103-594: The Koryo Ilbo is a newspaper published in Korean and Russian from Almaty , Kazakhstan , for Koryo-saram : ethnic Koreans of the former Soviet Union . First published in 1923 as the March 1 Newspaper , it changed its name to Sŏnbong , then to Lenin Kichi in 1938, and finally to Koryo Ilbo after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. It is notable for being one of
206-657: A nomadic lifestyle, Kazakhs keep an epic tradition of oral history which goes back centuries. It is most commonly relayed in the form of song ( kyi ) and poetry ( zhyr ), which typically tell the stories of Kazakh national heroes. The Kazakh oral tradition is sometimes has political themes. The highly influential Kazakh poet Abai Qunanbaiuly viewed it as the ideal way to transmit the pro- Westernization ideals of his colleagues. The Kazakh oral tradition has also overlapped with ethnic nationalism, and has been used to transmit pride in Kazakh identity. In modern Kazakhstan, tribalism
309-548: A system of speech levels and honorifics indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean is written in the Korean script ( 한글 ; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글 ; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until the 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters ( jamo ) and 27 complex letters formed from
412-484: A Korean influence on Khitan. The hypothesis that Korean could be related to Japanese has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as Samuel E. Martin and Roy Andrew Miller . Sergei Starostin (1991) found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list . Some linguists concerned with
515-599: A broadly South Asian population. Overall, Kazakhs show their closest genetic affinity with other Central Asian populations, namely the Kalmyks , Karakalpaks , Kyrgyz , and Altaians , but also Mongolians and Tuvans . A total of 464 representatives of the Western Kazakh tribes of Kazakhstan (Western Kazakhs, n = 405) and Uzbekistan (Karakalpakstan Kazakhs, n = 59) were examined by the Yfiler Plus set. The data are available in
618-536: A common language (Turkic), political ideology (based on Mongol traditions), royal lineage (Chinggisid related), ethnic identity (“Mongol Turks” [Turk-i mughūl]), and religion (Sunni Islam), and who still dominated much of the vast region stretching from the Crimea in the west to the Tien Shan Mountains in the east, and from southern Siberia in the north to northern India in the south during the post-Mongol period. At
721-477: A core vowel. The IPA symbol ⟨ ◌͈ ⟩ ( U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW ) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/ . Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice . The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice , but it is not yet known how typical this
824-459: A few extinct relatives which—along with the Jeju language (Jejuan) of Jeju Island and Korean itself—form the compact Koreanic language family . Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not mutually intelligible . The linguistic homeland of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary Manchuria . The hierarchy of the society from which the language originates deeply influences the language, leading to
927-599: A global frequency of 51.9%. The structure analysis of the 1164 individuals indicated the presence of 20 ancestral groups and a complex three-subclade organization of the C2-M217 haplogroup in Kazakhs, a result supported by the multidimensional scaling analysis. Additionally, while the majority of the haplotypes and tribes overlapped, a distinct cluster of the O2 haplogroup, mostly of the Naiman tribe,
1030-403: A number of Kazakh communities can be found in various cities and towns spread throughout the country. Some of the major population centers with a significant Kazakh presence include Ulaanbaatar (90% in khoroo #4 of Nalaikh düüreg ), Töv and Selenge provinces, Erdenet , Darkhan , Bulgan , Sharyngol (17.1% of population total) and Berkh cities. See Kazakh Americans page As of
1133-564: A number of educated Kazakh poets from Muslim madrasahs incited a revolt against Russia. Russia's response was to set up secular schools and devise a way of writing Kazakh with the Cyrillic alphabet, which was not widely accepted. By 1917, the Arabic script for Kazakh was reintroduced, even in schools and local government. In 1927, a Kazakh nationalist movement sprang up against the Soviet Union but
SECTION 10
#17328488467141236-577: A number returned between 1955 and 1957 and turned towards Lenin Kichi to publish writing about their experiences. As such, Kichi newspapers from this period are now considered valuable resources for studying the Korean War. In the 1970s and 1980s, during a boom in collectivized farming among Koryo-saram, the paper had over 40,000 copies in circulation and around 60–80 employees. In August 1978, it relocated to Almaty, where it now remains. The paper had actually wanted to relocate since 1954, but this decision
1339-432: A period of decline in the last years of the Soviet Union. One significant and still-relevant issue was the decreasing number of Korean speakers. After regional languages were suppressed in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and minorities were given more freedom of movement after Stalin's death in the 1950s, fewer and fewer Koryo-saram spoke Korean. The paper had benefited from acquiring personnel from Sakhalin and North Korea until
1442-562: A possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre- Nivkh substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric ) were once distributed on the Korean Peninsula before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding
1545-517: A powerful khanate of their own. The term Kazakh is used to refer to ethnic Kazakhs, while the term Kazakhstani refers to all citizens of Kazakhstan, regardless of ethnicity. The Kazakhs likely began using the name Kazakh during the 15th century. There are many theories on the origin of the word Kazakh or Qazaq. Some speculate that it comes from the Turkic verb qaz ("wanderer, brigand, vagabond, warrior, free, independent") or that it derives from
1648-442: A significant North Korean poet. Its initial circulation was stated to be around 6,000, but in reality it was likely around 2,000 and later 4,000 in the late 1940s. The staff appealed for more space for articles, higher publishing frequency, and larger circulation for years. The Soviet government allowed them larger pages and five issues on 21 March 1940, but they continued appealing. After Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin 's death in 1953,
1751-663: A total of 237 Kazakhs from Altai Republic and found that they belonged to the following haplogroups: D(xD5) (15.6%), C (10.5%), F1 (6.8%), B4 (5.1%), G2a (4.6%), A (4.2%), B5 (4.2%), M(xC, Z, M8a, D, G, M7, M9a, M13) (3.0%), D5 (2.1%), G2(xG2a) (2.1%), G4 (1.7%), N9a (1.7%), G(xG2, G4) (0.8%), M7 (0.8%), M13 (0.8%), Y1 (0.8%), Z (0.4%), M8a (0.4%), M9a (0.4%), and F2 (0.4%) for a total of 66.7% mtDNA of Eastern Eurasian origin or affinity and H (10.5%), U(xU1, U3, U4, U5) (3.4%), J (3.0%), N1a (3.0%), R(xB4, B5, F1, F2, T, J, U, HV) (3.0%), I (2.1%), U5 (2.1%), T (1.7%), U4 (1.3%), U1 (0.8%), K (0.8%), N1b (0.4%), W (0.4%), U3 (0.4%), and HV (0.4%) for
1854-624: A total of 33.3% mtDNA of West-Eurasian origin or affinity. Comparing their samples of Kazakhs from Altai Republic with samples of Kazakhs from Kazakhstan and Kazakhs from Xinjiang, the authors have noted that "haplogroups A, B, C, D, F1, G2a, H, and M were present in all of them, suggesting that these lineages represent the common maternal gene pool from which these different Kazakh populations emerged." In every sample of Kazakhs, D (predominantly northern East Asian, such as Japanese, Okinawan, Korean, Manchu, Mongol, Han Chinese, Tibetan, etc. , but also having several branches among indigenous peoples of
1957-563: Is a member of the Turkic language family , as are Uzbek , Kyrgyz , Tatar , Uyghur , Turkmen , modern Turkish , Azerbaijani and many other living and historical languages spoken in Eastern Europe , Central Asia , Xinjiang , and Siberia . Kazakh belongs to the Kipchak (Northwestern) group of the Turkic language family. Kazakh is characterized, in distinction to other Turkic languages, by
2060-429: Is allegedly the first Korean newspaper to use horizontal, left-to-right type, as most others at the time wrote vertically and right-to-left. It initially had around eighteen employees and was allowed to publish issues of four pages, three times per week. Due to limited space and fear of censorship, it initially published less literature than before, but it did publish works from authors like Cho Ki-chon , who later became
2163-529: Is also a significant source for the study of the Korean diaspora , the Korean language, the Korean independence movement, the Korean War, and Korean literature . It had a circulation of around 40,000 during its peak around the 1970s and 1980s, but due to falling numbers of ethnic Koreans able to speak Korean, now publishes around 2,000 copies and is largely supported by the Association of Koreans in Kazakhstan and
SECTION 20
#17328488467142266-656: Is an agglutinative language . The Korean language is traditionally considered to have nine parts of speech . Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is subject–object–verb (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and word order is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question 가게에 gage-e store- LOC 가셨어요? ga-syeo-sseo-yo go- HON . PAST - CONJ - POL 가게에 가셨어요? gage-e ga-syeo-sseo-yo store-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL 'Did [you] go to
2369-511: Is closer to a near-open central vowel ( [ɐ] ), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. Grammatical morphemes may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun ( -은/-는 ) and -i/-ga ( -이/-가 ). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul ( -을/-를 ), -euro/-ro ( -으로/-로 ), -eseo/-seo ( -에서/-서 ), -ideunji/-deunji ( -이든지/-든지 ) and -iya/-ya ( -이야/-야 ). Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. Korean
2472-672: Is estimated at 35% to 37.5% in two Kazakh populations. Another study estimated a lower average Western admixture of slightly less than 30%. These results are inline with historical demographic information on northern Central Asia. Neighboring Karakalpaks , Kyrgyz , Tubalar , and the Xinjiang Ölöd tribe, have the strongest resemblance to the Kazakh genome. A study on allele frequency and genetic polymorphism by Katsuyama et al. , found that Kazakhs cluster together with Japanese people , Hui people , Han Chinese , and Uyghurs in contrast to West Eurasian reference groups. A 2020 genetic study on
2575-446: Is fading away in business and government life. However, it is still common for Kazakhs to ask each other about the tribe they belong to when they become acquainted with one another. Now, it is more of a tradition than a necessity, and there is no hostility between tribes. Kazakhs, regardless of their tribal origin, consider themselves one nation. Those modern-day Kazakhs who yet remember their tribes know that their tribes belong to one of
2678-399: Is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. The Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from Goryeo , which is thought to be
2781-564: Is near Chu, on the western limit of Moghulistán, where they dwelt in peace and content. On the death of Abulkhair Khán the Ulus of the Uzbegs fell into confusion, and constant strife arose among them. Most of them joined the party of Karáy Khán and Jáni Beg Khán. They numbered about 200,000 persons, and received the name of Uzbeg-Kazák. The Kazák Sultáns began to reign in the year 870 [1465–1466] (but God knows best), and they continued to enjoy absolute power in
2884-399: Is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language ). This occurs with
2987-759: Is one Kazakh autonomous prefecture , the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and three Kazakh autonomous counties : Aksai Kazakh Autonomous County in Gansu , Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County and Mori Kazakh Autonomous County in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. At least one million Uyghurs , Kazakhs and other Muslims in Xinjiang have been detained in mass detention camps , termed " reeducation camps ", aimed at changing
3090-565: Is the national language of both North Korea and South Korea . Beyond Korea, the language is recognized as a minority language in parts of China , namely Jilin , and specifically Yanbian Prefecture , and Changbai County . It is also spoken by Sakhalin Koreans in parts of Sakhalin , the Russian island just north of Japan, and by the Koryo-saram in parts of Central Asia . The language has
3193-716: Is well attested in Western Old Japanese and Northern Ryukyuan languages , in Eastern Old Japanese it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the Southern Ryukyuan language group . Also, the doublet wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See Classification of the Japonic languages or Comparison of Japanese and Korean for further details on
Koryo Ilbo - Misplaced Pages Continue
3296-553: The Amur region . There is also evidence for contact with Iranian, Uralic and Yeniseian peoples. The Kazakhs emerged as an ethno-linguistic group during the early 15th century from a confederation of several, mostly Turkic-speaking pastoral nomadic groups of Northern Central Asia . The Kazakhs are the most northerly of the Central Asian peoples, inhabiting a large expanse of territory in northern Central Asia and southern Siberia known as
3399-531: The Kazakh Steppe . The tribal groups formed a powerful confederation that grew wealthy on the trade passing through the steppe lands along the fabled Silk Road. Kazakh was a common term throughout medieval Central Asia , generally with regard to individuals or groups who had taken or achieved independence from a figure of authority. Timur described his own youth without direct authority as his Qazaqliq ("freedom", "Qazaq-ness"). In Turco-Persian sources,
3502-544: The Kazakh language and information about Kazakh history and culture, which Lee Jin-hae suggests is at the request of the Kazakh government. It also published articles between 1991 and 2017 advocating for the emigration of Russians, adopting a Kazakh identity, and encouraging the learning and use of the Kazakh language. As does the Kazakh government, it advocates for Korean unification and aligns itself closely with South Korea. However, it has published opinion pieces that disagree with
3605-667: The Kichi began publishing more literature and were allowed national circulation on 1 January 1954. Around this time, their circulation reached around 7,000. It became the only Korean-language newspaper available nationwide in the Soviet Union, although On the Path of Lenin ( 레닌의 길로 ) was available locally in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk . The contents of the paper aligned closely with Soviet messaging, and featured prominently themes of multi-ethnic families, internationalist unification and collectivism, and
3708-524: The Korean dialects , which are still largely mutually intelligible . The Chinese language , written with Chinese characters and read with Sino-Xenic pronunciations , was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century. Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as Hanja ) to write their own language, creating scripts known as idu , hyangchal , gugyeol , and gakpil. These systems were cumbersome, due to
3811-496: The March 1st Newspaper was published on the fourth anniversary of the March 1st protests. A few years afterwards, the newspaper changed its name to Sŏnbong . It was published from Khabarovsk around 1929 to 1934, then from Vladivostok again. Like other Soviet newspapers of the time, Sŏnbong was managed by the government, and local Communist officials had control over the staff and content of
3914-576: The Mongol Empire , the Golden Horde and the Kazakh Khanate , which was established in 1465. The exact place of origins of the Turkic peoples has been a topic of much discussion. Early Medieval Turkic peoples who migrated into Central Asia displayed genetic affinities with Ancient Northeast Asians , deriving around 62% of their ancestry from a gene pool maximized among Neolithic hunter-gatherers in
4017-588: The Order of Friendship of Peoples award from the Soviet government on the 50th anniversary of the newspaper's change to Lenin Kichi . In 2001, it received the Uiam Jang Ji-yeon Press Award [ ko ] . Korean language Korean ( South Korean : 한국어 , Hanguk-eo ; North Korean : 조선어 , Chosŏnŏ ) is the native language for about 81 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It
4120-508: The Proto-Turkic word * khasaq (a wheeled cart used by the Kazakhs to transport their yurts and belongings). Another theory on the origin of the word Kazakh (originally Qazaq ) is that it comes from the ancient Turkic word qazğaq , first mentioned on the 8th century Turkic monument of Uyuk-Turan. According to Turkic linguist Vasily Radlov and Orientalist Veniamin Yudin ,
4223-557: The Three Kingdoms of Korea (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " -eo " and " -mal " mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo , literally "national language". This name is based on the same Han characters ( 國語 "nation" + "language") that are also used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China ,
Koryo Ilbo - Misplaced Pages Continue
4326-705: The 13th and 14th centuries in the Mongol states of the Qipchaq Steppe. It was from this Jochid/ Uzbek ulus (Golden Horde) that the Kazakh identity emerged when the nomads of the eastern Qipchaq Steppe became divided into the Kazakhs and the Shibanid Uzbeks at the turn of the 16th century. Seen from a broader perspective, the Kazakhs belonged to the Chinggisid uluses, others being the Shibanid Uzbeks, Crimean Tatars, Manghits/Noghays, and Chaghatays (Moghuls and Timurids), who shared
4429-677: The 1644th issue of Sŏnbong , the newspaper had a hiatus until March 1938 due to the deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union, who were forcibly resettled in Soviet Central Asia . Restrictions were also placed on the use and teaching of Korean. The executive staff were arrested, and some were executed. The staff who survived were relocated to Kyzylorda (now in Kazakhstan), where they began publishing an unofficial temporary newspaper. They also began attempting to obtain permission from Uzbek and Kazakhstan government officials to officially restart
4532-949: The 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By the 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era. In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the Gabo Reform of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese. Some newspapers were published entirely in Hangul, but other publications used Korean mixed script , with Hanja for Sino-Korean vocabulary and Hangul for other elements. North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools. Their usage in South Korea
4635-697: The 18th century after the Dzungar genocide resulted in the native Buddhist Dzungar Oirat population being massacred. Kazakhs, called " 哈萨克 族 " in Chinese ( pinyin : Hāsàkè Zú ; lit. 'Kazakh people" or "Kazakh tribe') are among 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China . According to the census data of 2020, Kazakhs had a population of 1,562,518, ranking 18th among all ethnic groups in China. Thousands of Kazakhs fled to China during
4738-591: The 1932–1933 famine in Kazakhstan. In 1936, after Sheng Shicai expelled 30,000 Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Qinghai, Hui led by General Ma Bufang massacred their fellow Muslim Kazakhs, until there were 135 of them left. From Northern Xinjiang, over 7,000 Kazakhs fled to the Tibetan-Qinghai plateau region via Gansu and were wreaking massive havoc so Ma Bufang solved the problem by relegating Kazakhs to designated pastureland in Qinghai, but Hui, Tibetans, and Kazakhs in
4841-656: The Americas ) is the most frequently observed haplogroup (with nearly all of those Kazakhs belonging to the D4 subclade), and the second-most frequent haplogroup is either H (predominantly European) or C (predominantly indigenous Siberian, though some branches are present in the Americas, East Asia, and northern and eastern Europe ). In a sample of 54 Kazakhs and 119 Altaian Kazakh, the main paternal lineages of Kazakhs are: C (66.7% and 59.5%), O (9% and 26%), N (2% and 0%), J (4% and 0%), R (9% and 1%) respectively. In Russia ,
4944-400: The Kazakh genome, by Seidualy et al., found that the Kazakh people formed from highly mixed historical Central Asian populations. Ethnic Kazakhs were modeled to derive about 63.2% ancestry from an East Asian-related population, specifically from a Northeast Asian source sample ( Devil’s Gate 1 ), 30.8% ancestry from European-related populations (presumably from Scythians ), and ~6% ancestry from
5047-590: The Kazakh population lives primarily in the regions bordering Kazakhstan. According to latest census (2002) there are 654,000 Kazakhs in Russia, most of whom are in the Astrakhan , Volgograd , Saratov , Samara , Orenburg , Chelyabinsk , Kurgan , Tyumen , Omsk , Novosibirsk , Altai Krai and Altai Republic regions. Though ethnically Kazakh, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, those people acquired Russian citizenship. Kazakhs migrated into Dzungaria in
5150-470: The Kazakhstan government privatized all state-supported newspapers, leading to the Association of Koreans in Kazakhstan taking ownership on 1 March 2000, and reduced its support of Koryo Ilbo to around 30%. The newspaper began using computers in the mid-1990s, and publishing online articles since the late 2000s. This has allegedly supported international readership of its articles. Its older editions were also digitized and made freely available around 2003. In
5253-578: The Latin alphabet. Kazakh is a state (official) language in Kazakhstan . It is also spoken in the Ili region of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China , where the Arabic script is used, and in western parts of Mongolia ( Bayan-Ölgii and Khovd province ), where Cyrillic script is in use. European Kazakhs use the Latin alphabet. Genomic research confirmed that Kazakhs originated from
SECTION 50
#17328488467145356-762: The Middle Jüz Kazakhs came to Mongolia and were allowed to settle down in Bayan-Ölgii, Western Mongolia and for most of the 20th century they remained an isolated, tightly knit community. Ethnic Kazakhs (so-called Altaic Kazakhs or Altai-Kazakhs) live predominantly in Western Mongolia in Bayan-Ölgii Province (88.7% of the total population) and Khovd Province (11.5% of the total population, living primarily in Khovd city , Khovd sum and Buyant sum). In addition,
5459-541: The Ministry of Culture, Information, and Communication of Kazakhstan. According to several sources, the newspaper had an August 1922 predecessor published in Anuchino, Primorsky Krai called either the March 1st Newspaper or Red Flag ( 붉은 기 ), but scholar and former reporter for Koryo Ilbo Kim Byeong-hag is skeptical of these claims. The predecessor (if it existed) and the eventual actual paper were published in response to
5562-628: The Qazaqs, as they possessed the cities for only part of the 17th century. The theory suggests that the Qazaqs then divided among a wider territory after expanding from Zhetysu into most of the Dasht-i Qipchaq , with a focus on the trade available through the cities of the middle Syr Darya , to which Sayram and Yasi belonged. The Junior juz originated from the Nogais of the Nogai Horde . The Kazakh language
5665-760: The US such as the New York Hankook Ilbo and the Chicago JoongAng Ilbo are considered branches of Korean newspapers. In 2023, it celebrated its 100th anniversary. Various exhibitions were held in both Kazakhstan and South Korea to commemorate the event, including at the National Library of Kazakhstan , the Wolgok Koryo-in Cultural Center in Gwangju , and at Honam University . In 1988, it received
5768-531: The YHRD under accession numbers YA006010 and YA006009. Genetic analysis (AMOVA and MDS) did not show significant differences between the two groups (Kazakhstan and Karakalpakstan Kazakhs) in terms of Y-chromosome diversity. Both groups are characterized by haplogroup C2a1a2 as a founder effect, which dominated two of the three tribes: Alimuly (67%), Baiuly (74.6%), and Zhetiru (25.8%). The study analyzed haplotype variation at 15 Y-chromosomal short-tandem-repeats obtained from 1171 individuals from 24 tribes representing
5871-488: The admixture of several tribes. Kazakhs have predominantly East Eurasian ancestry , and harbor two East Asian-derived components: one dominant component commonly found among Northeastern Asian populations (associated with the Northeast Asian " Devil’s Gate Cave " sample from the Amur region ), and another minor component associated with historical Yellow River farmers, peaking among northern Han Chinese . According to one study, West Eurasian related admixture among Kazakhs
5974-469: The basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only a spoken language . Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of Korean culture have spread to other countries through globalization and cultural exports . As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a foreign language ) is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between South Korea–United States and China–North Korea since
6077-424: The beginning of 2021, more than 821,000 ethnic Kazakhs lived in Uzbekistan. They live mostly in Karakalpakstan and northern Uzbekistan. During the Qajar period, Iran bought Kazakh slaves who were falsely masqueraded as Kalmyks by slave dealers from Khiva and Turkmens. Kazakhs of the Aday tribe inhabited the border regions of the Russian Empire with Iran since the 18th century. The Kazakhs made up 20% of
6180-455: The beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/ . A written syllable-final ' ㄹ ', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( i.e. , when the next character starts with ' ㅇ '), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ] . Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j] , and otherwise became /n/ . However,
6283-508: The blessing of the Chagatayid khan of Moghulistan, Esen Buqa II , who hoped for a buffer zone of protection against the expansion of the Oirats . Regarding these events, Haidar Dughlat in his Tarikh-i-Rashidi reports: At that time, Abulkhair Khan exercised full power in Dasht-i-Kipchak. He had been at war with the Sultánis of Juji; while Jáni Beg Khán and Karáy Khán fled before him into Moghulistán. Isán Bughá Khán received them with great honor, and delivered over to them Kuzi Báshi, which
SECTION 60
#17328488467146386-417: The border of Moghulistan , and was called Uzbeg-Kazák . In 15th-century Central Asia, the nomads of the Jochid Ulus (Golden Horde), including those who founded the Kazakh Khanate, were collectively called Uzbeks due to their conversion to Islam under Uzbek Khan (r. 1313–1341). These Uzbeks (also called Tatars by the Muscovites and Ottomans) arose from the merging of the Mongols and various Turkic groups in
6489-480: The end of World War II and the Korean War . Along with other languages such as Chinese and Arabic , Korean is ranked at the top difficulty level for English speakers by the United States Department of Defense . Modern Korean descends from Middle Korean , which in turn descends from Old Korean , which descends from the Proto-Koreanic language , which is generally suggested to have its linguistic homeland somewhere in Manchuria . Whitman (2012) suggests that
6592-439: The end of 1993, it had around 400 subscribers. The sudden liberalization of the market and freedom of movement also caused economic instability. Leadership turned over frequently, and many employees left to take opportunities abroad, especially to South Korea. Around this time, the paper began aligning itself closer with South Korea, and even adjusting its style and vocabulary from North Korean to South Korean standards. This switch
6695-399: The first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram or Koryo-in (literally, " Koryo/Goryeo persons"), and call the language Koryo-mal' . Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in
6798-422: The former Soviet Union. Since the 1990s, all editors-in-chief have been native-Russian speakers. Around 2018, the paper had fewer than 10 employees, and there has usually only been one Korean-language reporter since the early 2000s, namely Sakhalin-born Nam Gyeong-ja ( 남경자 ) as of 2019. The paper currently tends to align itself with Kazakh government messaging. Since 2009, the paper has also published articles in
6901-404: The fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of the population was illiterate. In the 15th century King Sejong the Great personally developed an alphabetic featural writing system , known today as Hangul , to promote literacy among the common people. Introduced in the document Hunminjeongeum , it
7004-464: The government on occasion, including pieces skeptical of 1990s laws aimed at increasing the use of the Kazakh language. While the paper is hopeful it will continue publishing, scholars like Kim Byeong-Hak are doubtful of its long term prospects. The newspaper is of the oldest active Korean-language newspapers and the oldest active independent newspaper outside of the Korean peninsula. According to KBS Chairman Nam Young-jin, older still-active papers in
7107-508: The greater part of Uzbegistán, till the year 940 [1533–1534 A. D.]. In the 17th century, Russian convention seeking to distinguish the Qazaqs of the steppes from the Cossacks of the Imperial Russian Army suggested spelling the final consonant with "kh" instead of "q" or "k", which was officially adopted by the USSR in 1936. The Ukrainian term Cossack probably comes from the same Kipchak etymological root, meaning wanderer, brigand, or independent free-booter. Like many people who live
7210-479: The inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l] . All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release , [p̚, t̚, k̚] . Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains
7313-408: The issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any genetic relationship , but rather to a sprachbund effect and heavy borrowing, especially from Ancient Korean into Western Old Japanese . A good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asá , meaning " hemp ". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it
7416-618: The language is most often called Joseon-mal , or more formally, Joseon-o . This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the Joseon dynasty until the proclamation of the Korean Empire , which in turn was annexed by the Empire of Japan . In mainland China , following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or
7519-451: The late 1800s. In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hanguk-eo ("Korean language"), hanguk-mal ("Korean speech") and uri-mal ("our language"); " hanguk " is taken from the name of the Korean Empire ( 대한제국 ; 大韓帝國 ; Daehan Jeguk ). The " han " ( 韓 ) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from Samhan , in reference to
7622-468: The late 1960s, but this did not halt the decline. Beginning in March 1989, Russian-language pages began occupying a fourth of each edition. Every Saturday, it published entirely in Russian under the name Koryo ( 고려 ; 高麗 ), but this closed after 84 issues due to financial issues. It changed its name to Koryo Ilbo (meaning " The Daily Goryeo ") on 31 December 1990 and published its first edition under
7725-566: The late 2000s, it stopped publishing literature, especially after the retirement of one of the last major Koryo-saram authors, Chŏng Sangjin . As of 2023, the paper still publishes on a weekly basis, both online and in print, where circulation is now around 2,000 copies. The number of Koryo-saram able to speak Korean continues to decrease. It is owned and financially supported by the Association of Koreans in Kazakhstan, and also receives government subsidies. It also maintains reporters in Russia and Uzbekistan, and covers stories about Koryo-saram across
7828-449: The lives of Soviet Koreans. At the time, it was published six times a week, and had branches in cities with significant Korean populations like Tashkent , Dushanbe , and Bishkek . Beginning in the 1950s, reporters from North Korea , Moscow, and Sakhalin joined the newspaper, and local reporters on the ground in various republics across the Soviet Union. Shortly after the liberation of Korea, many Koryo-saram moved to North Korea, although
7931-539: The local communist party decided to merge the papers into Sŏnbong . The Central Committee of the Communist Party of South Kazakhstan initially wanted to name the paper For Rice ( Для Риса ), but the national committee decided on the name Lenin Kichi . Lenin Kichi was first published as a state newspaper on 15 May 1938 in the Sirdaryo Region of Uzbekistan. Since then, its publication has been uninterrupted. It
8034-510: The merging of various medieval tribes of Turkic and Mongolic origin in the 15th century. Kazakh identity was shaped following the foundation of the Kazakh Khanate between 1456 and 1465, when following the disintegration of the Turkified state of Golden Horde , several tribes under the rule of the sultans Janibek and Kerei departed from the Khanate of Abu'l-Khayr Khan in hopes of forming
8137-408: The new name on 2 January 1991, right around the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Despite its name implying daily circulation, it decreased publishing frequency first to five times per week, then later to three times. It greatly slowed the publication of literature. Due to economic instability, changing currencies, and changing mail systems, it lost subscribers from across the Soviet Union. By
8240-692: The noun qazğaq derives from the same root as the verb qazğan ("to obtain", "to gain"). Therefore, qazğaq defines a type of person who wanders and seeks gain. Throughout history, Kazakhstan has been home to many nomadic societies of the Eurasian Steppe , including the Sakas ( Scythian -related), the Xiongnu , the Western Turkic Khaganate , the Kimek–Kipchak Confederation ,
8343-401: The oldest Korean-language newspapers and the oldest active outside of the Korean peninsula, having celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2023. It was also for decades the only Korean-language newspaper with nationwide availability in the Soviet Union and a significant promoter of the literature of Koryo-saram, during a period when regional languages were suppressed by the government. The newspaper
8446-411: The paper in 1933 due in part to efforts by Cho Myung-hee [ ko ] , a prominent Koryo-saram author. This became a significant platform for Koryo-saram to showcase their work. During the 1930s, large-scale political purges took place in the Soviet Union, which intensified toward the later part of that decade with the nationalities deportations . On 12 September 1937, after the publication of
8549-463: The paper, but their movement was restricted and the government initially refused. The Uzbek government even arrested a staff member who was never seen again. However, staff member Yeom Sa-il ( 염사일 ) managed to get permission by disguising himself as a Kazakh , secretly traveling to Almaty and getting permission, and returning to Kyzylorda. Before the migration, there had been three Koryo-saram newspapers: Sŏnbong and two regional papers. In March 1938,
8652-462: The paper. The first editor was Lee Paik-cho (28 December 1895 – 12 July 1934). Lee also served as the third, sixth, and eighth chief editor. He was born in Seoul and was a lifelong Communist, independence activist, and advocate of Koryo-saram socialist literature. He later died in a car accident. Around 1925, it began publishing Korean-language literature, and made literature a prominent regular feature of
8755-520: The political thinking of detainees, their identities, and their religious beliefs. But authorities in China have defended that the detention centers were in fact vocational education & training centers set up to deradicalize radicalized residents against the "3 evil forces" of religious extremism, terrorism and separatism. In the 19th century, the advance of the Russian Empire troops pushed Kazakhs to neighboring countries. In around 1860, part of
8858-683: The population of the Trans-Caspian region according to the 1897 census. As a result of the Kazakhs' rebellion against the Russian Empire in 1870, a significant number of Kazakhs became refugees in Iran. Iranian Kazakhs live mainly in Golestan Province in northern Iran . According to ethnologue.org, in 1982 there were 3000 Kazakhs living in the city of Gorgan . Since the fall of the Soviet Union ,
8961-400: The presence of /s/ in place of reconstructed proto-Turkic */ʃ/ and /ʃ/ in place of */tʃ/ ; furthermore, Kazakh has / d͡ʒ / where other Turkic languages have / j / . Kazakh, like most of the Turkic language family lacks phonemic vowel length , and as such there is no distinction between long and short vowels. Kazakh was written with the Arabic script until the mid-19th century, when
9064-631: The proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and a later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families. Since the establishment of two independent governments, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of
9167-537: The region continued to clash against each other. Tibetans attacked and fought against the Kazakhs as they entered Tibet via Gansu and Qinghai. In northern Tibet, Kazakhs clashed with Tibetan soldiers, and the Kazakhs were sent to Ladakh. Tibetan troops robbed and killed Kazakhs 640 kilometres (400 miles) east of Lhasa at Chamdo when the Kazakhs were entering Tibet. In 1934, 1935, and from 1936 to 1938, Qumil Elisqan led approximately 18,000 Kerey Kazakhs to migrate to Gansu, entering Gansu and Qinghai. In China there
9270-660: The short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and Yanbian , whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea. Korean is a member of the Koreanic family along with the Jeju language . Some linguists have included it in the Altaic family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The Khitan language has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting
9373-553: The store?' Response 예/네. ye/ne AFF Kazakhs The Kazakhs ( Kazakh : қазақтар , qazaqtar , قازاقتار , [qazaq'tar] ) are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia and Eastern Europe . There are Kazakh communities in Kazakhstan 's border regions in Russia , northern Uzbekistan , northwestern China ( Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture ), western Mongolia ( Bayan-Ölgii Province ) and Iran ( Golestan province ). The Kazakhs arose from
9476-441: The tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot ( 버섯 ) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u] , a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i] , a velar [x] before [ɯ] , a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at
9579-458: The term Özbek-Qazaq first appeared during the middle of the 16th century, in the Tarikh-i-Rashidi by Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat , a Chagatayid prince of Kashmir . In this manuscript, the author locates Kazakh in the eastern part of Desht-i Qipchaq . According to Tarikh-i-Rashidi, the first Kazakh union was created c. 1465/1466 AD. The state was formed by nomads who settled along
9682-470: The three Zhuz (juz, roughly translatable as "horde" or "hundred"): There is much debate surrounding the origins of the Hordes. Their age is unknown so far in extant historical texts, with the earliest mentions in the 17th century. The Turkologist Velyaminov-Zernov believed that it was the capture of the important cities of Tashkent , Yasi , and Sayram in 1598 by Tevvekel (Tauekel/Tavakkul) Khan that separated
9785-462: The three socio-territorial subdivisions (Senior, Middle and Junior zhuz) in Kazakhstan to comprehensively characterize the patrilineal genetic architecture of the Kazakh Steppe. In total, 577 distinct haplotypes were identified belonging to one of 20 haplogroups; 16 predominant haplogroups were confirmed by SNP-genotyping. The haplogroup distribution was skewed towards C2-M217, present in all tribes at
9888-493: The time of the Uzbek conquest of Central Asia, Abu'l-Khayr Khan , a descendant of Shiban , had disagreements with the sultans Kerei and Janibek , descendants of Urus Khan . These disagreements probably resulted from the crushing defeat of Abu'l-Khayr Khan at the hands of the Kalmyks . Kerei and Janibek moved with a large following of nomads to the region of Zhetysu on the border of Moghulistan and set up new pastures there with
9991-464: The underlying, partly historical morphology . Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 두음법칙 ) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, ^NOTE ㅏ
10094-521: The violent suppression of the 1919 Korean March 1st Movement by the Empire of Japan . Thousands of Koreans went into exile after the crackdowns, going mainly to Russia, China, and the United States. Many of the paper's staff were also active in the independence movement, and their coverage of the movement has been the subject of study by recent scholars. On 1 March 1923 in Vladivostok , Soviet Union ,
10197-581: Was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by the yangban aristocracy, who looked down upon it too easy to learn. However, it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as
10300-460: Was caught up in bureaucracy until 1978. It published its first issue from Almaty on 2 September 1978. Despite its recent successes, in Almaty it struggled with dated printing technology, meaning it could only publish four-page papers twice and two-page papers three times per week. After requesting newer equipment, it switched from movable type to photolithography printers. However, the newspaper began
10403-411: Was observed. According to mitochondrial DNA studies (where sample consisted of only 246 individuals), the main maternal lineages of Kazakhs are: D (17.9%), C (16%), G (16%), A (3.25%), F (2.44%) of East-Eurasian origin (55%), and haplogroups H (14.1), T (5.5), J (3.6%), K (2.6%), U5 (3%), and others (12.2%) of West-Eurasian origin (41%). Gokcumen et al. (2008) tested the mtDNA of
10506-492: Was of interest to South Korean scholars studying the standardization of Korean writing in the 20th century. Former regional branches of the Lenin Kichi split off and became their own regional newspapers. By 1994, circulation briefly recovered to around 4,500 copies, but publication frequency decreased to once per week, which it maintains as of April 2023. Of sixteen pages, four are in Korean and twelve in Russian. In late 1999,
10609-501: Was soon suppressed. As a result, the Arabic script for writing Kazakh was banned and the Latin alphabet was imposed as a new writing system. In an effort to Russianize the Kazakhs, the Latin alphabet was in turn replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1940 by Soviet interventionists. Today, there are efforts to return to the Latin script, and in January 2021 the government announced plans to switch to
#713286