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37-507: The town was known as Kimra until the beginning of the 20th century; the name is probably of Finnic or Baltic origin. It was first mentioned in 1546 as a selo belonging to Ivan the Terrible . It belonged to Russian Tsars until 1677 and then was given to the Saltykov family. In 1847, the inhabitants bought themselves out, and Kimra quickly developed into a busy shoemaking and trading village on

74-604: A geographic , not a phylogenetic , group. The Mari or Cheremis ( Russian : черемисы , cheremisy ; Tatar : Çirmeş ) have traditionally lived along the Volga and Kama rivers in Russia. The majority of Maris today live in the Mari El Republic, with significant populations in the Tatarstan and Bashkortostan republics. The Mari people consists of three different groups:

111-742: A Swedish encyclopedia published between 1904 and 1926, now in the public domain . Pavel Gusterin Pavel Vyacheslavovich Gusterin ( Russian : Павел Вячеславович Густерин; born April 16, 1972) is a Russian orientalist . Pavel Gusterin is a graduate of the Tver State University (Department of History ; 1994), the Institute of Asian and African Countries at the Moscow State University named after Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (Department of Arab Studies; 2001), and

148-483: A number of articles in the journals «Азия и Африка сегодня» (“ Asia and Africa Today”), «Вопросы истории» (“Historical Issues”), «Высшее образование сегодня» (“Higher Education Today”), «Дипломатическая служба» (“ Diplomatic Service ”), «Исламоведение» (“ Islamic Studies ”), «Мир музея» (“World of Museum ”), «Новая и новейшая история» (“New and Contemporary History”), «Православный Палестинский сборник» (“Orthodox Palestine Collection”), “Al-Moutawasset”, etc., as well as

185-509: A territory corresponding roughly to the present-day area of the Golden Ring or Zalesye regions of Russia , including the modern-day Moscow , Yaroslavl , Kostroma , Ivanovo , and Vladimir oblasts. In the modern Vepsian language, the word meri means ' sea ' . It is likely that they were peacefully assimilated by the East Slavs after their territory became incorporated into Rus' in

222-684: A transitional group between Moksha and Erzya. They are also called Shoksha (or Shokshot ). They are isolated from the bulk of the Erzyans, and their dialect/language has been influenced by the Mokshan dialects. The Muromians ( Old East Slavic : Мурома , Muroma ) lived in the Oka River basin. They are mentioned in the Primary Chronicle and by the Rogosk Chronicler . The Muromas as an ethnic group

259-569: Is twinned with: Volga Finns The Volga Finns are a historical group of peoples living in the vicinity of the Volga , who speak Uralic languages . Their modern representatives are the Mari people , the Erzya and the Moksha (commonly grouped together as Mordvins ) as well as speakers of the extinct Merya , Muromian and Meshchera languages. The modern representatives of Volga Finns live in

296-621: Is a regular suburban passenger traffic between Moscow and Savyolovo , and a regular infrequent traffic between Savyolovo and Kashin. Savyolovo railway station is the northern terminus of the Savyolovsky suburban railway line . Paved roads connect Kimry with Tver, Taldom , Kashin, and Kalyazin . The Volga is navigable, but there is no passenger navigation. Kimry contains one cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally eighty-three objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The federal monument

333-499: Is incorporated as Kimry Urban Okrug . Kimry is an industrial town, with several enterprises of manufacturing industry (machines and equipment for manufacturing industry), timber industry (furniture), as well as production of shoes, clothing, and food. The town is served by the Kimry Airport . There are no passenger flights. A railway connecting Moscow with Kashin and further with Sonkovo and Saint-Petersburg passes Kimry. There

370-404: Is interesting because it is not observed in other Volga Finnic peoples. Like other medieval Volga Finns, animal bones were present in the burials as funeral food. Horses were buried separately, bridled and saddled, giving them a pose imitating a living animal lying on its belly with legs tucked up and head raised (it was placed on a step in the grave). In 2023, 13 Muroma tombs were excavated on

407-592: Is still called the Meshchera Lowlands . The first Russian written source which mentions them is the Tolkovaya Paleya , from the 13th century. They are also mentioned in several later Russian chronicles from the period before the 16th century. This is in stark contrast to the related tribes Merya and Muroma , which appear to have been assimilated by the East Slavs by the 10th and the 11th centuries. Ivan II , prince of Moscow, wrote in his will, 1358, about

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444-602: Is the Ascension Church , built in 1813. Kimry preserved many of the pre-1917 buildings, many of which are protected. There is a local museum in Kimry. It has expositions on local history, shoe industry, as well as has a memorial room of the aircraft designer Andrei Tupolev , born in a village near Kimry. Kimry is the birthplace of aircraft designer Andrei Tupolev (1888), writer Alexander Fadeyev (1901), orientalist Pavel Gusterin (1972), and judoka Ihar Makarau (1979). Kimry

481-516: Is unattested, and theories on its affiliation remain speculative. Some linguists think that it might have been a dialect of Mordvinic , while Pauli Rahkonen has suggested on the basis of toponymic evidence that it was a Permic or closely related language. Rahkonen's speculation has been criticized by other scientists, such as by the Russian Uralist Vladimir Napolskikh . Some toponyms which Rahkonen suggested as Permic are

518-812: The Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (Department of International relations; 2011). Pavel Gusterin was born on 16 April 1972 in Kimry , the Tver region , Russia . In 2001–2003, he was an editor of the Publishing house «Восточная литература» (“Oriental Literature”) at the Russian Academy of Sciences . After returning from his business trip to Yemen (2003–2005) he published

555-763: The Hungarians , or Bulgars , as they are listed by the Rogosk Chronicler , among the peoples who inhabited the Carpathian Basin in 897. During the excavation of the Muroma tombs, archaeologists uncovered a rich archaeological legacy. Weapons were among the best in the surrounding areas in terms of workmanship, and the jewellery, which is found in abundance in the burials, is remarkable for its ingenuity of form and meticulous workmanship. The Muroma were characterised by arc-shaped head ornaments woven from horsehair and strips of leather, which were spirally braided with bronze wire. This

592-605: The New Gallery in the city of Ivanovo opened the art project mater Volga, Sacrum during the "Night of Museums". In October 2014, a presentation of "Merya Language" was held at the III Festival of Languages at Novgorod University. The Meshchera ( Russian : мещера , meshchera or мещёра , meshchyora ) lived in the territory between the Oka River and the Klyazma River . It was a land of forests, bogs and lakes. The area

629-628: The Vikings , and in 862 they took part in the battle against them. In 882 they accompanied Oleg to Kiev, where he established his power, and in 907 they were among the participants in Oleg's Byzantine campaign. In 1235, the Friar Julian sets out to visit the Hungarians who remain in the east. In his second travelogue, he mentions that the Tatars have conquered a country called Merovia. One hypothesis classifies

666-458: The hydronyms stems: Un-, Ič-, Ul and Vil-, which can be compared to Udmurt uno 'big', iči 'little', vi̮l 'upper' and ulo 'lower'. Rahkonen also theorized the name Meshchera itself could be a Permic word, and its cognate be Komi mösör 'isthmus'. The Mordvins (also Mordva , Mordvinians ) remain one of the larger indigenous peoples of Russia . Less than one third of Mordvins live in the autonomous republic of Mordovia , Russian Federation , in

703-564: The 10th century. In the 6th century Jordanes mentioned them briefly (as Merens ); later the Primary Chronicle described them in more detail. Soviet archaeologists believed that the capital of the Merya was Sarskoe Gorodishche near the bank of the Nero Lake to the south of Rostov . The annalists also mention the Merya people in connection with some notable events: in 859 they were taxed by

740-721: The Meadow Mari, who live along the left bank of the Volga, the Mountain Mari, who live along the right bank of the Volga, and Eastern Mari, who live in the Bashkortostan republic. In the 2002 Russian census, 604,298 people identified themselves as "Mari," with 18,515 of those specifying that they were Mountain Mari and 56,119 as Eastern Mari. Almost 60% of Mari lived in rural areas. The Merya people ( Russian : меря , merya ; also Merä ) inhabited

777-459: The Merya as a western branch of the Mari people rather than as a separate tribe. Their ethnonyms are basically identical, Merya being a Russian transcription of the Mari self-designation, Мäрӹ (Märӛ) . The unattested Merya language is traditionally assumed to have been a member of the Volga-Finnic group. This view has been challenged: Eugene Helimski supposes that the Merya language

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814-612: The Meshchera concerning the Kazan campaign by Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century. These accounts concern a state of Meshchera (known under a tentative name of Temnikov Meshchera , after its central town of Temnikov ) which had been assimilated by the Mordvins and the Tatars . Prince A. M. Kurbsky wrote that the Mordvin language was spoken in the lands of the Meshchera. The Meshchera language

851-407: The banks of the Oka River , accompanied by a number of artefacts - one of which was a belt buckle, which was most similar to the belt buckles of the conquering Hungarians . Weapons such as spears and axes, as well as coins ( dirhams ) and five lead weights, among other things, were recovered from the grave of one of the presumably noble men. The Muroma settlements were located on high ground above

888-664: The basin of the Volga River . They consist of two major subgroups, the Erzya and Moksha , besides the smaller subgroups of the Qaratay , Teryukhan and Tengushevo (or Shoksha ) Mordvins who have become fully Russified or Turkified during the 19th to 20th centuries. The Erzya Mordvins ( Erzya : эрзят , Erzyat ; also Erzia , Erzä ), who speak Erzya , and the Moksha Mordvins ( Moksha : мокшет , Mokshet ), who speak Moksha , are

925-1002: The basins of the Sura and Moksha rivers , as well as (in smaller numbers) in the interfluve between the Volga and the Belaya rivers . The Mari language has two dialects, the Meadow Mari and the Hill Mari . Traditionally the Mari and the Mordvinic languages ( Erzya and Moksha ) were considered to form a Volga-Finnic or Volgaic group within the Uralic language family, accepted by linguists like Robert Austerlitz (1968), Aurélien Sauvageot & Karl Heinrich Menges (1973) and Harald Haarmann (1974), but rejected by others like Björn Collinder (1965) and Robert Thomas Harms (1974). This grouping has also been criticized by Salminen (2002), who suggests it may be simply

962-461: The floodplain meadows. Livestock farming formed the basis of the Muroma economy, with pigs, large horned cattle, and to a lesser extent, sheep being raised. Horses played a special role, and they were also bred for meat. The Slash-and-burn agriculture played a minor role in their economy. Their commercial hunting was aimed at fur hunting . The Primary Chronicle about the Muromians: " Along

999-407: The left bank of the Volga (a boot appears on the town's coat of arms ). Théophile Gautier wrote in his Voyage en Russie (1867): "Kimra est célèbre pour ses bottes comme Ronda pour ses guêtres" (Kimra is famous for its shoes as Ronda for its gaiters ). The district on the right bank of the Volga, known as Savyolovo , started to develop in 1901, when a railway connected the place to Moscow. Kimry

1036-478: The reference book «Йеменская Республика и её города» (“Republic of Yemen and Its Towns”, Moscow , 2006), the encyclopaedic reference book «Города Арабского Востока» (“Towns of Arab East”, Moscow, 2007), and collection of essays "Первый российский востоковед Дмитрий Кантемир / First Russian Orientalist Dmitry Kantemir " (Moscow, 2008), etc. In 2006–2013, he was a researcher of the Centre for Arab and Islamic Studies of

1073-770: The river Oka , which flows into the Volga , the Muroma , the Cheremisians, and the Mordva preserve their native languages." The Rogosk Chronicler about the Muromians: " In the year 6405 [897] there were Slavs living along the Danube , as well as the Ugrics , Muromas and the Danubian Bulgars . " [REDACTED] This article contains content from the Owl Edition of Nordisk familjebok ,

1110-623: The subject in Finno-Ugric networks. 2010 saw the release of the film Ovsyanki (literal translation: 'The Buntings ', English title: Silent Souls ), based on the novel of the same name, devoted to the imagined life of modern Merya (or Meadow Mari) people. In the early 21st century, a new type of social movement, the so-called "Merya Ethnofuturism ", has emerged. It is distributed across central regions of Russia, for example, in Moscow , Pereslavl-Zalessky , Kostroma Oblast , and Plyos . In May 2014,

1147-632: The two major groups. The Qaratay Mordvins live in Kama Tamağı District of Tatarstan , and have shifted to speaking Tatar , albeit with a large proportion of Mordvin vocabulary ( substratum ). The Teryukhan, living in the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast of Russia, switched to Russian in the 19th century. The Teryukhans recognize the term Mordva as pertaining to themselves, whereas the Qaratay also call themselves Muksha . The Tengushevo Mordvins are

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1184-616: The village Meshcherka, which he had bought from the native Meshcherian chieftain Alexander Ukovich . The village appears to have been converted to the Christian Orthodox faith and to have been a vassal of Muscovy . The Meschiera (along with Mordua , Sibir , and a few other harder-to-interpret groups) are mentioned in the "Province of Russia" on the Venetian Fra Mauro Map (ca. 1450). Several documents mention

1221-506: Was abolished, and the area was transferred to Moscow Oblast . Uyezds were abolished as well, and Kimrsky District, with the administrative center in Kimry, was established within Kimry Okrug of Moscow Oblast . On July 23, 1930, the okrugs were abolished, and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. On January 29, 1935 Kalinin Oblast was established, and Kimrsky District

1258-684: Was closer to the "northwest" group of Finno-Ugric ( Balto-Finnic and Sami ), and Gábor Bereczki supposes that the Merya language was a part of the Balto-Finnic group. The Meryans were stated to have fought with the Bulgars in wars against Tatars . Some of the inhabitants of several districts of Kostroma and Yaroslavl oblasts present themselves as Meryan, although in recent censuses, they were registered as Russians . The modern Merya people have their websites displaying their flag, coat of arms and national anthem, and participate in discussions on

1295-509: Was formed around the seventh century AD, according to the date of the Muroma cemeteries. The old town of Murom still bears their name. The Muromians paid tribute to the Rus' princes and, like the neighbouring Merya tribe, were assimilated by the East Slavs in the 11th to 12th century as their territory was incorporated into the Rus' . A group of them migrated to the Carpathian Basin with

1332-493: Was granted town status in 1917. A number of old churches and other buildings still exist in the town. In the 18th century, Kimra was included into Moscow Governorate . In 1775 it was transferred to newly established Tver Viceroyalty . In 1796, the Viceroyalty was abolished and transformed into Tver Governorate . On December 30, 1918 Kimrsky Uyezd with the center in Kimry was established. On 12 August 1929, Tver Governorate

1369-432: Was transferred to Kalinin Oblast. In 1990, Kalinin Oblast was renamed Tver Oblast. Within the framework of administrative divisions , Kimry serves as the administrative center of Kimrsky District , even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as Kimry Okrug —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , Kimry Okrug

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