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115-941: The 1982 World's Fair , officially known as the Knoxville International Energy Exposition (KIEE) and simply as Energy Expo '82 and Expo '82 , was an international exposition held in Knoxville , Tennessee , United States. Focused on energy and electricity generation , with the theme Energy Turns the World , it was officially registered as a "World's Fair" by the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE). The KIEE opened on May 1, 1982, and closed on October 31, 1982, after receiving over 11 million visitors. Participating nations included Australia, Belgium, Canada, The People's Republic of China, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico,
230-411: A cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 79. President Bill Clinton issued a public statement hailing Richardson as "an unparalleled public servant" and "a man of uncommon integrity, who put the nation's interests first even when the personal cost was very high." The Associated Press wrote that Mr. Richardson was "a man of immaculate attire and rare distinction, a flexible George Apley with wit . . .
345-467: A Senate committee, "Significant cuts in the Defense Budget now would seriously weaken the U.S. position on international negotiations—in which U.S. military capabilities, in both real and symbolic terms, are an important factor." Similarly, he strongly supported continued military assistance at current levels. During his short tenure, Richardson spent much time testifying before congressional committees on
460-488: A World's Fair. This controversy contributed to the development of the term "Scruffy City", as a nickname synonymous with Knoxville. Major politicians representing Tennessee across the aisle and financial boosters supported the idea and prompted interest from the Ford Administration . Then-Secretary of Commerce Elliot Richardson , while inquired, discouraged the idea for Knoxville to host an exposition in 1980, citing
575-411: A central bureau, Knoxvisit. Its financial and administrative troubles resulted in reservations being taken over by Property Leasing & Management, Inc. (PLM). It also struggled with the operation and filed for bankruptcy. Jake Butcher's financial services corporation, United American Bank (UAB), failed shortly after the exposition in 1983. UAB had been raided by federal banking regulators the day after
690-639: A conflict from Los Angeles who planned to host a fair the same year. Richardson would approve for an exposition in Knoxville for the year 1982. Jake Butcher, facing criticism for his efforts for the KIEE, offered a rebuke in a 1981 interview with United Press International , "They called the fair the Jimmy Carter-Jake Butcher pork barrel , but they never revealed that [U.S. Senator] Howard Baker also supports it. I don't expect to get anything personally out of
805-590: A crisis of confidence in Nixon which ultimately led to the president's resignation. Born in Boston , Richardson attended Harvard University . After graduating, he served in World War II as a combat medic and participated in the invasion of Normandy . He returned home, attended Harvard Law School , and clerked for Learned Hand and Felix Frankfurter before beginning his legal career at Ropes & Gray . Richardson began
920-425: A crowd of 87,000 with the theme "Energy Turns the World". Television commercials broadcast prior to the fair used the marketing tagline "You've Got To Be There!" The opening ceremony was broadcast on local and regional television stations, with President Ronald Reagan arriving to open the fair. Television personality and Winchester native Dinah Shore was the master of ceremonies for the fair. A six-month pass to
1035-521: A former Major League Baseball team, was named for the 1967 fair). From World Expo 88 in Brisbane onwards, countries started to use expositions as a platform to improve their national image through their pavilions. Finland, Japan, Canada, France, and Spain are cases in point. A major study by Tjaco Walvis called "Expo 2000 Hanover in Numbers" showed that improving national image was the main goal for 73% of
1150-622: A geographical block to share space (i.e. Plaza of the Americas at Seville '92). In the 21st century the BIE has moved to sanction World Expos every five years; following the numerous expos of the 1980s and 1990s, some see this as a means to cut down potential expenditure by participating nations. The move was also seen by some as an attempt to avoid conflicting with the Summer Olympics . World Expos are restricted to every five years, with Specialized Expos in
1265-527: A long career in public office in 1959 when he was appointed by President Dwight Eisenhower to the position of United States Attorney in the District of Massachusetts, the lead federal prosecutor in the state. Through the 1960s, he was a leading figure in the Massachusetts Republican Party and won election as the 62nd lieutenant governor in 1964 and the attorney general in 1966. As of 2023, he
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#17328451448131380-409: A measure of several flavored mixtures of its traditional Coke soda during the exposition. Visitors would test lime, lemon, vanilla, and cherry flavors. By the end of the KIEE, Coca-Cola found that the cherry-flavored soda was the most popular. As a result, Coca-Cola Cherry would be distributed in 1985 as a result of its successful introduction at the 1982 World's Fair. Oil corporation Texaco showcased
1495-516: A national health care plan during his time at HEW. In September 1970, Richardson was present at the funeral of President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, where he secretly met with Nasser's successor, Anwar Sadat , to discuss U.S. involvement in peace negotiations with Israel. In 1972, Richardson established the National High Blood Pressure Education Program at the urging of Mary Lasker who came armed with copies of
1610-444: A precise theme—such as "Green Desert, Better Environment" ( International Horticultural Expo 2023 Doha Qatar ), "Growing Green Cities" ( Floriade 2022 ), or "Building a Beautiful Home Featuring Harmonious Coexistence between Man and Nature" ( Expo 2019 ). The purpose of these exhibitions is to foster cooperation and the sharing of knowledge and solutions between countries, horticultural producers and agricultural industries by addressing
1725-630: A relentless achiever with a dazzling variety of government experience, a man of elegance and charm with spectacular mental powers, a prince of the Eastern Establishment ." An image of Richardson taken by photographer Garry Winogrand is featured on the cover art of rock band Interpol's 2018 album Marauder . Singer and guitarist Paul Banks referred to him as a hero, who "refused to be bullied into going against his personal principles". Online menswear commentator Derek Guy uses an illustration of Richardson as his avatar, and has said that "he
1840-768: A single year—the tumultuous year of 1973—as the Watergate Scandal came to dominate the attention of official Washington, and the American public at large. He is one of two persons to hold four separate cabinet positions. In June 1970, Nixon asked Richardson to serve as secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, with the intent of reducing inefficiency and bureaucracy. At HEW, Richardson sought to simplify grant processing and consolidate duplicate programs. He faced criticism from liberals for undercutting desegregation busing programs in public schools. He also developed
1955-504: A specific site for a period of time, typically between three and six months. The term "world's fair" is commonly used in the United States, while the French term, Exposition universelle ("universal exhibition" ) is used in most of Europe and Asia; other terms include World Expo or Specialised Expo , with the word expo used for various types of exhibitions since at least 1958. Since
2070-569: A typical universal exposition: national pavilions and exhibits concerning technology and/or the future, along with more typical amusement park rides. Meanwhile, several of the 1964 attractions that were relocated to Disneyland have been duplicated at the Walt Disney World Resort . Occasionally other mementos of the fairs remain. In the New York City Subway system, signs directing people to Flushing Meadows–Corona Park remain from
2185-662: Is on display at the Knoxville Convention Center. Every night of the fair, at 10 pm, a 10-minute fireworks display was presented that could be seen over much of Knoxville. Performances by famous artists, actors, and musicians occurred at the Tennessee Amphitheater and across other areas of the fairgrounds and Knoxville, including Bob Hope , Tennessee Ernie Ford , Johnny Cash , Chet Atkins , Hal Holbrook , Glen Campbell , Jerry Lee Lewis , R. L. Burnside and Ricky Skaggs . The 1982 World's Fair brought
2300-527: Is the last Republican to serve as Massachusetts Attorney General. In 1969, he joined the Richard Nixon administration as United States Under Secretary of State . He was promoted to a cabinet role in 1970 as Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare , serving until January 1973, when he became Secretary of Defense , serving briefly before he became Attorney General in May. After his high-profile resignation from
2415-641: The 1964 New York World's Fair (which was held over into 1965) were moved to Disneyland after the closing of the Fair. Many of the rides, including " It's a Small World ", and " Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln ", as well as the building that housed the Carousel of Progress are still in operation. The concept of a permanent world's fair came to fruition with the Disney Epcot theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort , near Orlando, Florida . Epcot has many characteristics of
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#17328451448132530-622: The Downtown Knoxville Association, proposed the idea of the fair to the city government and a group of Knoxville business owners after visiting the exposition in 1974. Evans cited Knoxville's association with energy research and development, spurred by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and the University of Tennessee . This made Knoxville a potential energy center and suggested
2645-712: The Eiffel Tower , built for the Exposition Universelle (1889) . Although it is now the most recognized symbol of its host city Paris , there were contemporary critics opposed to its construction, and demands for it to be dismantled after the fair's conclusion. Other structures that remain from these fairs: Some world's fair sites became (or reverted to) parks incorporating some of the expo elements, such as: Some pavilions have been transported overseas intact: The Brussels Expo '58 relocated many pavilions within Belgium :
2760-603: The Knoxville Convention Center in the space formerly occupied by Rich's/Millers Garage, the site of the KUB Substation exhibit, and the site of America's Electric Energy Exhibit. The Tennessee Amphitheater , the only structure other than the Sunsphere that currently remains from the World's Fair, was condemned to demolition in 2002. Popular sentiment from Knoxville residents and officials supported restoring it, and
2875-567: The Milan Triennial . Astana , Kazakhstan , held the most recent Specialised Expo in 2017 while Dubai , United Arab Emirates , hosted World Expo 2020 (which was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic ) and Doha , Qatar hosted Horticultural Expo in 2023 . In 1791, Prague organized the first World's Fair in Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic ). The first industrial exhibition
2990-621: The Netherlands , Panama , Peru , the Philippines , Saudi Arabia , South Korea , the United Kingdom , the United States , and West Germany . Panama, a late-comer to the fair, never occupied its pavilion space, which was eventually unofficially occupied by a group of Caribbean island nations. Communication problems between Panama and fair officials delayed occupancy, then it was announced that
3105-644: The Saturday Night Massacre . When Bork was unsuccessfully nominated to the Supreme Court of the United States by President Ronald Reagan in 1987, Richardson testified on his behalf. In 1974, Richardson received the John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards . Despite the popular acclaim Richardson received for his refusal to fire Cox, he privately told friends he
3220-548: The Southeastern United States such as Atlanta or Charlotte . However, growth in Knoxville was relatively low compared to that of Chattanooga , which received national attention for its riverfront redevelopment projects. The U.S. Pavilion would operate as a soccer arena, but in 1991, the city of Knoxville demolished the U.S. Pavilion in a controlled demolition. It had developed structural problems that could not be safely resolved after years of neglect. The site of
3335-533: The Soviet Union for participation and a swimming competition against the United States, but the invitation for participation was rescinded following the Soviet Union's military invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. In total, 25 nations were signed to participate at the 1982 World's Fair by its opening. However, only 22 of those signed took part by opening day of the KIEE. On May 1, 1982, the 1982 World's Fair opened to
3450-522: The U.S. Justice Department . In 1994, Richardson backed President Bill Clinton during his struggle against Paula Jones 's charge of sexual harassment. In 1998, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the nation's highest civilian honor. In 1984, he ran for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by Paul Tsongas . Although Richardson was favored to win the seat, he
3565-708: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and head of the U.S. delegation to the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea . From 1980 to 1992, Richardson was partner in the Washington office of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy . In the 1980s and early 1990s, Richardson was the attorney for Inslaw, Inc. , an American software company which alleged that its software had been pirated by
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3680-400: The University of Tennessee campus. The core of the site primarily consisted of a deteriorating Louisville and Nashville Railroad yard and depot . The railroad yard was demolished, with the exception of a single rail line, and the depot was renovated for use as a restaurant during the fair. The Sunsphere , a 266-foot (81 m) steel tower topped with a five-story gold globe, was built as
3795-409: The telephone were first presented during this era. This era set the basic character of the world fair. The 1939–1940 New York World's Fair , and those that followed, took a different approach, one less focused on technology and aimed more at cultural themes and social progress. For instance, the theme of the 1939 fair was "Building the World of Tomorrow"; at the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair , it
3910-648: The "Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations" was held in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London , United Kingdom. The Great Exhibition , as it is often called, was an idea of Prince Albert , Queen Victoria 's husband, and is usually considered to be the first international exhibition of manufactured products. It influenced the development of several aspects of society, including art-and-design education, international trade and relations, and tourism. This expo
4025-541: The $ 5 million surplus projected by organizers and boosters. The city of Knoxville was left with a $ 46 million debt. This debt would be paid in full in May 2007. In total, 22 nations, 7 states, and more than 50 corporations presented exhibitions at the fair revolving around energy, innovation, technology, and sustainability. Participating nations included Australia , Belgium , Canada , The People's Republic of China , Denmark , Egypt , France , Greece , People's Republic of Hungary , Italy , Japan , Luxembourg , Mexico ,
4140-517: The 1964–1965 event. In the Montreal Metro subway at least one tile artwork of its theme, "Man and His World", remains. Also, a seemingly endless supply of souvenir items from fair visits can be found, and in the United States, at least, often turn up at garage or estate sales. Many fairs and expos produced postage stamps and commemorative coins . Elliot Richardson Elliot Lee Richardson (July 20, 1920 – December 31, 1999)
4255-535: The 1982 World's Fair were featured prominently in an episode of The Simpsons , " Bart on the Road ". In the episode, Bart, having obtained a fake ID, travels to Knoxville with his friends to visit the fair after seeing an advertisement in a tourism brochure, only to learn that it closed a decade before. Nelson frustratedly throws a stone at the Sunsphere, causing it to collapse on the group's rental car, stranding them in Knoxville. Knoxville municipal personnel would criticize
4370-477: The 25th anniversary of the 1982 World's Fair. The following day, July 5, 2007, the Sunsphere's observation deck reopened to the public after renovations. In 2020, rock band The Dirty Guv'nahs curated the Southern Skies Music Festival at the performance lawn of World's Fair Park. Postponed from its original start in May 2020 by the COVID-19 pandemic , the festival debuted on May 14, 2022. In 2022,
4485-441: The District of Massachusetts. He gained a reputation as a tough prosecutor with a special reputation for tax fraud cases. He later wrote, "in my Inferno , tax evaders occupy a circle of their own. ... I take great satisfaction, therefore, in the fact that during my tenure as U.S. Attorney for the district of Massachusetts, every tax evader we prosecuted was convicted, and all of them went to jail." Among his highest profile convictions
4600-543: The Dutch economy. It also identified several key success factors for world-exposition pavilions in general. At present there are two types of international exhibition: World Expos (formally known as International Registered Exhibitions) and Specialised Expos (formally known as International Recognised Exhibitions). World Expos, previously known as universal expositions, are the biggest category events. At World Expos, participants generally build their own pavilions. They are therefore
4715-562: The ETHS and the University of Tennessee's Hodges Library would open temporary exhibits regarding the KIEE commemorating its 40th anniversary. A celebration of the 40th anniversary of the KIEE was held during the weekend of May 20–22, 2022, including a full-day festival organized by Knoxville's convention and visitors bureau . Local media covered the event and provided prior coverage of the original event. Many collectible items were made specifically for
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4830-560: The June 6, 1944, Normandy Invasion as a platoon leader, where he crossed a minefield to rescue a fellow officer whose foot was blown off. He was among the first troops to come up Causeway No. 2 from Utah Beach , which had been under fire from German artillery at Brécourt Manor . He was among the many who noticed the guns ceasing their firing after (unbeknownst to him) paratroopers of the 101st under Lieutenant Richard Winters had knocked them out. After Stephen Ambrose 's book Band of Brothers
4945-546: The KIEE received confirmation for participation from western European countries including the United Kingdom, France, West Germany, Italy, and the 10-nation European Economic Community , along with Australia, Mexico, Japan, and the People's Republic of China . China's participation proved historic given the country's shift to a more capitalist economy; the KIEE would be the first exposition involving China since 1904. The KIEE invited
5060-635: The Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati . Richardson was the author of two books. The Creative Balance: Government, Politics, and the Individual in America's Third Century was published by Holt, Rinehart and Winston in 1976. Reflections of a Radical Moderate was published by Westview Press in 1996. Reflections expresses his outlook: I am a moderate – a radical moderate. I believe profoundly in
5175-584: The Netherlands, Panama, Peru, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, the United Kingdom, the United States, and West Germany. It was the second World's Fair to be held in the state of Tennessee, with the first being the Tennessee Centennial Exposition of 1897 , held in the state's capital, Nashville . The fair was constructed on a 70-acre (280,000 m) site between Downtown Knoxville and
5290-615: The Nixon cabinet, he returned to government in the Gerald Ford administration in March 1975 as United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom and Secretary of Commerce from 1976 to 1977. After the Ford administration, Richardson returned to private practice as an attorney in Washington. He advised Democratic president Jimmy Carter on maritime law and briefly returned to politics with an unsuccessful run for United States Senate in 1984 , when he lost
5405-748: The Park School in Brookline and Milton Academy in Milton , both in Massachusetts. He then obtained his A.B. degree in philosophy from Harvard College , where he resided in Winthrop House , graduated cum laude in 1941, and was an editor of the Harvard Lampoon . In 1942, following the U.S. entry into World War II, Richardson enlisted as a combat medic in the U.S. 4th Infantry Division . He participated in
5520-705: The Republican primary to Ray Shamie . Elliot Lee Richardson was born in Boston, Massachusetts on July 20, 1920. His mother was Clara Lee Richardson (née Shattuck). His father, Edward Peirson Richardson, was a physician and professor at Harvard Medical School and member of a leading Boston Brahmin family in the city's medical community, including his father, surgeon Maurice Howe Richardson , and brother, naturalist and author Wyman Richardson . In addition to his father, both of Richardson's grandfathers, three uncles, and two of his brothers were physicians at Harvard Medical and Massachusetts General Hospital . Richardson attended
5635-460: The Sunsphere. The L&N station, however, would be redeveloped into a restaurant and office space. Acreage located south of the railyard site near the University of Tennessee campus would be home to the exposition's midway , which included the Great Wheel, the tallest Ferris wheel in the world at the time. A gondola system was developed to provide rapid connections to the exhibit and midway areas of
5750-449: The TVA, would ask for a significant portion of the fair proceeds go to Knoxville's African-American community . The fair's iconic red flame-logo apparel was contracted to be produced by Upfront America, a black-owned business. Upfront America would go on to sell more than 500,000 expo shirts. Leading up to the fair, the KIEE committee faced competition in recruiting larger corporate sponsors due to
5865-506: The Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents, directed by Edward Freis . Richardson was appointed United States Secretary of Defense on January 30, 1973. When President Nixon selected Richardson as secretary, the press described him as an excellent manager and administrator. In his confirmation hearing, Richardson expressed agreement with Nixon's policies on such issues as
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#17328451448135980-408: The World's Fair, ranging from cups, trays, plates, belt buckles, and several other objects. Some of the more notable items include: International exposition A world's fair , also known as a universal exhibition or an expo , is a large global exhibition designed to showcase the achievements of nations. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of the world at
6095-568: The World's Fair." Intent on running for governor in Tennessee in 1982 , Butcher pointed out that his opponent, then-Governor Lamar Alexander , was also an outspoken supporter of the fair. Public opinion of Knoxvillians leading up to the fair changed drastically, with a 1979 poll showing a majority of residents disapproved of the fair but later polls showing massive approval. The fair would prompt investment into minority-owned businesses. Civil rights activist Avon Rollins, who served as an executive for
6210-437: The adequacy of U.S. strategic forces, NATO and relationships with other allies, and Vietnam. His primary role as Secretary was as the administration's spokesman for the legality of the covert bombing of Cambodia . Although he promised to examine the budget carefully to identify areas for savings, and in fact later ordered the closure of some military installations, Richardson cautioned against precipitate reductions. As he told
6325-554: The adoption of the 1928 Convention Relating to International Exhibitions, the Paris-based Bureau International des Expositions has served as an international sanctioning body for international exhibitions; four types of international exhibition are organised under its auspices: World Expos, Specialised Expos, Horticultural Expos (regulated by the International Association of Horticultural Producers ), and
6440-504: The appointment as Ambassador to the Court of St. James's , as it is formally titled, effectively eliminated him from the domestic scene during the pre-election-year period. In departing for that position, he indicated to reporters that he would not run for the presidency unless Ford decided against running for a term in his own right. From 1977 to 1980, he served as an Ambassador-at-Large and Special Representative of President Jimmy Carter for
6555-432: The case. The same day, the story became public in the Wall Street Journal . Just before Agnew resigned, Richardson was portrayed as a cartoon figure with Agnew and Nixon on the October 8, 1973 cover of Time magazine. Agnew was quoted, "I am innocent of the charges against me. I will not resign if indicted!" He resigned as vice president on October 10. Agnew later claimed Richardson had pressed for his prosecution for
6670-412: The concept of pay at the pump , as part of the advances in energy. An early rendition of the cordless telephone was introduced to the public at the KIEE. The Ford Motor Company showcased a Lincoln Town Car with a built-in car phone and a concept car known as the AFV, which relied on alternative fuel consumption. One-hour photographic processing was introduced by Kodak and used by visitors of
6785-487: The consequences of his own evasion of it. ... I said to Fred Buzhardt , counsel to the president, 'You ought, instead, tell Archie Cox to send over a truck and load it up with all the material he and his staff could possibly want.' In the event, if anything damaging was found, Nixon could issue a public apology and couple it with a convincing expression of penitence. The American people, I thought, would be more than likely to forgive and forget." Pat Buchanan recounted that on
6900-413: The countries participating in Expo 2000 . Pavilions became a kind of advertising campaign, and the Expo served as a vehicle for "nation branding". According to branding expert Wally Olins , Spain used Expo '92 and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona in the same year to underscore its new position as a modern and democratic country and to show itself as a prominent member of the European Union and
7015-425: The country would not show due to "economic problems". The Peruvian exhibit featured a mummy that was unwrapped and studied at the fair. The Egyptian exhibit featured ancient artifacts valued at over US$ 30 million. Hungary, the home country of the Rubik's Cube , sent the world's largest Rubik's Cube with rotating squares for the entrance display to its pavilion. The Rubik's Cube remains in World's Fair Park, where it
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#17328451448137130-404: The day Richardson was dismissed, Nixon said, "I don't have any choice, I can't have President [Leonid] Brezhnev watch me be bullied by a member of my cabinet, I've got to fire him." During the Gerald Ford administration, Richardson served as Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1975 to 1976 and as United States Secretary of Commerce from 1976 to 1977. Richardson's acceptance in 1975 of
7245-499: The debut of several inventions and concepts, primarily focused on energy, technology, and sustainability. Oak Ridge National Laboratory physicist George Samuel Hurst had showcased his patented resistive touchscreen technology that was developed in 1975 as result of a partnership with his company Elographics and German conglomerate Siemens . Visitors were able to use computers with the touch-screen technology. Tetra Pak showcased its boxed shelf-stable milk. Coca-Cola organized
7360-507: The development of EPCOT Center at the Walt Disney World resort, a permanent scientific-focused amusement park . Most of the KIEE's financial support came from the United States federal government which provided an estimated $ 44 million in funding. The Tennessee state government provided $ 3 million, and the Knoxville municipal government approved a nearly $ 12 million bond. Jake Butcher, through his companies, gave approximately $ 25 million. An additional $ 224 million in federal and state funding
7475-433: The exposition's six-month tenure. An NBA exhibition game took place between the Boston Celtics and Philadelphia 76ers at Stokely Athletic Center on October 23, 1982. Hotels and other accommodations in Knoxville were not permitted to take reservations directly. Room reservations for everything from hotels to houseboats were sold in a package with fair admission tickets through the first eleven days and were handled by
7590-467: The exposition. The Boston-based New England Technology company created a $ 500,000 learning system that used Sony and 3M interactive video-disc systems, Apple computers, a 200-kilobyte memory made by a company called Corbus, and a screen by Illugraphics, all put together for the United States Department of Commerce . The system featured three video-disc systems on line simultaneously, each offering random access to some 54,000 frames of text. The system
7705-424: The fair sold for $ 100 ($ 316.00 in 2023 dollars). From its commencement on May 1, to its closing on October 31, the fair attracted 11,127,780 visitors from all over the United States and the world, making among the best attended World's Fair in U.S. history among those sanctioned by the BIE . It had the highest attendance among the four Specialized Expos held in the United States. It made a profit of $ 57, far short of
7820-418: The fair's closure. On February 14, 1983, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation seized control of the bank due to irregularities in its financial records. This action caused public speculation that the bank's failure was due in part to Butcher's financing of the World's Fair. Given the success of the fair, Knoxville residents speculated that the fair would put the city on track to become a major hub city in
7935-488: The fair. As of 2023, the chain consists of several locations in the state with most primarily located in East Tennessee. The Pittsburgh Steelers and the New England Patriots played a preseason football game at Neyland Stadium on August 14, 1982. The Steelers won the game 24–20 to a crowd of 93,251, making it the fourth-best-attended NFL game in history. The University of Tennessee would utilize its residence halls and dormitories for housing nearly 60,000 visitors during
8050-448: The fairgrounds. For the design of the Sunsphere, the KIEE recruited Knoxville-based architectural firm Community Techtonics, which was known in the region for its design of the Clingmans Dome Observation Tower in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park and the "SkyMart" elevated-sidewalk system in downtown Morristown , nearly 50 miles east of Knoxville. Construction would break ground in 1980. Regarding recruitment for country sponsors,
8165-502: The global community. At Expo 2000 Hanover, countries created their own architectural pavilions, investing, on average, €12 million each. Given these costs, governments are sometimes hesitant to participate, because the benefits may not justify the costs. However, while the effects are difficult to measure, an independent study for the Dutch pavilion at Expo 2000 estimated that the pavilion (which cost around €35 million) generated around €350 million of potential revenues for
8280-488: The government is necessary to tackle serious issues. In 1972, Richardson was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (L.H.D.) degree from Whittier College . In 1974 Richardson gave the commencement address at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology and received an honorary Doctors of Law. Richardson's wife, Anne, died on July 26, 1999. On December 29, 1999, Richardson was admitted to Massachusetts General Hospital while visiting family in Boston, and died two days later of
8395-650: The host committee and participants because the architectural fees are lower and they only have to customize pavilion space provided free of charge from the Organiser, usually with the prefabricated structure already completed. Countries then have the option of "adding" their own colours, design etc. to the outside of the prefabricated structure and filling in the inside with their own content. Horticultural Expos (formally known as A1 International Horticultural Exhibitions) are co-regulated by International Association of Horticultural Producers . Like Specialised Expos are organized in
8510-491: The in-between years. Specialized Expos (formally known as International Recognized Exhibitions) are usually united by a precise theme—such as "Future Energy" ( Expo 2017 Astana ), "The Living Ocean and Coast" ( Expo 2012 Yeosu ), or "Leisure in the Age of Technology" ( Brisbane , Expo '88 ). Such themes are more specific than the wider scope of world expositions. Specialized Expos are usually smaller in scale and cheaper to run for
8625-602: The investigations into the Watergate scandal , in which White House staffers and members of the 1972 presidential campaign coordinated to break into the Democratic National Committee headquarters on June 17, 1972. By the time Richardson took office as Attorney General on May 25, 1973, the burglars had pleaded or been found guilty and the week prior, the United States Senate had begun a series of hearings into
8740-523: The law firm Ropes, Gray, Best, Coolidge & Rugg (now Ropes & Gray ) in Boston but soon became convinced that private practice "did not match the satisfaction of doing a good job for the public." In 1953, Frankfurter proposed Richardson for the presidency of Harvard when the office became open, even though Richardson was only 33 years old. While at Ropes & Gray, Richardson became active in Massachusetts Republican politics and supported
8855-599: The lawn. Ashley Capps , a Knoxville entertainment coordinator, cited the suspension of Hot Summer Nights at World's Fair Park as the start of the iconic Bonnaroo Music Festival . The site of the Japanese Pavilion became the new location for the Knoxville Museum of Art in 1990. The Elm Tree Theater located adjacent to the former pavilion was added as part of the Knoxville Museum of Art's courtyard. The elm tree
8970-485: The main driving forces behind the fair. Within the city, Knoxvillians referred to the fair as "Jake's Fair". An administrative body known as the Knoxville Foundation Inc. was established to organize and operate the event. There was skepticism, both locally and nationally, about the ability of Knoxville, described as a "scruffy little city" by The Wall Street Journal in a 1980 news article, to successfully host
9085-435: The main structure and symbol for the exposition. Today, the Sunsphere stands as a symbol for the city of Knoxville. The first World's Fair to be held in Tennessee occurred in the state's capital, Nashville , in 1897. Knoxville developers cultivated the idea for a World's Fair in their city after several visited Spokane , Washington , which hosted a World's Fair in 1974. In November 1974, W. Stewart Evans, president of
9200-462: The master plan for Fair. Located along the Second Creek watershed between downtown Knoxville and the University of Tennessee campus, the roughly 70-acre disused Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L&N) railyard was selected as the site for development of the exposition. The railyard would be demolished to make way for the nation-representing pavilions and exhibits, the Tennessee Amphitheater, and
9315-639: The matter . On his first day in office, Richardson appointed Archibald Cox to serve as a special prosecutor for the federal investigation into possible ties between the Nixon administration and the break-in. Following the revelation of the existence of recordings of conversations within the White House , Nixon refused to comply with subpoenas by both Cox and the Senate committee. On October 20, President Nixon ordered Richardson to fire Cox as special prosecutor. Richardson had promised Congress he would not interfere with
9430-682: The most extravagant and most expensive expos. Their duration may be between six weeks and six months. Since 1995, the interval between two World Expos has been at least five years. World Expo 2015 was held in Milan, Italy, from 1 May to 31 October 2015. Specialised Expos are smaller in scope and investments and generally shorter in duration; between three weeks and three months. Previously, these Expos were called Special Exhibitions or International Specialized Exhibitions but these terms are no longer used officially. Their total surface area must not exceed 25 hectares (62 acres) and organizers must build pavilions for
9545-483: The order. He too had promised not to interfere and also tendered his resignation. The third-ranking Department of Justice official, United States Solicitor General Robert Bork , planned to resign after firing Cox, but Richardson persuaded him not to in order to ensure proper leadership at the Department of Justice during the crisis. Bork carried out the President's order, thus completing the events generally referred to as
9660-401: The paramount issues of healthy lifestyles, green economies, sustainable living, education and innovation. List of official world expositions (Universal and International/Specialised/Horticultural) according to the Bureau International des Expositions . Most of the structures are temporary and are dismantled after the fair closes, except for landmark towers. By far the most famous of these is
9775-619: The park lawns every year, with the Knoxville Symphony Orchestra playing a free concert with a massive fireworks display. In May 2007, the East Tennessee Historical Society (ETHS) opened a temporary exhibit in its museum located in Downtown Knoxville, commemorating the 25th anniversary of the World's Fair. On July 4, 2007, one of the annual celebrations was held in conjunction with festivities commemorating
9890-493: The participating states, free of rent, charges, taxes and expenses. The largest country pavilions may not exceed 1,000 m ( 1 ⁄ 4 acre). Only one Specialised Expo can be held between two World Expos. An additional two types of international exhibition may be recognized by the BIE: horticultural exhibitions, which are joint BIE and AIPH-sanctioned 'garden' fairs in which participants present gardens and garden pavilions; and
10005-475: The pavilion of Jacques Chocolats moved to the town of Diest to house the new town swimming pool. Another pavilion was relocated to Willebroek and has been used as dance hall Carré ever since. One smaller pavilion still stands on the boulevard towards the Atomium : the restaurant "Salon 58" in the pavilion of Comptoir Tuilier. Many exhibitions and rides created by Walt Disney and his WED Enterprises company for
10120-667: The pavilion was cleared and developed for a parking lot along Cumberland Avenue, adjacent to the site of the Knoxville Convention Center in World's Fair Park . The site of the Korean and Saudi Arabian pavilions and the Tennessee Gas Industries exhibit was redeveloped into a performance lawn and hosted the Hot Summer Nights rock music festival from 1991 to 1999, when the Knoxville municipal government indefinitely suspended concerts on
10235-558: The presidential campaign of Dwight D. Eisenhower . In 1953, he briefly joined the staff of United States Senator Leverett Saltonstall before returning to private practice. In 1957, Eisenhower appointed Richardson assistant secretary for legislation in the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, where he worked to develop the National Defense Education Act and Social Security legislation. In 1959, Eisenhower appointed Richardson to serve as United States Attorney for
10350-500: The promotion of an energy-themed World's Fair as early as 1980. Officials cited the city's location along Interstate 40 and position in the most populated one-third of the United States as crucial advantages. Knoxville had also previously held an Appalachian -oriented regional exposition promoting the environmental movement in the United States in 1913. Knoxville mayor Kyle Testerman appointed local banker Jake Butcher to lead an exploratory KIEE committee. Butcher served as one of
10465-523: The proposed FY 1974 budget and other Defense matters. After only three months as Secretary of Defense, Richardson became Nixon's Attorney General, a move that would put him in the Watergate spotlight. As Attorney General, Richardson supervised the investigation by the U.S. Attorney for the District of Maryland, George Beall , into claims that Vice President Spiro Agnew accepted bribes and kickbacks as Baltimore County Executive and Governor of Maryland. By
10580-555: The semi-regular Milan Triennial (not always held every third year) art and design exhibition, held in Milan, Italy , with the BIE granting official international exhibition status to 14 editions of the Triennale between 1996 and 2016. World Expos (formally known as International Registered Exhibitions) encompass universal themes that affect the full gamut of human experience, and international and corporate participants are required to adhere to
10695-499: The show's portrayal of the city and World's Fair Park, as at the time, the Sunsphere and the main facilities at the park were in good condition and received regular maintenance. The last known attempt of redeveloping the fair site came in late 1996, as a mixed-use development named after the Tivoli gardens in Copenhagen . In 2000, the park was closed for two years for the construction of
10810-539: The special prosecutor, and, rather than breaking his promise, he resigned. Addressing the Justice Department attorneys, he said, "I can only say that you have here a situation in which the president, and I know nothing to call this into question, believed that the confidentiality of communications to the president was fundamentally important." President Nixon subsequently ordered Richardson's second-in-command, Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus , to carry out
10925-440: The specific reason that Richardson wished to be appointed as vice president, which would either give him the inside track for the Republican presidential nomination in 1976, or, should Nixon resign over Watergate, elevate Richardson to the presidency. Richardson denied taking any extraordinary steps to advance the investigation. Richardon's primary legacy as Attorney General comes from his involvement, and eventual resignation over,
11040-526: The theater was renovated between 2005 and 2007, reopening in 2007. In 2007, the amphitheater was voted one of the top fifteen architectural works of East Tennessee by the East Tennessee chapter of the American Institute of Architects . In the summer of 2002, the World's Fair Park was reopened to general events and concerts, such as Earth Fest and Greek Fest. An Independence Day celebration is held on
11155-432: The theme in their representations. Registered expositions are held every 5 years because they are more expensive as they require total design of pavilion buildings from the ground up. As a result, nations compete for the most outstanding or memorable structure—for example Japan, France, Morocco, and Spain at Expo '92 . Sometimes prefabricated structures are used to minimize costs for developing countries, or for countries from
11270-455: The time Richardson was sworn in as Attorney General, Beall's investigation had revealed that Agnew received five percent of county and state contracts from engineer Lester Matz during his time in office. Agnew had been aware of the investigation since February and had met with Richardson's predecessor, Richard Kleindienst, to reach Beall. On July 3, Beall informed Richardson that Agnew had continued receiving kickbacks as vice president, meaning he
11385-426: The ultimate value of human dignity and equality. I therefore believe as well in such essential contributions to these ends as fairness, tolerance, and mutual respect. In seeking to be fair, tolerant, and respectful I need to call upon all the empathy, understanding, rationality, skepticism, balance, and objectivity I can muster. In the same book, Richardson decries "excessive government legislation", but also notes that
11500-560: The years from 1850 to 1938. In these years, world expositions were largely focused on trade and displayed technological advances and inventions. World expositions were platforms for state-of-the-art science and technology from around the world. The world expositions of 1851 London , 1853 New York , 1862 London , 1876 Philadelphia , Paris 1878 , 1888 Barcelona , 1889 Paris , 1891 Prague , 1893 Chicago , 1897 Brussels , 1900 Paris , 1904 St. Louis , 1915 San Francisco , and 1933–1934 Chicago were notable in this respect. Inventions such as
11615-538: Was "Peace Through Understanding"; at the 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal, it was "Man and His World". These fairs encouraged effective intercultural communication along with sharing of technological innovation. The 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal was promoted under the name Expo 67 . Event organizers retired the term world's fair in favor of Expo (the Montreal Expos ,
11730-450: Was an American lawyer and Republican politician. As a member of the cabinets of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford between 1970 and 1977, Richardson is one of two men in United States history to hold four cabinet positions. As United States Attorney General, Richardson played a prominent role in the Watergate scandal when he resigned in protest against President Nixon's order to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox . His resignation precipitated
11845-456: Was deeply troubled by his decision, which conflicted with his sense of loyalty and allegiance to President Nixon. He later characterized the episode as his "brief period of notoriety." Reflecting on Watergate in his memoirs, Richardson wrote that he had attempted to persuade Nixon to take a different course before eventually refusing him. "The height of irony," Richardson wrote, "was that even a belated display of openness could have saved Nixon from
11960-596: Was defeated in the GOP primary by more conservative candidate Ray Shamie , who lost the general election to John Forbes Kerry . In a 1997 interview with Geoffrey Kabaservice, Richardson argued that the Clinton administration was to the right of the Republican administrations of Richard Nixon and Dwight D. Eisenhower . Richardson's older son, Henry S. Richardson , is a professor of philosophy at Georgetown University , where he focuses on moral and political philosophy. Richardson
12075-688: Was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1958. Richardson was also an active Freemason as a member of the Grand Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and a 33rd Degree Freemason in the Scottish Rite Northern Masonic Jurisdiction . In 1980, Richardson received an honorary degree from Bates College . In 1983, Richardson was admitted as an honorary member of
12190-461: Was elected the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts . In 1966, he was elected Attorney General of Massachusetts to succeed Brooke. As of 2023, he is the last Republican to have served as Attorney General of Massachusetts . Richardson joined the Nixon administration in 1969 as undersecretary of state. Richardson had the distinction of serving in three high-level Executive Branch posts in
12305-418: Was later struck by lightning and was cut down. The courtyard of the theater has since remained empty. Many of the pavilion sites and the fair's midway located south of the main park were given to the University of Tennessee for future campus extensions and student parking. By 1996, World's Fair Park was subject to 14 plans to redevelop the site, all of which were unsuccessful. In the same year, Knoxville and
12420-448: Was no longer shielded from prosecution by the statute of limitations . At the end of the month, White House chief of staff Alexander Haig and the President were informed, and on August 1, Beall informed Agnew's attorney that the vice president was under investigation for tax fraud and corruption. Nixon ordered Richardson to personally take responsibility for the investigation, and he met with Agnew and his attorneys on August 6 to discuss
12535-627: Was not sorry to pass up medicine as a career. It seemed too much like a book I had read before." While at Harvard, he served as president of the Harvard Law Review . After his graduation in 1947, Richardson was a law clerk for Judge Learned Hand on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter on the Supreme Court of the United States . Following his clerkships, Richardson joined
12650-714: Was on the occasion of the coronation of Leopold II as king of Bohemia . The exhibition was held in the Clementinum , and celebrated the considerable sophistication of manufacturing methods in the Czech lands during that time period. France had a tradition of national exhibitions , which culminated with the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris . This fair was followed by other national exhibitions in Europe. In 1851,
12765-536: Was published, Richardson wrote to Winters and thanked him. He continued to serve in the 4th Infantry Division throughout the European campaign and received the Bronze Star Medal and Purple Heart with oak leaf cluster . He was discharged in 1945 with the rank of first lieutenant. Following his discharge, Richardson enrolled at Harvard Law School . In choosing law over medicine, Richardson would later reflect, "I
12880-651: Was scheduled to go on tour after the fair, under the auspices of the Commerce Department. Geodesic dome housing exhibits were showcased to promote sustainable development to confront the then-ongoing energy crisis . Housing powered entirely by solar power was constructed by the United American Solar Group to promote solar energy. The TVA would support an exhibit promoting energy conservation and private greenhouse usage . Knoxville-based fast-food chain, Petro's Chili & Chips made their debut at
12995-492: Was that of Bernard Goldfine, a Boston textile manufacturer, for gifts to White House aide Sherman Adams . He remained in the role through the end of the Eisenhower administration in 1961, when he returned to Ropes & Gray as a partner . In 1962, Richardson ran for Attorney General of Massachusetts but lost the Republican primary to Edward Brooke . After returning to the firm, Richardson left permanently in 1964 after he
13110-418: Was the precedent for the many international exhibitions, later called World Expos , that have continued to be held to the present time. The character of world fairs, or expositions, has evolved since the first one in 1851. Three eras can be distinguished: the era of industrialization, the era of cultural exchange, and the era of nation branding. The first era, the era of "industrialization", roughly covered
13225-619: Was utilized by the Tennessee Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration to improve the transportation infrastructure system surrounding Knoxville in preparation for the fair. These improvements included completion of the Interstate 640 semi-beltway and improvements to the infamous "Malfunction Junction" of then I-75 (now I-275 ) and I-40 north of the fair site. The firm of Bruce McCarty designed
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