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76-483: The republic borders the oblasts of Kirov , Ulyanovsk , Samara and Orenburg , as well as the republics of Mari El , Udmurtia , Chuvashia and Bashkortostan . The area of the republic is 68,000 square kilometres (26,000 sq mi), occupying 0.4% of the total surface of the country. As of the 2021 Census , the population of Tatarstan was 4,004,809. Tatarstan has strong cultural, linguistic and ethnic ties with its eastern neighbour, Bashkortostan , which

152-517: A federal union with representation in the Federation Council , and serve as a first-level administrative division . Each oblast features a state government holding authority over a defined geographic territory, with a state legislature , the Oblast Duma , that is democratically elected. The governor is the highest executive position of the state government in an oblast and is elected by

228-784: A Moscow prison. Şahğäli occupied the Kazan throne until February 1552. Anti-Moscow elements in the Kazan government exiled Şahğäli and invited the Astrakhan prince Yadegar Mokhammad , along with the Nogays , to aid them. In August 1552, forces of Ivan the Terrible , operating from the Russian castle of Sviyazhsk , laid siege to Kazan. The Russians defeated the Tatar inland troops and burnt Archa and some castles. On October 3, after two months of siege and destruction of

304-464: A cabinet council, or Diwan . The nobility comprised the ranks of bäk ( beg ), ämir ( emir ), and morza . Military estates consisted of the uğlan ( ulan ), bahadir , içki ( ichki ). Muslim clergy also played a major role. They were divided into säyet (seid), şäyex ( sheikh ), qazí ( qazi ), and imams . The ulema , or clergy, played a judicial role and maintained the madrassas (schools) and maktabs (libraries). The majority of

380-547: A capital having been established in Kazan , 170 km up the Volga from the ruined capital of the Bulgars. The Khanate of Kazan was conquered by the troops of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible in the 1550s, with Kazan being taken in 1552. Some Tatars were forcibly converted to Christianity and cathedrals were built in Kazan; by 1593, mosques in the area were destroyed. The Russian government forbade

456-407: A degree of independence within the disintegrating Golden Horde by the turn of the 15th century. The principality was self-governed and maintained a dynasty of Bolgar rulers. Whatever the status of this proto-state, the founder of the khanate was Ulugh Muhammad , who assumed the title of khan and usurped the throne of Kazan with some help from local nobility in 1437 or 1438. It has been suggested that

532-716: A part of the Russian Federation, removing the "sovereignty" term. On 15 February 1994, the Treaty On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Authority between the State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan and Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan ( On Delimitation of Authority in

608-474: A prohibition that was not lifted until the 18th century by Catherine the Great . The first mosque to be rebuilt under Catherine's auspices was constructed in 1766–1770. In the 19th century, Tatarstan became a centre of Jadidism , an Islamic movement that preached tolerance of other religions. Under the influence of local Jadidist theologians, the Bulgars were renowned for their friendly relations with other peoples of

684-488: A small minority known as Keräşen Tatars are Orthodox Christians , some of whom regard themselves as being distinct from other Tatars even though most Keräşen dialects differ only slightly from the Central Dialect of the Tatar language. There is a fair degree of speculation as to the early origins of the different groups of Tatars, but most Tatars no longer view religious identity as being as important as it once was, and

760-699: A union between the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate tried to exploit the population's grievances to provoke revolts (in 1496, 1500, and 1505), but with negligible results. In 1521, Kazan emerged from the dominance of Moscow, concluding a mutual aid treaty with the Astrakhan Khanate , the Crimean Khanate and the Nogay Horde . The combined forces of khan Muhamed Giray and his Crimean allies then attacked Muscovy. The reinforcement of Crimea displeased

836-461: Is oil . Tatarstan produces 32 million tonnes of crude oil per year and has estimated oil reserves of more than 1 billion tons. Industrial production constitutes 45% of the Republic's gross regional domestic product . The most developed manufacturing industries are petrochemical industry and machine building. The truck-maker KamAZ is the region's largest enterprise and employs about one-fifth of Tatarstan's workforce. Kazanorgsintez , based in Kazan,

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912-568: Is a constituent republic of the Russian Federation . Most of the Russian federal subjects are tied with the Russian federal government by the uniform Federal Treaty, but relations between the government of Tatarstan and the Russian federal government are more complex and are precisely defined in the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan. The following passage from the Constitution defines

988-530: Is also a republic of Russia. The official languages of the republic are Tatar and Russian . "Tatarstan" derives from the name of the ethnic group—the Tatars —and the Persian suffix -stan (meaning "state" or "country" of, an ending common to many Eurasian countries). Another version of the Russian name is " Татария " ( Tataria ), which was official along with " Tatar ASSR " during Soviet rule. The republic

1064-477: Is an old industrial region where engineering, chemical, and light industry dominate. In the newly industrial northeast region with its core in the Naberezhnye Chelny – Nizhnekamsk agglomeration , major industries are automobile construction, the chemical industry, and power engineering. The southeast region has oil production with engineering under development. The north, central, south, and southwest parts of

1140-695: Is located in the centre of the East European Plain , approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi) east of Moscow . It lies between the Volga River and the Kama River (a tributary of the Volga), and extends east to the Ural Mountains . Oak is the dominant tree species on 87% of the total area, followed by aspen , linden , birch , and Scots pine . The total forest cover has decreased from 51.2% to 17.1% over

1216-469: Is one of Russia's largest chemical companies. Tatarstan's aviation industry produces Tu-214 passenger airplanes and helicopters. The Kazan Helicopter Plant is one of the largest helicopter manufacturers in the world. Engineering, textiles, clothing, wood processing , and food industries are also of key significance in Tatarstan. Tatarstan consists of three distinct industrial regions. The northwestern part

1292-421: Is the second largest active religion in Tatarstan, and has been so for more than 150 years, with an estimated 1.6 million followers made up of ethnic Russians , Mordvins , Armenians , Belarusians , Mari people , Georgians , Chuvash and a number of Orthodox Tatars which together constitute 38% of the 3.8 million population of Tatarstan. On 23 August 2010, the "Orthodox monuments of Tatarstan" exhibition

1368-521: The 2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia and a federal law in 2021 which abolished regional presidencies. The title of president was seen as the last remaining symbol of federalism following the centralisation reforms under Vladimir Putin . Incumbent president Rustam Minnikhanov originally was to retain the title of president until his term expires in 2025 under transitional agreements, however he became Rais in February 2024. The Republic of Tatarstan

1444-563: The Ginghizide tradition, the local Turkic tribes were also called Tatars by the steppe nobility and, later, by the Russian elite. Part of the higher nobility hailed from the Golden Horde . It included members of four leading noble families: Arghin, Barin, Qipchaq, and Shirin. Peoples subject to the khan included the Chuvash , Mari , Mordvins , Mishar Tatars , Udmurt , and Bashkir . Some of

1520-636: The Komi tribes were also incorporated into the Khanate. The Mishars had arrived during the period of the Golden Horde and gradually assimilated the resident Mordvins and Burtas . Their territory was governed by former steppe Tatars. Some Mishar duchies were never controlled from Kazan and instead gravitated towards the Qasim Khanate or Muscovite Russia . Most of the khanate territory was covered by forests, and only

1596-535: The Muscovite War of Succession against his cousins, was defeated in a battle near Suzdal , and was forced to pay ransom to the Kazan khan. In July 1487, Grand Duke Ivan III of Moscow occupied Kazan and seated a puppet leader, Möxämmädämin , on the Kazan throne. After that, the Kazan Khanate became a protectorate of Moscow, and Russian merchants were allowed to trade freely throughout its territory. Supporters of

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1672-997: The Soviet Union dissolved into sovereign states along the lines of the SSRs, they became the first-level administrative divisions. The oblasts of the Russian SFSR , which transitioned into the Russian Federation, became the first-level administrative divisions of the new country and received greater devolved power . During the Russian invasion of Ukraine , Russia annexed the Donetsk , Kherson , Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia regions of Ukraine. While Donetsk and Luhansk were incorporated as republics, having their respective separate constitutions adopted since 2014 back when they were two breakaway states of Ukraine, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia were annexed de jure , but not de facto , as regular oblasts. Including these,

1748-707: The Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1921–1922 as a result of the policy of war communism . The famine deaths of between 500,000 and 2 million Tatars in the Tatar ASSR and in the Volga-Ural region in 1921–1922 was catastrophic as half of the Volga Tatar population in the USSR died. Starting in the 1960s, schools opened in Tatarstan that taught Russian as an official second language , as it

1824-565: The Tatars inherited Islam . Islam was introduced by missionaries from Baghdad around the time of Ibn Fadlan 's journey in 922. Islam's long presence in Russia also extends at least as far back as the conquest of the Khanate of Kazan in 1552, which brought the Tatars and Bashkirs on the Middle Volga into Russia. In the 1430s, the region became independent as the base of the Khanate of Kazan ,

1900-690: The citadel walls , the Russians entered the city. Some defenders managed to escape but most were put to the sword. Yadegar Moxammad was imprisoned and the population was slaughtered. After the fall of Kazan, territories such as Udmurtia and Bashkortostan joined Russia without a conflict. The administration of the khanate was wiped out; pro-Moscow and neutral nobles kept their lands, but others were executed. Tatars were then resettled far away from rivers, roads and Kazan. Free lands were settled by Russians and sometimes by pro-Russian Tatars. Orthodox bishops such as Germogen forcibly baptized many Tatars. Part of

1976-422: The 1830s. The Jews of Udmurtia and Tatarstan are subdivided by cultural and linguistic characteristics into two territorial groups: 1) Udmurt Jews (Udmurt Jewry), who lived on the territory of Udmurtia and the north of Tatarstan; 2) Tatar Jews, or Kazan Jews (Tatar Jewry or Kazan Jewry), who lived mainly in the city of Kazan and its agglomeration. In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan,

2052-647: The Bolsheviks (who had turned on the state and denounced it as bourgeois) before the official declaration of its constitution. The Soviets later set up the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , which was established on 27 May 1920. The boundaries of the republic did not include a majority of the Volga Tatars. The Tatar Union of the Godless were persecuted in Joseph Stalin 's 1928 purges . A famine occurred in

2128-721: The Keräşen are still included in the grand total for the Tatars. Another unique ethnic group, concentrated in Tatarstan, is the Qaratay Mordvins . Tatar and Udmurt Jews are special territorial groups of the Ashkenazi Jews , which started to be formed in the residential areas of mixed Turkic-speaking ( Tatars , Kryashens , Bashkirs , Chuvash people ), Finno-Ugric-speaking ( Udmurts , Mari people ) and Slavic-speaking ( Russians ) populations. The Ashkenazi Jews first appeared in Tatarstan in

2204-445: The Khanate had to pay the yasaq . The Khanate was divided into 5 daruğa : Alat, Arça, Gäreç, Cöri and Nuğay. The term daruğa translates as "direction". They replaced the "duchies" that the khanate originated from. Some feudal lords sporadically asserted independence from Kazan, but such attempts would be promptly suppressed. The military of the khanate consisted of armament and men from the darughas and subject lands, khan guards, and

2280-555: The Kremlin claims a total of 48 oblasts. The four regions remain internationally recognized as part of Ukraine and are only partially occupied by Russia and its control of the territory is not totally assured. Khanate of Kazan The Khanate of Kazan was a Tatar state that occupied the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552. The khanate covered contemporary Tatarstan , Mari El , Chuvashia , Mordovia , and parts of Udmurtia and Bashkortostan ; its capital

2356-428: The Republic of Tatarstan and shall be an inalienable qualitative status of the Republic of Tatarstan." Tatarstan is one of the most economically developed regions of Russia. The republic is highly industrialised and ranks second to Samara Oblast in terms of industrial production per km. In 2021, Tatarstan's gross regional product was €40 billion, while GRP per capita was €10,000. The region's main source of wealth

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2432-421: The Republic of Tatarstan). 334 collective accommodation facilities received the certificate of assignment of the category, which is 88.1% of the total number of operating. Oblasts of Russia In Russia, the oblasts are 46 administrative territories; they are one type of federal subject , the highest-level administrative division of Russian territory. Oblasts are constituent political entities in

2508-853: The Russian Empire. However, after the October Revolution religion was largely outlawed and all theologians were repressed. During the Civil War of 1918–1920 Tatar nationalists attempted to establish an independent republic (the Idel-Ural State , Idel being the name of the Volga in Tatar) along with the neighbouring Bashkirs . Initially supported by the Bolsheviks , the state existed up until March 1918, when high-ranking members of its parliament were arrested by

2584-508: The Russian faction Narodovlastie (People's Power). Some 62% of those who took part voted in favour of the constitution, with ethnic Tatars supporting it much more than Russians. In the new constitution, Tatarstan is defined as a Sovereign State. However, the referendum and constitution were declared unconstitutional by the Russian Constitutional Court . Articles 1 and 3 of the Constitution as introduced in 2002 define Tatarstan as

2660-588: The Sphere of Foreign Economic Relations ) were signed. The power-sharing agreement was renewed on 11 July 2007, though with much of the power delegated to Tatarstan reduced. On 20 December 2008, in response to Russia recognising Abkhazia and South Ossetia , the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People organisation declared Tatarstan independent and asked for United Nations recognition. However, this declaration

2736-472: The State Bodies of the Russian Federation and the State Bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan , and a subject of the Russian Federation. The sovereignty of the Republic of Tatarstan shall consist in full possession of the State authority (legislative, executive and judicial) beyond the competence of the Russian Federation and powers of the Russian Federation in the sphere of shared competence of the Russian Federation and

2812-484: The Tatar-speaking community... in keeping with normative gender roles within the Tatar republic." As of 2012, Islam was the most common faith in Tatarstan, adhered to by 53.8% of the estimated 3.8 million population. Most of the remaining population is either Russian Orthodox Christian or non-religious. Established in 922, the first Muslim state within the boundaries of modern Russia was Volga Bulgaria from which

2888-416: The Volga from the ruined capital of the Bulgars. The Khanate of Kazan was conquered by the troops of Tsar Ivan the Terrible in the 1550s, with Kazan being taken in 1552. A large number of Tatars were forcibly converted to Christianity and were culturally Russified . Cathedrals were built in Kazan; by 1593 all mosques in the area were destroyed. The Russian government forbade the construction of mosques,

2964-513: The armies of the Mongol prince Batu Khan in the late 1230s (see Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria ). The inhabitants, a large amount of them killed and the rest mixing with the Golden Horde 's Kipchaks , became known as the Volga Tatars . In the 1430s, the region again became independent as the base of the Khanate of Kazan , a capital having been established in Kazan , 170 km (110 mi) up

3040-723: The boundaries of Tatarstan was Volga Bulgaria (c. 700–1238). The Volga Bulgars had an advanced mercantile state with trade contacts throughout Inner Eurasia , the Middle East , and the Baltic , which maintained its independence despite pressure by such nations as the Khazars , the Kievan Rus , and the Cuman - Kipchaks . Islam was introduced by missionaries from Baghdad around the time of Ibn Fadlan 's journey in 922. Volga Bulgaria finally fell to

3116-516: The citizens themselves. Regarding the history of the khanate, there is a scarcity of sources. Not only no single document of the khanate survived the Russian conquest, but even the documents of early Russian colonial administration (Prikaz Kazanskogo Dvortsa) were all destroyed during the Time of Troubles . During the reign of Ulugh Muhammad and his son Maxmud, Kazan forces raided Muscovy and its subject lands several times. Vasily II of Moscow engaged in

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3192-537: The construction of mosques, a prohibition that was not lifted until the 18th century by Catherine II . In 1990, there were only 100 mosques, but by 2004 this number had risen to well over 1,000. As of 1 January 2008, as many as 1,398 religious organizations were registered in Tatarstan, of which 1,055 were Muslim . In September 2010, Eid al-Fitr as well 21 May, the day the Volga Bulgars embraced Islam, were made public holidays. The Russian Orthodox Church

3268-450: The economy is represented mostly by large companies as Ak Bars Holding and "Krasnyi Vostok Agro". The republic has a highly developed transport network. It mainly comprises highways, railway lines, four navigable rivers  — Volga (İdel), Kama (Çulman), Vyatka (Noqrat) and Belaya (Ağidel), and oil pipelines and airlines. The territory of Tatarstan is crossed by the main gas pipelines carrying natural gas from Urengoy and Yamburg to

3344-525: The larger guberniyas (governorates) within the first-level krais . Following the numerous administration reforms during the Soviet era , the number of oblasts gradually increased as they became the primary top-level administrative division of the Soviet Socialist Republics (SSRs), the constituent political entities of the Soviet Union . These oblasts held very little autonomy or power, but when

3420-637: The last 300 years. The Volga-Kama Nature Reserve is situated in Tatarstan. Major rivers include: Major reservoirs of the republic include: The biggest lake is Kaban . The biggest swamp is Kulyagash . The major natural resources of Tatarstan include oil , natural gas and gypsum . It is estimated that the republic has over one billion tons of oil deposits. Tatarstan's administrative and territorial divisions form 43 municipal districts and 2 urban districts (Kazan and Naberezhnye Chelny), as well as 39 urban settlements and 872 rural settlements. The republic also recognises cities of republican significance,

3496-452: The list of which is established by the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan . The districts consist of cities of district significance, urban-type settlements and rural settlements with subordinate territories that make up the primary level in the system of administrative-territorial structure of the Republic. Cities of national significance can be geographically divided into districts in the city. The earliest known organised state within

3572-476: The main rivers of the khanate, as well as the major trade ways. The majority of the population were Kazan Tatars . Their self-identity was not restricted to Tatars; many identified themselves simply as Muslims or as "the people of Kazan". Islam was the state religion. The local feudal nobility consisted of ethnic Bulgars, but the court and bodyguard of the Kazan khans were composed of steppe Tatar ( Kipchaks , and later of Nogais ) that lived in Kazan. According to

3648-483: The most common type of the 85 federal subjects in Russia. The majority of oblasts are named after their administrative center , the official term for a capital city in an oblast, which is generally the largest city. Exceptions to this include Leningrad Oblast and Moscow Oblast , which have no official capital, and Sakhalin Oblast , which is named after a geographic location. Leningrad Oblast and Sverdlovsk Oblast retain

3724-539: The parties and fifty for deputies from the republic's localities. The Chairman of the State Council is Farit Mukhametshin , who has served since 27 May 1998. The government is the Сabinet of Ministers. The prime minister of the Republic of Tatarstan is Alexei Pesoshin. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Rais can be elected only by the people of Tatarstan, but due to Russian federal law, this law

3800-660: The people of Central Asia , the Caucasus , and Russia . In the 16th century, Russia became the main trading partner of Kazan, and the khanate shared the economic system of Moscow. The major markets were the Taşayaq Bazaar in Kazan and the Markiz Isle fair on the Volga River. Agricultural landownership was based on the söyurğal and hereditary estates. The khan governed the state. He based his actions on decisions and consultations of

3876-559: The people. Oblasts are divided into raions (districts), cities of oblast significance (district-equivalent independent cities ), and autonomous okrugs , which are legally federal subjects equal to an oblast but are administratively subservient to one. Two oblasts have autonomous okrugs: Arkhangelsk Oblast ( Nenets Autonomous Okrug ) and Tyumen Oblast ( Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug ). The term oblast can be translated into English as " province " or " region ", and there are currently 46 oblasts,

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3952-405: The population comprised qara xalıq (black people), a free Muslim population who lived on state land. The feudal lands were mostly settled by çura (serfs). Prisoners of war were usually sold to Turkey or into Central Asia . Occasionally they were sold within the Khanate as slaves ( qol ) and sometimes were settled on feudal lands to become çura later. The Muslim and non-Muslim population of

4028-455: The population continued to resist Russian rule until 1556. Rebel governments were formed in Chalem and Mishatamaq , but as the Nogays under Ğäli Äkräm often raided the agricultural population, the coalition went to ruin. After a brutal repression against the Kazan rebels, their commanders were executed. By some estimates, the population of the former khanate declined by several thousand during

4104-464: The previous names of Saint Petersburg and Yekaterinburg , respectively. Oblasts are typically areas that are predominantly populated by ethnic Russians and native Russian language speakers, and are mostly located in European Russia . The largest oblast by geographic size is Tyumen Oblast at 1,435,200 km (excluding autonomous okrugs Irkutsk Oblast is the largest at 767,900 km ) and

4180-419: The pro-Moscow elements of the Kazan Khanate, and some of these noblemen provoked a revolt in 1545. The result was the deposition of Safa Giray . A Moscow supporter, Şahğäli , occupied the throne. Following that year, Moscow organized several campaigns to impose control over Kazan, but the attempts were unsuccessful. With the help of the Nogays , Safa Giray returned to the throne. He executed 75 noblemen, and

4256-400: The religious and linguistic subgroups have intermingled considerably. Nevertheless, despite many decades of assimilation and intermingling, some Keräşen demanded and were awarded the option of being specifically enumerated in 2002. This has provoked great controversy, however, as many intellectuals have sought to portray the Tatars as homogeneous and indivisible. Although listed separately below,

4332-449: The republic are rural regions. The republic has huge water resources—the annual flow of rivers of the Republic exceeds 240 billion m (8.5 trillion cu ft). Soils are very diverse, the best fertile soils covering one-third of the territory. Due to the high development of agriculture in Tatarstan (it contributes 5.1% of the total revenue of the republic), forests occupy only 16% of its territory. The agricultural sector of

4408-445: The republic's status without contradicting the Constitution of the Russian Federation: "The Republic of Tatarstan is a democratic constitutional State associated with the Russian Federation by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan On Delimitation of Jurisdictional Subjects and Mutual Delegation of Powers between

4484-413: The rest of his opposition escaped to Russia. In 1549 he died, and his 3-year-old son Ütämeşgäräy was recognized as khan. His regent and the de facto ruler of the khanate was his mother Söyembikä . The administration of the ulan Qoşçaq gained a degree of independence under her rule. At that time Safa Giray's relatives (including Devlet I Giray ) were in Crimea . Their invitation to the throne of Kazan

4560-482: The smallest is Kaliningrad Oblast at 15,100 km . The most populous oblast is Moscow Oblast at 7,095,120 and the least populous is Magadan Oblast at 156,996. Krais , another type of federal subject, are legally identical to oblasts. The difference between a political entity with the name "oblast" and one named " krai " is purely traditional. In the Russian Empire , oblasts were a third-level administrative division, organized in 1849 and few in number, dividing

4636-409: The southern border. Since the khanate was established, Tatar Cossack troops defended the khanate from the Nogais. Russian sources indicate that at least five languages were used in the Kazan khanate. The first and foremost was the Tatar language , including the Middle dialect of the Kazan Tatars and the Western dialect of the Mishars. Its written form ( Old Tatar language ) was the favoured language of

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4712-446: The southern part adjoined the steppe . The main population of the steppes were the nomadic Manghites, also known as Nogais, who sometimes recognized the rule of the Kazan khan, but more often raided agricultural Tatars and Chuvash, as they had done in the Golden Horde period. Later, Nogais were transplanted and replaced with Kalmyks . More recently, this area was settled by Tatars, Chuvash and Russians, who erected defensive walls to guard

4788-451: The state. The Chuvash language was a descendant of the Bolgar language , spoken by the pagan Chuvash people . The Bolgar language also strongly influenced the Middle dialect of Tatar language. The other three were probably the Mari language , the Mordvin languages and the Bashkir language , likewise developed from the Bolgar and Kipchak languages . The former territories of Volga Bulgaria (Kazan Ulus or Kazan Duchy) may have regained

4864-455: The tourism sector is 17.0%. At the end of 2016, on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan there were 104 tour operators, of which 32 dealt in domestic tourism, 65 in domestic and inbound tourism, 1 in domestic and outbound tourism, and 6 in all three. As of 1 January 2017, 404 collective accommodation facilities (CSR) operate in the Republic of Tatarstan; 379 CSR are subject to classification (183 in Kazan, 196 in other municipalities of

4940-422: The transfer of power from the local Bolgar dynasty to Muhammad was finalized by his son Maxmud in 1445. Throughout its history, the khanate was prone to civil turmoil and struggles for the throne. The khans were replaced 19 times in 115 years. There were a total of fifteen reigning khans , some ascending the throne multiple times. The Khan was often elected from the Gengizides by vernacular nobility and even by

5016-441: The troops of the nobility. The number of soldiers was never constant, ranging from 20,000 to 60,000 in number. Often, troops from Nogay , the Crimea and Russia also served the Kazan khans. Firearms (arquebuse) were used for defending the walls of Kazan. In general, the culture of the Kazan Khanate descended from that of Volga Bulgaria . Cultural elements of the Golden Horde were also present in noble circles. A large part of

5092-583: The two state languages of the republic are Tatar and Russian . According to the 2002 Russian Federal Law ( On Languages of Peoples of the Russian Federation ), the official script is Cyrillic . Linguistic anthropologist Dr. Suzanne Wertheim notes that "some men signal ideological devotion to the Tatar cause by refusing to accommodate to Russian-dominant public space or Russian speakers", whilst women, in promoting "the Tatar state and Tatar national culture, index their pro-Tatar ideological stances more diplomatically, and with linguistic practices situated only within

5168-478: The urban population was literate. Large libraries were present in mosques and madrassahs . Kazan became a center of science and theology. Although Islamic influence predominated, lay literature also developed. The most prominent Old Tatar language poets were Möxämmädyar , Ömmi Kamal , Möxämmädämin , Ğärifbäk , and Qolşärif . Möxämmädyar renovated the traditions of Kazan poetry, and his verses were very popular. The city of Bolghar retained its position as

5244-491: The wars. The administration, known as the Kazan Palace's Office undertook the forced Russification and Christianization of the Tatars and other peoples. The term Tsardom of Kazan was in use until 1708 when the Kazan Governorate was formed. The Khanate's urban population produced clay ware, wood and metal handiworks, leather, armor, ploughs and jewels. The major cities included Qazan , Arça , Cükätaw , Qaşan , Çallı, Alat and Cöri. The urban population also traded with

5320-403: The west and the major oil pipelines supplying oil to various cities in the European part of Russia. There are three UNESCO world heritage sites in Tatarstan— Kazan Kremlin , Bulgarian State Museum-Reserve, and Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk. The annual growth rate of tourist flow to the republic is on average 13.5%; the growth rate of the volume of services in

5396-420: Was held in Kazan by the Tatarstan Ministry of Culture and the Kazan Eparchy. At all public events, an Orthodox Priest is called upon along with an Islamic Mufti . The Muslim Religious Board of Tatarstan frequently organizes activities, like the ' Islamic graffiti Contest' which was held on 20 November 2011. Tatarstan's unicameral State Council consists of 100 seats: fifty for representatives of

5472-786: Was ignored both by the United Nations and the Russian government . On 24 July 2017, the autonomy agreement signed in 1994 between Moscow and Kazan expired, making Tatarstan the last republic of Russia to lose its special status. Population : 4,004,809 ( 2021 Census ) ; 3,786,488 ( 2010 Census ) ; 3,779,265 ( 2002 Census ) ; 3,637,809 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Note: TFR source. There are about 2 million ethnic Tatars and 1.5 million ethnic Russians in Tatarstan, along with significant numbers of Chuvash , Mari , and Udmurts , some of whom are Tatar -speaking. The Ukrainian , Mordvin , and Bashkir minorities are also significant. Most Tatars are Sunni Muslims , but

5548-718: Was necessary in order to individually advance in the broader Soviet society. By the 1980s, few schools still taught the Tatar language . On 30 August 1990, Tatarstan declared its sovereignty with the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic and in 1992 Tatarstan held a referendum on the new constitution, promoted by Tatarstan's President Shaymiyev and supervised by Helsinki Commission staff. Parliament opposition revolved around

5624-481: Was suspended for an indefinite term. The Russian law on the election of governors says they should be elected by regional parliaments and that the candidate for Rais can be presented only by the president of Russia . In December 2022, regional lawmakers voted to change the title of the head of the republic from president to rais (an Arabic title for "leader"); lawmakers were expected to adopt new amendments to Tatarstan's constitution so that it would be in line with

5700-560: Was the city of Kazan . It was one of the successor states of the Golden Horde (Mongol state), and it came to an end when it was conquered by the Tsardom of Russia . The territory of the Khanate comprised the Muslim Bulgar -populated lands of the Bolğar , Cükätäw , Kazan , and Qaşan duchies and other regions that originally belonged to Volga Bulgaria . The Volga , Kama and Vyatka were

5776-460: Was vitiated by a large portion of vernacular nobility. Under Qoşçaq's government relations with Russia continued to worsen. A group of disgruntled noblemen at the beginning of 1551 invited a supporter of Tsar Ivan the Terrible , Şahğäli , for the second time. At the same time the lands to the west of the Volga River ( Taw yağı ) were ceded to Russia. Ütämeşgäräy, along with his mother, was sent to

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