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49-541: The Kharkiv Regiment appeared between 1651 and 1659 years. In 1732 it consisted of 19 sotnias . In 1765, the sloboda regiments was abolished, and its territory was reformed into the Sloboda Ukraine Governorate . The settlement of future regimental lands by settlers from the territory of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth took place against the backdrop of uninterrupted military operations in

98-616: A Kosh Otaman as the host's leader. He was aided by a head secretary ( pysar ), head judge, and head archivist. During military operations the Otaman carried unlimited power supported by his staff as the military collegiate. He decided with an agreement from the Rada whether to support a certain Hetman (such as Bohdan Khmelnytsky ) or other leaders of state. Some sources refer to the Zaporozhian Sich as

147-509: A "Cossack republic", because the highest power in it belonged to the assembly of all its members, and its leaders ( starshyna ) were elected. The Cossacks formed a society (hromada) that consisted of " kurins " (each with several hundred Cossacks). A Cossack military court severely punished violence and stealing among compatriots, the bringing of women to the Sich, the consumption of alcohol in periods of conflict, and other offenses. The administration of

196-532: A central fortress, the Zaporozhian Sich. Prince Dmytro Vyshnevetsky established the first Zaporozhian Sich on the island of Small (Mala) Khortytsia in 1552, building a fortress at Niz Dnieprovsky (Lower Dnieper) and placing a Cossack garrison there; Tatar forces destroyed the fortress in 1558. The Tomakivka Sich was built on a now-inundated island to the south, near the modern city of Marhanets ; Tatars also razed that sich, in 1593. A third sich soon followed, on Bazavluk island, which survived until 1638, when it

245-487: A heroic warriors and defender of the fatherland. The group carried out many terrorist operations. Cossacks would break up in smaller units, referring to half-sotnias. They used campaigns that were unparalleled in its brutality and scope, the morale of the Cossacks became to decrease. In the mid-1880s, Russia, Germany, Austria, and France worked together to create peace, with 1,772 squadrons and sotnias of Cavalry. They increased

294-632: A high mortality rate among builders, and only an estimated 40% of Cossacks returned home. After the Battle of Poltava in 1709, the Chortomlyk Sich (sometimes referred to as the "Old Sich" ( Stara Sich )) was destroyed and Baturyn , the capital of Hetman Ivan Mazepa , was razed. Another sich was built at the mouth of the Kamianets river but was destroyed in 1711 by the Russian government. The Cossacks then fled to

343-574: A new Danube Sich , as a protectorate of the Ottoman Empire. Others moved to Hungary to form a Sich there as a protectorate of the Austrian Empire . According to folklore, some moved to Malta , because Kosh otamans and other senior members of the starshyna considered themselves a kind of Maltese chivalry . The leader of the Zaporozhian Host, Petro Kalnyshevsky, was arrested and exiled to

392-467: A section or reinforced squad of 10 to 12 men). Every riy usually had one light machine gun, two or three other special weapons, and at least seven assault rifles. In the wake of the 2014 invasion of Ukraine by Russia , which killed around 20,000 Ukrainians, the Ukrainian heroes became known as the "Heavenly Hundred" ( Ukrainian : небесна сотня, nebesna sotnia ). Nebesna being defined as heavenly, in

441-651: A sich at Mykytyn Rih, near the present-day city of Nikopol . From there he began an uprising against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that led to the establishment of the Cossack Hetmanate (1648–1764). After the Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1654, the Zaporozhian Host was split into the Hetmanate, with its capital at Chyhyryn , and the more autonomous region of Zaporizhzhia , which continued to be centred on

490-456: A sotnik, a Sotnia otaman , an osavul, a chancellor and a khorunzhy. The positions of the duties coincided with the regimental ones: Sotnia Sotnia ( Ukrainian and Russian : сотня , lit.   'a hundred', Croatian : satnija ) was a military unit and administrative division in some Slavic countries. Sotnia, deriving back to 1248, has been used in a variety of contexts in both Ukraine and Russia to this day. It

539-555: A term referring to the basic combat unit of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), the world Kurin means a village. These villages were equivalent to a battalion around four to eight hundred member each divided into three to four sotnias. In 1906, Russia faced eighteen months of revolutionary turmoil. The Cossacks played a large role in becoming one of the most feared defenders. Discontent steadily merged late that summer, causing an increase in unrest for workers and peasants within

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588-672: Is "Women's Hundred", this use of "hundred" is referred to a common grouping of soldiers into squads of hundred. Women would protest feminist initiatives and discussions about their role in Ukraine’s past and future, which explored both nationalism and military contexts. The Maidan created a place where women were able to protest and be heard in a public space. Provided Ukraine’s feminists with brand new opportunities to articulate divergent and familiar outlooks on women's lives through activism, social change and national sovereignty. Russian nationalism and Russian Monarchism has been increasing since

637-634: Is a Russian member of the Belorechensk Cossack community. Photos were posted to the community showing his involvement in the seizures in Solviansk also known as the "Terek Wolf Sotnia". During Second World War and the Croatian War of Independence , many Croatian units bore the name satnija , and their members were called satnici (singular: satnik ). This rank still exists in the Croatian army and

686-620: Is a helpful word to create short names for groups including the Nebesna Sotnia and Terek Wolf Sotnia, stating that these groups do include 100–150 persons. The military unit analog and most meaningful translation for the English-speaking world would be a company . Its significance can be notice its nationalist impact within the 16th-18th century Cossacks , Ukrainian People's Republic , Ukrainian National Army , and during Euromaidan . Sotnia can also be referred to as half-sotnia which

735-640: Is a more diminutive unit of people. This typically consists of around 50 people. In Russian history , sotnya was also a unit of some other (civil) organizations, see Сотня . As a unit of the Cossack regiments, it is known from the earliest records of the Zaporizhian Sich . During the Cossack service in the Imperial Russian Armies the typical regiment had five sotnias or squadrons . The term

784-449: Is equivalent to a captain. Zaporizhian Sich The Zaporozhian Sich ( Polish : Sicz Zaporoska , Ukrainian : Запорозька Січ , Zaporozka Sich ; also Ukrainian : Вольностi Вiйська Запорозького Низового , Volnosti Viiska Zaporozkoho Nyzovoho ; Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower ) was a semi-autonomous polity and proto-state of Cossacks that existed between

833-564: The Russian Empire . In 1775, shortly after Russia annexed the territories ceded to it by the Ottoman Empire under the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774), Catherine the Great disbanded the Sich. She incorporated its territory into the Russian province of Novorossiya . The term Zaporozhian Sich can also refer metonymically and informally to the whole military-administrative organisation of

882-692: The Solovetsky Islands (where he lived to the age of 112 in the Solovetsky Monastery ). Four high level starshynas were repressed and exiled, later dying in Siberian monasteries. Lower level starshynas who remained and went over to the Russian side were given army ranks and all the privileges that accompanied them, and allowed to join Hussar and Dragoon regiments. Most of the ordinary Cossacks were made peasants and even serfs. In 1780, after disbanding

931-633: The Zaporozhian Cossack host . The name Zaporizhzhia refers to the military and political organization of the Cossacks and to the location of their autonomous territory 'beyond the rapids' ( za porohamy ) of the Dnieper River . The Dnieper rapids were a major portage on the north–south Dnieper trade route. The term sich is a noun related to the East Slavic verb sich ( сѣчь ), meaning 'to chop' or 'cut'; it may have been associated with

980-854: The fall of the Soviet Union . By April 2014, Russian Special Forces were operating in Ukraine to destabilise the country. These were known as the Terek Wolf Sotnia, is a group of members who have been identified as mysterious and ideologically questionable. Their profiles can be identified seen as V shape insignia of black green and red tricolor. Including ahead of a wolf in front. The disguised men appear to be Russian citizens, however others claim to be natives of Crimea or from Eastern Ukraine. These men all share similar commonalities, claiming to be fascist and ultra-nationalist, claiming to defend Eastern Ukraine from fascists operating in Ukraine. Tikhon karetniy

1029-558: The 16th to 18th centuries, including as an autonomous stratocratic state within the Cossack Hetmanate for over a hundred years, centred around the region now home to the Kakhovka Reservoir and spanning the lower Dnieper river in Ukraine . In different periods the area came under the sovereignty of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , the Ottoman Empire , the Tsardom of Russia , and

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1078-687: The Crimean Khanate to avoid persecution and founded the Oleshky Sich in 1711 (today the city of Oleshky ). In 1734, they were allowed to return to the Russian Empire. Suffering from discrimination in the Khanate, Cossacks accepted the offer to return and built another Sich in close proximity to the former Chortomlyk Sich, referred to as the Nova Sich . The population in steppe region numbered around 52,000 in

1127-593: The Dnieper and Western Ukraine, burdened by punitive expeditions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as by fratricidal civil war involving foreign troops (Tatars and Turks). The first wave of immigrants from the Right Bank Ukraine to the territory of the Moscow kingdom to the border with Wild Field followed the defeat of the troops of Bogdan Khmelnytsky in the Battle of Berestechko in 1651. The western part of

1176-464: The Polish-Moscow treaty was reaffirmed by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky publishes a versatile person that allowed the population to relocate to the land of the Moscow kingdom. After the death of hetman Bohdan Khmelnitsky, authority passed into the hands of hetman Ivan Vyhovsky . A period of civil war (1657-1658) began between supporters of the Moscow and Polish courses,

1225-487: The Russian Empire. Between May and August, fifteen Don Cossacks units mutinied. Cossacks of the second Sotnia carried out a large group of numbers in meetings to avoid dispersing the mob. Several meetings were made and a report was made listing other incidents of the same regiment. Concluding that all the Cossacks of the Taganrog have been seen as unreliable. Cossacks started an internal police service. They depicted themselves

1274-580: The Russian government began to resettle them on the Kuban River . In 1860, they changed their name to the Kuban Cossacks . Ukrainian writer Adrian Kaschenko (1858–1921) and historian Olena Apanovich note that the abolition of the Zaporozhian Sich had a strong symbolic effect, and memories of the event remained for a long time in local folklore. The Zaporozhian Host was led by the Sich Rada that elected

1323-497: The Sich provided Orthodox churches and schools for the religious and secular education of children. The population of the Sich had a cosmopolitan component, including Ukrainians , Moldavians , Tatars , Poles , Lithuanians , Jews , Russians and many other ethnicities. The social structure was complex, consisting of destitute gentry and boyars , szlachta (Polish nobility), merchants, peasants, outlaws of every sort, runaway slaves from Turkish galleys , and runaway serfs (as

1372-572: The Sich to either North America or Australia. Under the guidance of a starshyna named Lyakh, a conspiracy was formed among a group of 50 Cossacks to pretend to go fishing on the river Inhul next to the Southern Buh in the Ottoman provinces, and to obtain 50 passports for the expedition. The pretext was enough to allow about 5,000 Zaporozhians to flee, some travelling to the Danube Delta where they formed

1421-688: The Sich. During this period the Sich changed location several times but was generally located in the Great Meadow . The Chortomlyk Sich was built at the mouth of the Chortomlyk River in 1652. In 1667 the Truce of Andrusovo made the Sich a condominium ruled jointly by Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . During the reign of Peter the Great , Cossacks were used for the construction of canals and fortification lines in northern Russia. An estimated 20–30 thousands were sent each year. Hard labour led to

1470-473: The Slobodsky Cossack regiment represented both administrative and military power. The colonel had the right to issue decrees, with his signature - universal . The symbol of the colonel's power was a pernach , a regimental crown, a colonel seal. The regimental starshina (headquarters) consisted of six people: an obozni (quartermaster), a judge, an osavul , a khorunzhy , a two chancellors. The regiment

1519-515: The Zaporozhian polkovnyk Pivtorakozhukha). Some of those who were not accepted to the host formed gangs of their own, and also claimed to be Cossacks. However, after the Khmelnytsky Uprising these formations largely disappeared and were integrated mainly into Hetmanate society. The Cossacks developed a large fleet of fast, light vessels. Their campaigns were targeted at rich settlements on

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1568-636: The Zaporozhian Cossack Host, General Grigorii Potemkin attempted to gather and reorganize the Cossacks on a voluntary basis, and they helped to defend Ukraine from the Turks during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) . He was able to gather almost 12,000 Cossacks and called them the Black Sea Cossacks. After the conflict was over, rather than allowing the Cossacks to settle across Southern Ukraine,

1617-438: The Zaporozhian Sich through military force in 1775. In May 1775, Russian General Peter Tekeli received orders to occupy and destroy the Zaporozhian Sich from Grigory Potemkin , who had been formally admitted into Cossackdom a few years earlier. Potemkin was given direct orders from Catherine the Great . On 5 June 1775, Tekeli surrounded the Sich with artillery and infantry. He postponed the assault and even allowed visits while

1666-697: The cossacks were Orthodox Christians whereas the Poles were mostly Catholics . They thus engaged in a long struggle for independence from surrounding powers, the Rzeczpospolita (Polish state), the Ottoman Empire, the Crimean Khanate , and the Tsardom of Russia and Russian Empire . The Sich became the centre of Cossack life, governed by the Sich Rada alongside its Kosh Ataman (sometimes called Hetman, from German "Hauptmann"). In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky captured

1715-551: The frequent and devastating raids of Crimean Tatars , who captured and enslaved hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians , Belarusians and Poles to supply the Crimean slave trade in operations called "the harvesting of the steppe". The Ukrainians created a self-defence force, the Cossacks , fierce enough to stop the Tatar hordes, and built fortified camps ( sichi ) that were later united to form

1764-609: The head of the Host, Petro Kalnyshevsky , was deciding how to react to the Russian ultimatum. The Zaporozhians decided to surrender. The Sich was officially disbanded by the 3 August 1775 manifesto of Catherine, "On the Liquidation of Zaporozhian Sich and Annexation thereof to Novorossiya Governorate ", and the Sich was razed to the ground. Some of the Cossack officer class, the starshyna , became hereditary Russian nobility and obtained huge lands in spite of their previous attempts to relocate

1813-423: The middle of the Dnieper River in the present-day Zaporizhzhia region of Ukraine . However, there is no direct evidence about the exact time of the existence of Tomakivka Sich, whereas indirect data suggest that at the time of Tomakivka Sich there was no Zaporozhian Sich yet. The history of Zaporozhian Sich spans six time-periods: The Zaporozhian Sich emerged as a method of defence by Slavic colonists against

1862-469: The more violent activities, where their contributions became largely unknowable. By 2014, Nadia Parfan organised and created a “Night of Women’s Solidarity” leading a group of feminists to Maidan . Dissatisfaction grew amongst the women protest and the continued exclusion for the Maiden square grew a new phenomenon known as the "Women's Squad" (Zhinocha Sotnia), an all-women self-defense brigade. The translation

1911-588: The need for a southern frontier ended after the annexation of the Crimea . The colonisation of Novorossiya (New Russia) with Serbian and Romanians sponsored by Russia created further conflict. After the end of the war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire for possession of the Black Sea and Crimean steppes, Russia no longer needed the Zaporozhian Cossacks for protection of the border region. Russia finally destroyed

1960-745: The numbers higher. A large amount of numbers of cavalry, became the most expensive if all arms, and the weighty on the badgers of each country. Sotnia cavalry can also refer to the animals the soldiers who rode horseback, in military context. In the Ukrainian National Army (fighting as part of the armed forces of Nazi Germany at the end of World War II), each sotnia contained three or four chotas (singular [chotа] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch ( help ) , lit. transl.  count  – transl.   platoons ) and each chota comprised three riys (singular riy [Ukrainian], literally "a swarm";

2009-570: The sense that there is a link with Heaven or God. Sotnia defined as hundreds, refers back to the military units established by Cossacks. Heavenly Hundred can be understood as the "legion of those who went to heaven" or "the legion of those who went to God". Fall of 2013, Ukraine marked the day 20 February around the world, the Day of Commemoration of the Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred. Ukrainians protested on

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2058-424: The so-called " The Ruin ". The population once again began to move to calmer areas under the authority of the Moscow tsars. At the head of the regiment were elected colonels and regimental starshina (officers). They were chosen not for a limited time, but for life. However, they could be deprived of the position by the Russian tsar (later the emperor), or by a decision of the assembly of the elders. The colonel of

2107-501: The streets against the corrupt authoritarian regime of Viktor Yanukovych , who was the former president. This was a movement that soon became names as the Revolution of Dignity . Ukrainians in all cities and town came together to ruse up in defence of their inalienable rights. Wanting a new rule of law and democracy for the country/Demanding the government to produce them with both dignity and human rights that they all deserve. Throughout

2156-498: The usual wood sharp-spiked stockades around Cossack settlements. Zaporizhzhia was located in the region around the Great Meadow , which was until 2023 flooded by the Kakhovka Reservoir in today's south-eastern Ukraine. The area was also known under the historical term Wild Fields . A possible precursor of the Zaporozhian Sich was a fortification ( sich ) built on the Tomakivka island ( Tomakivka Sich  [ uk ] ) in

2205-464: The year 1768. Fear of the independence of the Sich resulted in the Russian administration abolishing the Hetmanate in 1764. The Cossack officer class was incorporated into the Imperial Russian nobility ( Dvoryanstvo ). The rank and file Cossacks, however, including a substantial portion of the old Zaporozhians, were reduced to peasant status. Tension rose after the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca , when

2254-628: The years, everyone from around the world are reminded of the principles and values which the Ukrainians had to pay for and continue to pay with their own lives, dignity, democracy, equality and rule of the law. The Revolution of Dignity, has become a turning point in modern Ukraine history, it has now become recognised throughout the world as expression of the ideal of national freedom. Between 2013 and 2014 Ukrainian women and males were able to both equally participate at Kyiv's Maidan Nezalezhnosti protesting for their rights. However, women were excluded from

2303-609: Was destroyed by a Polish expeditionary force suppressing a Cossack uprising. These settlements, founded during the 16th century, were already complex enough to constitute an early proto-state . The Zaporozhian Cossacks became included in the Kiev Voivodeship from 1583 to 1657, part of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown . They resented Polish rule, however, one of the reasons being religious differences, as

2352-405: Was divided into sotnias . Sotnia is an administrative unit within the regiment. A Sotnia was headed by a sotnik . He was endowed with extensive military, administrative, judicial and financial powers. Originally elected by the Cossacks of the sotnia, later he was chosen by a sotnia starshina and was confirmed by the colonels from among the elders. The Sotnia starshina (headquarters) consisted of

2401-519: Was used in the context of Cossack foot or cavalry regiments. The unit term was retained until the establishment of Soviet Union in 1922 and termination of the Ukrainian People's Republic and Free Don Cossack Oblast . Established by the Cossacks the word Kurin was being associated in their military dictionary. By the Second World War the word burin was commonly used alongside Sotnia. It was

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