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49-458: The full title is Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japoniam, jussu et auspiciis superiorum, qui summum in India Batava imperium tenent, suscepto, annis 1825 - 1830 collegit, notis, observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit Ph. Fr. de Siebold. Conjunctis studiis C. J. Temminck et H. Schlegel pro vertebratis atque W. de Haan pro invertebratis elaborata . Based on

98-481: A Hydrangea after her. Kusumoto Ine eventually became the first Japanese woman known to have received a physician's training and became a highly regarded practicing physician and court physician to the Empress in 1882. She died at court in 1903. His main interest, however, focused on the study of Japanese fauna and flora. He collected as much material as he could. Starting a small botanical garden behind his home (there

147-409: A Japanese garden with plants sent by Siebold. The garden was laid out under a 150-year-old Zelkova serrata tree dating from Siebold's lifetime. Japanese visitors come and visit this garden, to pay their respect for him. Although he was disillusioned by what he perceived as a lack of appreciation for Japan and his contributions to its understanding, a testimony of the remarkable character of Siebold

196-884: A family of doctors and professors of medicine in Würzburg (then in the Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg , later part of Bavaria ), Siebold initially studied medicine at the University of Würzburg from November 1815, where he became a member of the Corps Moenania Würzburg. One of his professors was Franz Xaver Heller (1775–1840), author of the Flora Wirceburgensis ("Flora of the Grand Duchy of Würzburg", 1810–1811). Ignaz Döllinger (1770–1841), his professor of anatomy and physiology, however, most influenced him. Döllinger

245-505: A highly invasive weed in Europe and North America. All derive from a single female plant collected by Siebold. During his stay at Dejima, Siebold sent three shipments with an unknown number of herbarium specimens to Leiden , Ghent , Brussels and Antwerp . The shipment to Leiden contained the first specimens of the Japanese giant salamander ( Andrias japonicus ) to be sent to Europe. In 1825

294-654: A medical school in Nagasaki, the Narutaki-juku , that grew into a meeting place for around fifty students . They helped him in his botanical and naturalistic studies. The Dutch language became the lingua franca (common spoken language) for these academic and scholarly contacts for a generation, until the Meiji Restoration . His patients paid him in kind with a variety of objects and artifacts that would later gain historical significance. These everyday objects later became

343-556: A member. On 28 June 1823, after only a few months in the Dutch East Indies, Siebold was posted as resident physician and scientist to Dejima , a small artificial island and trading post at Nagasaki , and arrived there on 11 August 1823. During an eventful voyage to Japan he only just escaped drowning during a typhoon in the East China Sea . As only a very small number of Dutch personnel were allowed to live on this island,

392-424: A rare chance for European naturalists to learn about the wildlife in isolationist Japan . I The 5 volumes that make up Fauna Japonica were published by P. F. von Siebold and Lugduni Batavorum between 1833 and 1850. Originally intended to include all Japanese fauna, the published volumes pertain to Vertebrates and Crustacea only. Though a lot of the content was based on his own collections of specimen, von Siebold

441-722: Is found in museums that honor him. His collections laid the foundation for the ethnographic museums of Munich and Leiden. Alexander von Siebold , one of his sons by his European wife, donated much of the material left behind after Siebold's death in Würzburg to the British Museum in London. The Royal Scientific Academy of St. Petersburg purchased 600 colored plates of the Flora Japonica . Another son, Heinrich (or Henry) von Siebold (1852–1908), continued part of his father's research. He

490-690: Is now housed at the Horus Botanicus Leiden , the botanical garden in Leiden. Philipp Franz von Siebold Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold (17 February 1796 – 18 October 1866) was a German physician , botanist and traveller. He achieved prominence by his studies of Japanese flora and fauna and the introduction of Western medicine in Japan. He was the father of the first female Japanese doctor educated in Western medicine, Kusumoto Ine . Born into

539-408: Is recognized, together with Edward S. Morse , as one of the founders of modern archaeological efforts in Japan. The standard author abbreviation Siebold is used to indicate Philipp Franz von Siebold as the author when citing a botanical name . Ignaz D%C3%B6llinger Ignaz Döllinger (27 May 1770 – 14 January 1841) was a German medical doctor, anatomist and physiologist and one of

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588-641: The Fauna Japonica was also based on the collections of Siebold's successor on Dejima, Heinrich Bürger . Siebold wrote his Flora Japonica in collaboration with the German botanist Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini (1797–1848). It first appeared in 1835, but the work was not completed until after his death, finished in 1870 by F.A.W. Miquel (1811–1871), director of the Rijksherbarium in Leiden. This work expanded Siebold's scientific fame from Japan to Europe. From

637-773: The Hosta and the Hydrangea otaksa . Unknown to the Japanese, he was also able to smuggle out germinative seeds of tea plants to the botanical garden Buitenzorg in Batavia. Through this single act, he started the tea culture in Java , a Dutch colony at the time. Until then Japan had strictly guarded the trade in tea plants. Remarkably, in 1833, Java already could boast a half million tea plants. He also introduced Japanese knotweed ( Reynoutria japonica , syn. Fallopia japonica ), which has become

686-546: The Cornelis Houtman was refloated. It left for Batavia with 89 crates of Siebold's salvaged botanical collection, but Siebold himself remained behind in Dejima. In 1826 Siebold made the court journey to Edo . During this long trip he collected many plants and animals. But he also obtained from the court astronomer Takahashi Kageyasu several detailed maps of Japan and Korea (written by Inō Tadataka ), an act strictly forbidden by

735-617: The Hortus Botanicus Leiden – the botanical garden of Leiden – many of Siebold's plants spread to Europe and from there to other countries. Hosta and Hortensia , Azalea , and the Japanese butterbur and the coltsfoot as well as the Japanese larch began to inhabit gardens across the world. After his return to Europe, Siebold tried to exploit his knowledge of Japan. Whilst living in Boppard , from 1852 he corresponded with Russian diplomats such as Baron von Budberg-Bönninghausen ,

784-631: The Kingdom of Bavaria , now part of Würzburg . Invited to Holland by an acquaintance of his family, Siebold applied for a position as a military physician, which would enable him to travel to the Dutch colonies. He entered the Dutch military service on 19 June 1822, and was appointed as ship's surgeon on the frigate Adriana , sailing from Rotterdam to Batavia (present-day Jakarta ) in the Dutch East Indies (now called Indonesia ). On his trip to Batavia on

833-469: The University of Ghent . The consequent expansion of this collection of rare and exotic plants led to the horticultural fame of Ghent . In gratitude the University of Ghent presented him in 1841 with specimens of every plant from his original collection. Siebold settled in Leiden, taking with him the major part of his collection. The "Philipp Franz von Siebold collection", containing many type specimens ,

882-765: The Dutch government to employ him as Consul General in Japan but the Dutch government severed all relations with Siebold who had a huge debt because of loans given to him, except for the payment of his pension. Siebold kept trying to organise another voyage to Japan. After he did not succeed in gaining employment with the Russian government, he went to Paris in 1865 to try to interest the French government in funding another expedition to Japan, but failed. He died in Munich on 18 October 1866. The botanical and horticultural spheres of influence have honored Philipp Franz von Siebold by naming some of

931-588: The Governor-General, and also the director of the botanical garden at Buitenzorg (now Bogor ), Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt . These men sensed in Siebold a worthy successor to Engelbert Kaempfer and Carl Peter Thunberg , two former resident physicians at Dejima , a Dutch trading post in Japan , the former of whom was the author of Flora Japonica . The Batavian Academy of Arts and Sciences soon elected Siebold as

980-683: The Japanese "hated" Christianity. In 1858, the Japanese government lifted the banishment of Siebold. He returned to Japan in 1859 as an adviser to the Agent of the Dutch Trading Society (Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij) in Nagasaki, Albert Bauduin. After two years the connection with the Trading Society was severed as the advice of Siebold was considered to be of no value. In Nagasaki he fathered another child with one of his female servants. In 1861 Siebold organised his appointment as an adviser to

1029-556: The Japanese government and went in that function to Edo. There he tried to obtain a position between the foreign representatives and the Japanese government. As he had been specially admonished by the Dutch authorities before going to Japan that he was to abstain from all interference in politics, the Dutch Consul General in Japan, J.K. de Wit, was ordered to ask Siebold's removal. Siebold was ordered to return to Batavia and from there he returned to Europe. After his return he asked

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1078-680: The Japanese government. When the Japanese discovered, by accident, that Siebold had a map of the northern parts of Japan, the government accused him of high treason and of being a spy for Russia . The Japanese placed Siebold under house arrest and expelled him from Japan on 22 October 1829. Satisfied that his Japanese collaborators would continue his work, he journeyed back on the frigate Java to his former residence, Batavia, in possession of his enormous collection of thousands of animals and plants, his books and his maps. The botanical garden of Buitenzorg would soon house Siebold's surviving, living flora collection of 2,000 plants. He arrived in

1127-714: The Netherlands on 7 July 1830. His stay in Japan and Batavia had lasted for a period of eight years. Philipp Franz von Siebold arrived in the Netherlands in 1830, just at a time when political troubles erupted in Brussels , leading soon to Belgian independence . Hastily he salvaged his ethnographic collections in Antwerp and his herbarium specimens in Brussels and took them to Leiden , helped by Johann Baptist Fischer . He left behind his botanical collections of living plants that were sent to

1176-508: The Russian ambassador to Prussia , which resulted in an invitation to go to St Petersburg to advise the Russian government how to open trade relations with Japan. Though still employed by the Dutch government he did not inform the Dutch of this voyage until after his return. American Naval Commodore Matthew C. Perry consulted Siebold in advance of his voyage to Japan in 1854. He notably advised Townsend Harris on how Christianity might be spread to Japan, alleging based on his time there that

1225-401: The basis of his large ethnographic collection, which consisted of everyday household goods, woodblock prints , tools and hand-crafted objects used by the Japanese people. During his stay in Japan, Siebold "lived together" with Kusumoto Taki (楠本滝), who gave birth to their daughter Kusumoto (O-)Ine in 1827. Siebold used to call his wife "Otakusa" (probably derived from O-Taki-san) and named

1274-718: The basis of the Japanese collections of the National Herbarium of the Netherlands in Leiden, while the zoological specimens Siebold collected were kept by the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie ( National Museum of Natural History ) in Leiden, which later became Naturalis. Both institutions merged into Naturalis Biodiversity Center in 2010, which now maintains the entire natural history collection that Siebold brought back to Leiden. In 1845 Siebold married Helene von Gagern (1820–1877), they had three sons and two daughters. During his stay in Leiden, Siebold wrote Nippon in 1832,

1323-544: The collections made by Philipp Franz von Siebold (who edited the text) and his successor Heinrich Bürger in Japan, Fauna Japonica's vertebrate volumes were authored by the Leyden Museum naturalists Coenraad Jacob Temminck and Hermann Schlegel . Wilhem de Haan , also at the Leyden museum wrote the invertebrate volumes assisted by the Japanese artist naturalists Keiga Kawahara , Kurimoto Masayoshi and others. The volumes were

1372-538: The different "Decades" of the first volume of Fauna Japonica , Crustacea. Fauna Japonica was considered important for its comprehensiveness, specifically of relevance to carcinologists . The Crustacea volume especially is consulted by those researching Decapods and Stomatopods. The work was influential on Philipp Franz von Siebold's reputation as a scientist in Europe and Japan. Numerous reprints and facsimiles have been issued since, some including unpublished artwork by collaborator Keiga Kawahara. Von Siebold's collection

1421-478: The first part of a volume of a richly illustrated ethnographical and geographical work on Japan. The Archiv zur Beschreibung Nippons also contained a report of his journey to the Shogunate Court at Edo. He wrote six further parts, the last ones published posthumously in 1882; his sons published an edited and lower-priced reprint in 1887. The Bibliotheca Japonica appeared between 1833 and 1841. This work

1470-643: The first professors to understand and treat medicine as a natural science. Ignaz Döllinger was born in 1770 in Bamberg , where his father was a professor at the university and physician to the Prince-Bishop. He commenced his studies in his native town (where he took a doctorate in 1794), continuing them in Würzburg , Pavia and Vienna before returning to Bamberg. Soon after gaining his doctorate in 1794, he became professor for physiology and general pathology in Bamberg, but

1519-501: The frigate Adriana , Siebold practiced his knowledge of the Dutch language and also rapidly learned Malay . During the long voyage he also began a collection of marine fauna. He arrived in Batavia on 18 February 1823. As an army medical officer, Siebold was posted to an artillery unit. However, he was given a room for a few weeks at the residence of the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, Baron Godert van der Capellen , to recover from an illness. With his erudition, he impressed

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1568-506: The government of the Dutch-Indies provided him with two assistants: apothecary and mineralogist Heinrich Bürger (his later successor) and the painter Carl Hubert de Villeneuve . Each would prove to be useful to Siebold's efforts that ranged from ethnographical to botanical to horticultural, when attempting to document the exotic Eastern Japanese experience. De Villeneuve taught Kawahara the techniques of Western painting. Reportedly, Siebold

1617-405: The help of his Japanese collaborators Keisuke Ito (1803–1901), Mizutani Sugeroku (1779–1833), Ōkochi Zonshin (1796–1882) and Katsuragawa Hoken (1797–1844), a physician to the shōgun . As well, Siebold's assistant and later successor, Heinrich Bürger (1806–1858), proved to be indispensable in carrying on Siebold's work in Japan. Siebold first introduced to Europe such familiar garden-plants as

1666-446: The marvels of western science, and he learned in return through them much about the Japanese and their customs. After curing an influential local officer, Siebold gained the permission to leave the trade post. He used this opportunity to treat Japanese patients in the greater area around the trade post. Siebold is credited with the introduction of vaccination and pathological anatomy for the first time in Japan. In 1824, Siebold started

1715-583: The posts of physician and scientist had to be combined. Dejima had been in the possession of the Dutch East India Company (known as the VOC) since the 17th century, but the Company had gone bankrupt in 1798, after which a trading post was operated there by the Dutch state for political considerations, with notable benefits to the Japanese. The European tradition of sending doctors with botanical training to Japan

1764-424: The understanding of human development and comparative anatomy , based on his knowledge in all areas of morphology and physiology . He was one of the first workers to perceive and treat medicine as a natural science – his work on the circulation of blood , secretory processes and the first stages of embryological development are exemplary here. At the same time, he was aware that simply collecting scientific facts

1813-430: The very garden-worthy plants that he studied after him. Examples include: Though he is well known in Japan, where he is called "Shiboruto-san", and although mentioned in the relevant schoolbooks, Siebold is almost unknown elsewhere, except among gardeners who admire the many plants whose names incorporate sieboldii and sieboldiana . The Hortus Botanicus in Leiden has recently laid out the "Von Siebold Memorial Garden",

1862-462: Was a form of Monotheism . The zoologists Coenraad Temminck (1777–1858), Hermann Schlegel (1804–1884), and Wilhem de Haan (1801–1855) scientifically described and documented Siebold's collection of Japanese animals. The Fauna Japonica , a series of monographs published between 1833 and 1850, was mainly based on Siebold's collection, making the Japanese fauna the best-described non-European fauna – "a remarkable feat". A significant part of

1911-578: Was a long one. Sent on a mission by the Dutch East India Company, Engelbert Kaempfer (1651–1716), a German physician and botanist who lived in Japan from 1690 until 1692, ushered in this tradition of a combination of physician and botanist. The Dutch East India Company did not, however, actually employ the Swedish botanist and physician Carl Peter Thunberg (1743–1828), who had arrived in Japan in 1775. Japanese scientists invited Siebold to show them

1960-584: Was appointed Advisor to the King for Japanese Affairs . In 1842, the King even raised Siebold to the nobility as an esquire. The "Siebold collection" opened to the public in 1831. He founded a museum in his home in 1837. This small, private museum would eventually evolve into the National Museum of Ethnology in Leiden. Siebold's successor in Japan, Heinrich Bürger, sent Siebold three more shipments of herbarium specimens collected in Japan. This flora collection formed

2009-712: Was called to a professorship of anatomy and physiology at University of Würzburg in 1803 as the successor to the former city doctor , physiologist and natural philosopher Johann Joseph Dömling (1771–1803). In 1823 he moved to Munich (to the Academy, as the University was still in Landshut at this time). When the University finally moved to the capital, he transferred there. His best known students were Louis Agassiz , Karl Ernst von Baer , Lucas Schönlein , Christian Heinrich von Pander , Lorenz Oken and Philipp Franz von Siebold . Döllinger's importance comes from his contributions to

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2058-406: Was co-authored by Joseph Hoffmann and Kuo Cheng-Chang, a Javanese of Chinese extraction, who had journeyed along with Siebold from Batavia. It contained a survey of Japanese literature and a Chinese, Japanese and Korean dictionary. Siebold's writing on Japanese religion and customs notably shaped early modern European conceptions of Buddhism and Shinto ; he notably suggested that Japanese Buddhism

2107-546: Was not much room on the small island) Siebold amassed over 1,000 native plants. In a specially built glasshouse he cultivated the Japanese plants to endure the Dutch climate . Local Japanese artists like Kawahara Keiga drew and painted images of these plants, creating botanical illustrations but also images of the daily life in Japan, which complemented his ethnographic collection. He hired Japanese hunters to track rare animals and collect specimens. Many specimens were collected with

2156-451: Was not the easiest man to deal with. He was in continuous conflict with his Dutch superiors who felt he was arrogant. This threat of conflict resulted in his recall in July 1827 back to Batavia. But the ship, the Cornelis Houtman , sent to carry him back to Batavia, was thrown ashore by a typhoon in Nagasaki bay. The same storm badly damaged Dejima and destroyed Siebold's botanical garden. Repaired,

2205-494: Was one of the first professors to understand and treat medicine as a natural science. Siebold stayed with Döllinger, where he came in regular contact with other scientists. He read the books of Humboldt , a famous naturalist and explorer, which probably raised his desire to travel to distant lands. Philipp Franz von Siebold became a physician by earning his M.D. degree in 1820. He initially practiced medicine in Heidingsfeld , in

2254-468: Was published in 12 livraisons ("deliveries" in French). The problem is or special concern for de Haan's Crustacea volume, in which many new genera and species were described. The problem arises because of uncertain dating on each component of these volumes. For a sense of how widely dispersed in time the publication of even a single volume can be, the following table records the different dates of publication for

2303-419: Was published in this series. The publication of the each volume was done in the form of several fascicles called "Decades" over many years. This process poses many problems for modern scientists trying to keep track of the nomenclature of Japanese wildlife, because both text and plates often introduced nomenclature and described new taxa with inconsistent priority. For example, the volume devoted to bird, "Aves,"

2352-494: Was the earliest botanical collection from Japan. Even today, it still remains a subject of ongoing research, a testimony to the depth of work undertaken by Siebold. It contained about 12,000 specimens, from which he could describe only about 2,300 species. The whole collection was purchased for a handsome amount by the Dutch government. Siebold was also granted a substantial annual allowance by the Dutch King William II and

2401-687: Was the editor and publisher, not the writer of Fauna Japonica . C. J. Temminck and H. Schlegel authored the Vertebrata volumes, for which von Siebold did write an introduction, and W. de Haan wrote the volume on the Crustacea. While an 1849 letter between Temminck, then director of the Leiden Museum, and the Netherlands Ministry of Internal Affairs, indicates that J. A. Herklots studied the other invertebrates in von Siebold's collection, no volume of his

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