Under the Whyte notation , a 2-8-4 is a steam locomotive that has two unpowered leading wheels , followed by eight coupled and powered driving wheels , and four trailing wheels . This locomotive type is most often referred to as a Berkshire , though the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway used the name Kanawha for their 2-8-4s. In Europe, this wheel arrangement was mostly seen in mainline passenger express locomotives and, in certain countries, in tank locomotives .
120-662: Lima Locomotive Works (LLW) was an American firm that manufactured railroad locomotives from the 1870s through the 1950s. The company's name is derived from the location of its main manufacturing plant in Lima, Ohio ( / ˈ l aɪ m ə / LY -mə ). The shops were located between the Erie Railroad main line, the Baltimore & Ohio 's Cincinnati-Toledo main line and the Nickel Plate Road main line and shops. The company produced
240-565: A Humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfa) where there are 4 distinct seasons. The percentage of college graduates is 9.5%, according to the US Census Bureau. The city has the highest crime rate for a city its size (20–60,000) in Ohio and also the 9th highest per capita in 2006, according to the FBI. As of the census of 2010, there were 38,771 people, 14,221 households, and 8,319 families residing in
360-470: A municipal water system . Lima's role as a regional center for industry began early. The Lima Agricultural Works began operations in 1869. The company changed names and types of manufacturing through the years. In 1882, under the name Lima Machine Works, the industry built the first Shay-geared locomotive . Stimulated by the economic boom in nearby Findlay , in 1885 Lima businessman Benjamin C. Faurot drilled for natural gas at his paper mill . On May 19, oil
480-587: A state of emergency and the National Guard was again called in to aid local police. During the 1970s and 1980s, several industries left Lima, part of the " Rust Belt " decline affecting all of Ohio. In April 1971, the last "Cincinnatian," of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad stopped in Lima. The Cincinnatian was an iconic lightweight streamliner serving the B&;O's Detroit line from Cincinnati. Lima had also been served by
600-430: A 1 in 100 gradient. All the locomotives had small "Witte" type smoke deflectors. Their maximum speed was 85 kilometres per hour (53 miles per hour), even running bunker first. These locomotives saw service in local passenger train service around big cities and on branch lines which could bear the 17.5 ton axle load. They were found to be economical in service and served well during the short period they spent in service. In
720-564: A Class 486.0 2’D1’-h3 ( 4-8-2 ) locomotive on the 248 kilometres (154 miles) hilly mainline between Žilina and Košice on the former Košice - Bohumín Drahy (KBD) line. It proved to be inferior to its opponent in both speed and power. All three locomotives were allocated to the Brno shed for most of their active service lives. During the years from 1938 to 1945, they were rostered as BMB-CMD locomotive stock. They were withdrawn from service in 1967 and 1968 and were later used as mobile boilers. After
840-779: A Moravy (CMD) lines in Bohemia and Moravia, and all 27 survived the Second World War. By the early 1960s, the Class 456.0 locomotives were spread thinly over most of the country, having been allocated to locations from Plzeň in western Bohemia to Banská Bystrica in Slovakia . All were withdrawn from service between 1968 and 1972. One, no. 456.011, went into industrial service and three others, numbers 456.015, 024 and 026, were later used as mobile boilers. The remainder were scrapped. The CSD ordered three Class 486.1 1’D2’-h3 (2–8–4) locomotives, based on
960-565: A batch was built with Caprotti instead of Lentz poppet valves , but since some of these were later observed with Lentz valve gear, the Italian gear had presumably been removed. These locomotives proved to be suitable for Romanian conditions, being of ample dimensions, moderate axle load, straightforward two-cylinder engines of 650 millimetres (25.59 inches) bore with a 720 millimetres (28.35 inches) stroke, and 1,940 millimetres (76.38 inches) diameter coupled wheels. The total weight in working order
1080-423: A coal bunker and a trailing bogie added. Apart from changing the drive from the second to the third coupled axle and increasing the superheating surface of the boiler, these handsome tank locomotives were mechanically identical to the tender locomotives. They were originally intended to be used on the 167-kilometre long (104-mile) Prague to České Budějovice (Böhmisch Budweis) line and on branch lines diverting from
1200-466: A demand in the region, an area known as the Great Black Swamp . Since 1831, Lima has been the center of government for Allen County, the first of its three courthouses erected in the city's first year. The foundations of city life followed in quick order. The first school appeared in 1832. Lima's first physician, Dr. William Cunningham, arrived in 1831. 1836 brought the first newspaper to Lima. Lima
1320-594: A geared locomotive designed by Michigan lumberman Ephraim Shay . The Shay locomotive was built for steep grades, heavy loads and tight turns. In 1881, Shay granted the Lima works an exclusive license to manufacture his locomotives. By 1882, locomotives were the company's main product. In time, the Lima Locomotive Works – a name formally adopted in 1916 – would produce 2,761 Shay locomotives, which were sent to 48 states and 24 foreign countries. As of 2005, some were in use 100 years after they were shipped. By 1910,
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#17328443542001440-515: A growing population but suffered a significant economic decline at the end of the decade when industry retooled for peacetime production. In May 1941, based in the steel foundry, construction began on the Lima Army Tank Plant to manufacture centrifugally cast gun tubes. In November 1942, United Motors Services took over the operation of the plant to process vehicles under government contract. The plant prepared many vehicles for Europe, including
1560-630: A handful of railroads that serve Lima. The Chicago, Fort Wayne, and Eastern and the Indiana and Ohio railroad are owned by Genesee & Wyoming and are in the north and east parts of town. CSX Transportation runs through town frequently and the Norfolk Southern Railway has one train each day to Lima. The R.J. Corman Railroad/Western Ohio Line runs southwest from town on former Erie-Lackawanna trackage. The Lima Locomotive Works – "the Loco," as it
1680-459: A highly successful series of tests in the mid-1920s it was sent around the country to make the idea of "Super Power" known. The first forty-five were purchased by New York Central's subsidiary Boston & Albany following initial road testing across the summit of the Berkshire Hills, and so the 2-8-4 wheel arrangement came to be known as the " Berkshire " on most railroads. The prototype itself
1800-545: A model for their theaters. In 1907, Lima built its first movie theater. In the early 20th century, Benjamin A. Gramm and his close friend Max Bernstein formed the Gramm-Bernstein Company , which became a pioneer in the motor truck industry. During World War I, Gramm created the " Liberty truck ", which was welcomed upon its arrival in Washington, D.C., by President Woodrow Wilson . Thousands were sent to Europe to help
1920-606: A new facility for the Lima Police Department. Also during the 1960s, The Ohio State University established a regional campus in Lima. Civil rights issues had rocked Lima in the 1950s, perhaps most prominently in the efforts to desegregate the city's only public swimming pool in Schoonover Park. Civil unrest continued in the 1960s and into the 1970s. In January 1969, a crude oil line in south Lima ruptured, causing 77,000 US gallons (290,000 L) of oil to escape into
2040-405: A succession of owners—Solar Refining Company (1886), a subsidiary of Standard Oil until the breakup in 1911, Standard Oil of Ohio (1931), BP (1987), Clark USA (1998), Premcor (2000), Valero Energy Corporation (2005), and most recently Husky Energy (2007). For most of its history, smokestack industries and a blue-collar work ethic defined Lima. Nothing played a bigger part in shaping
2160-542: A syndicate that would purchase oil leases from farm owners. The company was called the Trenton Rock Oil Company, and by 1886, had 250 wells from Lima to St. Marys , and west to Indiana . When the news broke that northwest Ohio had oil, Standard Oil of Cleveland decided to build a refinery in Lima. Unlike Pennsylvania 's oil, northwest Ohio's "sour crude" was high in sulfur content, smelling like rotten eggs, and customers shunned it. Lima's new Solar Refinery
2280-454: A two-cylinder and three-cylinder version. When tested, the two-cylinder version proved to be superior to the three-cylinder Class 114 version, and eventually twelve more two-cylinder Class 214 locomotives were built. In 1936, No. 214.13 reached a speed of 156 kilometres per hour (97 miles per hour), the highest speed ever attained by an Austrian steam locomotive. The regular speed limit was 120 kilometres per hour (75 miles per hour). From 1938,
2400-436: Is a city in and the county seat of Allen County, Ohio , United States. As of the 2020 census , the city had a population of 35,579. It is located in northwest Ohio along Interstate 75 , approximately 72 miles (116 km) north of Dayton , 78 miles (126 km) southwest of Toledo , and 63 mi (101 km) southeast of Fort Wayne, Indiana . Lima was founded in 1831. The Lima Army Tank Plant , officially called
2520-541: Is land and 0.23 square miles (0.60 km ) is water. The Ottawa River flows through the city. Locals sometimes refer to the river as "Hawg Creek". This resembles a traditional local name used dating back to the Hog Creek Shawnee community that existed between Lima and present Ada, prior to the Shawnee removal of 1831. This removal made possible the official founding of "Lima" as a formal town in that year. Lima has
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#17328443542002640-627: Is preserved at the Churnet Valley Railway in Staffordshire, UK. In Heritage Park Historical Village in Calgary, Alberta operates a 0-6-0 Switcher Locomotive CPR 2024. Built in 1944 by lima. It was originally US Army 4076 and was never owned by Canadian Pacific Railway. 40°43′02″N 84°06′35″W / 40.71714°N 84.10961°W / 40.71714; -84.10961 Lima, Ohio Lima ( / ˈ l aɪ m ə / LY -mə )
2760-585: The Admiral , General , and Manhattan Limited made stops in Lima's Pennsylvania station. Railroads began to cut back passenger service to Lima during the Great Depression . Electric interurban service ceased in 1937. After a brief boom for railroads during World War II, passenger service declined sharply in the 1950s. The Nickel Plate Road ended scheduled passenger service to Lima in 1959. The formerly elite Broadway Limited began making stops in 1968 after
2880-569: The Bulgarian State Railways (BDZ) ordered twenty superheated three-cylinder 2-8-4T (1’D2’-h3) locomotives from Krupp in 1941. The industrial disruption of the Second World War, however, overloaded the German locomotive builders with domestic production demands and Krupp was only able to produce ten of these new BDZ Class 36 tank locomotives in 1943, works numbers 2272 to 2281. The new 109.9 ton Class 36 locomotives were intended to replace
3000-1514: The California State Railroad Museum 's library in Sacramento, California . Many Lima-built steam locomotives are preserved across the United States. Numerous Lima-built engines are still operational, especially Shay-type locomotives. Shays are operated at the Colorado Railroad Museum , the Cass Scenic Railroad , the Georgetown Loop Railroad , the Mount Rainier Scenic Railroad , and the Roaring Camp and Big Trees Narrow Gauge Railroad . Other widely known preserved Lima-built steam locomotives include Southern Pacific 4449 , Nickel Plate Road 765 , Pere Marquette 1225 , Chesapeake and Ohio 614 , Texas and Pacific 610 , Atlanta and West Point 290 , Boston and Maine 3713 , Tioga Lumber Company Shay C/N 1568 in Harrod, Ohio , and Chesapeake & Ohio 1601 - an Allegheny locomotive displayed indoors at The Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan . Lima-built USATC S160 Class 5197
3120-533: The Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRB) designated the locomotive class 12.0. In the mid-1939, they hauled 600 tons express trains out of Vienna over Wienerwald at a speed of 65 kilometres per hour (40 miles per hour), reaching 120 kilometres per hour (75 miles per hour) over level stretches. In 1945, seven of these locomotives were taken over by the Soviet Military Administration when they occupied
3240-766: The Krupp Works in Essen , Germany, were damaged so severely by Allied bombing in October 1943 that they were never completed. In addition, Thune 's Works at Skøyen in Norway could not carry on with the construction of its share of the order because of a wartime lack of high quality steel and other materials. Only seven Class 49 locomotives were eventually placed in service. Of these, three were built by Hamar and Thune in 1935 and 1936, two by Krupp in 1940 and two by Thune in 1941. These locomotives, nicknamed Dovregubben (Dovre Giants), were
3360-685: The M5 light tank and the T-26 Pershing tank . At its peak during the war, the Lima Tank Depot (now the Joint Systems Manufacturing Center, operated by General Dynamics ), employed over 5,000 people. The area's expanding population in the 1940s and 1950s brought hospital and school expansion. St Rita's Hospital, founded in 1918, opened a seven-story addition in 1948. With voter support, school leadership built six new elementary schools and
3480-677: The New York Central and the Pennsylvania railroad merged to form the Penn Central . The Erie-Lackawanna ran its last train into Lima in 1970 and the Baltimore & Ohio and the Penn Central their last in 1971. Freight still moves over most of the historic rail routes in and out of the city, but the last passenger train to stop in Lima was the Broadway Limited , then operated by Amtrak , on November 11, 1990. Currently, there are only
3600-614: The Pennsylvania Railroad 's "Broadway Limited," a high-speed New York to Chicago service, the "Capital Limited" Chicago to Washington D.C. service, via Pittsburgh, the Nickel Plate Road 's "Blue Arrow," and "Blue Dart," which provided high-speed service to Buffalo, Cleveland and St. Louis, and the Erie Lackawanna 's "Lake Cities," which provided service to New York, Cleveland, and Chicago with direct service both ways. Many of these services were maintained by Amtrak until 1991, when
3720-738: The Romanians looked for a powerful passenger locomotive to serve on the Căile Ferate Române (CFR) mainlines across the Carpathian Mountains , they decided upon the Austrian Federal Railways (BBÖ) Class 214. They purchased the drawings from Austria and 79 locomotives of the same type were built under licence in their modern new Malaxa and Reşiţa Works in Romania. These 2-8-4 locomotives entered service as CFR class 142.000. In 1939,
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3840-683: The Russian Zone in Austria . These locomotives had " T " (Trofya) painted before their running numbers and were marked "CCCP". The Russians did not transfer these locomotives out of Austria and, when they withdrew their occupying forces in September 1955, the locomotives were returned to the Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB). When the mainline west of Vienna was electrified, all the ÖBB 1’D2’ locomotives were taken out of service and written off. On 15 February 1962, locomotive No. 12.10, built by Floridsdorf in 1936,
3960-749: The Shay geared logging steam locomotive , developed by Ephraim Shay , and for William E. Woodard 's "Super Power" advanced steam locomotive concept – exemplified by the prototype 2-8-4 Berkshire , Lima demonstrator A-1. In World War II the Lima plant produced the M4A1 version of the M4 Sherman tank. In 1878 James Alley contracted the Lima Machine Works to build a steam locomotive that Ephraim Shay had designed. In April 1880, Lima rebuilt Ephraim Shay's original design, using vertically side-mounted pistons mounted on
4080-499: The "Oil Boom of Northwest Ohio". Discovery actually began in Findlay , a city forty miles north of Lima. The discovery of natural gas deposits there in 1884 led to national marketing efforts advertising free gas, as Findlay's business leaders tried to "boom" the town. In 1885, Benjamin C. Faurot of Lima was one of hundreds of businessmen who visited Findlay to see the seemingly unlimited supply of natural gas burning day and night. Faurot owned
4200-562: The "Super Power" concept had extended to other builders such as Alco (the Union Pacific Big Boy ) and Baldwin (the Santa Fe 5001- and 5011-class 2-10-4s ). The four-wheel trailing truck became the standard for large locomotives (i.e., 4-8-4 , 2-10-4 , 4-6-6-4 , 2-8-8-4 ), though the articulated main frame did not. Many railroads, particularly roads like the Santa Fe (which favored oil-burning locomotives and, therefore, did not need
4320-574: The 1794 Treaty of Greenville . By 1817, the United States had created the Hog Creek Reservation for the local Shawnee, covering portions of what would become Allen and Auglaize counties , and including part of present-day Lima. The creation of the Shawnee reservation freed other lands in the area for settlement, and in February 1820, the Ohio legislature formally established Allen County. In 1831,
4440-515: The A-1, and included Missouri Pacific 2-8-4s and Texas & Pacific 2-10-4s . These locomotives had conventional 63" driving wheels. In 1927, the Erie Railroad took delivery of a "second-phase" Berkshire with 70" driving wheels, capable not only of great power but higher speed; in turn, this design evolved into the Chesapeake & Ohio T-1 2-10-4s of 1930, with 69" driving wheels. The "third-phase" of
4560-665: The Allied war effort. After World War I, Allen County's population growth lagged the state and the nation. Galvin was an assistant superintendent at the Peru Steel Casting Co. of Peru, Ind. He then became acting manager at American Steel Foundries in Pittsburgh. In 1921, Lima voters approved a change in the structure of Lima city government. Voters now elected five commissioners , with the commission chair serving as mayor. The charter sought to establish professional management, requiring
4680-723: The Berkshire mountains was a substantial test for the new locomotives and, as a result, the name Berkshire was adopted for the locomotive type. In Europe, 2-8-4 tender locomotives were designed mainly for passenger express trains, but they also hauled long-distance express freights to increase utilisation. European 2-8-4 tank locomotives were a logical transition from the 2-8-2T locomotive types, allowing larger fireboxes and larger coal bunkers. They were mainly used for busy suburban services in heavily populated suburban areas of big cities, but infrequently also for sparsely populated rural areas or long-distance lines. The Western Australian K-class
4800-542: The DR's version of "Witte" smoke deflectors, the only tank locomotive designed for freight service that had them. In 1955, 27 of these locomotives were built and used for working freight and mixed trains on short branch lines. They also worked on mountainous lines with sharp curves and steep gradients of more than 1.5% (1 in 67) and where 60 kilometres per hour (37 miles per hour) was the maximum speed limit. The Japanese National Railways (JNR) closely followed American practice after
4920-409: The DR's version of small "Witte" type smoke deflectors. These were the last new-built 1’D2’t-h2 (2-8-4T) 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) standard gauge locomotives in the world. Their maximum 17.5 ton axle load restricted them to mainline service. They were intended to haul heavy suburban trains around Berlin , Leipzig , Halle and Magdeburg , where they replaced
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5040-641: The H-10 experimental heavy 2-8-2 design for the New York Central (Michigan Central 8000) and applying both relatively new science (the Cole ratios), and every efficiency-enhancing tool available – a larger firebox , increased superheat, a feedwater heater, improved drafting, higher boiler pressure, streamlined steam passages and a trailing-truck booster engine, and by applying limited cutoff (the range of steam valve admission settings) to prevent locomotive engineers from using excessive steam at starting. The 2-8-2 thus produced
5160-781: The Imperial Military Railways experienced a shortage of locomotives and six K class tank locomotives, destined for the Western Australian Government Railways , were diverted to South Africa where they were known as the Western Australians . In 1902, they came onto the roster of the Central South African Railways and were designated CSAR Class C . By 1912, when the renumbering onto the South African Railways (SAR) roster
5280-602: The Joint Systems Manufacturing Center, built in 1941, is the sole producer of the M1 Abrams . It is the principal city of the Lima metropolitan area , which had 102,000 residents in 2020 and is included in the Lima–Van Wert–Wapakoneta combined statistical area . In the years after the American Revolution , the Shawnee were the most prominent residents of west central Ohio, growing in numbers and permanency after
5400-586: The Klan. On August 1, 1923, a KKK parade in Lima drew a crowd estimated at 100,000 people. Economically, the 1920s were a time of industrial expansion in Lima. In 1925, Lima Locomotive Works , Inc. built the "Lima A-1", a 2-8-4 model that became the prototype for the modern steam locomotive. The Locomotive Works also created a new division, the Ohio Power Shovel Company. In 1927, local industrialist John E. Galvin helped found Superior Coach Company . It became
5520-464: The Lima Oil Field was a world-class producer, yielding 300 million barrels (48,000,000 m ). Lima was also a pipeline center. Within three years of the discovery of oil, a trunk line reached Chicago. Lima oil lit the buildings of the 1893 World's Fair . Production peaked in 1904, and then dropped off rapidly. By 1910, the field was regarded as virtually played out. Still, the Lima Refinery has survived, continuing to operate for more than 125 years under
5640-436: The Lima Paper Mill. He spent $ 2,500 on energy consumption annually. Water for his operation was also a problem. So Faurot decided to drill in Lima – for gas or water. Faurot's first oil, found along the Ottawa River on May 19, 1885, was more accidental discovery than deliberate scientific experiment. During the first week, the well produced more than 200 barrels (32 m ) of oil. Faurot quickly organized local businessmen into
5760-445: The Ohio Power Shovel Company in 1928. During World War II, the plant produced 1,655 Sherman tanks . Employment grew from 150 in the 1890s to 1,100 in 1912 and 2,000 in 1915, peaking at 4,300 in 1944. Over the course of its history, the Locomotive Works was a microcosm of the community, a place where each successive wave of newcomers took its place in turn. First the Germans and Italians, later African-Americans and ultimately women joining
5880-459: The Plovdiv- Svilengrad line. In addition to the local passenger train service, duties there also included international express trains to and from Turkey . In 1961, the remaining five locomotives were relocated from Sofia to Varna depot. They remained on these local passenger train duties well into the 1970s, when they were ousted by diesel locomotives and diesel trainsets. Some were preserved. The Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway (TH&B)
6000-616: The Second World War, the recovering West Germany needed economical assistance. This came, in part, in the form of new locomotive orders placed with the West German locomotive industry, which kept it going in the tough and competitive world markets. A new tank locomotive type was designed by Krauss-Maffei and, in 1951, the firm built thirteen locomotives of a new Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) Class 65 1’D2’t-h2 (2-8-4T) locomotive. Five more followed in 1955. In test, these locomotives hauled 800 tons on level track, while they managed to reach 50 kilometres per hour (31 miles per hour) hauling 400 tons up
6120-447: The Second World War, with Berkshire locomotives used mainly on heavy freight service, such as heavy coal trains. They were the heaviest steam locomotives used on the JNR's 3 ft 6 in ( 1,067 mm ) gauge lines. The JNR rebuilt a total of 104 locomotives to the 2-8-4 wheel arrangement from its older 2-8-2 Mikado classes, the Class D50 , Class D51 and Class D52 . Some of these locomotives survived in service up to
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#17328443542006240-470: The Shawnee were forced to surrender all their land in the area to the United States and relocated to Kansas , opening all of Allen County to settlement. The Ohio legislature mandated that a county seat be established and "Lima" was the result. Lima was named after Lima , Peru's capital city. The name was reputedly chosen in a nod to the Peruvian capital which, during the 1800s, was a major source of quinine , an anti- malaria drug for which there had been
6360-493: The USA. They arrived in Mexico late in 1951 and were allocated N de M numbers 3350 to 3354. Remaining in service until the late 1960s, they became the last USA-built Berkshires in the world to remain in revenue-earning common carrier service. In 1904, the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company (WMR) ordered a 2-8-4 tank locomotive from Baldwin Locomotive Works for banking duties on the 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 % (1 in 40) gradients from Wellington to Ngaio . The locomotive, no. 3,
6480-553: The WAGR were diverted to South Africa, where they were known as the Western Australians . The South Australian Railways also operated 2-8-4s. Fleet construction commenced in 1930 and by the end of 1943, seventeen locomotives were in service on the 5 ft 3 in ( 1,600 mm ) gauge system. The design of these locomotives was based on American practices. After they were withdrawn from service by 1958, they were all scrapped. The heavy Class 214 1’D2′ (2–8–4) two-cylinder simple expansion express passenger locomotive
6600-406: The average family size was 3.06. In the city the population was spread out, with 27.2% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.3 males. The median income for a household in the city
6720-406: The boiler was 253.2 square metres (2,725.42 square feet), of which 105.6 square metres (1,136.67 square feet) were superheating area. The grate area was 5 square metres (53.82 square feet) and the locomotive was designed for possible coal dust firing. They had Class 926.0 tenders, which were rebuilt from Class 623.0 tenders. They were not as successful as expected. One of the Class was tested against
6840-563: The cities first Walgreens. Additional crude glutted the market, and trying to slow production, Standard Oil lowered its price to fifteen cents a barrel. This decision had little effect on the large producers elsewhere, but the smaller Lima producers, whose oil wells could not keep up, found themselves severely hampered. Fourteen independent Lima producers formed a combine – the Ohio Oil Company. Eventually, it became Marathon Oil , still located in Findlay. Lima's Solar Refinery General Manager John Van Dyke and Herman Frasch, Standard's chemist, solved
6960-406: The city's self-image than its connection to railroads and railroading – as a Midwestern rail hub and even more as home to the Lima Locomotive Works , whose products for more than 70 years carried the city's name globally. The first locomotive appeared in Allen County in 1854, brought in from Toledo as freight on the Miami and Erie Canal . Named the Lima, the engine was used on construction of
7080-415: The city's sewer system. Explosions and fire erupted from sewers as 7,000 residents were evacuated. Governor Jim Rhodes ordered the Ohio National Guard into the area to maintain order. In August 1970, further conflict erupted when a black woman was killed by police as she tried to prevent the arrest of a juvenile. Several officers were wounded in the violence that followed. Mayor Christian P. Morris declared
7200-407: The city. The population density was 2,857.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,103.1/km ). There were 16,784 housing units at an average density of 1,236.8 per square mile (477.5/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 67.1% White , 26.4% African American , 0.3% Native American , 0.5% Asian , 1.2% from other races , and 4.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.7% of
7320-440: The city. The population density was 3,135.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,210.4/km ). There were 17,631 housing units at an average density of 1,379.0 per square mile (532.4/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 71.30% White , 24.48% African American , 0.31% Native American , 0.51% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.97% from other races , and 2.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.97% of
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#17328443542007440-418: The commissioners to hire a city manager , who reported to the mayor. Lima proved itself to be very much in the Progressive tradition with these changes, after flirting with radicalism in 1912 when the voters elected a Socialist mayor. The darker side of the progressive era revealed itself in the prominence of the Ku Klux Klan in the city. It was a center for the Black Legion , a notoriously violent subset of
7560-423: The company was moving aggressively into direct-drive locomotives for general railroad use. A new "super power" design, introduced in 1925, enabled Lima to capture 20% of the national market for locomotives. The "super power" locomotive was created by mechanical engineer William E. Woodard. Designed to make more efficient use of steam at high speed, it became, in the words of railroad historian Eric Hirsimaki, "one of
7680-441: The construction of a hospital to serve the area. Lima Memorial Hospital, named in honor of World War I veterans, opened on Memorial Day , 1933. The Lima area was not safe from the increased crime rate of the 1930s. In 1933, gangster John Dillinger was in the Allen County Jail, arrested for robbing the Citizens National Bank in nearby Bluffton . Dillinger's cohorts broke him out of jail, killing Allen County Sheriff Jess Sarber in
7800-403: The county's first railroad, the Ohio and Indiana . East-west passenger service to Lima began in 1856, when the Ohio & Indiana consolidated with the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago. North-south passenger service began in 1858 on the Dayton & Michigan Railroad. Machine shops for the Dayton & Michigan were built in Lima by 1860, and for the Lake Erie and Western Railroad by 1880. By
7920-408: The demonstrator owned by Lima was dubbed the A-1. In addition to supporting the very large firebox and grate, the four-wheeled trailing truck carried the ash pan. For this purpose, the truck was redesigned as an articulated extension of the locomotive frame. The result was an ash pan that could hold more ash, allowing the locomotive to travel farther between cleanings. For roads that burned coal, this
8040-415: The design of these locomotives, which were built specifically to operate 300 ton trains under these conditions. Weight reduction was a major problem and, as a consequence, the frame was constructed of only 255-millimetre thick (10-inch) plate, but strongly braced, while the platform was of aluminium. The planned eighteen NSB Class 49 locomotives never materialised, however, since those under construction at
8160-465: The distillation problem for sour crude by devising a method for removing the sulfur. The gamble that John D. Rockefeller took building pipelines and storage tanks for Ohio's sour crude paid off. By 1901, the excitement about Ohio oil slowed with the news of a Beaumont, Texas , gusher producing 100,000 barrels per day (16,000 m /d). In 1911, the courts declared Standard Oil Trust a monopoly and broke it into several companies. Between 1887 and 1905,
8280-515: The early years of the 20th century, the railroad shops employed 1,000 people in Lima. In 1906, an average of 143 trains and 7,436 cars, carrying 223,080 tons of freight, passed through Lima every 24 hours. In addition, 49 steam and 28 electric trains landed passengers in Lima daily. Lima service on the electric interurban Ohio Western Railway began in 1902 and Lima became the hub of an interurban network that reached Toledo , Cleveland and Cincinnati as well as Fort Wayne, Indiana . In 1920, Lima
8400-750: The end of 1952. Designed under the direction of engineer André Chapelon , this class demonstrated that large and powerful steam locomotives could run in general use on light rails of 22 kilograms per metre (44 pounds per yard) with low speed limits. Their maximum axle load had been reduced to 10 tons, all were fitted with double Kylchap exhaust systems and their leading and trailing trucks had Athermos axle boxes. Three tender types could be coupled to them, one heavy and two light, for work in different areas. These modern locomotives were regarded with suspicion by some enginemen who were used to obsolete British locomotives which were often over forty years old. In addition, diesel locomotive salesmen claimed that steam traction
8520-401: The end of steam traction on the JNR in 1974. In 1951, Mexico's Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México (N de M) bought five 2-8-4 locomotives, built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1940, from Norfolk Southern Railway in the United States of America (USA), where they had become redundant due to dieselisation . Before their arrival in Mexico , all five went through a complete major overhaul in
8640-524: The explorer General Nobile who reached the North Pole in 1928. When tested while hauling a 900-ton train, one reached a maximum speed of 90 kilometres per hour (56 miles per hour) at level and an average speed of 32 kilometres per hour (20 miles per hour) while climbing a 1 in 100 gradient. Between 1938 and 1945, all of them remained on the Böhmisch-Mährisch Bahn (BMB) and Protektorátni Drahy Cech
8760-415: The former Erie Lackawanna and Pennsylvania Railroad mainlines between New York and Chicago were downgraded. In 1973, Lima's District Tuberculosis Center, which served five counties, closed its doors. Superior Coach Company , once the nation's largest producer of buses, closed in 1981, as did Clark Equipment. Airfoil Textron closed in 1985, and Sundstrand (formerly Westinghouse) followed ten years later. By
8880-400: The frontier. Two years later, locomotives were the main product being produced by the Lima Machine Works, which would produce over 300 locomotives during the next ten years. After a serious fire, a new shop was opened in 1902 and Shay production continued. Then, with initial demand for low-speed geared locomotives well on the way to being sated, and the new facilities in place, Lima moved into
9000-410: The heavy railroad locomotive field. Success returned to Lima in the 1920s with the new concept of "Super Power" developed by Lima's mechanical engineer William E. Woodard . By making a number of significant changes to maximize a steam locomotive's capacity to generate and utilize steam, Woodard was able to make such locomotives significantly more powerful and faster. He did this by starting in 1922 with
9120-503: The ideal environment for local short-distance passenger train workings powered by numerous classes of tank locomotives. On 31 December 1937, the CSD had no less than 1,250 tank locomotives on its roster, of which 385 were eight-coupled tank locomotives. The first Czechoslovakian 1’D2’t-h2 (2–8–4) tank locomotive was derived from the CSD Class 455.1 1’D-h2 (2–8–0) tender locomotive, with water tanks,
9240-619: The late 1960s and early 1970s, they were ousted by expanding electrification and by diesel locomotives and diesel motor trainsets. The East German Deutsche Reichsbahn ’s 1’D2’t-h2 (2-8-4T) locomotives were derived from the West German Class 65 and became the Class 65.10. They were capable of developing 1,500 indicated horsepower (1,100 kilowatts) and could run at 90 kilometres per hour (56 miles per hour) on level track, hauling 350 tons passenger trains. A total of 88 Class 65.10 locomotives were built between 1954 and 1957. These locomotives had
9360-406: The later 1930s and war years can be identified with locomotives such as the homebuilt N&W 2-6-6-4s , C&O/Virginian 2-6-6-6 and virtually all American 4-8-4s. Boiler pressures rose as high as 310 lbs/sq.in.; thermic siphons added to the firebox and combustion chamber added 8% to the efficiency of the boiler; roller bearings appeared on main axle boxes and sometimes on running gear. And
9480-469: The locomotives' weight. Maintenance crews recalculated the weight, and discovered that the H-8s weighed 771,300 pounds (349,900 kg), which was thousands of pounds heavier than Lima first claimed. The train crews that worked with the H-8s, who were getting paid based on the locomotives' weight on the driving wheels at the time, started seeing this misrepresentation as an attack on their livelihood. The C&O
9600-530: The mainline for local train service. At the time, however, the 16 ton axle load proved to be too high for most of the lines where they were intended to run and for this reason only 27 locomotives were built between 1928 and 1932. The first thirteen were initially designated Class 446.0, but an increase in their permitted maximum speed to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) led to the locomotive's reclassification to Class 456.0, numbered 456.001 to 027. These were powerful tank locomotives, nicknamed Krasin after
9720-577: The mid-1990s, Lima had lost more than 8,000 jobs. Lima's population dropped from 52,000 in the 1970s to 45,000 in 1999. Lima's plight and its subsequent efforts to redefine itself were captured in the PBS documentary Lost in Middle America. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 13.80 square miles (35.74 km ), of which 13.57 square miles (35.15 km )
9840-507: The most influential locomotives in the history of steam power". Later years saw the introduction of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 2-6-6-6, one of the largest locomotives ever built, and the glamorous Southern Pacific "Daylights," designed to complement the Pacific Coast scenery. The locomotive works dabbled in other product lines. It produced railroad cars in the early years and acquired
9960-543: The new centralized Lima Senior High School during the 1950s. Lima's industrial production grew in the decade. During the Korean War , the Lima Tank Depot resumed manufacturing, at a level expanded from World War II standards. During the 1960s, Lima experienced both growth and community unrest. In 1962, a new Allen County Airport was built in Perry Township . With the passage of the city income tax in 1966, Lima constructed
10080-451: The northern section between Otta and Trondheim. The 210-kilometre long (130-mile) section of the mainline between Trondheim and Dombås reaches an altitude of 1,041 metres (3,415 feet) over the Dovrefjell , with gradients of 1 in 46 to 1 in 56 and curves of 200 to 300 metres (660 to 980 feet) radius. At the time, the maximum axle load was limited to 15.5 tons. Great skill was displayed in
10200-516: The older 2-8-0 (1D-h2) locomotives on local passenger train services. The axle loading was kept below 16 tons and their large coal and water capacities made the new class suitable for a wider range of duties, if required. Small smoke deflectors were fitted to the top of the smokebox. When the new locomotives arrived in Bulgaria in 1943, they were allocated to Sofia depot. Between 1953 and 1957, five locomotives were relocated to Plovdiv depot to serve
10320-478: The older Prussian T 12 and Prussian T 18 classes. Many were still in service in the 1970s and some still survived in the early 1980s. For branch line service, the DR designed a smaller wheeled version of the Class 65.10. This locomotive had only a 15-ton axle load and became the DR Class 83.10. Its maximum speed in both directions was 60 kilometres per hour (37 miles per hour). These locomotives were also fitted with
10440-609: The only TH&B freight locomotives which were allowed to run on New York Central ’s tracks, on the Welland - Buffalo line. Due to dieselisation, both were withdrawn from service in June 1953. Both locomotives 201 and 202 were scrapped in late 1953 . The Czechoslovak State Railways (CSD) was one of the largest tank locomotive users in Europe. The dense railway network in Bohemia and Moravia provided
10560-483: The only true compounds owned by the NSB. On test, one of them hauled 350 tons at 60 kilometres per hour (37 miles per hour) up a gradient of 1 in 55, developing 2,650 indicated horsepower (1,980 kilowatts). Despite the relatively small 1,530 millimetres (60.24 inches) diameter coupled wheels, a speed of 115 kilometres per hour (71 miles per hour) was reached with the same load on level track. In normal service, their maximum speed
10680-544: The oversized ash pan), adopted many of the Super Power features but utilized a conventional full frame and separate trailing truck. The construction of the first 2-8-4 locomotive is documented in David Weitzman's book, Superpower: Making of a steam locomotive. David also explains some of the innovations it made at the time. While delivering the first group of 2-6-6-6 locomotives in 1941, Lima miscalculated and misrepresented
10800-441: The population. There were 14,221 households, of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.8% were married couples living together, 22.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.5% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
10920-408: The population. There were 15,410 households, out of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.3% were married couples living together, 19.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.9% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and
11040-462: The process. The murder and jailbreak put Dillinger at the top of the FBI's ten most wanted list . His was not the only crime outfit to plague Lima during the decade. In 1936, the notorious Brady Gang robbed a local jewelry store twice. The Great Depression slowed the pace of industrial expansion. In 1930, a Lima directory listed 93 industrial employers with some 8,000 employees. By 1934, industrial employment
11160-482: The right, connected to a drive line on the outside of the trucks. The Shay was geared down to provide more slow-moving, pulling ability for use in the lumber industry. The first Shay locomotive was built in 1880; it was such a success that many people in the lumber industry wanted one. To accommodate the new demand for the locomotive, Shay licensed the right to build his locomotive to the Lima Machine Works, which expanded and began to ship Shay locomotives to lumbermen across
11280-445: The three-cylinder Class 114 locomotive of the Austrian Federal Railways (BBÖ). This hand-fired locomotive had a Krauss-Helmholtz leading truck and the diameter of its coupled wheels was 1,830 millimetres (72 inches). Its total weight in working order was 107.6 tons, of which 63.9 tons were adhesive weight. All three cylinders were of 550 millimetres (21.65 inches) bore with a 680 millimetres (26.77 inches) stroke. The heating surface of
11400-409: The work force during World War II. Labor organizing efforts were under way at the plant at least by the 1890s. Berkshire locomotive In the United States of America, the 2-8-4 wheel arrangement was a further development of the enormously successful 2-8-2 Mikado. It resulted from the requirement for a freight locomotive with even greater steam heating capacity. To produce more steam, a solution
11520-428: The world's largest producer of school buses and funeral coaches within two decades. In 1930, eight railroad companies served Lima. Allen County's population grew significantly faster than the state during the Great Depression . In 1933, Lima again reorganized its government. The citizens adopted a "strong mayor" model to replace the city manager of the 1920s. Despite the hardships of the decade, Lima residents supported
11640-616: Was Nickel Plate Road No. 779 , a 2-8-4 "Berkshire", which left the erecting halls in May 1949. That same year, Lima promoted a new wheel arrangement, the 4-8-6 . This would have allowed an even larger firebox than the 4-8-4. No example of the type was built, however. From 1949 to 1951, Lima-Hamilton produced a total of 175 diesel locomotives, in 7 different models . In 1951, Lima-Hamilton merged with Baldwin Locomotive Works to form Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton (BLH). The Lima-Hamilton line of diesels
11760-411: Was $ 27,067, and the median income for a family was $ 32,405. Males had a median income of $ 29,149 versus $ 22,100 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 13,882. About 19.2% of families and 22.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.3% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over. With the discovery of oil in Lima in 1885, Ohio began what came to be called
11880-460: Was 123.5 tons, of which 72.1 tons was adhesive weight. Nearly all of them were still in service in the late 1960s. The Class 142 locomotives hauled the principal CFR express trains on mainlines and, like their Austrian cousins, were able to render good performance. At least three have been preserved for museums, locomotives no. 142.008, 142.044 and 142.072. In 1900, during the Second Boer War ,
12000-439: Was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.09. The median age in the city was 32.9 years. 24.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 13.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.9% were from 25 to 44; 23.6% were from 45 to 64; and 11.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.8% male and 47.2% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 40,081 people, 15,410 households, and 9,569 families residing in
12120-602: Was a class of 2-8-4T steam locomotives of the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR). Between 1893 and 1898, the WAGR took delivery of 24 of these locomotives from Neilson and Company . They entered service on the Eastern Railway between Midland Junction and Northam . In 1900, during the Second Boer War, the Imperial Military Railways experienced a shortage of locomotives and six more new K class locomotives destined for
12240-484: Was a significant innovation. But it was not without tradeoffs. The articulated frame reduced weight on the driving wheels, which did not aid tractive effort (pulling ability). The locomotives so configured also had more difficulty staying on the rails in reverse, particularly through yard trackwork like switch frogs. The locomotive quickly proved to be 26-30% more efficient than the New York Central H-10. After
12360-463: Was charged with solving the sulfur problem. Until then, Standard bought and stored as much northwest Ohio crude as was possible to maintain their monopoly. It dropped the price of crude from more than sixty cents a barrel to forty cents in an attempt to discourage further production. Oil drilling fever hit northwest Ohio and "boom towns" sprang up overnight. There is also a significant pharmaceutical industry in Lima, with new resident Lak Hotra opening up
12480-484: Was commonly called in Lima – had its beginnings in 1869 when John Carnes and four partners bought a machine shop that was called the Lima Agricultural Works. The company initially manufactured and repaired agricultural equipment, then moved into the production of steam power equipment and sawmill machinery. The shop designed its first narrow-gauge steam locomotive in 1878. The same year, the shop first worked on
12600-495: Was demonstrated to be 26% more efficient overall than its immediate predecessor, and the NYC bought 301 locomotives. A large increase in firebox area (from 66 square feet (6.1 m) on the H-10 to 100 square feet (9.3 m) on the A-1), characteristic of his work, necessitated adding another axle to the trailing truck , thus creating the 2-8-4 wheel arrangement. Built in the spring of 1925,
12720-680: Was developed in Austria in 1927. It was designed by engineers of the Floridsdorf Werke and was the largest Austrian steam locomotive and the most powerful Berkshire type to run in Europe. Designed for the West railway express train service, they were to be used to haul 580-ton express trains from Wien Westbahnhof in Vienna over 317 kilometres (197 miles) to Salzburg . This mainline has three approximately 11.3-kilometre long (7-mile) banks with gradients between 1 in 91 and 1 in 125. Two prototypes were built,
12840-462: Was discontinued, in favor of Baldwin's existing line. Though Lima and Baldwin had been known for high-quality steam locomotives, their line of diesel-electric locomotives was unable to compete with EMD , Alco , and GE . BLH left the locomotive business in 1956. For a time, Clark Equipment Company manufactured Lima-brand construction cranes in the old plant. Most of the company's records and builder's drawings have been transferred and are housed in
12960-519: Was discovered instead of gas. The oil well never realized enormous profits, but it triggered Lima's oil industry, bringing John D. Rockefeller 's Standard Oil to the city. Lima's oil field was, for about a decade, the largest in the US. Economic development brought money for arts and entertainment. Benjamin Faurot's Opera House opened in 1882, a nationally renowned structure so impressive that New Yorkers used it as
13080-508: Was forced to pay their crews thousands of dollars to make up for lost payment, and they subsequently sued Lima for over $ 3 million in 1944. Lima also lost their pride in building fine machinery, and they would subsequently lose more money within the following years. In April 1947, the firm merged with General Machinery Corporation of Hamilton, Ohio , to form the Lima-Hamilton Corporation. Lima-Hamilton’s last steam locomotive
13200-612: Was later sold to the Illinois Central as part of an order for 50 similar locomotives. Woodard summed up "Super Power" by defining it as "horsepower at speed". Previous design principles emphasized tractive effort (pulling ability) rather than speed. By 1949 some 613 Berkshires had been constructed for North American service, of which twenty are preserved – at least two in operating condition ( NKP 765 and Pere Marquette 1225 ), both Lima products. There were at least three successive waves of "Super Power". The first began with NYC 8000 and
13320-750: Was nicknamed Jumbo . When the New Zealand Government purchased the WMR, no. 3 was renumbered to W class no. 466 by the New Zealand Government Railways . It was the only locomotive in the class. The locomotive had a tendency for cracking its bar frame on this heavy duty. By 1920, it was waiting to go to the Petone Works with yet another crack in the frame and it did not see much service after that. The solitary 2-8-4T locomotive in New Zealand
13440-607: Was obsolete. This attitude spread to middle management staff, with the result that these modern French steam locomotives were replaced in the 1960s, when they were hardly run in. Some of those locomotives which worked in Southern Brazil were leased to the Bolivian Railways in the 1960s. By 2004, some still existed as wrecks in a locomotive dump near Santa Cruz in Bolivia . As part of their modernising and standardisation program,
13560-551: Was officially organized as a city in 1842. Henry DeVilliers Williams was its first mayor. The first public school opened in 1850. In 1854, the first train appeared in Lima, a harbinger of later economic success. Also in 1854, a cholera outbreak in Delphos (a town in Allen County northwest of Lima) spread throughout west central Ohio. Countywide problems caused by the contaminated water supply were not solved until 1886 when Lima started
13680-778: Was preserved as museum locomotive at the Eisenbahnmuseum Strasshof. Beyer Peacock delivered four 2-8-4T locomotives to Minas & Rio Railway (gauge 1000mm) in 1890, and one more in 1894. The French state-owned sales consortium Groupement d´Exportation de Locomotives en Sud-Amérique (GELSA) delivered 66 ultra-modern 2-8-4 two-cylinder simple expansion locomotives for the 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in ) metre gauge Brazilian Railways in 1951 and 1952. They were built by Société Francaise de Construction Mécaniques (Cail), Société des Forges et Ateliers de Creusot ( Schneider of Le Creusot ) and Compagnie de Fives-Lille . All were delivered to Brazil by
13800-431: Was reduced by half. In 1935, Westinghouse located a Small Motor Division in Lima to build fractional horsepower electric motors. The Ohio Steel Foundry turned the corner and grew, eventually expanding its successes in its industry. The 1930s was a decade for organizing labor in Lima. By 1940, there were at least fifty labor unions representing local workers. Lima benefited from increased production during World War II and
13920-468: Was restricted to 80 kilometres per hour (50 miles per hour) on account of the light track in use at the time and they were capable of hauling 280 tons at 60 kilometres per hour (37 miles per hour) up long 1 in 55 gradients. When compared to other NSB steam locomotives, these engines had a short lifespan and all were written off in 1958, after the arrival of class Di3 diesel locomotives on the Dovre line . When
14040-503: Was served by five steam railroads and Allen County by eight, in addition to five electric interurban lines. For years, Lima was a crossroads for famous passenger trains including the Nickel Plate Road 's Clover Leaf Commercial Traveler and the Erie Railroad 's Erie Limited and Lake Cities . The Erie Railroad had its own train station. The other train companies used the Pennsylvania station . Pennsylvania Railroad train such as
14160-649: Was the only Canadian railway to operate 2-8-4 Berkshires. Only two locomotives were ordered from the Montreal Locomotive Works (MLW) in 1927, works numbers 67573 and 67574. They were the last new steam locomotives to be ordered by the TH&;B and were allocated road numbers 201 and 202. They were fitted with Coffin feedwater heaters and duplex stokers, and had a working order weight of 128 tons. After being equipped with Automatic Train Control (ATC) in 1929, they were
14280-500: Was to increase the size of the locomotive's firebox , though the 2-8-2 wheel arrangement, with its single axle trailing truck, limited the permissible increased axle loading from a larger firebox. The most practical solution was to add a second trailing axle to spread the increased weight of a larger firebox. The first American 2-8-4s were built for the Boston and Albany Railroad in 1925 by Lima Locomotive Works . The railroad's route across
14400-559: Was written off the books in 1928 and its boiler was sent to the Taumarunui locomotive depot for use as a washout boiler. In the mid-1930s, the Norwegian State Railways (Norges Statsbaner or NSB) ordered altogether eighteen powerful superheated four-cylinder compound 1'D2'-h4v (2–8–4) passenger locomotives for express and passenger train service on its 553-kilometre long (344-mile) single mainline between Oslo and Trondheim , on
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