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40-650: Kenozero was always a remote area. In the 19th century, the area was divided between Pudozhsky Uyezd (west) and Kargopolsky Uyezd (east) of the Olonets Governorate . In Soviet Union , after a number of administrative changes, the area ended up in the Arkhangelsk Oblast. In 1950s—1980s, as everywhere in Russian North, the area suffered severely from depopulation, in particular, all villages between Lake Lyokshmozero and Lake Kenozero were deserted. In 1991,

80-571: A tributary of Lake Lacha . Lakes Lyokshmozero and Kenozero are separated by a number of lesser lakes, including Lake Naglimozero and Lake Vilno. Some areas along the Karelian border drain into the basin of the Vodla , and eventually to the Baltic Sea . Thus, the park contains the portion of the divide between the basins of Atlantic and Arctic oceans. The park contains natural as well as cultural monuments, and

120-670: Is Archaean or Paleoproterozoic , dated up to 3.4 billion years in the Vodlozero block. This area is the largest contiguous Archaean outcrop in Europe and one of the largest in the world. Since deglaciation , the rate of post-glacial rebound in the Republic of Karelia has varied. Since the White Sea connected to the World's oceans uplift along the southern coast of Kandalaksha Gulf has totaled 90 m. In

160-516: Is 500–700 mm. The Republic of Karelia includes 18 administrative-territorial units, including: There are 818 settlements in the Republic of Karelia, including: In 2006, the implementation of municipal reform began in the republic. The Karelian people and culture developed during the Viking Age in the region to the west of Lake Ladoga . Karelians were first mentioned in Swedish sagas around

200-643: Is a republic of Russia situated in the northwest of the country. The republic is a part of the Northwestern Federal District , and covers an area of 172,400 square kilometres (66,600 square miles), with a population of 533,121 residents. Its capital is Petrozavodsk . The modern Karelian Republic was founded as an autonomous republic within the Russian SFSR, by the Resolution of the Presidium of

240-426: Is also oriented at ecotourism . A number of trails have been opened in the park. There are several wooden architecture monuments. One of them is Porzhensky Pogost in the western part of the park, which is the ensemble of St. George church with the bell-tower (both from the 18th century) surrounded by the wooden wall with gates and towers (1789). The villages adjacent to Porzhensky Pogost have been deserted, and there

280-639: Is coniferous. Fifty useful minerals are found in Karelia, located in more than 400 deposits and ore-bearing layers. Natural resources of the republic include iron ore , diamonds , vanadium , molybdenum , and others. The Republic of Karelia is located in the Atlantic continental climate zone. The average temperature in January is −8.0 °C (17.6 °F) and +16.4 °C (61.5 °F) in July. Average annual precipitation

320-562: Is no road heading to it, so that the Pogost is only accessible via a pedestrian trail. There are two roads into the park. In the southern part, south of Lake Lyokshmozero , there is an unpaved road connecting Kargopol and Pudozh . Another road in the northern part of the park branches off from the Onezhsky Trakt , connecting Kargopol via Plesetsk to Yemetsk . This road runs to the village on Pershlakhta on Lake Kenozero and then connects to

360-833: Is the source of the Kena River , a major left tributary of the Onega . The upper course of the Kena is located in the park, as well as the Pocha River , the major tributary of the Lake Kenozero, its source, Lake Pochozero , and the lower course of the main tributary of the Lake Pochozero, the Undosha River . The southern part contains Lake Lyokshmozero and the upper course of the Lyokshma River ,

400-842: The All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) on 27 June 1923 and by the Decree of the VTsIK and the Council of People's Commissars of 25 July 1923, from the Karelian Labour Commune. From 1940 to 1956, it was known as the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic , one of the republics of the Soviet Union . In 1956, it was once again made an autonomous republic and remained part of Russia following

440-530: The Moscow Peace Treaty territories of the Karelian Isthmus were transferred to the newly created Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic. After the evacuation of Finnish Karelia , the new territories were left unpopulated, so migrants from Belarus , Ukraine , Russia, and other Soviet republics moved in. To this day, this area has one of the lowest percentages of Karelian and Finnish populations in

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480-453: The White Sea and Lake Ladoga . The White Sea has a shoreline of 630 kilometers (390 mi). It has an area of 172,400 km (66,600 sq mi). It shares internal borders with Murmansk Oblast (north), Arkhangelsk Oblast (east/south-east), Vologda Oblast (south-east/south), and Leningrad Oblast (south/south-west), and it also borders Finland ( Kainuu , Lapland , North Karelia , Northern Ostrobothnia , and South Karelia );

520-574: The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. "Karelia" derives from the name of the ethnic group— Karelians . The name "Karjala" has unknown origins, however, it is theorised that it may come from the Proto-Finnish word karja , meaning "herd", which was borrowed from the Proto-Germanic harjaz ("army"); the ending -la means "earth". The republic is in the northwestern part of Russia, between

560-454: The 10th century. Russians first mentioned Karelians in 1143, they called Karelians "Korela" . Sweden 's interest in Karelia began a centuries-long struggle with Novgorod (later Russia ) that resulted in numerous border changes following the many wars fought between the two, the most famous of which is the Pillage of Sigtuna of 1187 . In 1137 the oldest documented settlement was established,

600-456: The 1930s, the goal yet again shifted, now to improving the cultural and physical development and well-being of the locals by creation of many free clinics and hospitals , "Houses of Physical Culture", Theaters etc. Many of the Finns who fled to Karelia were detained and most likely shot during The Great Purge of 1937, with the Karelian ethnic Finns' population dropping to 21%. Karelia has one of

640-735: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union . After the Likbez policy was fulfilled, the Republic now shifted its goal from educating the people to expanding the production and electrifying the Republic according to the GOELRO plan. The first steps were the creation of Mevezegorsky and Pudozsky tree-cutting factories, the Kondopoga Paper Factory , and the launch of the Kem and the Uhta hydroelectrostations . In

680-514: The German army crossed Zapadnaya Dvina , Finnish president Risto Ryti announced declaration of war on the Soviet Union. The Finnish army crossed the Soviet border on 1 July. Soon after the evacuation of border regions began, On 3 July, a republican evacuation commission was created. At its first meeting, it was decided to evacuate children under 14 out of Petrozavodsk. The same decision also refers to

720-610: The Karelian Labour Commune became the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic due its de-facto large autonomy, with the government of the region directly managing the local economy without having to pay its taxes to the RSFSR's state budget. The formal increase of the autonomy was first vetoed by People's Commissar for Nationalities of the RSFSR , but it was later accepted by the Central Committee of

760-553: The Republic. After the beginning of World War II , mass rallies were held on the territory of the republic, at which the inhabitants of Karelia declared their readiness to stand up for the defense of the Soviet Union. Workers of the Onega Tractor Plant wrote “We will work only in such a way as to fully meet the needs of our Red Army. We will double, triple our forces and crush, destroy the German fascists ". On 24 June 1941, after

800-537: The Supreme Commander. On 30 September, the position of the defenders of the city deteriorated sharply. The Finnish army managed to break through Soviet defenses and cut the highway to Kondopoga in the area of the Sulazhgorsky brick factory. In the south Finns came close to the city outskirts. On 1 October, due to the threat of encirclement, an order was received from the command to withdraw the main units defending

840-621: The biggest burial sites of Stalinist purges in Russia, Sandarmokh , where possibly thousands of victims were executed. During the Winter War, a Soviet puppet government was created in occupied territories. The Finnish Democratic Republic was to incorporate most of Finland's pre-war territories plus some western parts of the KASSR. Some members of the FDP government were also members of the KASSR government. After

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880-637: The borders measure 723 km. The main bodies of water next to Karelia are the White Sea (an inlet of the Barents Sea ) to the north-east and Lake Onega and Lake Ladoga both shared with neighboring Oblasts to the south. Its highest point is the Nuorunen peak at 576 m (1,890 ft). As a part of the Fennoscandian Shield 's ancient Karelian craton , most of the Republic of Karelia's surficial geology

920-449: The camps recalled that the staff often treated them more harshly than was supposed to according to the instructions. According to them, the Finns, in the presence of children, shot prisoners and beat women, children, and the elderly. One of the prisoners told the Finnish historian Helga Seppel that before leaving Petrozavodsk, the invaders shot several young people for unknown reasons. During

960-486: The city. The fighting near Petrozavodsk allowed the authorities to evacuate most of the civilian population and a significant part of the production capacities. In total, more than 500 thousand people were evacuated from the republic to the east. Petrozavodsk University was temporarily relocated to Syktyvkar . After the capture of Petrozavodsk, the capital of Soviet Karelia was transferred first to Medvezhyegorsk, then to Belomorsk. Less than 90 thousand people remained in

1000-438: The decision was taken to create a National Park in the area. All historical monuments were transferred to the park administration, and some of them have been restored. December 28, 1991 the park was officially created. The staff of the park at the time of creation was 7 persons. In 1992 it was increased to 35 persons, and in 1993 to 153. In 2004, the park became a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve . Kenozersky National Park occupies

1040-473: The evacuation of 150 families of leading party and Soviet workers in Karelia. Those residents who could work had to remain in the harvest and defense work. By September the Finnish army already reached Petrozavodsk and captured Olonets. Petrozavodsk offensive began on 20 September. To protect the city, the 7th Army under the command of General K.A. Meretskov was directly subordinated to the Headquarters of

1080-545: The interval 9,500–5,000 years ago the uplift rate was 9–13 mm/ yr . Before the Atlantic period , uplift rate had decreased to 5–5.5 mm/yr, to then rise briefly before arriving at the present uplift rate is 4 mm/yr. There are about 27,000 rivers in Karelia. Major rivers include: There are 60,000 lakes in Karelia. The republic's lakes and swamps contain about 2,000 km of high-quality fresh water. Lake Ladoga (Finnish: Laatokka ) and Lake Onega ( Ääninen ) are

1120-508: The largest lakes in Europe . Other lakes include: The lakes Ladoga and Onega are located in the south of the republic. White Sea coast: In Lake Onega: In Lake Ladoga: The majority of the republic's territory (148,000 km (57,000 sq mi), or 85%) is composed of state forest stock. The total growing stock of timber resources in the forests of all categories and ages is 807 million m³. The mature and over-mature tree stock amounts to 411.8 million m³, of which 375.2 million m³

1160-688: The local government. In 1917, the Murmansk Railroad was built, leading to the Karelian lands becoming more strategically important. This led much of intelligentsia to believe that the Russian tourism and Immigration into the region would rise, leading to further assimilation of the Karelians to the Russian culture. During the Finnish and the Russian Civil Wars the local peasantry rebelled against

1200-418: The modern-day city of Olonets (Aunus) . Karelians converted to Orthodox Christianity in 1227. The Karelians' alliance with Novgorod developed into domination by the latter in the 13th century, when Karelia became a part of Novgorod under the name of Obonezhie pyatina as an autonomy. Later Karelia had anti-Novgorod revolts in the 13th and 14th centuries. Later Karelia became a part of Muscovy when Novgorod

1240-585: The new Soviet State due its Prodrazverstka policy, causing several squards of the " Whiteguard " to cross into the Karelian lands, where then was organized a government that later swiftly declared independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Republic , creating the Uhtua Republic . Later in 1920 Finnish forces occupied Olonets, creating another puppet government , which then merged with

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1280-679: The occupation, Petrozavodsk was renamed to Äänislinna . Only a few territories of the KFSSR managed to escape the Finnish occupation: the Belomorsky , Loukhsky , Kemsky , Pudozhsky regions, as well as part of the Medvezhiegorsky , Tungudsky and Ukhta regions. By 1942, about 70 thousand people lived here. After the end of the Siege of Leningrad Soviet army was ordered to liberate Karelia. On 21 June 1944 Svir-Petrozavodsk operation started. On 27 June

1320-464: The occupied territory, half of which are representatives of the Finno-Ugric peoples: Karelians, Vepsians, and Finns. The Finnish administration has officially recognized them as a " kindred " population. The rest received the status of "unrelated" people. Most of them have been put into concentration camps , along with communists and people who could not speak Finnish or Karelian. Former prisoners of

1360-827: The other Karelian state into the United Karelian Government . The regions were reclaimed by the Red Army later the same year, the Tartu peace was signed and the Karelian United Government was dissolved. As many other ethnically non-Russian states within RSFSR , the Karelia would receive autonomy within RSFSR, establishing the Karelian Labour Commune on 8 June 1920, which enjoyed a large de-facto autonomy approved by Lenin in early 1921. In 1921, an uprising

1400-686: The other villages on and around Lake Kenozero. Pudozhsky Uyezd Pudozhsky Uyezd ( Пудожский уезд ) was one of the subdivisions of the Olonets Governorate of the Russian Empire . It was situated in the eastern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Pudozh . The territory of the uyezd is now part of the Pudozhsky District of the Republic of Karelia and of the Kargopolsky and Plesetsky districts of Arkhangelsk Oblast . At

1440-568: The south-western part of Plesetsky District and the north-western part of Kargopolsky District of the Arkhangelsk Oblast , at the border with the Republic of Karelia . The northern part of the Park is centered at the Lake Kenozero , one of the biggest lakes of the region. The headquarters of the Park are located in the village of Vershinino , on the northern shore of the lake. The Lake Kenozero

1480-476: The time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Pudozhsky Uyezd had a population of 33,472. Of these, 99.7% spoke Russian and 0.2% Finnish as their native language. This article about government in Russia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Republic of Karelia The Republic of Karelia , Karjala or Karelia ( Russian : Каре́лия, Ка́рьяла ; Karelian : Karjala )

1520-622: Was annexed in the second half of the 15th century. During the Great Northern War (1700–1721) the modern-day capital of Karelia, the city of Petrozavodsk was founded as a cannon factory by Peter the Great . On 9(21) September 1801 Olonets Governorate was created by order of Alexander I . After the whole of Finland was acquired by the Russians in the 1808-1809 war , the Grand Duchy of Finland

1560-406: Was established, to which the part of Karelia known as " Old Finland " was transferred by the will of the Tsar. In 1906, the Union of White Sea Karelians (Vienan karjalaisten liitto) was created. The Union's main goal was to improve the life of the common Karelians and additionally develop their own national identity. The union was temporarily dissolved in 1911 after series of repressions done by

1600-484: Was started by the Forest Guerrillas in an attempt to gain control over Karelia yet again, but it was defeated by the Soviets shortly after. During the years of its existence, the Commune was actively educating the people, opening the schools and libraries as of the Likbez policy were open and maintained, the Commune was later expanded in 1923 by transferring the Kolezhemskaya, Lapinskaya, Navodnitskaya and many other posads from Arkhangelsk Governorate . In 1923,

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