan (box-like compartment on 4 posts 5 feet high), apa or inalpa (a temporary shelter smaller than bingang-iyan ), inalteb (has a gabled roof and shorter eaves allowing for the installation of windows and other opening at the side), allao (a temporary built in
2620-429: A translation of St. Vincent Ferrer’s sermons by Fr. Antonio Mejia. The 19th century witnessed the rise of Leona Florentino , who has been recognized as the " National Poetess of the Philippines ," although her sentimental poetry received criticism from modern readers for lacking depth and structure. The early 20th century brought forth notable Ilocano writers such as Manuel Arguilla , whose prose effectively captured
2751-512: A vibrant reflection of the rich cultural heritage and history of the Ilocano people, tracing its origins to their animistic past. It encompasses a profound backdrop of mythology, folklore, and superstition, all rooted in a tradition of oral history shaped by cultural evolution. Key narratives include creation myths featuring figures such as Aran, Angalo, and Namarsua, the Creator, alongside tales of benevolent and malevolent spirits that are integral to
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#17328454243292882-576: A welcoming point for foreign vessels. In the highlands of La Union resided the Igorot people, primarily the Kankanaey and Ibaloi , who practiced headhunting as part of their warrior culture and followed animistic beliefs , worshipping nature spirits and ancestral gods. They were skilled agriculturalists and crafts, producing woven textiles, gold and metalwork, which they actively traded with their lowland Ilocano and Pangasinan neighbors. This exchange fostered
3013-775: A woven blanket for an upper garment and sometimes a headband, usually colored red like the wanes . The women, on the other hand, wear a tapis , a skirt wrapped around to cover from the waist to the knees held together by a belt ( bagket ) or tucked in the upper edges usually color white with occasional dark blue color. As adornments, both men and women wear bead leglets, copper or shell earrings, and beads of copper coin. They also sport tattoos which serve as body ornaments and "garments". Southern Kankana-eys are economically involved in hunting and foraging (their chief livelihood), wet rice and swidden farming, fishing, animal domestication, trade, mining, weaving and pottery in their day-to-day activities to meet their needs. The leadership structure
3144-715: Is laud /la.ʔud/ ('west'). Also, u in final stressed syllables can be pronounced [o], like [dɐ.ˈnom] for danum ('water'). The two vowels are not highly differentiated in native words due to fact that /o/ was an allophone of /u/ in the history of the language. In words of foreign origin, notably Spanish, they are phonemic . Example: uso 'use'; oso 'bear' Unlike u and o , i and e are not allophones, but i in final stressed syllables in words ending in consonants can be [ɛ] , like ubíng [ʊ.ˈbɛŋ] ('child'). The two closed vowels become glides when followed by another vowel. The close back rounded vowel /u/ becomes [w] before another vowel; and
3275-425: Is an allophone of /u/ in final syllables. Thus, apúy ('fire') may be pronounced /ɐ.ˈpoi/ and baboy ('pig') may be pronounced /ˈba.bui/ . As for the diphthong /au/ , the general rule is to use /aw/ for native words while /au/ will be used for spanish loanword such as the words autoridad, autonomia, automatiko. The same rule goes to the diphthong /ai/ . All consonantal phonemes except /h, ʔ/ may be
3406-401: Is further celebrated through life rituals, festivities, and oral traditions , expressed in songs ( kankanta ), dances ( salsala ), poems ( dandaniw ), proverbs ( pagsasao ), and literary duels ( bucanegan ). These rich literary forms not only preserve Ilocano identity but also demonstrate its adaptability within the evolving Filipino cultural landscape. During the Spanish regime, Iloco poetry
3537-504: Is largely based on land ownership, thus the more well-off control the community's resources. The village elders ( lallakay / dakay or amam-a ) who act as arbiters and jurors have the duty to settlements between conflicting members of the community, facilitate discussion among the villagers concerning the welfare of the community and lead in the observance of rituals. They also practice trial by ordeal . Native priests ( mansip-ok , manbunong , and mankotom ) supervise rituals, read omens, heal
3668-880: Is primarily spoken in the Ilocos Region, the Babuyan Islands , the Cordillera Administrative Region , Cagayan Valley , and the northern and western parts of Central Luzon . It is also spoken in Batanes , parts of Mindoro and Palawan , and scattered areas in Mindanao , particularly in the Soccsksargen region. Internationally, it is spoken in the United States, with the largest concentrations in Hawaii and California , as well as in Canada . In Hawaii, 17% of those who speak
3799-474: Is the graphic (written) representation of the vowel. e /ɯ/ For a better rendition of vowel distribution, please refer to the IPA Vowel Chart . Unstressed /a/ is pronounced [ɐ] in all positions except final syllables, like madí [mɐˈdi] ('cannot be') but ngiwat ('mouth') is pronounced [ˈŋiwat] . Unstressed /a/ in final-syllables is mostly pronounced [ɐ] across word boundaries. Although
3930-1257: Is the modern word for pattong . There are also some other dances that the Kankanaeys dance, such as the sakkuting , pinanyuan (wedding dance) and bogi-bogi (courtship dance). Kankanaey houses are built like the other Igorot houses, which reflect their social status. Wet rice agriculture is the main economic activity of the Northern Kankanaey with some fields toiled twice a year while other only once due to too much water or no water at all. There are two varieties of rice called topeng which are planted in June and July and harvested in November and December, and ginolot which are planted in November and December and harvested in June and July. Northern kankana-eys also farm camote. Camote delicacies include (1) makimpit which are dried camotes, (2) boko which are camote sliced into thin pieces that could be steamed (sinalopsop) or cooked as in and sweetened with sugar (inab-abos-sang). These are good substitutes for rice that could be sliced into thin pieces and added to rice before cooking (kineykey) mixing
4061-592: Is the weekly magazine Bannawag . The following are two versions of the Lord's Prayer. The one on the left is written using Spanish-based orthography, while the one on the right uses the Tagalog-based system. aldao aldaw day Notes With the implementation by the Spanish of the Bilingual Education System of 1897, Ilocano, together with the other seven major languages (those that have at least
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4192-518: The wanes may vary according to social status or municipality. The Kankanaey's major dances include tayaw , pattong and balangbang . The Tayaw is a community dance that is usually performed at weddings; it may be also danced by the Ibaloi people but has a different style. Pattong is also a community dance from Mountain Province which every municipality has its own style. Balangbang
4323-452: The "Japanese Port," as enterprising Japanese and Chinese merchants had been trading with the local population through this port. Consequently, Agoo played a significant role in commerce with other Southeast Asian countries. In her book “Pangasinan 1572–1800” , Rosario Mendoza-Cortes notes that La Union, particularly Agoo, served as the primary port for Japanese and Chinese traders , with Sual, Pangasinan , as its only rival. This prominence
4454-505: The Amburayan River , were home to the Samtoys or Ilocanos . These early settlers had a vibrant animistic culture and religion. The southern coastline, historically known as Aroo or Agoho (present-day Agoo ), was part of the northern territory of Caboloan , or Pangasinan , a sovereign pre-colonial Philippine polity with vibrant culture and tradition, and shared ethnic ties with
4585-721: The Angalacan River to the Lingayen Gulf and landed in Aroo or Agoho , now known as Agoo . Upon their arrival, Salcedo's expedition encountered three Japanese ships , which they pursued to a Japanese settlement . The Spaniards demanded tribute to the Queen of Spain from both the natives and the Japanese, though some initially refused. Those who complied were permitted to remain and converted to Christianity after paying tribute. This encounter led to Agoo being referred to as "El Puerto de Japon" or
4716-516: The Balangao language and certain eastern dialects of Bontoc . The Ilocano people historically utilized an indigenous writing system known as kur-itan . There have been proposals to revive this script by incorporating its instruction in public and private schools within Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur , where Ilocano is predominantly spoken. Iloco (Ilocano) like all Philippine languages, belongs to
4847-450: The Doctrina , is celebrated as the " Father of Ilocano Poetry and Literature ," credited for composing the epic Biag ni Lam-ang ("Life of Lam-ang"). This poem, which narrates the extraordinary adventures of the Ilocano hero Lam-ang, encapsulates core values of the Ilocano people, such as courage, loyalty, and respect for familial and ancestral ties. A study of Iloco poetry can also be found in
4978-498: The Gramatica Ilokana , published in 1895, which is based on Lopez's earlier work, Arte de la Lengua Iloca , published in 1627 but likely written before 1606. In the 18th century, missionaries played a crucial role in promoting literacy and religious education among the Ilocano population through the publication of both religious and secular texts, including Sumario de las Indulgencias de la Santa Correa by Fr. Jacinto Rivera and
5109-497: The Ilocano people from the lowlands and the Igorot people from the highlands, contributing to its diverse cultural heritage. In the early history of La Union, the coastal plains along the northwestern part of the region, extending from Tagudin, Ilocos Sur in the north to Sudipen , Bangar , Purao (now Luna & Balaoan ), and Bacnotan in the south, as well as the areas surrounding
5240-473: The Ilocos Region , including La Union, which had strong ethnic associations with the Marcos family . The Marcos administration's use of violent methods for stifling dissent thus mostly took place in other, non-Ilocano provinces, such as nearby Abra , Kalinga , and Mountain Province . Long-time second district congressman Manuel T. Cases had formed an alliance with Marcos along with the other strongman congressmen of
5371-637: The Pangasinan people. This area included the modern coastal towns of Agoo, Aringay (formerly Alingay or Alinguey ), Caba , Santo Tomas , and Rosario . Historian William Henry Scott noted that La Union was a notable trading hub, particularly for Igorot gold and local gold. The trade route, known as the Aringay-Tonglo-Balatok path, connected southwestern Cordillera with the lowlands, establishing Aringay and Agoo as key commercial centers. This trade network linked La Union to maritime routes across
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5502-471: The Philippine-American War , La Union experienced military conflicts and battles as American forces aimed to assert control over the province. The war was marked by significant abuses against the native population, including forced relocations , extrajudicial killings , and the destruction of property . These abuses led to widespread native resentment and resistance against American forces across
5633-514: The Siete Martires . These seven young men became the first Ilocanos to be executed for their revolutionary activities or for being suspected sympathizers of the movement. On the eve of the revolution, a traitor revealed their plans to the Spanish authorities, leading to the arrest of the seven men, who were executed without investigation. Fernando Ostrea escaped death despite sustaining a thigh wound, and his miraculous survival allowed him to inform
5764-574: The Superior Decreto that founded La Union – the 34th province since the founding of Cebu in 1565. It was classified as a gobierno politico-militar (Political-Military Government). Blanco appointed, on March 4, 1850, Captain Toribio Ruiz de la Escalera (Claveria's former trusted aide de camp) as the first Gobernador Military y Politico. La Union is the union of lands, people, cultures and resources. On April 18, 1854, Queen Isabella II of Spain issued
5895-455: The baknang and the abiteg and all have equal access to resources such as the copper and gold mines. Contrary to popular belief, the Southern Kankana-eys do not worship idols and images. The carved images in their homes only serve decorative purposes. They believe in the existence of deities, the highest among which is Adikaila of the Skyworld whom they believe created all things. Next in
6026-683: The close front unrounded vowel /i/ , [j] . Example: kuarta /kwaɾ.ta/ 'money'; paria /paɾ.ja/ 'bitter melon' In addition, dental / alveolar consonants become palatalized before /i/ . (See Consonants below). Unstressed /i/ and /u/ are pronounced [ɪ] and [ʊ] except in final syllables, like pintás ('beauty') [pɪn.ˈtas] and buténg ('fear') [bʊ.ˈtɛŋ, bʊ.ˈtɯŋ] but bangir ('other side') and parabur ('grace/blessing') are pronounced [ˈba.ŋiɾ] and [pɐ.ˈɾa.buɾ] . Unstressed /i/ and /u/ in final syllables are mostly pronounced [ɪ] and [ʊ] across word boundaries. The letter ⟨e⟩ represents two vowels in
6157-452: The dallot , an improvised long poem delivered in a melodic manner. A significant work within this literary tradition is the epic Biag ni Lam-ang (The Life of Lam-ang), which stands as one of the few indigenous narratives to have survived colonial influence. While it has assimilated foreign elements over time, it continues to embody essential values such as courage, loyalty, and the importance of familial and ancestral bonds. Ilocano culture
6288-445: The dap-ay / ebgan which is the ward. Their society is divided into two classes: the kadangyan (rich), who are the leaders and who inherit their power through lineage or intermarriage, and the kado (poor). They practice bilateral kinship . The Northern Kankana-eys believe in many supernatural beliefs and omens, and in gods and spirits like the anito (soul of the dead) and nature spirits. They also have various rituals, such as
6419-458: The j pronounced as in French , resulting in /re.los/ in Ilokano. As a result, both /re.lo/ and /re.los/ occur. Kankanaey people The Kankanaey live in western Mountain Province , northern Benguet , northeastern La Union and southeastern Ilocos Sur . The Kankanaey of the western Mountain Province are sometimes identified as Applai or Aplai. Because of the differences in culture from
6550-533: The orthography , vowels in sequence such as uo and ai , do not coalesce into a diphthong, rather, they are pronounced with an intervening glottal stop, for example, buok 'hair' /bʊ.ʔok/ and dait 'sew' /da.ʔit/ . The diphthong /ei/ is a variant of /ai/ in native words. Other occurrences are in words of Spanish and English origin. Examples are reyna /ˈɾei.na/ (from Spanish reina , 'queen') and treyner /ˈtɾei.nɛɾ/ ('trainer'). The diphthongs /oi/ and /ui/ may be interchanged since /o/
6681-488: The principalia or insulares who spoke the Castilian language , while the cailianes were the natives who spoke either Iloco , Kankanai , Ibaloi , or Pangasinan . Iloko, however, served as the province's lingua franca . Coastal settlements were frequently raided by tirongs or Moro pirates , who looted and burned villages while capturing women and children. In response, watchtowers called baluartes were build along
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#17328454243296812-515: The sagad (harrow), alado ( plow dragged by carabao ), sinowan , plus sanggap and kagitgit for digging. They also possess Chinese jars ( gosi ) and copper gongs ( gangsa ). For a living, the Northern Kankana-eys take part in barter and trade in kind, agriculture (usually on terraces ), camote/ sweet potato farming, slash-and-burn /swidden farming, hunting, fishing and food gathering, handicraft and other cottage industry. They have
6943-675: The Austronesian language family, which is believed to have originated in Taiwan . It constitutes its own branch within the Philippine Cordilleran subfamily and is spoken as a first language by approximately seven million people. As a lingua franca of Northern Luzon and several areas of Central Luzon, Ilocano is also spoken as a second language by over two million people, including native speakers of Ibanag , Ivatan , Pangasinan , Sambal , and other regional languages. The Ilocano language
7074-624: The Hayashi Detachment, composed of 3,000 armed troops and 2,000 unarmed support forces, took hold of San Fernando and its surrounding areas which denied entry to the port of the city and a road leading to Baguio . As part of the San Fernando-Bacsil Operations, the 1st Battalion of 121st Infantry were sent to loosen the enemy positions starting late February with the assistance of the Allied Air Force. The 1st Battalion made
7205-450: The Ilocano worldview. Shaped by centuries of interaction with diverse influences, Ilocano literature encompasses a wide array of literary forms, including epic poetry, folk tales, proverbs, riddles, religious documents, and songs. Central themes include resilience, familial loyalty, honor, and a deep connection to both the natural and spiritual realms. Ancient Ilocano poets articulated their expressions through folk and war songs, as well as
7336-481: The Ilocanos, who reluctantly accepted Spanish rule. This encounter marked the beginning of early Spanish colonization in Northern Luzon and sparked a hundred years of resistance against Spanish rule. It also led to the establishment of new religious, cultural, and administrative institutions, resulting in the formation of pueblos, rancherias to towns that later constituted the province of La Union. Before its formation,
7467-677: The Ilocos Region, and his successor Jose D. Aspiras was also a close associate of Marcos who was made Minister of Tourism after Martial Law was declared. But there were still La Union natives who were willing to object to the authoritarian practices and abuses of the Marcos administration , despite personal risk. This included San-Fernando-raised student activists Romulo and Armando Palabay , UP Students and La Union National High School alumni who were imprisoned for their protest activities, tortured at Camp Olivas in Pampanga, and later separately killed before
7598-490: The Ilocos Region. Bordered by Ilocos Sur to the north, Benguet to the east, and Pangasinan to the south, with the South China Sea to the west, La Union is located 273 kilometers (170 miles) north of Metro Manila and 57 kilometers (35 miles) northwest of Baguio City . The province spans an area of 1,497.70 square kilometers (578.27 square miles). As of the 2020 census, La Union had a population of 822,352, resulting in
7729-865: The Indian Ocean and South China Sea, as well as to trade with the Tagalog , Chinese , and Japanese . Goods exchanged included porcelain, silk ( abel ) , cotton, beeswax, honey, gemstones, beads, precious minerals, locally crafted burnáy (stoneware jars), and especially gold. Artifacts like porcelain and pottery, uncovered during the renovation of the Catholic church and now housed in the Museo de Iloko , testify to this trade activity. Japanese merchants and fishermen later arrived, forming settlements along La Union’s coast actively traded with their Ilocano, and Igorot neighbors, as well as merchants from China, and Southeast Asia . The region’s natural harbors along Lingayen Gulf made it
7860-548: The Japanese 4th Tank Regiment and the 47th Infantry Regiment under the command of Col. Isamu Yanagi, supported by a massive flotilla of navy ships tried to land in Agoo to make it one of three major beachheads for the Japanese Invasion of Lingayen Gulf , although weather dispersed their forces and made them deploy on a wide stretch of beach that ranged from Poro Point (San Fernando) to as far south as Damortis. These forces later met
7991-471: The Japanese to leave, but not before imparting valuable knowledge to the locals about fish farming, rice cultivation, deerskin tanning, duck breeding, and weapon production. Furthermore, the Spanish conquistadores continued their expedition further north, encountering natives in what is now known as San Fernando City . The Spaniards demanded tribute to the Queen of Spain , but the natives requested time to go to
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#17328454243298122-730: The Kankanaey along with the Atayal people of Taiwan , were most probably among the original ancestors of the Lapita people and modern Polynesians . They might even reflect a better genetic match to the original Austronesian mariners than the aboriginal Taiwanese , as the latter were influenced by more recent migrations to Taiwan, whereas the Kankanaey are thought to have remained an isolated relict population. The Northern Kankanaey or Applai live in Sagada and Besao , western Mountain province, and constitute
8253-759: The Kankanaey of Benguet, the "Applai" have been accredited as a separate tribe. Few Kankanaey can be found in some areas in of the Philippines. They form a minority in the Visayas, especially in Cebu , Iloilo and Negros provinces . They can also be found as a minority in Mindanao , particularly in the provinces of Sultan Kudarat in Soccsksargen and Lanao del Norte in Northern Mindanao . The 2010 Philippines census counted 362,833 self-identifying Kankanaey and 67,763 self-identifying Applai. Recent DNA studies show that
8384-415: The Kankanaey people. Hanging coffins are one of the funerary practices among the Kankanaey people of Sagada, Mountain Province . They have not been studied by archaeologists, so the exact age of the coffins is unknown, though they are believed to be centuries old. The coffins are placed underneath natural overhangs, either on natural rock shelves/crevices or on projecting beams slotted into holes dug into
8515-607: The Kankanaey. In intonation, there is a hard- (Applai) and soft-speaking Kankanaeys. Speakers of hard Kankanaey are from Sagada, Besao and the surrounding parts or barrios of the said municipalities. They speak Kankanaey with hard intonation and they differ in some words from the soft-speaking Kankanaey. The soft-speaking Kankanaeys come from Northern and some parts of Benguet and from the municipalities of Sabangan , Tadian and Bauko in Mountain Province. In words, for example, an Applai might say otik or beteg (pig) and
8646-487: The Philippine Tobacco Flue-Curing and Redrying Corporation (PTFCRC) in 1951 and recruiting farmers from throughout Region 1 to produce tobacco. The following year, La Union Congressman Manuel T. Cases filed a bill to "limit the importation of foreign leaf tobacco," which was eventually signed by President Elpidio Quirino as Republic Act 698. This allowed Stonehill's investments to make a handsome profit, and
8777-635: The Philippines by the Ilocano people. It ranks as the third most widely spoken native language in the country and serves as a lingua franca in Northern Luzon, particularly among the Igorot people and the indigenous settlers of Cagayan Valley . As an Austronesian language, Ilocano shares linguistic roots with other Philippine languages and is related to Malay (both Indonesian and Malaysian), Tetum , Chamorro , Fijian , Māori , Hawaiian , Samoan , Tahitian , Paiwan , and Malagasy . It exhibits close ties with several Austronesian languages in Northern Luzon and has some degree of mutual intelligibility with
8908-503: The Philippines gained full independence in 1946. While the American period contributed to the modernization of La Union, it also left a complex legacy of colonial influence, dependency, and abuses against the native population. The memory of resistance and the struggle for identity during this time remains a significant aspect of La Union’s historical narrative, shaping the province's path toward self-determination and national pride. Nine other equally able governors followed Don Joaquin before
9039-445: The Philippines – Northern Luzon (USAFIP-NL) under the command of Major Diego Sipin, were tasked to make the northward advance to Bauang. The 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry, USAFIP-NL reinforce the other battalions in the efforts to capture San Fernando. Meanwhile, combat units from the “B” company, 1st Battalion, 121st Infantry, USAFIP-NL attacked the defensive lines in Bauang to aid the 1st Battalion, 130th Infantry (US) in its advance from
9170-424: The Spanish Maura Law was probably instituted in 1700. Most of the barrio and towns were once part of an encomienda administered by Spanish insulares and Mestizos , which included several rancherias and catechumens who inhabited the Igorot mountains. Like other towns in Ylocos, the social classes were divided into two: the babaknang or agtuturay , and the cailianes . The babaknang or agtuturay were
9301-399: The Spanish system and the Tagalog system. In the Spanish system words of Spanish origin kept their spellings. Native words, on the other hand, conformed to the Spanish rules of spelling. Most older generations of Ilocanos use the Spanish system. In the alphabet system based on that of Tagalog there is more of a phoneme-to-letter correspondence, which better reflects the actual pronunciation of
9432-511: The area. Bangar , Namacpacan ( Luna ) and Balaoan in the southern portion of llocos Sur was quite a distance from the cabezera of Vigan and in almost like manner, Sto. Tomas , Agoo , Aringay , Caba , Bauang , Naguilian , San Fernando , San Juan and Bacnotan were that far from Pangasinan's capital of Lingayen . The 40–45 rancherias in the depths of Central Cordillera of the Benguet ( Eastern Pais del Igorotes ) district bordered by
9563-434: The arms of female adults and the whole body of adult males. A 700 to 900-year-old Kankanaey mummy in particular, nicknamed "Apo Anno", had tattoos covering even the soles of the feet and the fingertips. The tattoo patterns are often also carved on the coffins containing the mummies. Tattooing survived up until the mid-20th century, until modernization and conversion to Christianity finally made tattooing traditions extinct among
9694-468: The besieged Spanish forces refused to surrender. On July 31, after days of stalemate, Tinio launched an assault, resulting in a fierce battle that ended with the Spaniards capitulating. The surrender included 400 soldiers, 8 officers, and significant military resources. After securing San Fernando, the Tinio Brigade advanced to Balaoan, where they faced stubborn resistance from entrenched Spanish troops in
9825-445: The burial of the dead, those who participated in the burial take a bath in a river together, butcher a chicken, then offer a prayer to the soul of the dead. Ancient tattoos can be found among mummified remains of various Cordilleran peoples in cave and hanging coffin burials in northern Luzon, with the oldest surviving examples of which going back to the 13th century. The tattoos on the mummies are often highly individualized, covering
9956-444: The chief means of livelihood is hunting and foraging. Wild animal meat such as deer, boar, civet cats and lizards are salted and dried under the sun to preserve it. Wild roots, honey and fruits are also gathered to supplement diet. Just like their northern counterparts, there are also two varieties of rice namely kintoman and saranay or bayag. The kintoman, just as mentioned earlier, is more popularly known as red rice due to its color. On
10087-422: The cliff-side. The coffins are small because the bodies inside the coffins are in a fetal position. This is due to the belief that people should leave the world in the same position as they entered it, a tradition common throughout the various pre-colonial cultures of the Philippines. The coffins are usually carved by their eventual occupants during their lifetimes. Despite their popularity, hanging coffins are not
10218-400: The coast from Baratao ( Bauang ), San Vicente de Balanac / Pindangan (San Fernando), Dalandan (San Juan), Bacnotan , Purao (Balaoan) to Namacpacan (Luna). These towers served as defensive structures and lookout points, alerting local residents and authorities to impending threats from the sea. During the 18th and 19th centuries, these baluartes played a crucial role in safeguarding
10349-542: The coastal towns of La Union and other parts of the Philippines, protecting the people and securing vital trade routes. During Spanish Colonization, a secret society of insurrectos was organized in Balaoan with the aim of revolting against the tyrannical abuses of the " Guardia Civil " and " Cora Parrocos ”. Among its members were Luciano Resurreccion , P rimo Ostrea, Artemio Ostrea, Fernando Ostrea, Patricio Lopez, Rufino Zambrano, and Mariano Peralta collectively known as
10480-520: The commonwealth defence forces—consisting of the 26th Cavalry Regiment ( Philippine Scouts ), the Philippine 21st Division, the Philippine 11th Division, and the newly formed Philippine 71st Division—in what would later be called the Battle of Rosario . Battle of Bacnotan Invading Japanese soldiers arrived at Bacnotan on December 21, 1941, during the early days of World War II . On January 4, 1945,
10611-502: The convent. Despite the local populace's support, the siege lasted five days and claimed over 70 Filipino lives. Witness Camilo Osías noted that many local katipuneros were incorporated into the Tinio Brigade after this ordeal. The rebels then moved to Bangar , successfully besieging the Spanish forces, which resulted in a decisive victory on August 7, leading to the surrender of 87 Spaniards after just four days of fighting with minimal Filipino casualties. This string of victories marked
10742-447: The deceased as well as the cause of death. All of these burial customs require specific pre-interment rituals known as the sangadil . The Kankanaey believe that interring the dead in caves or cliffs ensures that their spirits ( anito ) can roam around and continue to protect the living. The Northern Kankana-eys honor their dead by keeping vigil and performing the rituals sangbo (offering of 2 pigs and 3 chickens), baya-o (singing of
10873-521: The earliest surviving Ilokano publications. Before the addition of the virama, writers had no way to designate coda consonants. The reader, on the other hand, had to guess whether a consonant not succeeding a vowel is read or not, for it is not written. Vowel apostrophes interchange between e or i , and o or u . Due to this, the vowels e and i are interchangeable, and letters o and u , for instance, tendera and tindira ('shop-assistant'). In recent times, there have been two systems in use:
11004-744: The election of La Union's first Civil Governor in 1901, Don Joaquín Joaquino Ortega , marking a significant step in local governance. One of the most notable contributions of American colonization was the establishment of a highly centralized public school system in 1901, using English as the medium of instruction. This effort involved bringing 600 teachers from the U.S., known as the Thomasites , to educate Filipino students. The Thomasites were deployed at several public schools, notably in San Fernando, Bacnotan, Luna, Balaoan, Bauang, Naguilian, Agoo, and Rosario . Additionally, agricultural reforms focused on increasing
11135-489: The end of Martial Law. Romulo (age 22) and Armando (age 21) were posthumously honored when their names were etched on the Wall of Remembrance at the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani , which honors the heroes and martyrs who fought the authoritarian regime. Ilocano language Iloco (also Ilokano ; / iː l oʊ ˈ k ɑː n oʊ / ; Ilocano: Pagsasao nga Iloko ) is an Austronesian language predominantly spoken in
11266-401: The end of the celebration. The married couple cannot separate once a child is born, and adultery is forbidden in their society as it is believed to bring misfortune and illness upon the adulterer. The Northern Kankana-eys have rich material culture among which is the four types of houses: the two-story innagamang , binang-iyan , tinokbob and the elevated tinabla . Other buildings include
11397-450: The end of the tobacco monopoly, tobacco production had declined in the Ilocos as filipinos started shifting from locally made cigars to foreign made cigarettes. But after reading a feature article series by Maximo Soliven which explained why Virginia tobacco would grow well on Ilocos soil, businessman Harry Stonehill was convinced to invest extensively in rebuilding the industry, establishing
11528-521: The establishment of municipal governments, allowing Filipinos to participate in their governance. In 1935, the Philippines transitioned to the Philippine Commonwealth , which provided greater autonomy and self-governance while still under U.S. oversight. This period allowed La Union to experience more local political engagement and development initiatives, although it ultimately reinforced colonial structures that limited true self-governance until
11659-469: The ethnolinguistic groups in the Cordillera. They live in the mountainous regions of Mountain Province and Benguet , more specifically in the municipalities of Tadian , Bauko , Sabangan , Bakun , Kibungan , Buguias and Mankayan .They are predominantly a nuclear family type ( sinbe-ey , buma-ey , or sinpangabong ), which are either patri-local or matri-local due to their bilateral kinship , composed of
11790-430: The fields), at-ato or dap-ay (a clubhouse or dormitory for men, with a long, low gable-roofed structure with only a single door for entrance and exit), and ebgang or olog (equivalent to the at-ato , but for women). Men traditionally wear a loincloth ( wanes ) around the waist and between the legs which is tightened at the back. Both ends hang loose at the front and back to provide additional cover. Men also wear
11921-465: The government at a fixed price. In 1896, growing unrest in La Union arose from years of Spanish oppression, highlighted by the torture of local priests and the execution of the Balaoan Siete Martires, torture of the native priests, Padres Adriano Garces of Balaoan , Mariano Gaerlan of San Fernando and Mariano Dacanay of Bacnotan . This discontent reached its peak on May 22, 1898, when
12052-404: The granary ( agamang ), male clubhouse ( dap-ay or abong ), and female dormitory ( ebgan ). Their men wear rectangular woven cloths wrapped around their waist to cover the buttocks and the groin ( wanes ). The women wear native woven skirts ( pingay or tapis ) that cover their lower body from waist to knees and is held by a thick belt ( bagket ). Their household is sparsely furnished with only
12183-652: The hierarchy is the Kabunyan , who are the gods and goddesses of the Skyworld, including their teachers Lumawig and Kabigat . They also believe in the spirits of ancestors ( ap-apo or kakkading ), and the earth spirits they call anito . They are very superstitious and believe that performing rituals and ceremonies help deter misfortunes and calamities. Some of these rituals are pedit (to bring good luck to newlyweds), pasang (cure sterility and sleeping sickness, particularly drowsiness) and pakde (cleanse community from death-causing evil spirits). The Southern Kankana-eys have
12314-462: The husband, wife and their children. The kinship group of the Southern Kankana-eys consists of his descent group and, once he is married, his affinal kinsmen. Their society is divided into two social classes based primarily on the ownership of land: The rich ( baknang ) and the poor ( abiteg or kodo ). The baknang are the primary landowners to whom the abiteg render their services to. The Mankayan Kankana-eys, however, has no clear distinction between
12445-497: The individuals of the community, and the encounters with different people and ways of life through trade and commerce. Like most ethnic groups, the Kankanaey built sloping terraces to maximize farm space in the rugged terrain of the Cordillera Administrative Region . The Kankanaey differ in the way they dress. The soft-speaking Kankanaey women's dress has a color combination of black, white and red. The design of
12576-492: The local population about the tragedy. Following this incident, he was pardoned by the authorities in accordance with Spanish custom. At the time of his martyrdom, Fernando was a Cabeza de Barangay and later served as the town's vice president. As a key figure in the revolution, he guided his people in their struggles against both Spain and the United States. In honor of the seven martyrs, the Siete Martires Lodge No. 177
12707-427: The main funerary practice of the Kankanaey. It is reserved only for distinguished or honorable leaders of the community. They must have performed acts of merit, made wise decisions, and led traditional rituals during their lifetimes. The height at which their coffins are placed reflects their social status. Most people interred in hanging coffins are the most prominent members of the amam-a , the council of male elders in
12838-540: The man brings logs or bundled firewood as a sign of his sincerity, the woman works on the man’s father’s field with a female friend. They then undergo the preliminary marriage ritual ( pasya ) and exchange food. Then comes the marriage celebration itself ( dawak / bayas )inclusive of the segep (which means to enter ), pakde (sacrifice), betbet (butchering of pig for omens), playog / kolay (marriage ceremony proper), tebyag (merrymaking), mensupot (gift giving), sekat di tawid (giving of inheritance), and buka / inga ,
12969-450: The man’s family. On the day of the marriage, the relatives of both parties offer gifts to the couple, and a pig is butchered to have its bile inspected for omens which would show if they should go on with the wedding. The wedding day for the Southern Kankana-eys is an occasion for merrymaking and usually lasts until the next day. Though married, the bride and groom are not allowed to consummate their marriage and must remain separated until such
13100-542: The military offensive throughout the province ended on 24 March after two months of fighting. Liberation of Bauang The Liberation of Bauang , La Union was part of the San Fernando-Bascil operations aimed to liberate the province of La Union and open one of the roads to Baguio. Units from Rosario, La Union including elements of the 2nd Battalion, 121st Infantry of the United States Army Forces in
13231-584: The modern (Tagalog) writing system is largely phonetic, there are some notable conventions. In native morphemes , the close back rounded vowel /u/ is written differently depending on the syllable. If the vowel occurs in the ultima of the morpheme, it is written o ; elsewhere, u . Example: Instances such as masapulmonto , ' You will manage to find it, to need it', are still consistent. Note that masapulmonto is, in fact, three morphemes: masapul (verb base), -mo (pronoun) and -(n)to (future particle). An exception to this rule, however,
13362-542: The mother tongue-based multilingual system was to be implemented for Kindergarten to Grade 3 Effective School Year 2012–2013. Ilocano is used in public schools mostly in the Ilocos Region and the Cordilleras. It is the primary medium of instruction from Kindergarten to Grade 3 (except for the Filipino and English subjects) and is also a separate subject from Grade 1 to Grade 3. Thereafter, English and Filipino are introduced as mediums of instruction. Ilocano literature serves as
13493-460: The mountains to gather what they could offer. However, they did not return. The conquistadores then proceeded north through Atuley or Dalandan , now known as San Juan , demanding tribute from the natives, establishing Spanish rule, and converting the natives to Christianity , without further resistance until they reached a large river known as 'Purao or Puraw ,' meaning ' white ' in Iloco , named for
13624-489: The newly-rebuilt local industry to bloom. Stonehill was later deported a decade later, in the 1960s, for tax evasion and bribery of government officials, in what would later be called the Stonehill scandal , but the tobacco industry continued to grow. Although economically affected by the rapid peso devaluation brought about by unbridled election spending heading into the 1969 presidential elections , political life in La Union
13755-472: The non-nuclear dialects (areas outside the Ilocos provinces) [ɛ ~ e] in words of foreign origin and [ɯ] in native words, and only one in the nuclear dialects of the Ilocos provinces, [ɛ ~ e] . Diphthongs are combination of a vowel and /i/ or /u/. In the orthography, the secondary vowels (underlying /i/ or /u/) are written with their corresponding glide, y or w , respectively. Of all the possible combinations, only /aj/ or /ej/, /iw/, /aw/ and /uj/ occur. In
13886-407: The other hand, saranay is whitish and small grained. The usual types of fish caught are eel (dagit or igat) and small river fishes as well as crabs and other crustaceans. Pigs, chickens, dogs and cattle are domesticated as additional sources of food. Dog meat is considered as a delicacy and pigs and chickens are used mainly for ceremonial activities. A blood sausage known as pinuneg is eaten by
14017-628: The outbreak of World War II: Joaquín Luna 1904–1907, Sixto Zandueta 1908–1919, Pío Ancheta 1919–1922, Thomas de Guzmán 1922 1923, 1928–1931, Juan Lucero 1923–1929, Mauro Ortiz 1931–1934, Juan Rivera 1934–1937, Francisco Nisce 1937–1940 and Bernardo Gapuz 1940. Just as when the Filipinos were awaiting independence, as promised by the Americans under the Tydings-Mcduffie Law , World War II exploded. The Japanese invasion of La Union during World War II
14148-456: The people of La Union. Under Japanese rule, the province endured strict military controls, forced labor, food shortages, and widespread violence. Yet, resistance movements emerged, with many locals engaging in guerrilla warfare to oppose the occupation. This period underscores the resilience and unwavering spirit of La Union's people in the face of great adversity. Battle of Rosario (Japanese Invasion of Lingayen Gulf) On December 22, 1941,
14279-551: The pristine appearance of the shore and river. This area is now part of Balaoan and Luna . In Purao, the Spaniards confronted the Ilocanos, who bravely refused to pay tribute. A battle ensued, marking the first bloodshed by the Ilocanos in defiance of foreign rule. Following this conflict, the river was renamed "Darigayos," derived from the Ilocano words "dara" (blood) and "ayos" (flowed), signifying "where blood flowed." Salcedo and his men continued north toward Vigan , where they eventually established an uneasy friendship with
14410-434: The production of cash crops like tobacco, sugar, and abaca, benefiting La Union's primarily agricultural economy while reinforcing colonial dependence on the export market. The American colonial government also established an Insular Government in La Union, which aimed to provide a framework for local administration and governance while maintaining overall control from the central government. This included local elections and
14541-429: The province was divided among the provinces of Ylocos and Pangasinan , as well as the rancherias of eastern Pais del Igorotes (Benguet). It had several barrios and pueblos headed by a cabeza de barangay , gobernadorcillo , and alcalde-mayor , most of which were established by Augustinian friars in the 16th century during the early expansion phase of Spanish rule. The civil government established under
14672-529: The province, reflecting their strong desire for independence and resistance to foreign control. Local leaders emerged, organizing guerrilla warfare and skirmishes in rural areas, mobilizing their communities against the colonial authorities and highlighting the harsh realities of American imperialism . After the Americans successfully took over the province, the American administration implemented democratic processes that were given equal importance, facilitating
14803-402: The rituals for courtship and marriage and death and burial. The courtship and marriage process of the Northern Kankana-eys starts with the man visiting the woman of his choice and singing ( day-eng ), or serenading her using an awiding (harp), panpipe ( diw-as ), or a nose flute ( kalelleng ). If the parents agree to their marriage, they exchange work for a day ( dok-ong and ob-obbo ), i.e.
14934-418: The royal decree (real orden) from Madrid confirming Blanco's Superior Decreto . By 1860, there was a dramatic progress in commerce and agriculture in the province primarily because of Tobacco. Spanish authorities banked on the prized leaf for further economic development. The industry was so lucrative that a Tobacco Monopoly was established. All Tobacco leaves were strictly monitored and bought exclusively by
15065-461: The sick, and remember genealogies. Gold and copper mining is abundant in Mankayan. Ore veins are excavated, then crushed using a large flat stone ( gai-dan ). The gold is separated using a water trough ( sabak and dayasan ), then melted into gold cakes. Musical instruments include the tubular drum ( solibao ), brass or copper gongs ( gangsa ), Jew's harp ( piwpiw ), nose flute ( kalaleng ), and
15196-472: The south. Bauang was first liberated on 19 March 1945, followed by the declaration of the end of operations at La Union on 24 March 1945. On January 4, 1945, La Union was liberated by the Battle of San Fernando and Bacsil Ridge. As San Fernando was in ruins at the time, Bacnotan became the provisional seat of the province administration after the war. The La Union National High School was also relocated to Bacnotan as
15327-434: The sweetness when the rice cooks. Squash, cucumber and other climbing vines are also planted. They also hunt and fish small fishes and eel which is a special delicacy when cooked. Crabs are also caught to make tengba, a gravy of pounded rice mixed with crabs, salted and placed in jars to age. This is common viand of every household and is eaten during childbirth. Although Southern Kankanaey also engage in wet rice agriculture,
15458-552: The three Ilocos Sur towns and the nine of Pangasinan have even worse problems. Thus on October 29, 1849, Governor General Claveria signed the proposal (promovido) to unite the Pangasinan - Ilocos - Cordillera areas into a new province called La Union (the official name designated by Claveria himself). For 124 days, high and important Spanish colonial officers studied and deliberated on the proposition to create La Union or not. On March 2, 1850, Governor General Antonio Maria Blanco signed
15589-556: The tides of war changed in La Union as Filipino-American soldiers captured Baroro Bridge in Bacnotan, a strategic bridge that connects the rest of Northern Luzon to San Fernando . The victory ensured the liberation of La Union. It was followed by the historic Battle of San Fernando and Bacsil Ridge. Defeated, the Japanese Imperial Army retreated to Baguio where they joined their comrades and made their last stand. The Battle of Bacsil Ridge The Battle of Bacsil Ridge
15720-402: The traditional dap-ay (the communal men's dormitory and civic center of the village). There is also one documented case of a woman being accorded the honor of a hanging coffin interment. The more common burial custom of the Kankanaey is for coffins to be tucked into crevices or stacked on top of each other inside limestone caves. Like in hanging coffins, the location depends on the status of
15851-575: The unique aspects of Ilocano culture during his time as a World War II guerrilla hero. Carlos Bulosan emerged as another prominent figure, with his novel America is in the Heart celebrated as a significant work in the Filipino-American literary canon. Other distinguished writers from this period include F. Sionil Jose, known for his epic sagas set in Pangasinan, and Isabelo de los Reyes , who played
15982-448: The upper attire is a criss-crossed style of black, white and red colors. The skirt or tapis is a combination of stripes of black, white and red. The hard-speaking Kankanaey women's dress is composed of mainly red and black with a little white styles, as for the skirt or tapis which is mostly called bakget and gateng . The men wear a woven loincloth known as wanes to the Kankanaeys of Besao and Sagada. The design of
16113-442: The word. The letters ng constitute a digraph and count as a single letter, following n in alphabetization. As a result, numo ('humility') appears before ngalngal ('to chew') in newer dictionaries. Words of foreign origin, most notably those from Spanish, need to be changed in spelling to better reflect Ilocano phonology. Words of English origin may or may not conform to this orthography. A prime example using this system
16244-520: Was a pivotal moment in the province's history, given its strategic importance to both Allied and Japanese forces. In December 1941, Japanese troops landed in Agoo, swiftly securing control over the area by early 1942. Despite the overwhelming challenges, Filipinos, alongside American forces, mounted resistance against the occupation. During this turbulent period, Governors Bernardo Gapuz, Jorge Camacho, and Bonifacio Tadiar played key roles in leading and supporting
16375-445: Was created by Governor General Narciso Zaldua Claveria. Governor General Claveria was a visionary administrator. He believed that combining three contiguous areas that are far from their respective provincial capitals was a viable solution to the demands of political-civil administration. He also saw the territory's agricultural and commercial growth potentials. And the kicker was the extension of Hispanic civilization and Christianity to
16506-409: Was due to the presence of a Japanese colony in Agoo. Traders at this port had access to a larger population, and its proximity to both China and Japan made it a strategic location. The principal export from the region was deer pelts , shipped to Japan. However, Agoo's importance as a port began to decline when the Spanish closed the Philippines to foreign trade. Eventually, the port was closed, prompting
16637-519: Was established as a masonic lodge. La Union was formed on March 2, 1850, and became the 34th province of the Philippines. After Cebu became the first provincia in 1565, new provinces have been created by the Spaniards. Three main functions were considered so: political-civil administration, ecclesiastical governance and geographical considerations. For more than two and one-half centuries, the original llocos province remained intact until 1818 when it split into llocos Norte and Ilocos Sur . In 1846, Abra
16768-593: Was established, with Aguinaldo as president and Tinio initially serving as de facto governor, later replaced by Dr. Lucino Almeida. On July 22, Novo-Ecijano troops, bolstered to over 600 men, arrived in San Fernando after Dagupan surrendered to General Francisco Makabulos and found the city under siege by revolutionists led by General Mauro Ortiz . The Spaniards, commanded by Colonel Jose Garcia Herrero , fortified themselves in key buildings, waiting for reinforcements. Despite Tinio's attempts at peaceful negotiation,
16899-693: Was fought in March 1945 was one of the continued main battles of the Philippines Campaign of the Second World War are between the Filipino soldiers under the 121st Infantry Regiment, Philippine Commonwealth Army , USAFIP-NL, under the command of Russell W. Volckmann , and the Japanese Imperial forces under by General Tomoyuki Yamashita . The Battle of Bacsil Ridge ended the month-long battle for control of San Fernando . The Japanese defenders called
17030-515: Was heavily influenced by Spanish literary forms, with the earliest written Iloco poems largely based on romances translated from Spanish by Francisco Lopez . In 1621, Lopez published the Doctrina Cristiana , the first book printed in Iloco , marking a significant milestone in the documentation of Ilocano literature. The 17th-century author Pedro Bucaneg , known for his collaboration with Lopez on
17161-601: Was not significantly impacted by Ferdinand Marcos ’ declaration of Martial Law in 1972 . The powerful family factions which had dominated La Union politics since before the American colonial era largely remained in place, although the family of Congressman Jose D. Aspiras became much more prominent after he became Marcos’ Tourism Minister. The main political change was the increased power of regional and provincial offices of national agencies, whose directors were answerable directly to Marcos. This technique used by Marcos to consolidate political power did not get much resistance in
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