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81-571: Koi ( 鯉 , English: / ˈ k ɔɪ / , Japanese: [koꜜi] ) , or more specifically nishikigoi ( 錦鯉 , Japanese: [ɲiɕi̥kiꜜɡoi] , literally " brocaded carp") , are colored varieties of carp ( Cyprinus sp.) that are kept for decorative purposes in outdoor koi ponds or water gardens . Koi is an informal name for the colored variants of carp kept for ornamental purposes. There are many varieties of ornamental koi, originating from breeding that began in Niigata, Japan in

162-513: A 90% success rate and when immunized, the fish cannot succumb to a KHV outbreak and neither can the immunised koi pass KHV onto other fish in a pond. Only biosecurity measures such as prompt detection, isolation , and disinfection of tanks and equipment can prevent the spread of the disease and limit the loss of fish stock. In 2002, spring viraemia struck an ornamental koi farm in Kernersville, North Carolina , and required complete depopulation of

243-537: A discontinuous brocade is where the supplementary yarn is only woven in the patterned areas. The manufacture of brocade began during the Warring States period of China. Many products of brocade have been found in tombs of the era. Several distinct styles of brocade have been developed in China, the most famous being Yunjin (Cloud brocade) of Nanjing , Song brocade of Suzhou , and Shu brocade of Chengdu . Songket

324-511: A female leather carp imported from Germany with a male Japanese Asagi or spotted carp. The leather carp is a low scaled variety bred in 1782 in Austria, and was sent to Japan from Munich, Germany in 1904, along with the mirror carp, which also has few scales. In Japan, these two varieties are called Doitsugoi (German carp), and Shūsui and its lineage are also called Doitsu or Doitsugoi in koi. In 1927, Shōwa Sanshoku (by Shigekichi Hoshino)

405-797: A large group of fish originally found in Central Europe and Asia . Various carp species were originally domesticated in China , where they were used as food fish. Carp are coldwater fish , and their ability to survive and adapt to many climates and water conditions allowed the domesticated species to be propagated to many new locations, including Japan. In Japan, Miocene fossils of the carp family ( Cyprinidae ) have been excavated from Iki Island in Nagasaki Prefecture . In addition, numerous carp pharyngeal teeth have been excavated from Jomon and Yayoi period sites. For example, pharyngeal teeth of

486-536: A minimum of 1.5 m (5 ft). Specific pond construction has been evolved by koi keepers intent on raising show-quality koi. The bright colors of koi put them at a severe disadvantage against predators; a white-skinned Kōhaku is highly noticeable against the dark green of a pond. Herons , kingfishers , otters , raccoons , skunk , mink , cats , foxes , and badgers are all capable of spotting out koi and eating them. A well-designed outdoor pond has areas too deep for herons to stand, overhangs high enough above

567-471: A possible multiple origin of koi carp was indicated by the polyphyletic distribution of five mtDNA haplotypes of koi carp within the ‘Eurasian’ clade. Moreover, the oldest record of the introduction of non-native fish in Japan is that of goldfish from China (1502 or 1602), and there is no record of carp (including colored carp) until the introduction of the mirror carp , called Doitsugoi (German carp), in 1904. In

648-677: A separate species under the name C. rubrofuscus . Amur carp have been aquacultured as a food fish at least as long ago as the fifth century BC in China. The systematic breeding of ornamental Amur carp began in the 1820s in an area known as "Nijūmuragō" ( 二十村郷 , lit.   ' twenty villages ' ) which spans Ojiya and Yamakoshi in Niigata Prefecture (located on the northeastern coast of Honshu ) in Japan. In Niigata Prefecture, Amur carp were farmed for food in Musubu Shinden, Kanbara County (present Akiba Ward, Niigata City ) from

729-602: A silver medal. After the exposition closed, they presented eight koi to the Crown Prince ( Emperor Showa ). This exhibition triggered an expansion of sales channels, and the market value of koi soared. In 1917, the Taishō Sanshoku (by Eizaburo Hoshino) was fixed as a breed. The name Nishikigoi is said to have been given by Kei Abe, who was the chief fisheries officer of the Niigata Prefectural Government in

810-452: A thousand years ago by selectively breeding colored varieties; by the Song dynasty (960–1279), yellow, orange, white, and red-and-white colorations had been developed. Goldfish were introduced to Japan in the 16th century and to Europe in the 17th century. On the other hand, most ornamental koi breeds currently distributed worldwide originate from Amur carp ( Cyprinus rubrofuscus ) bred in Japan in

891-693: A very important son named "Prince Ōsu" ( Yamato Takeru ), who was in possession of the Kusanagi when he died. This treasure was later moved to Atsuta Shrine , and is now a part of the Imperial Regalia of Japan . There is a possibility that Keikō actually lived or reigned in the 4th century AD rather than the 1st, but more information is needed to confirm this view. Keikō's reign is conventionally considered to have been from 71 to 130 AD. During his alleged lifetime, he fathered at least 80 children with two chief wives (empress) and nine consorts. One of his sons became

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972-439: Is a hardy fish, and koi retain that durability. Koi are coldwater fish, but benefit from being kept in the 15–25 °C (59–77 °F) range, and do not react well to long, cold, winter temperatures; their immune systems are very weak below 10 °C (50 °F). Koi ponds usually have a metre or more of depth in areas of the world that become warm during the summer, whereas in areas that have harsher winters, ponds generally have

1053-422: Is a tricky and tedious job, usually done only by professionals. Although a koi breeder may carefully select the parents they wish based on their desired characteristics, the resulting fry nonetheless exhibit a wide range of color and quality. Koi produce thousands of offspring from a single spawning. However, unlike cattle, purebred dogs, or more relevantly, goldfish, the large majority of these offspring, even from

1134-551: Is a type of brocade in the Malay world (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei etc.) Dating back to the Middle Ages , brocade fabric was one of the few luxury fabrics worn by nobility throughout China , India , Persia , Greece , Japan , Korea and Byzantium . Woven by the Byzantines, brocades were an especially desirable fabric. From the 4th to the 6th centuries, production of silk

1215-624: Is a valuable record of Nishikigoi of the Edo period (1603 – 1868). In 1900, there was a three-colored carp in Ritsurin Garden in Takamatsu , Kagawa Prefecture , and the price was over 1,000 yen per fish, which was a high price for that time. The three-colored carp had a red belly and asagi (light blue) back with black spots, and is thought to have been a mutation similar to today's Asagi koi. The magazine "Shonen" (1910) introduced Nishikigoi under

1296-410: Is also known to have an exaggerated lifespan which is unlikely to be factual. The consecutive reigns of the emperors began to be compiled in the 8th century, and it is thought that age gaps were "filled up" as many lacunae were present. For comparison, verified ages in the 110s have since been documented and recorded as the "oldest in the world". While the actual site of Keikō's grave is not known,

1377-904: Is extensively used in decorating Banarasi saris , dresses, and dupattas . The use of precious and semi-precious stones in the adornment of brocades is not common, but has been replaced by the use of sequins and beading . Brocade fabrics are now largely woven on a Jacquard loom that is able to create many complex tapestry-like designs using the Jacquard technique . Although many brocade fabrics look like tapestries and are advertised in some fashion promotions as such, they are not to be confused with true tapestries . Patterns such as brocade, brocatelle, damask and tapestry-like fabrics are known as jacquard patterns. Emperor Keik%C5%8D Emperor Keikō ( 景行天皇 , Keikō-tennō ) , also known as Ootarashihikooshirowake no Sumeramikoto ( 大足彦忍代別天皇 ) and Ōtarashihiko-oshirowake no Mikoto ( 大帯日子淤斯呂和氣天皇 ) ,

1458-616: Is known for either disease. Some koi farms in Israel use the KV3 vaccine, developed by M. Kotler from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and produced by Kovax, to immunise fish against KHV. Israel is currently the only country in the world to vaccinate koi against the KHV. The vaccine is injected into the fish when they are under one year old, and is accentuated by using an ultraviolet light. The vaccine has

1539-461: Is unstable and selection to maintain color variation is costly. For example, in current-day farming of koi as ornamental fish, the percentage of superior colored fish to the number of spawn is less than 1%. The Amur carp ( Cyprinus rubrofuscus ) is a member of the cyprinid family species complex native to East Asia . Amur carp were previously identified as a subspecies of the common carp (as C. c. haematopterus ), but recent authorities treat it as

1620-666: Is used today. One theory holds that, during World War II , the words Irokoi and Hanakoi (which can have sexual meanings) were changed to Nishikigoi because they were not suitable for the social situation of war. Another theory is that Nishikigoi , which was the original name for the popular Taishō Sanshoku variety, gradually became the term used for all ornamental koi. The koi are a group of breeds produced by artificial selection primarily from black carp called nogoi ( 野鯉 , lit.   ' wild carp ' ) or magoi ( 真鯉 , lit.   ' true carp ' ), which inhabit lakes, ponds, and rivers in Japan. The black carp refers to

1701-528: The Bunka and Bunsei eras (1804 – 1830), people in the Nijūmuragō area bred red and white koi in addition to black koi, and crossed them to produce red and white colored koi. After that, they further crossed them and perfected them. Around 1875, colored koi became popular and the number of breeders increased, and some expensive koi were produced, but Niigata Prefecture banned the aquaculture of ornamental koi because it

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1782-749: The Early Middle Ages , brocade fabrics were only available to the wealthiest of people as the Byzantine emperor charged extreme prices for the fabric. The designs woven into brocade fabrics were often Persian in origin. It was also common to see Christian subjects depicted in the complex weaves of the fabric. When these luxurious fabrics were made into clothing or wall hangings, they were at times adorned with precious and semiprecious stones, small medallions of enamel , embroidery and appliqués . Wealthy noblemen and noblewomen dressed in silk brocades from Italy, and velvets trimmed with fur from Germany . During

1863-735: The Eurasian carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), which was previously thought to have been introduced to Japan from Eurasia in prehistoric times. Philipp Franz von Siebold of the Netherlands, who stayed in Japan during the Edo period, reported in Fauna Japonica (1833–1850) that there were three species of carp in Japan: Cyprinus haematopterus , Cyprinus melanotus , and Cyprinus conirostris . This classification has not received much attention until recently, and it

1944-447: The Taisho era (1912–1926), after he admired the Taishō Sanshoku when he first saw it. In 1917, the fixation of Kōhaku (by Kunizo Hiroi), which had first been produced in the 1880s, was also assured. Apart from the koi of Niigata Prefecture's Nijūmuragō area, there is a variety called Shūsui ( 秋翠 ), which was created by Tokyo-based goldfish breeder Kichigoro Akiyama in 1906 by crossing

2025-686: The next emperor upon his death in 130 AD, but the location of Keikō's grave (if any) is unknown. Keikō is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto tomb ( misasagi ) at Nara . The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and a mausoleum (misasagi) for Keiko is currently maintained. The following information available is taken from the pseudo-historical Kojiki and Nihon Shoki , which are collectively known as Kiki ( 記紀 ) or Japanese chronicles . These chronicles include legends and myths, as well as potential historical facts that have since been exaggerated and/or distorted over time. The records state that Keikō

2106-676: The 14th and 15th centuries, the Court of Burgundy was made known for their continuous fashionable tastes and luxurious dress. Brocades were also an important fabric during the Renaissance , and especially the Italian Renaissance . As wool and silk were the primary fabrics used by Europeans during the Renaissance, and despite the lack of documentary evidence, it is said that due to the increase in complexity of decoration of Italian silk fabrics of

2187-632: The 15th century, there must have been improvements in silk-weaving looms around this time. The complexity and high quality of luxurious silk fabrics caused Italy to become the most important and superior manufacturer of the finest silk fabrics for all of Europe. The almost sculptural lines of the fashions during the Renaissance were paired perfectly with the exquisite beauty and elegance of brocade, damask, and other superior silk textiles. Brocade fabrics are mostly for upholstery and draperies . They are also used for evening and formal clothing, for vestments , as well as for costumes. In India, Banarasi brocade

2268-623: The 1910s. Before that time, Nishikigoi were called Madaragoi ( 斑鯉 , lit.   ' spotted carp ' ), Kawarigoi ( 変鯉 , lit.   ' variant carp ' ), Irogoi ( 色鯉 , lit.   ' colored carp ' ), Moyōgoi ( 模様鯉 , lit.   ' patterned carp ' ), and so on. A geographical book on Suruga Province (present-day Shizuoka Prefecture ), Abe Masanobu's Sunkoku Zasshi (1843), mentions that in addition to Asagi, purple, red, and white carp, there are "spotted carp (also known as Bekko carp)." This probably refers to two- or three-colored carp caused by mutation, and

2349-575: The 1980s have become very popular in the United Kingdom ; they are a hybrid of wild carp and Ogon koi and are distinguished by their metallic scales. Butterfly koi (also known as longfin koi, or dragon carp), also developed in the 1980s, are notable for their long and flowing fins. They are hybrids of koi with Asian carp . Butterfly koi and ghost koi are considered by some to be not true nishikigoi . The major named varieties include: Goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) were developed in China more than

2430-433: The 21st century, some wealthy Chinese have imported large quantities of koi from Niigata in Japan, and the price of high-quality carp has soared. In 2018, one carp was bought by a Chinese collector for about $ 2 million, the highest price ever. There are also cases in which purchased carp are bred in China and sold to foreign countries, and many breeds are spreading all over the world. The words "koi" and "nishikigoi" come from

2511-565: The Awazu lakebed site ( 粟津湖底遺跡 ) dating from the Middle Jomon Period (5500 – 4400 years ago). There are differences in the length distribution of carp excavated from Jomon and Yayoi sites, as estimated from the size of their pharyngeal teeth. Specifically, not only adult carp but also juvenile carp (less than 150 mm in length) have been found at the Yayoi site. This difference is thought to be due to

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2592-468: The Chinese. According to Zen Nippon Airinkai , a group that leads the breeding and dissemination of koi in Japan, there are more than 100 varieties of koi created through breeding, and each variety is classified into 16 groups. Koi varieties are distinguished by coloration, patterning, and scalation. Some of the major colors are white, black, red, yellow, blue, and cream. Metallic shades of gold and platinum in

2673-575: The Edo period as farmed carp in Yamato Province (now Nara Prefecture ). Other carp of the same type as Yamatogoi are known as Yodogoi ( 淀鯉 , Yodo River carp) from Osaka and Shinshūgoi ( 信州鯉 , introduced Yodogoi ) from Nagano Prefecture . These carp were famous for their delicious taste. Since the Meiji period, Yamatogoi have been released into lakes and rivers throughout Japan, causing genetic contamination with native carp and making research on

2754-560: The Emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ( misasagi ) at Nara . The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Keikō's mausoleum , and is formally named Yamanobe no michi no e no misasagi . Outside of the Kiki , the reign of Emperor Kinmei ( c.  509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates. The conventionally accepted names and dates of

2835-777: The Japanese history book Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan, 720), it is written that Emperor Keikō released carp in a pond for viewing when he visited Mino Province (present Gifu Prefecture ) in the fourth year of his reign (74 AD). In Cui Bao's Gǔjīnzhù ( 古今注 , Annotations on the Ancient and Modern Period) from the Western Jin Dynasty (4th century A.D.) in China, carp of the following colors are described: red horse ( 赤驥 ), blue horse ( 青馬 ), black horse ( 玄駒 ), white horse ( 白騏 ), and yellow pheasant ( 黄雉 ). In China in those days, carp were called horses because they were believed to be

2916-479: The Japanese words 鯉 (carp), and 錦鯉 (brocaded carp), respectively. In Japanese, "koi" is a homophone for 恋, another word that means "affection" or "love", so koi are symbols of love and friendship in Japan. Colored ornamental carp were originally called Irokoi (色鯉) meaning colored carp, Hanakoi (花鯉) meaning floral carp, and Moyōkoi (模様鯉) meaning patterned carp. There are various theories as to how these words came to be disused, in favor of Nishikigoi (錦鯉), which

2997-439: The age of 143, and his son Prince Wakatarashihiko was enthroned as the next emperor the following year. Emperor Keikō is regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor" as there is insufficient material available for further verification and study. The name Keikō -tennō was assigned to him posthumously by later generations. His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Keikō, possibly during

3078-479: The area and spread his territory. According to traditional sources, Yamato Takeru died in the 43rd year of Emperor Keiko's reign ( 景行天皇四十三年 ) . The possessions of the dead prince were gathered together along with the sword Kusanagi ; and his widow venerated his memory in a shrine at her home. Sometime later, these relics and the sacred sword were moved to the current location of the Atsuta Shrine . Emperor Keikō

3159-597: The best champion-grade koi, are not acceptable as nishikigoi (they have no interesting colors) or may even be genetically defective. These unacceptable offspring are culled at various stages of development based on the breeder's expert eye and closely guarded trade techniques. Culled fry are usually destroyed or used as feeder fish (mostly used for feeding arowana due to the belief that it will enhance its color), while older culls, within their first year between 3 and 6 inches long (also called tosai ), are often sold as lower-grade, pond-quality koi. The semi-randomized result of

3240-462: The common carp and its relatives . Traditionally, Amur carp ( C. rubrofuscus ) were considered a subspecies of the common carp, often under the scientific name C. carpio haematopterus . However, they differ in meristics from the common carp of Europe and Western Asia, leading recent authorities to recognize them as a separate species, C. rubrofuscus ( C. c. haematopterus being a junior synonym ). Although one study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

3321-555: The early 19th century. Several varieties are recognized by Japanese breeders and owners, distinguished by coloration, patterning, and scalation. Some of the major colors are white, black, red, orange, yellow, blue, brown and cream, besides metallic shades like gold and silver-white ('platinum') scales. The most popular category of koi is the Gosanke , which is made up of the Kōhaku , Taishō Sanshoku and Shōwa Sanshoku varieties. Carp are

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3402-420: The early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu between 737 and 806 AD. Emperor Keikō allegedly had a very large family which consisted of 2 wives, 9 concubines, and more than 80 children (51 of which are listed here). It is now questionable and open to debate though, if these numbers are genuine or not. Some of his listed children might actually be duplicates of

3483-447: The effect of low relief. In some, but not all, brocades, these additions present a distinctive appearance on the back of the material where the supplementary weft or floating threads of the brocaded or broached parts hang in loose groups or are clipped away. When the weft is floating on the back, this is known as a continuous brocade; the supplementary weft runs from selvage to selvage. The yarns are cut away in cutwork and broché. Also,

3564-576: The end of the Genna era (1615–1624). In the Nijūmuragō area, carp were also farmed in terraced ponds near terraced rice paddies by 1781 at the latest, but the ponds ran dry due to a severe drought that occurred around that time, and the carp escaped the disaster by taking refuge in ponds on the grounds of Senryu Shrine in Higashiyama Village and Juni Shrine in Higashitakezawa Village . During

3645-653: The extinct species Jōmon Koi ( Cyprinus sp. ) in addition to the modern species of carp ( Cyprinus carpio or Cyprinus rubrofuscus ) have been excavated from the Akanoi Bay lakebed site ( 赤野井湾湖底遺跡 ) in Lake Biwa at the end of the Early Jomon Period (11,500 – 7,000 years ago). In addition, pharyngeal teeth of all six subfamilies of the Cyprinidae family living in Japan today, including carp (Cyprinus), have been found at

3726-455: The fact that the Jomon only collected carp from lakes and rivers, while the Yayoi cultivated primitive carp along with the spread of rice paddies. It was previously thought that all Japanese carp were introduced from China in prehistoric times. However, recent analysis of mitochondrial DNA revealed a significant evolutionary divergence (phylogenetic split) within common carp Cyprinus carpio between

3807-586: The first half of the 19th century. Koi are domesticated Amur carp that are selected or culled for color; they are not a different species, and will revert to the original coloration within a few generations if allowed to breed freely. Some goldfish varieties, such as the common goldfish , comet goldfish , and shubunkin , have body shapes and coloration that are similar to koi, and can be difficult to tell apart from koi when immature. Goldfish and koi can interbreed; however, as they were developed from different species of carp, their offspring are sterile. The Amur carp

3888-567: The general public. In 1914, when the Tokyo Taishō Exposition was held, the "Koi Exhibit Association" was formed mainly by koi breeders in Higashiyama and Takezawa villages, and koi were exhibited. At the time, they were still called "colored carp" or "patterned carp," and they were described as "the first of their kind ever seen in the Tokyo area." And the koi received much attention, winning

3969-476: The koi is C. rubrofuscus ( syn. C. c. haematopterus ) or at least an East Asian carp species instead of C. carpio . Regardless, a taxonomic review of Cyprinus carp from eastern and southeastern Asia may be necessary, as the genetic variations do not fully match the currently recognized species pattern, with one study of mtDNA suggesting that koi are close to the Southeast Asian carp, but not necessarily

4050-423: The koi is a symbol of luck , prosperity , and good fortune , and also of perseverance in the face of adversity. Ornamental koi are symbolic of Japanese culture and are closely associated with the country's national identity. The custom of koinobori (carp streamers), which began in the Edo period (1603–1867), is still practiced today and displayed in gardens on Children's Day , 5 May. In Chinese culture,

4131-399: The koi represents fame, family harmony , and wealth . It is a feng shui favorite, symbolizing abundance as well as perseverance and strength, and has a mythical potential to transform into a dragon . Since the late 20th century, the keeping of koi in outdoor water gardens has become popular among the more affluent Chinese. Koi ponds are found in Chinese communities around the world, and

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4212-411: The koi's reproductive process has both advantages and disadvantages for the breeder. While it requires diligent oversight to narrow down the favorable result that the breeder wants, it also makes possible the development of new varieties of koi within relatively few generations. Koi have been accidentally or deliberately released into the wild in every continent except Antarctica . They quickly revert to

4293-583: The name of Madaragoi (spotted carp) or Kawarigoi (variant carp), and said that even skilled fish breeders did not know how they could produce Nishikigoi , but only waited for them to be produced by chance. The price of Nishikigoi at a fish show in Fukagawa , Tokyo, was 100 to 150 yen per fish, which was "extremely expensive" at the time. Therefore, even at that time, mutant Nishikigoi were known to some fish breeders and hobbyists in Tokyo, but artificial breeds such as Nijūmuragō's Nishikigoi were still unknown to

4374-565: The native wild form found in Lake Biwa and the Eurasian wild form, along with domesticated varieties. This supports the idea of the ancient origin of the native Japanese form (Cyprinus sp.), as well as the East Asian ancient lineage of wild common carp (C. carpio), previously proposed on the basis of fossil data. However, it is unknown when the carp from the continent was introduced to Japan. In addition,

4455-485: The natural coloration of an Amur carp within a few generations. In many areas, they are considered an invasive species and a pest . In the states of Queensland and New South Wales in Australia, they are considered noxious fish. Koi greatly increase the turbidity of the water because they are constantly stirring up the substrate. This makes waterways unattractive, reduces the abundance of aquatic plants, and can render

4536-420: The number of people who keep koi imported from Niigata , has been increasing. In addition, there are increasing numbers of Japanese koi bred in China that are sold domestically and exported to foreign countries. Brocade Brocade is typically woven on a draw loom . It is a supplementary weft technique; that is, the ornamental brocading is produced by a supplementary, non-structural, weft in addition to

4617-420: The origin of the Japanese carp difficult. Koi is thought to be primarily of this Yamatogoi (Amur carp) lineage, but it also carries some genes of the native Japanese carp. In the past, koi were commonly believed to have been bred from the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ). Extensive hybridization between different populations, coupled with widespread translocations, has muddled the historical zoogeography of

4698-402: The parasites that affect more sensitive tropical fish species, such as Trichodina , Epistylis , and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections. Water changes help reduce the risk of diseases and keep koi from being stressed. Two of the biggest health concerns among koi breeders are the koi herpes virus (KHV) and rhabdovirus carpio, which causes spring viraemia of carp (SVC). No treatment

4779-407: The pond and stay there. A sticky outer shell around the egg helps keep it in place so it does not float around. Although the female can produce many spawns, many of the fry do not survive due to being eaten by others. Like most fish, koi reproduce through spawning in which a female lays a vast number of eggs and one or more males fertilize them. Nurturing the resulting offspring (referred to as "fry")

4860-412: The ponds and a lengthy quarantine period. For a while after this, some koi farmers in neighboring states stopped importing fish for fear of infecting their own stocks. When koi naturally breed on their own they tend to spawn in the spring and summer seasons. The male will start following the female, swimming right behind her and nudging her. After the female koi releases her eggs they sink to the bottom of

4941-447: The scales have also been developed through selective breeding. Although the possible colors are virtually limitless, breeders have identified and named a number of specific categories. The most notable category is Gosanke ( 御三家 ) , which is made up of the Kōhaku , Taishō Sanshoku , and Shōwa Sanshoku varieties. New koi varieties are still being actively developed. Ghost koi developed in

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5022-436: The standard weft that holds the warp threads together. The purpose of this is to give the appearance that the weave was actually embroidered on. In Guatemala , brocade is the most popular technique used to decorate fabric woven by Maya weavers on backstrap looms . Ornamental features in brocade are emphasised and wrought as additions to the main fabric, sometimes stiffening it, though more frequently producing on its face

5103-419: The surface. When they are eating, koi can be checked for parasites and ulcers. Naturally, koi are bottom feeders with a mouth configuration adapted for that. Some koi have a tendency to eat mostly from the bottom, so food producers create a mixed sinking and floating combination food. Koi recognize the persons feeding them and gather around them at feeding times. They can be trained to take food from one's hand. In

5184-461: The three colors were in Japan at that time. However, it is believed that these single-colored carp were not a variety created by artificial selection , as is the case with today's koi, but rather a mutation-induced color change. In ancient times, carp was farmed primarily for food. Mutational color variation in carp is relatively common in nature, but is not suitable for development alongside farming for food in poor rural communities; color inheritance

5265-685: The throne in 71 AD, coming a year after his father's death. Accounts in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki are split when it comes to initial territorial expansion during Emperor Keikō's reign. In the Kojiki , the Emperor is said to have sent his son "Prince Ōsu" ( Yamato Takeru ) to Kyūshū to conquer local tribes. Alternatively, the Nihon Shoki records that he went there himself and won battles against local tribes. Both sources agree that Keikō later sent Yamato Takeru to Izumo Province , and eastern provinces to conquer

5346-504: The time in which legends about the origins of the imperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki . There is a possibility that Keikō's era was in the 4th century AD rather than the 1st. This period is concurrent with the Kentoshi having an audience with the Tang Emperor, more evidence is needed though to make any conclusions. Like his father before him, Keikō

5427-533: The vehicles of hermits and to run in the sky. Japan's oldest drug dictionary, Fukane Sukehito's Honzō Wamyō ( 本草和名 , 918) mentions red carp ( 赤鯉 ), blue carp ( 青鯉 ), black carp ( 黒鯉 ), white carp ( 白鯉 ), and yellow carp ( 黄鯉 ) as Japanese names corresponding to the above Chinese names, suggesting that carp of these colors existed in China and Japan in those days. In addition, Hitomi Hitsudai's drug dictionary Honchō Shokkan ( 本朝食鑑 , Japanese Medicine Encyclopedia, 1697) states that red, yellow, and white carp of

5508-459: The water becomes warm in the spring. Koi have been reported to achieve ages of 100–200 years. One famous scarlet koi named " Hanako " was owned by several individuals, the last of whom was Komei Koshihara. In July 1974, a study of the growth rings of one of the koi's scales reported that Hanako was 226 years old. Some sources give an accepted age for the species at little more than 50 years. Koi are very hardy. With proper care, they resist many of

5589-472: The water that mammals cannot reach in, and shade trees overhead to block the view of aerial passers-by. It may prove necessary to string nets or wires above the surface. A pond usually includes a pump and a filtration system to keep the water clear. Koi are an omnivorous fish. They eat a wide variety of foods, including peas, lettuce, and watermelon. Koi food is designed not only to be nutritionally balanced, but also to float so as to encourage them to come to

5670-428: The water unsuitable for swimming or drinking, even by livestock. In some countries, koi have caused so much damage to waterways that vast amounts of money and effort have been spent trying to eradicate them, largely unsuccessfully. In many areas of North America, koi are introduced into the artificial " water hazards " and ponds on golf courses to keep water-borne insect larvae under control through predation. In Japan,

5751-400: The winter, their digestive systems slow nearly to a halt, and they eat very little, perhaps no more than nibbles of algae from the bottom. Feeding is not recommended when the water temperature drops below 10 °C (50 °F). Care should be taken by hobbyists that proper oxygenation, pH stabilization, and off-gassing occur over the winter in small ponds. Their appetites do not come back until

5832-462: Was born sometime in 13 BC, and was given the name "Otarashihiko-no-mikoto". He was the 3rd son of Emperor Suinin , and his second empress wife " Hibasu-hime  [ ja ] ". Otarashihiko-no-mikoto was allegedly chosen as crown prince over his elder brother based on a casual question on what they both had wished for. In the former's case he said "The Empire" while his elder brother said "Bow and arrows". Otarashihiko-no-mikoto later ascended to

5913-453: Was considered a speculative business, and the business suffered a major blow for a time. However, the ban was lifted soon after, thanks to the petition of the villagers. At that time, colored koi included Kōhaku , Asagi , Ki Utsuri , etc. From this original handful of koi varieties, all other Nishikigoi varieties were bred, with the exception of the Ogon variety (single-colored, metallic koi), which

5994-552: Was developed relatively recently. Koi breeding flourished in the Nijūmuragō area for two reasons: 1) the custom of raising koi in fallow fields for emergency food during the winter, and 2) the existence of many inden ( 隠田 ), or hidden rice fields in the mountains, unknown to the lord, which allowed the farmers to avoid taxes and become relatively wealthy. Breeding of koi was promoted as a hobby of farmers who could afford it, and high-quality individuals came to be bought and sold. The name Nishikigoi (brocaded carp) did not exist until

6075-606: Was discovered by Byzantine historians that in the 6th century a pair of monks brought the secret of sericulture – silk production – to the Byzantine emperor. As a result, Western cultures were able to learn how to breed, raise, and feed silkworms . From this point until the 9th century, Byzantium became the biggest and most central producer for all of the Western world in the production of all types of silk motifs, including brocades, damasks , brocatelles and tapestry-like fabrics. During

6156-593: Was fixed as a breed, and in 1939, koi were exhibited at the Japanese pavilion at the Golden Gate International Exposition held in San Francisco. The hobby of keeping koi eventually spread worldwide. They are sold in many pet aquarium shops, with higher-quality fish available from specialist dealers. Collecting koi has become a social hobby. Passionate hobbyists join clubs, share their knowledge and help each other with their koi. In particular, since

6237-401: Was recorded as 10 feet 2 inches (310 cm), who had at least 80 children from multiple wives. This claim would put him into the category of gigantism if verified, although as with other aspects it was more than likely exaggerated . Other than Yamato Takeru , at least three of Keikō's children were ancestors of notable clans. According to tradition, emperor Keikō died in 130 AD at

6318-451: Was seemingly non-existent, as linen and wool were the predominant fabrics. During this period, there was no public knowledge of silk fabric production except for that which was kept secret by the Chinese. Over the years, knowledge of silk production became known among other cultures and spread westward. As silk production became known to Western cultures, trade from the East began to decrease. It

6399-422: Was the 12th legendary Emperor of Japan , according to the traditional order of succession . Both the Kojiki , and the Nihon Shoki (collectively known as the Kiki ) record events that took place during Keikō's alleged lifetime. Keikō was recorded as being an exceptionally tall emperor who had a very large family. During his reign he sought to expand territorial control through conquest of local tribes. He had

6480-653: Was thought that only one species of carp existed in Japan. However, recent analysis of mitochondrial DNA has revealed that there are at least two species of carp in Japan: native carp and carp from Eurasia. Currently, the Japanese native carp is assumed to be Cyprinus melanotus , and a new scientific name for it is being considered. Cyprinus haematopterus is thought to refer to the Amur carp of Eurasian origin, traditionally called Yamatogoi ( 大和鯉 , lit.   ' carp of Yamato Province ' ) in Japan. Yamatogoi have been famous since

6561-482: Was unable to find a clear genetic structure matching the geographic populations (possibly because of translocation of carp from separate regions), others based on mtDNA, microsatellite DNA and genomic DNA found a clear separation between the European/West Asian population and the East Asian population, with koi belonging in the latter. Consequently, recent authorities have suggested that the ancestral species of

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