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95-477: The Balinese Provincial Government has taken the view that the preservation of the Balinese culture , natural resources, and wildlife are of primary importance in the island's development. To this end, it has limited tourist development to the peninsula on the island's extreme southern aspect; Kuta beach is on this peninsula's western side and Sanur is on the east. To the north of the peninsula no new tourist development

190-420: A laboratory or factory . Mining in a wider sense comprises extraction of any resource (e.g. petroleum , natural gas , salt or even water ) from the earth. Mining of rock and metals has been done since prehistoric times. Modern mining processes involve prospecting for mineral deposits, analysis of the profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired materials, and finally reclamation of

285-438: A crater one meter (3.3 feet) deep created by the car bomb. There were 202 fatalities and 209 injuries. After the first Bali bombing in 2002 at Kuta, which killed 202 people including 88 Australians, a permanent memorial was built on the site of the destroyed Paddy's Pub on Legian Street. (A new bar, named "Paddy's: Reloaded", was reopened further along Legian Street). The memorial is made of intricately carved stone , set with

380-492: A diverse range of traditional music, notably from Java and Bali , where gamelan holds a central place. Originating in Java, gamelan is renowned for its intricate compositions and unique ensemble of instruments, including metallophones like gambang and bonang , as well as resonant gongs such as kenong and gong ageng . Beyond its musical complexities, gamelan embodies profound cultural narratives and communal identities, playing

475-402: A fourth class of rocks alongside igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Rock varies greatly in strength, from quartzites having a tensile strength in excess of 300 MPa to sedimentary rock so soft it can be crumbled with bare fingers (that is, it is friable ). (For comparison, structural steel has a tensile strength of around 350 MPa. ) Relatively soft, easily worked sedimentary rock

570-467: A fundamental aspect of the culture, encompassing various genres such as Wali (sacred dances), Bebali (semi-sacred dances), and Balih-balihan (entertainment dances). in 2015 UNESCO recognizes three genres of traditional dance in Bali, as - Intangible cultural heritage . The island's dances are characterized by their profound spiritual significance and vibrant artistic expressions. One of the most celebrated dances

665-467: A genre that emerged in the 1970s, is a blend of local Indonesian music with Indian, Arabic, and Javanese, Malay influences. It is characterized by its distinct drum beat and flute melodies. Dangdut has become one of the most popular music genres in Indonesia, known for its lively rhythms and often performed at various social gatherings and events. Indonesian dance reflects the rich diversity of culture from

760-433: A huge impact on the cultural and technological development of the human race. Rock has been used by humans and other hominids for at least 2.5 million years . Lithic technology marks some of the oldest and continuously used technologies. The mining of rock for its metal content has been one of the most important factors of human advancement, and has progressed at different rates in different places, in part because of

855-471: A large marble plaque, which bears the names and nationalities of each of those killed. It is flanked by the national flags of the victims. The monument is well-maintained and illuminated at night. The memorial was dedicated on 12 October 2004, the second anniversary of the attack. The dedication included a Balinese Hindu ceremony and the opportunity for mourners to lay flowers and other offerings. The Australian ambassador and Indonesian officials attended

950-563: A means of conveying moral and philosophical lessons. The shadow puppets, known as "wayang kulit," are typically crafted from sheets of leather, which are meticulously carved and painted to create intricate designs. These puppets are then ounted on bamboo sticks and manipulated behind a white screen with a light source behind it to cast shadows, creating the illusion of moving figures. Traditional puppet makers, known as " dalang ," possess exceptional skills to craft these unique and intricate shadow puppets. Another significant form of wayang theatre

1045-518: A pivotal role in rituals, ceremonies, and local storytelling traditions. The rhythmic patterns and melodic interplays reflect a deep connection to spiritual and social contexts, offering insight into the historical and philosophical underpinnings of Indonesian society. UNESCO 's designation of gamelan as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity underscores its cultural importance in Indonesia. In West Sumatra , traditional music includes

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1140-507: A single piece of a wild mangrove tree, Bisj poles can reach heights of up to 25 feet (7.62 m). Their carvings depict human figures standing on top of each other, as well as animal figures, phallic symbols, and carvings in the shape of a canoe prow. The Asmat participated in headhunting raids and cannibalism as rituals, many rituals involved the Bisj poles, including dancing, masquerading, singing and headhunting—all performed by men. In North Sumatra ,

1235-562: A source area and then transported to the place of deposition by water , wind , ice , mass movement or glaciers (agents of denudation ). About 7.9% of the crust by volume is composed of sedimentary rocks, with 82% of those being shales, while the remainder consists of 6% limestone and 12% sandstone and arkoses . Sedimentary rocks often contain fossils . Sedimentary rocks form under the influence of gravity and typically are deposited in horizontal or near horizontal layers or strata , and may be referred to as stratified rocks. Sediment and

1330-713: A texture are referred to as foliated ; the remainders are termed non-foliated. The name of the rock is then determined based on the types of minerals present. Schists are foliated rocks that are primarily composed of lamellar minerals such as micas . A gneiss has visible bands of differing lightness , with a common example being the granite gneiss. Other varieties of foliated rock include slates , phyllites , and mylonite . Familiar examples of non-foliated metamorphic rocks include marble , soapstone , and serpentine . This branch contains quartzite —a metamorphosed form of sandstone —and hornfels . Though most understanding of rocks comes from those of Earth, rocks make up many of

1425-607: A warrior dance, is performed with shields and swords, reflecting the region's martial traditions. In the northern Maluku, there is a dance called the Gala dance. Gala Dance is a traditional dance originating from the Sula Islands Regency, North Maluku. Gala dance is generally celebrated to welcome guests.In addition to welcoming guests, gala dances are also celebrated during the harvest season, traditional parties, and folk parties and are performed by men and women in pairs. In Papua ,

1520-540: Is Tarung Derajat . It is a modern combat system created by Haji Ahmad Drajat based on his experience as a street fighter. Tarung Drajat has been acknowledged as a national sport by KONI in 1998 and is now used by Indonesian Army as part of their basic training. In Eastern Indonesia, there is a type of martial art hitting with a whip or stick . Caci is a form of fighting with a whip or stick. It appears to be indigenous to Flores in East Nusa Tenggara , but it

1615-454: Is Wayang wong , which translates to "human wayang." This form of Javanese theatre transforms the wayang stories into live dance drama performances featuring human actors. Wayang wong combines elaborate costumes, expressive gestures, and traditional music to bring to life the mythical tales and moral teachings inherent in the wayang tradition. The performers undergo rigorous training to master the precise movements and expressions required to convey

1710-766: Is a melting pot of diversity. Positioned along ancient trade routes between the Far East , South Asia , and the Middle East , the country has absorbed cultural practices influenced by Hinduism , Buddhism , Confucianism , Islam , and Christianity . These influences have created a complex cultural tapestry that often differs from the original indigenous cultures. Examples of the fusion of Islam with Hinduism include Javanese Abangan belief. Balinese dances have stories about ancient Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms , while Islamic art forms and architecture are present in Sumatra , especially in

1805-513: Is a significant part of Dayak culture. This dance tells stories of ancient warriors and their battles, using energetic movements and traditional weaponry to convey a sense of valor and strength. Kalimantan is also home to the Banjarese . The Banjar people perform the Baksa kembang dance, a graceful and elegant performance that involves intricate hand movements and beautiful floral arrangements. This dance

1900-593: Is also practised in Bali and Lombok . One of the oldest cave paintings in the world dating back more than 44,000 years old ( art of the Upper Paleolithic ), was found in caves in the district of Maros ( Sulawesi , Indonesia). The oldest types of cave painting are hand stencils and simple geometric shapes. In 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in

1995-1052: Is another prominent Javanese tradition where dancers wear masks portraying characters from Javanese folklore, history, and mythology. Accompanied by traditional gamelan music, the dance combines dramatic and theatrical elements. Gambyong dance, known for its graceful movements, is performed during ceremonies and celebrations in Central Java . This dance conveys messages of joy and cultural pride, showcasing Javanese aesthetics and values influenced by Hindu, Buddhist, and Islamic traditions that have shaped Java's artistic landscape over centuries. Folk dances like Kuda Lumping feature performers mimicking riding horses made of woven bamboo. This energetic dance, accompanied by lively gamelan music, highlights rhythmic movements that captivate audiences. Reog , originating from Ponorogo , East Java , combines dance, drama, and elaborate costumes to depict mythical stories and mystical creatures with powerful movements and mesmerizing displays. In Bali , dance forms

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2090-458: Is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava . This magma may be derived from partial melts of pre-existing rocks in either a planet 's mantle or crust . Typically, the melting of rocks is caused by one or more of three processes: an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or a change in composition. Igneous rocks are divided into two main categories: Magmas tend to become richer in silica as they rise towards

2185-567: Is known as Pop Kroncong. Other notable traditional music genres in Indonesia include Tanjidor from Betawi culture in Jakarta , involving a brass and woodwind ensemble, and Jaipongan from West Java, combining Sundanese music with dance. In the Maluku Islands, Sawat Lenso dance music blends Portuguese and local influences, featuring instruments like the rebana (tambourine) and the ukulele . The music of Nias includes unique instruments such as

2280-490: Is next in importance. About 65% of the Earth's crust by volume consists of igneous rocks. Of these, 66% are basalt and gabbro , 16% are granite, and 17% granodiorite and diorite . Only 0.6% are syenite and 0.3% are ultramafic . The oceanic crust is 99% basalt, which is an igneous rock of mafic composition. Granite and similar rocks, known as granitoids , dominate the continental crust . Sedimentary rocks are formed at

2375-458: Is often credited with attracting the attention of Western cultural figures to Balinese culture and art. His works have somehow influenced Balinese artists and painters. Today Bali has one of the most vivid and richest painting traditions in Indonesia. The 1920s to 1940s were a time of growing nationalism in Indonesia. The previous period of the romanticism movement was not seen as a purely Indonesian movement and did not develop. Painters began to see

2470-409: Is often mixed with Arabic , Javanese and Malay folk music. Despite the influences of foreign culture, some remote Indonesian regions still preserve uniquely indigenous culture. Indigenous ethnic groups Batak , Nias , Mentawai , Asmat , Dani , Sumba , Dayak , Toraja and many others are still practising their ethnic rituals, customs and wearing traditional clothes . Indonesia treasures

2565-589: Is often performed at weddings, celebratory events, and to welcome guests, symbolizing beauty and prosperity. In Sulawesi , traditional dances serve as vibrant expressions of cultural heritage, offering unique insights into local traditions and values. One such example is the Poco-poco , originating from North Sulawesi , which has transcended borders to become popular, notably in Malaysia . However, controversy erupted in early April 2011 when Malaysian Islamic clerics banned

2660-497: Is quite well-developed in Indonesia. Other than tribal art woodcarvings of Asmat , Batak , Dayak , Nias , and Toraja area is well known for its refined wood carving culture; they are Jepara in Central Java and Bali. Mas village near Ubud in Bali is renowned for its wood carving art. Balinese woodcarving today has a sustained tourist market in Bali. In South Papua , Asmat art consists of elaborate stylized wood carvings such as

2755-438: Is supposedly permitted. To the south, Kuta Beach extends beyond the airport into Jimbaran . Other nearby towns and villages include Seseh (6.4 nm), Denpasar (4.5 nm), Ujung (1.8 nm), Pesanggaran (2.0 nm), Kedonganan (2.9 nm), and Tuban (1.0 nm). Badung Regency includes three districts with the name of Kuta: Kuta is now the center of an extensive tourist-oriented urban area that merges into

2850-620: Is the Legong , known for its delicate finger movements, intricate footwork, and expressive gestures that narrate mythical stories and cultural themes. Another iconic Balinese dance is the Barong dance , a dramatic performance portraying the eternal battle between good (Barong) and evil ( Rangda ). This dance is not only a cultural ritual but also a captivating theatrical spectacle that mesmerizes audiences with its elaborate costumes, dynamic choreography, and symbolic narrative. The Kecak dance , also known as

2945-453: Is the study of Earth and its components, including the study of rock formations. Petrology is the study of the character and origin of rocks. Mineralogy is the study of the mineral components that create rocks. The study of rocks and their components has contributed to the geological understanding of Earth's history, the archaeological understanding of human history, and the development of engineering and technology in human society. While

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3040-527: The Dayak people uphold rich cultural traditions through their captivating performances, one of which is the Hudoq dance. This vibrant and intricate dance involves wearing elaborate masks and costumes designed to represent various spirits. The Hudoq is not merely a performance but a profound spiritual ritual aimed at seeking blessings for a bountiful harvest. The Kancet Papatai , which depicts scenes of bravery and heroism,

3135-442: The Dayak people have a rich musical heritage with instruments like the sape (traditional lute) and various gongs. In Papua , traditional music often involves drums and bamboo flutes, reflecting their cultural and spiritual practices. The angklung , a traditional musical instrument from West Java made from bamboo, has also received international recognition from UNESCO as part of the intangible cultural heritage. In contrast,

3230-461: The Dutch colonial rule. Unfortunately, after Indonesia achieving their independence, pencak silat became less popular among Indonesian youth compare to foreign martial arts like Karate and Taekwondo . This probably because silat was not taught openly and only passed down among blood relatives, the other reason is the lack of media portrayal of the art. Efforts have been made to introduce and reintroduce

3325-543: The Minangkabau and Aceh regions. Traditional art, music and sport are combined in a martial art form called Pencak Silat . The Western world has influenced Indonesia in science, technology and modern entertainment such as television shows, film and music, as well as political system and issues. India has notably influenced Indonesian songs and movies. A popular type of song is the Indian-rhythmical dangdut , which

3420-501: The Minangkabau people of West Sumatra , usually performed for traditional ceremonies and festivals. It incorporates music, singing, dance, drama and the “silek” or pencak silat martial art, with performances often based on semi-historical Minangkabau legends and love story. Bangsawan , found in Riau and other Malay-speaking regions, combines elements of drama, music, and dance. It often features romantic or historical narratives, showcasing

3515-611: The Sasando from East Nusa Tenggara features an instrument made from a split leaf of the Lontar palm , resembling a harp and producing a soothing sound. Kroncong is traditional music genre in Indonesia, featuring guitars and ukuleles. It was introduced by Portuguese traders in the 15th century. Traditional “Keroncong Tugu” groups can be found in North Jakarta and Maluku , showcasing strong Portuguese influences. A modern variation of kroncong

3610-740: The bisj pole and is designed to honour ancestors. Many Asmat artefacts have been collected by the world's museums, among the most notable of which are those found in the Michael C. Rockefeller Collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and the Tropenmuseum in Amsterdam . Bisj poles are carved by Asmat religious carvers (wow-ipits) after a member of their tribe or community had been killed and headhunted by an enemy tribe. Carved out of

3705-417: The history of geology includes many theories of rocks and their origins that have persisted throughout human history, the study of rocks was developed as a formal science during the 19th century. Plutonism was developed as a theory during this time, and the discovery of radioactive decay in 1896 allowed for the radiocarbon dating of rocks. Understanding of plate tectonics developed in the second half of

3800-587: The talempong and saluang of the Minangkabau people , used in ceremonies. The Batak people in North Sumatra play instruments like the gondang (tuned drums), gordang sambilan and the hasapi (traditional lute). In Sulawesi , the Toraja people use bamboo instruments, such as the pa’pompang flute. The Bugis and Makassar people of South Sulawesi play the Kacaping, a plucked string instrument. In Kalimantan ,

3895-477: The 19th century is mostly restricted to the decorative arts, considered to be a religious and spiritual activity, comparable to the pre-1400 European art. Artists' names are anonymous since the individual human creator was seen as far less important than their creation to honour the deities or spirits. Some examples are the Kenyah decorative art, based on endemic natural motifs such as ferns and hornbills, found decorating

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3990-533: The 19th century. In the Netherlands, the term "Indonesian Painting" is applied to the paintings produced by Dutch or other foreign artists who lived and worked in the former Netherlands-Indies . The most famous indigenous 19th-century Indonesian painter is Raden Saleh (1807–1877), the first indigenous artist to study in Europe. His art is heavily influenced by Romanticism . In the 1920s Walter Spies settled in Bali, he

4085-399: The 20th century. Rocks are composed primarily of grains of minerals, which are crystalline solids formed from atoms chemically bonded into an orderly structure. Some rocks also contain mineraloids , which are rigid, mineral-like substances, such as volcanic glass , that lack crystalline structure. The types and abundance of minerals in a rock are determined by the manner in which it

4180-442: The Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments , which in turn are formed by the weathering , transport, and deposition of existing rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to such high pressures and temperatures that they are transformed without significant melting. Humanity has made use of rocks since

4275-467: The Earth's surface, a process called magma differentiation . This occurs both because minerals low in silica crystallize out of the magma as it begins to cool ( Bowen's reaction series ) and because the magma assimilates some of the crustal rock through which it ascends ( country rock ), and crustal rock tends to be high in silica. Silica content is thus the most important chemical criterion for classifying igneous rock. The content of alkali metal oxides

4370-503: The Earth's surface: temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C and pressures greater than 1500 bars. This occurs, for example, when continental plates collide. Metamorphic rocks compose 27.4% of the crust by volume. The three major classes of metamorphic rock are based upon the formation mechanism. An intrusion of magma that heats the surrounding rock causes contact metamorphism—a temperature-dominated transformation. Pressure metamorphism occurs when sediments are buried deep under

4465-610: The Poco-Poco dance for Muslims, citing perceived Christian origins and concerns that its steps resembled the sign of the cross, despite this Poco-Poco remains a cherished part of social gatherings and community events in various regions. In Central Sulawesi , the Dero dance promotes community unity through its circular formations and synchronized steps, often accompanied by lively music and chants at local festivals. Meanwhile, in South Sulawesi ,

4560-963: The Prehistoric Era, the Hindu-Buddhist Era, and the Islamic Era, and they fall into two main genres: court dance and folk dance. Sumatra showcases a rich tapestry of traditional dances that highlight its cultural diversity. In West Sumatra , the Tari Piring (Plate Dance) demonstrates skill in balancing plates with graceful movements, symbolizing harmony and elegance. Aceh 's Saman dance captivates with its fast-paced rhythm and synchronized movements performed by groups, embodying communal and spiritual values. In 2011, UNESCO officially recognized Aceh's traditional Saman dance as an Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding . In North Sumatra ,

4655-575: The Sajojo dance is wi In addition to welcoming guests, Serving as both entertainment and a profound expression of Papuan cultural identity. Another notable dance is the War Dance (Tarian Perang), performed by tribes such as the Dani and Yali . This dance symbolizes bravery and valor, accompanied by rhythmic drumming and chanting, with dancers adorned in traditional attire embellished with feathers and shells, enhancing

4750-818: The acknowledgement, UNESCO required Indonesians to preserve the tradition. Another form of local drama is Javanese Ludruk , originating in East Java , blends comedy, drama, and audience interaction with improvised dialogue and local humor, making it a favorite among locals for its lively performances. Ketoprak , another traditional Javanese theater form, integrates drama, music, dance, and comedy, often weaving Javanese folklore and moral teachings into its narratives, commonly staged in village squares or traditional markets. Sundanese Sandiwara , from West Java portrays historical or mythological tales through music, dance, and drama, offering insights into Sundanese culture. Betawi Lenong , from Jakarta , features humorous storytelling in

4845-602: The aramba (a type of gong) and the doli-doli (a type of slit drum). On June 29, 1965, Koes Plus , a leading Indonesian pop group of the 1960s to 1980s, was imprisoned in Glodok , West Jakarta , for playing Western-style music. After the resignation of President Sukarno , the law was rescinded, and in the 1970s, the Glodok prison was dismantled and replaced with a large shopping mall. The story of Koes Plus highlights Indonesia's evolving musical landscape and cultural exchanges. Dangdut ,

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4940-618: The beauty of silat to Indonesian youth and the world. Exhibitions and promotions by individuals as well as state-sponsored groups helped the growing of silat's popularity, particularly in Europe and United States . Indonesian 2009 Silat movie Merantau is one of Indonesian efforts to introduce silat to the international scene. Pencak Silat was recognized as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) on 12 December 2019. Another martial art from Indonesia

5035-566: The cave of Lubang Jeriji Saléh on the Indonesian island of Borneo . In December 2019, however, figurative cave paintings depicting pig hunting in the Maros-Pangkep karst in Sulawesi were estimated to be even older, at at least 43,900 years old. The finding was noted to be "the oldest pictorial record of storytelling and the earliest figurative artwork in the world". Indonesian painting before

5130-465: The ceremony as most of the victims were Australian. The beach has been notable since the early 1970s. Kuta (koo-tah) beach is also known as Sunset Beach, as opposed to the Sunrise Beach, another name for Sanur Beach . Luxury resorts, restaurants, and clubs are located along the beach. In 2011, a two-meter white sandstone fence, built in a Balinese architecture style, was built along the road to block

5225-413: The characters' emotions and the story's nuances. Wayang performances are accompanied by a gamelan orchestra, which provides a rich and dynamic musical backdrop. The music, along with the rhythmic narration by the dalang, enhances the overall atmosphere and emotional impact of the story. The dalang, who is both a puppeteer and a storyteller, plays a crucial role in the performance. They not only manipulate

5320-523: The constituent particles, and particle size . These physical properties are the result of the processes that formed the rocks. Over the course of time, rocks can be transformed from one type into another, as described by a geological model called the rock cycle . This transformation produces three general classes of rock: igneous , sedimentary and metamorphic . Those three classes are subdivided into many groups. There are, however, no hard-and-fast boundaries between allied rocks. By increase or decrease in

5415-547: The cultural legacy of the ancient Srivijaya Empire through its rhythmic music and intricate choreography. In Java , court dances like Bedhaya and Serimpi are performed in the royal courts of Yogyakarta and Surakarta . Bedhaya, considered sacred, features slow, deliberate movements symbolizing harmony between earthly and divine realms. Serimpi emphasizes grace and refinement, often depicting stories from Javanese mythology and royal traditions with elegant movements and intricate patterns. The topeng dance (Mask Dance)

5510-519: The diaspora of Indonesian people. People from various regions like Aceh , Minangkabau , Riau , Bugis , Makassar , Java , Banjar , etc. moved into and settled in Malay Peninsula and other islands. They brought silat and passed it down to their descendants. The Indonesian of half-Dutch descent are also credited as the first to have brought the art into Europe. Pencak silat was used by Indonesian independence fighters during their struggle against

5605-491: The earliest humans. This early period, called the Stone Age , saw the development of many stone tools. Stone was then used as a major component in the construction of buildings and early infrastructure . Mining developed to extract rocks from the Earth and obtain the minerals within them, including metals . Modern technology has allowed the development of new human-made rocks and rock-like substances, such as concrete . Geology

5700-606: The earth's surface by the accumulation and cementation of fragments of earlier rocks, minerals, and organisms or as chemical precipitates and organic growths in water ( sedimentation ). This process causes clastic sediments (pieces of rock) or organic particles ( detritus ) to settle and accumulate or for minerals to chemically precipitate ( evaporite ) from a solution . The particulate matter then undergoes compaction and cementation at moderate temperatures and pressures ( diagenesis ). Before being deposited, sediments are formed by weathering of earlier rocks by erosion in

5795-427: The earth, from an ore body, vein or seam . The term also includes the removal of soil. Materials recovered by mining include base metals , precious metals , iron , uranium , coal , diamonds , limestone , oil shale , rock salt , potash , construction aggregate and dimension stone . Mining is required to obtain any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or created artificially in

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5890-443: The gender of the deceased. However, they have become more and more elaborate, actually attempting to imitate the likeness of the deceased. Nowadays, Tau tau has a photographic likeness to the people they represent. Rock (geology) In geology , rock (or stone ) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition , and

5985-513: The graceful Pakarena dance captivates audiences with its intricate storytelling conveyed through elegant movements and traditional costumes, preserving Bugis cultural narratives. Additionally, the Paraga dance demonstrates impressive athleticism by blending acrobatic and martial arts-inspired movements, symbolizing cultural pride during festive occasions. In the Maluku Islands , the cakalele dance ,

6080-402: The ground; pressure is dominant, and temperature plays a smaller role. This is termed burial metamorphism, and it can result in rocks such as jade . Where both heat and pressure play a role, the mechanism is termed regional metamorphism. This is typically found in mountain-building regions. Depending on the structure, metamorphic rocks are divided into two general categories. Those that possess

6175-491: The kind of metals available from the rock of a region. Anthropic rock is synthetic or restructured rock formed by human activity. Concrete is recognized as a human-made rock constituted of natural and processed rock and having been developed since Ancient Rome . Rock can also be modified with other substances to develop new forms, such as epoxy granite . Artificial stone has also been developed, such as Coade stone . Geologist James R. Underwood has proposed anthropic rock as

6270-431: The land to prepare it for other uses once mining ceases. Mining processes may create negative impacts on the environment both during the mining operations and for years after mining has ceased. These potential impacts have led to most of the world's nations adopting regulations to manage negative effects of mining operations. Stone tools have been used for millions of years by humans and earlier hominids . The Stone Age

6365-583: The lively Tor-tor dance , performed by the Batak people, is known for its energetic movements and significant ritualistic role. Riau stands out with the elegant Melayu dance, characterized by graceful gestures often seen at ceremonial occasions. Meanwhile, Jambi and Bangka Belitung celebrates the Zapin dance, seamlessly blending Arabic influences with local traditions. Gending Sriwijaya in South Sumatra preserves

6460-415: The local dialect, often with satire and social commentary reflecting Betawi cultural values. Ondel-ondel , a Betawi folk performance, showcases large puppet figures paraded during festivals, symbolizing Jakarta's Betawi community spirit and cultural heritage. These dramas are known for their humor and audience engagement, bringing communities together in celebration. Randai is a folk theatre tradition of

6555-560: The main room of the house, sometimes more than a hundred. A missionary work in 1930 had recorded the removal of 'over 2000 "idols" from a house of new northern convert.' Some missionaries even recorded houses collapsing under the weight of these ancestor figures. Small adu zatua were bound together horizontally using a rattan and pegs. Many ancestor figures were destroyed in 1916 by Christian missionary movements which saw them as an old blasphemous religious symbol. Some were sold to collectors and can be found in museum or private collections around

6650-472: The many ethnic groups that compose the nation of Indonesia. The dances showcase Austronesian roots, Melanesian tribal dance forms, and influences from foreign countries such as Indian subcontinent , Mainland China , and the Middle East , as well as European styles introduced during colonization. With over 3,000 distinct dances, each ethnic group contributes its own unique styles and traditions. Indonesian dances can be categorized into three historical eras:

6745-568: The natural world for inspiration. Some examples of Indonesian painter during this period are the Balinese Ida Bagus Made and the realist Basuki Abdullah . The Indonesian Painters Association ( Persatuan Ahli-Ahli Gambar Indonesia or PERSAGI, 1938–1942) was formed during this period. PERSAGI established a contemporary art philosophy that saw artworks as reflections of the artist's individual or personal view as well as an expression of national cultural thoughts. The art of wood carving

6840-415: The neighboring towns. Legian, to the north, is the commercial hub of Kuta and the site of many restaurants and entertainment spots. Most of the area's big beachfront hotels are in the southern section of Tuban. Legian and Seminyak are northern extensions of Kuta along Jl. Legian and Jl. Basangkasa. They are somewhat quieter suburbs with cottage-style accommodations, where many of the expat crowd live. Also to

6935-831: The north are Petitenget , Berawa , Canggu , and Seseh — new and quieter continuations of Kuta's beach. They are easy to reach through Abian Timbul or Denpasar and Kerobokan . Several large hotels are located in this area: the Oberoi Bali , Template:Multiple image Hard Rock Hotel Bali , the Intan Bali Village , the Legian Bali in Petitenget, the Dewata Beach , and the Bali Sani Suites in Berawa. In its early history, Kuta

7030-418: The original rock was formed. This process is called metamorphism , meaning to "change in form". The result is a profound change in physical properties and chemistry of the stone. The original rock, known as the protolith , transforms into other mineral types or other forms of the same minerals, by recrystallization . The temperatures and pressures required for this process are always higher than those found at

7125-425: The particles of clastic sedimentary rocks can be further classified by grain size . The smallest sediments are clay , followed by silt , sand , and gravel . Some systems include cobbles and boulders as measurements. Metamorphic rocks are formed by subjecting any rock type—sedimentary rock, igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock—to different temperature and pressure conditions than those in which

7220-468: The people of Nias placed great value on wooden figures or adu . The sole purpose of the Nias figures was to fulfil ritual needs, whether it is to ensure wealth or to perform specific beneficial rite. Niassan figures vary in size, from as small as 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in height to more than 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall. When an elderly person died, the family would make a wooden statue known as adu zatua. The statue

7315-462: The proportions of their minerals, they pass through gradations from one to the other; the distinctive structures of one kind of rock may thus be traced, gradually merging into those of another. Hence the definitions adopted in rock names simply correspond to selected points in a continuously graduated series. Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word igneus, meaning of fire, from ignis meaning fire)

7410-427: The puppets but also provide voices for all the characters, deliver dialogue, and add sound effects, demonstrating remarkable dexterity and vocal versatility. UNESCO designated Wayang the flat leather shadow puppet ( wayang kulit ) and the three-dimensional wooden puppet ( wayang golek or wayang klitik ) theatre, as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on 7 November 2003. In return for

7505-425: The region often results in trash and plastic waste washing up on the shore. Locals and tourists volunteer to clean the waste. Kuta is well known in Bali for being a cheap tourist destination for Australians due to its close proximity. Kuta Beach is popular among surfers due to consistent and good wave conditions. Kuta Beach is also within close proximity to the airport. Kuta is mentioned in "I've Been To Bali Too",

7600-487: The region's cultural heritage and its connections to wider Malay cultural traditions. Various Balinese dance drama also can be included within the traditional form of Indonesian drama. Modern performing art also developed in Indonesia with its distinct style of drama. Notable theatre, dance, and drama troupe such as Teater Koma are gaining popularity in Indonesia as their drama often portray social and political satires of Indonesian society!! The art of Pencak Silat

7695-480: The sand from blowing to the cafes and restaurants. The project cost Rp. 4 billion ( USD $ 255,000). Some tourists dislike it as it is considered to be blocking the beach view, while others believe the wall helps dampen the sounds from the congested traffic on the adjacent street. To make the beach cleaner, as of late August 2011, vendors are prohibited from selling food on the beach, but they are still allowed to sell beverages and souvenirs. The annual monsoon season in

7790-573: The single by Australian folk-rock band Redgum from their 1984 album Frontline . It is also home to an Indonesian punk rock band Superman Is Dead , most famous for its English song "Kuta Rock City". Culture of Indonesia The culture of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Budaya Indonesia ) has been shaped by the interplay of indigenous customs and diverse foreign influences. With over 1,300 distinct ethnic groups , including significant Austronesian and Melanesian cultures, contributing to its rich traditions, languages , and customs, Indonesia

7885-610: The universe's celestial bodies. In the Solar System , Mars , Venus , and Mercury are composed of rock, as are many natural satellites , asteroids , and meteoroids . Meteorites that fall to Earth provide evidence of extraterrestrial rocks and their composition. They are typically heavier than rocks on Earth. Asteroid rocks can also be brought to Earth through space missions, such as the Hayabusa mission. Lunar rocks and Martian rocks have also been studied. The use of rock has had

7980-569: The visual and cultural impact of the performance. The Wayang show, the traditional puppet theatre of the Javanese , Sundanese , and Balinese cultures, is a rich and ancient art form that showcases several mythological legends such as the Ramayana , the Mahabharata , and many more. These performances are deeply rooted in the cultural heritage of Indonesia and serve not only as entertainment but also as

8075-490: The walls of Kenyah longhouses. Another notable traditional art is the geometric Toraja wood carvings . Balinese paintings are initially the narrative images to depict scenes of Balinese legends and religious scripts. The classical Balinese paintings are often decorating the lontar manuscripts and also the ceilings of temples pavilion. Under the influence of the Dutch colonial power, a trend toward Western-style painting emerged in

8170-590: The way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust , and most of its interior, except for the liquid outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere . The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy . It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects. Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks , sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks . Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in

8265-448: The world. In Sulawesi , Torajans carve wood, calling it Pa'ssura (or "the writing"). One of the Toraja wood carvings is Tau tau , Tau tau is a kind of human statue made of wood or bamboo. Torajans believe that the dead can take their possessions with them to the afterlife, the effigies are usually equipped with small possessions. Traditionally, the effigies were simply carved, only to show

8360-452: The “Ramayana Monkey Chant”, is another notable example of Bali's rich dance heritage. This unique dance-drama combines rhythmic chanting and synchronized movements of a large group of male performers, retelling episodes from the Hindu epic Ramayana . The rhythmic chanting of "cak" creates a hypnotic atmosphere, making Kecak a distinctive and memorable cultural experience in Bali. In Kalimantan ,

8455-408: Was a period of widespread stone tool usage. Early Stone Age tools were simple implements, such as hammerstones and sharp flakes. Middle Stone Age tools featured sharpened points to be used as projectile points , awls, or scrapers . Late Stone Age tools were developed with craftsmanship and distinct cultural identities. Stone tools were largely superseded by copper and bronze tools following

8550-410: Was a small fishing village. As Kuta, specifically Kuta beach, became increasingly popular among Western visitors in the 1930s, the village began to grow. In the 1960s, Kuta became a popular destination for tourists and surfers due to good wave conditions. Kuta continued to grow in the 1970s, with hotels, souvenir shops, and restaurants opening in response to increasing tourism. On 12 October 2002, Kuta

8645-533: Was created and firstly developed in the islands of Java and Sumatra . It is an art for survival and practised throughout the Indonesian archipelago. Centuries of tribal wars in Indonesian history had shaped silat as it was used by the ancient warriors of Indonesia. Silat was used to determine the rank and position of warriors in old Indonesian kingdoms. Contacts with Indians and Chinese has further enriched silat. Silat reached areas beyond Indonesia mainly through

8740-456: Was formed. Most rocks contain silicate minerals , compounds that include silica tetrahedra in their crystal lattice , and account for about one-third of all known mineral species and about 95% of the earth's crust . The proportion of silica in rocks and minerals is a major factor in determining their names and properties. Rocks are classified according to characteristics such as mineral and chemical composition, permeability , texture of

8835-711: Was quarried for construction as early as 4000 BCE in Egypt, and stone was used to build fortifications in Inner Mongolia as early as 2800 BCE. The soft rock, tuff , is common in Italy, and the Romans used it for many buildings and bridges. Limestone was widely used in construction in the Middle Ages in Europe and remained popular into the 20th century. Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from

8930-482: Was the site of two bombings carried out by Jemaah Islamiyah suicide bombers , a violent Islamist group. At 11:05 p.m., a suicide bomber detonated a bomb inside his backpack at the nightclub Paddy's Pub , injuring many. Around 20 seconds later, a more explosive car bomb was detonated in a white Mitsubishi van in the bar Sari Club , opposite Paddy's Pub on Legian Street. The heavily populated residential and commercial district sustained substantial damage, with

9025-422: Was unveiled on the fourth day after the death of the person. The shape of the wooden statue reflects the status of the person who used them: the more powerful the owner, the more impressive the statue will be made. Nias people believed that the deceased person's spirits reside in the statue, so all events that occurred in the family were shared with the ancestor statues through prayers. Ancestor statues were placed in

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