This is an accepted version of this page
79-581: The Karachays or Karachai ( Karachay-Balkar : Къарачайлыла , romanized: Qaraçaylıla or таулула, romanized: tawlula , lit. 'Mountaineers') are an indigenous North Caucasian - Turkic ethnic group native to the North Caucasus . They are primarily located in their ancestral lands in Karachay–Cherkess Republic , a republic of Russia in the North Caucasus. They have
158-837: A closely related language, the Kumyk language . The majority of the Karachay are followers of Islam. Some Karachays began adopting Islam in the 17th and 18th centuries due to contact with the Nogais, the Crimean Tatars, and most significantly, the Circassians . The Sufi Qadiriya order has a presence in the region. Karachay-Balkar language This is an accepted version of this page Karachay–Balkar ( Къарачай-Малкъар тил , Qaraçay-Malqar til ), or Mountain Turkic ( Таулу тил , Tawlu til ),
237-562: A common origin, culture, and language with the Balkars . According to Balkar historian, ethnographer and archaeologist Ismail Miziev who was a specialist in the field of North Caucasian studies, the theories on the origins of the Karachays and the neighboring Balkars is among "one of the most difficult problems in Caucasian studies," due to the fact that they are "a Turk-speaking people occupying
316-580: A former rebel commander, naib Saib-Dulla Gekhinski (Saadulla Ospanov) of Chechnya to attack and destroy Ingush settlements near the Assa and Fortanga rivers: Dattikh, Meredzhi, Aseri, Shagot-Koch and others. After their defeats in combat, the remaining Ingush clans resorted mostly to underground resistance. The Russians built the fortress Vladikavkaz ("ruler of the Caucasus") on the place of Ingush village of Zaur. Russian General Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov wrote in
395-498: A letter to the Tsar of Russia , "It would be a grave mistake for Russia to alienate such a militaristic nation as the Ingush." He suggested the separation of the Ingush and Chechens in order for Russia to win the war in the Caucasus. In another letter from General Ermolov to Lanski (dated 12 January 1827) on the impossibility of forceful Christianization of the Ingush, Yermolov wrote: "This nation,
474-477: A national script. The result of this was a primer published in 1916, titled "Ana tili" (آنا تیلی). After the October Revolution , initially as part of the soviet policy of standardization of school curicculum and public education, the standard Arabic alphabet for Karachay-Balkar was refined once more, in the 2nd edition of "Ana tili" (آنا تیلی) being published by Ismail Akbaev in 1921. Later, as part of
553-507: A new project approved in May 1961, the alphabet was modified to reduce the use of digraphs and non-orthodox usage of Russian letters, featuring the unique letters Ғ ғ, Җ җ, Қ қ, Ң ң, Ө ө, Ў ў, Ү ү . It was nullified and the normal Cyrillic alphabet was restored in 1964. Karachay–Balkar Latin alphabet: In the 1990s, with the fall of the Soviet Union, efforts were made to revert Karachay-Balkar to
632-474: A new state campaign of Latinisation Karachay and Balkar educators developed a new alphabet based on Latin letters, being officially adopted in 1924. In the 1930s, the official Soviet policy was revised and the process of Cyrillization of Soviet languages was started. In 1937–38 the new alphabet based on Cyrillic letters was officially adopted, which remains the official alphabet for Karachay-Balkar up till today. Modern Karachay–Balkar Cyrillic alphabet: In
711-406: A rebellion against Russia. He conquered Dagestan , Chechnya , and then attacked Ingushetia hoping to convert the Ingush people to Islam, thus gaining strategic allies. However, the Ingush defeated Imam Shamil's forces. They successfully repulsed two more attempts in 1858. Nevertheless, locked in warfare with two strong opponents and their allies, Ingush forces were eventually devastated. According to
790-662: A vehicle exploded on 24 March 2008. An upsurge in violence in these months targeted local police officers and security forces. In January 2008, the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation launched a " counter-terrorism " operation in Ingushetia after receiving information that insurgents had been preparing a series of attacks. Early in August 2008, the war between Georgia and South Ossetia broke out, in which
869-428: Is Ingushiya ( Ингушия ). 10,000–8000 BC 6000–4000 BC 4000–3000 BC 20 BC 900–1200 AD 1239 AD 1300–1400 AD 1558 AD 1562 AD In the 18th century the Ingush were mostly pagan and Christian , with a Muslim minority. Beginning in 1588 some Chechen societies joined Russia ( Shikh Okotsky [ ru ] ; Albir-Murza Batayev [ ru ] ). Russian historians claim that
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#1732848842662948-621: Is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia , European Russia , as well as by an immigrant population in Afyonkarahisar Province , Turkey . It is divided into two dialects: Karachay- Baksan - Chegem , which pronounces two phonemes as /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ and Malkar, which pronounces the corresponding phonemes as /ts/ and /z/ . The modern Karachay–Balkar written language
1027-542: Is based on a family's lineage and there are roughly thirty-two Karachay tukums . Prominent tukums include: Abayhan, Aci, Batcha (Batca), Baychora, Bayrimuk (Bayramuk), Bostan, Catto (Jatto), Cosar (Çese), Duda, Hubey (Hubi), Karabash, Kochkar, Laypan, Lepshoq, Ozden (Uzden), Silpagar, Tebu, Teke, Toturkul, Urus. Karachays speak the Karachay-Balkar language , which comes from the northwestern branch of Turkic languages . The Kumyks , who live in northeast Dagestan , speak
1106-655: Is based on the Karachay–Baksan–Chegem dialect. The language is closely related to Kumyk . Parentheses indicate allophones, brackets indicate phonemes from loanwords. Historically, the Arabic alphabet had been used by first writers until 1924. Handwritten manuscripts of the Balkar poet Kazim Mechiev and other examples of literature have been preserved to this day. The first printed books in Karachay–Balkar were published in
1185-557: Is now modern Ingushetia or North Ossetia . In the 14th century, Alania was destroyed by Timur and the decimated population dispersed into the mountains. In the nineteenth century Russia took over the area during the Russian conquest of the Caucasus . On October 20, 1828 the Battle of Khasauka took place, in which the Russian troops were under the command of General Georgy Emanuel . The day after
1264-777: The Balkars occupy the valleys and foothills of the Central Caucasus in the river valleys of the Kuban , Big Zelenchuk River, Malka , Baksan , Cherek , and others. The Karachays are very proud of the symbol of their nation, Mount Elbrus , the highest mountain in Europe, with an altitude of 5,642 meters. Like other peoples in the mountainous Caucasus , the relative isolation of the Karachay allowed them to develop their particular cultural practices, despite general accommodation with surrounding groups. Karachay people live in communities that are divided into families and clans ( tukums ). A tukum
1343-718: The Central Asian republics of Uzbekistan , Kazakhstan and Kirghizia during Joseph Stalin 's relocation campaign in 1944. Since the Nikita Khrushchev era in the Soviet Union , the majority of Karachays have been repatriated to their homeland from Central Asia . Today, there are sizable Karachay communities in Turkey (centered on Afyonkarahisar ), Uzbekistan , the United States , and Germany . The Karachay nation, along with
1422-482: The Cuman language , the Turkic lingua franca of the Caucasus and Southern Russia for a few centuries, and more closely related to Karachay-Balkar itself. From the early 20th century, there was attempts to bring the writing closer to the spoken dialects and languages among the Karachay and Balkar. As mentioned, the first successul national attempt at standadization of the alphabet was done in 1916. The second and final attempt
1501-709: The Ossetian–Ingush conflict in October–November 1992, when another ethnic cleansing of the Ingush population started. Over 60,000 Ingush civilians were forced from their homes in the Prigorodny District of North Ossetia. As a result of the conflict, pro-Russian general Ruslan Aushev , a decorated war hero from the War in Afghanistan, was appointed by the Russian government as the first president of Ingushetia to stop
1580-476: The Russian Federation subsequently became involved. After the outbreak of the war, there were virtually no more attacks or abductions of Ingush civilians by "unknown" forces. Most of the Russian forces were transferred to North and South Ossetia 31 August 2008 Magomed Yevloyev , the head of Ingush opposition and the owner of the website ingushetiya.ru , was killed by Russian security forces Shortly before
1659-767: The Soviet Union to form the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria , the Ingush chose to secede from the Chechen-Ingush Republic. This was confirmed with the referendum and in 1992 the Ingush joined the newly created Russian Federation to try to resolve the conflict with Ossetia peacefully, also in the hope that the Russians would return their land as a token of their loyalty. However, ethnic tensions in North Ossetia which were orchestrated by Ossetian nationalists (per Helsinki Human Right Watch), led to an outbreak of violence in
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#17328488426621738-730: The 3,000 estimated to have collaborated with the German soldiers. Karachays were forcibly deported and resettled in Central Asia, mostly in Kazakhstan and Kirghizia . In the first two years of the deportations, disease and famine caused the death of 35% of the population; of 28,000 children, 78%, or almost 22,000 perished. About 10,000–15,756 Karachays and Balkars emigrated to the Ottoman Empire, with their migration reaching peaks in 1884–87, 1893, and 1905–06. Karachays were also forcibly displaced to
1817-666: The Balkars and Karachays and their kinship with the representatives of neighboring ethnic groups and a minor role of the Central Asian component in their ethnogenesis were concluded." The state of Alania was established prior to the Mongol invasions and had its capital in Maghas , which some authors locate in Arkhyz , the mountains currently inhabited by the Karachay, while others place it in either what
1896-704: The British War Office , Germans tried to establish the military base in Ingushetia: ...the German Command with the object of securing the presence of German regiments within Ingush territory. The Ingushi declare that all attempts of any foreign armed force to enter into the Terek region will be regarded by the Ingushi as an attack upon themselves, and the Ingushi will oppose all their forces to such attempts. The capital of
1975-478: The Caucasian substratum belonging to the Koban culture (Betrozov 2009: 227) Other research by Boulygina et al. (2020) shows Karachays' genetic connection to the pre-historic Koban culture . A recent genetic study states the following: "Balkars and Karachays belong to the Caucasian anthropological type. According to the results of craniology , somatology , odontology , and dermatoglyphics, the native (Caucasian) origin of
2054-734: The Caucasus and settled there, causing a radical change in the ethnic map of the Central Caucasus. By assimilating the local Caucasian people of Caucasid anthropological features who had brought to life the Koban culture of the Bronze Age , the Ossetians of an Iranian tongue and the Turkic-speaking Karachay-Balkars emerged in the Middle Caucasus. The Ossetian and Karachay-Balkar people and cultures were certainly fundamentally influenced by
2133-706: The Caucasus. During the parade of sovereignties and the collapse of the USSR on November 30, 1990, KCHAO withdrew from the Stavropol Territory and became the Karachay-Cherkess Soviet Socialist Republic (KChSSR) as part of the RSFSR, which was approved by a resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on July 3, 1991. In 1989–1997, the Karachay national movements appealed to the leadership of
2212-605: The Caucasus." On 21 December 1917 Ingushetia, Chechnya , and Dagestan declared independence from Russia and formed a single state called the "United Mountain Dwellers of the North Caucasus" (also known as Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus ), which was recognized by Central Powers (Germany, Austro-Hungary and Turkey), Georgia, and Azerbaijan (which declared their independence from Russia in 1918) as an independent state. For example, Anna Zelkina writes that in May 1918
2291-687: The Cossacks as oppressors, and the Cossack lands were still theirs, the Ingush mercilessly took revenge on them. The relationship was created completely irreconcilable; further cohabitation was unthinkable. It was necessary either to exterminate the Ingush completely, or to evict the Cossacks from the former Ingush lands, returning those to their former owners. The Soviets confiscated the remaining Ingush properties by collectivization and dekulakization and unified Chechnya and Ingushetia into Chechen-Ingush ASSR. During World War II Ingush youth were drafted into
2370-555: The Ingush volunteered to become a part of Russia. This assertion is mostly based on the document signed on 13 June 1810 by General-Major Delpotso and representatives of two Ingush clans; most other clans resisted the Russian conquest. In 1811, at the Tsar's request, Moritz von Engelhardt , a Russian envoy of German origin visited the mountainous region of Ingushetia and tried to induce the Ingush people to join Russia, promising many benefits offered by
2449-454: The Iranian border – and delivered them at previously designated railheads. ...Those who could not be moved were shot. ...[A] few fighters aside, the entire Chechen and Ingush nations, 496,460 people, were deported from their homeland. The deportees were gathered on the railroad stations and during the second phase transferred to the cattle railroad carts. Up to 30% of the population perished during
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2528-600: The Karachays were divided. A large portion of Karachays joined the anti-Russian struggles carried out by the North Caucasian peoples ; while another significant portion of Karachays, due to being encouraged by the Volga Tatars and Bashkirs , another fellow Turkic Muslim peoples that have long loyal to Russia, voluntarily cooperated with Russian authorities in the Caucasian War . Between 1861 and 1880, to escape reprisals by
2607-564: The Latin alphabet. Specifically, a newspaper named "Üyge igikik" was published during the 1990s. The alphabet of the publication was very similar to modern Turkish and it contained the following letters: Prior to 1925, for centuries, the Arabic alphabet was the basis of the literary language among Karachay-Balkar. Be it in he form of Ottoman Turkish in the Caucasus and among the diaspora in Turkey, or be it
2686-512: The North Caucasus. They were only stopped at two Chechen-Ingush cities: Malgobek and Ordzhonikidze (a.k.a. "Vladikavkaz") by heroic resistance of natives of Chechen-Ingush ASSR. On 23 February 1944, Ingush and Chechens were falsely accused of collaborating with the Nazis , and the entire Ingush and Chechen populations were deported to Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , and Siberia in Operation Lentil , on
2765-499: The Ossetians. The Ingush were forced to buy their homes back from the Ossetians and Russians. These hardships and injustices led to a peaceful Ingush protest in Grozny on 16 January 1973, which was crushed by Soviet troops In 1989, the Ingush were officially rehabilitated along with other peoples that had been subjected to repressions. In 1991, when the Chechens declared independence from
2844-455: The People's Assembly of Ingushetia (later the title President was renamed Head ). This move was endorsed by major Russian political parties and by the Ingush opposition. Under the current rule of Yevkurov, Ingushetia seems much calmer, showing some semblance of the Russian government. Attacks on policemen have fallen by 40% and abductions by 80%. According to professor Johanna Nichols , in all
2923-550: The RSFSR with a request to restore a separate autonomy of Karachay. On November 18, 1990, at the congress of Karachay deputies of all levels, the Karachay Soviet Socialist Republic (since October 17, 1991 — the Karachay Republic) was proclaimed as part of the RSFSR, which was not recognized by the leadership of the RSFSR. On March 28, 1992, a referendum was held in which, according to the official results,
3002-509: The Russian army, some Karachays migrated to the Ottoman Empire although most Karachays remain in modern territory. All Karachay officials were purged by early 1938, and the entire nation was administered by NKVD officers, none of whom were Karachay. In addition, the entire intelligentsia, all rural officials and at least 8,000 ordinary farmers were arrested, including 875 women. Most were executed, but many were sent to prison camps throughout
3081-457: The Russian army. In August 1942 Nazi German forces captured half of the North Caucasus within thirty-three days moving from Rostov-On-Don to Mozdok 560 km or almost 17 km per day (see Battle of the Caucasus ). From Mozdok to Malgobek same thirty three days, 20 km the German forces moved roughly 600 meters per day and were stopped only at Ordzhonikidze (modern-day Vladikavkaz ) and Malgobek which were mostly populated by Ingush before
3160-609: The Russian name of the Ingush, which in turn is derived from the ancient Ingush village Angusht , and from the Georgian suffix - éti . The name in Ingush is Ghalghaaichie ( Гӏалгӏайче , /ʁalʁaitʃe/). In the 1920–1930s there was not yet a unifying name for the Ingush Autonomous Oblast . Although the oblast was officially called Ingushetia , some scientists like Nikolai Yakovlev [ ru ] and Leonid Semyonov [ ru ] insisted that its correct name
3239-468: The Russian officer Fedor Tornau, who fought with the aid of Ossetian allies against the Ingush, the Ingush had no more than six hundred warriors. However, the Russian conquest in Ingushetia was extremely difficult and the Russian forces began to rely more upon methods of colonization: extermination of the local population and resettlement of the area with Cossack and Ossetian loyalists. The colonization of Ingush land by Russians and Ossetians began in
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3318-423: The Russians regained control of the region in November 1943, with the Karachays being charged with collaboration with Nazi Germany and deported. Originally restricted only to family members of rebel bandits during World War II, the deportation was later expanded to include the entire Karachay ethnic group. The Soviet government refused to acknowledge that 20,000 Karachays served in the Red Army , greatly outnumbering
3397-410: The Soviet regime, they support it but don't let the spread of it in their province. At the same time, they tried to strike up relations with Turkey and sought the assistance from the Turks from Elisavetpol, and Germany – from Tiflis. In August, when the Cossacks and Ossetians captured Vladikavkaz, the Ingush intervened and saved the Soviet Board of Commissioners of Terek, but sacked the city and captured
3476-446: The Soviet state. The Caucasian war for independence continued and the government went into exile. Cossack General Andrei Shkuro in his book writes: Ingushetia was the most unanimous and entirely Bolshevik. Ever since the conquest of the Caucasus, the brave and freedom-loving Ingush, who were desperately defending their independence, were partly exterminated and partly driven into barren mountains. The Terek Cossacks were settled on
3555-615: The Tsar. The representative of the Ingush people rejected the proposal with the reply: "Above my hat I see only sky". This encounter was later used by Goethe in his 1815 poem, "Freisinn" ('free spirit'). On 29 June 1832, the Russian Baron Rozen reported in letter No.42 to count Chernishev that "on the 23rd of this month I exterminated eight Ghalghaj (Ingush) villages. On the 24th I exterminated nine more villages near Targim." By 12 November 1836 (letter no.560), he claimed that highlanders of Dzheirkah, Kist, and Ghalghaj had been at least temporarily subdued. In 1829 Imam Shamil began
3634-413: The USSR in the south through Turkey. Muslim Chechens and Ingush could become a threat to the expansion. In February 1944 near the end of World War II, Russian Army and NKVD units flooded the Chechen-Ingush ASSR. The maneuvers were disguised as military exercises of the southern district. During World War II, in 1942 German forces entered the North Caucasus . For three weeks Germans captured over half of
3713-436: The ambush, which has been blamed on local Muslim separatists, said two soldiers were killed and at least seven injured. Reports from Ingush opposition sources suggested as many as forty to fifty Russian soldiers were killed. On 30 October 2008, Zyazikov was dismissed from his office (he himself claimed he resigned voluntarily). On the next day, Yunus-Bek Yevkurov was nominated by Dmitry Medvedev and approved as President by
3792-560: The battle, as Russian troops were approaching the aul of Kart-Dzhurt, the Karachay elders met with the Russian leaders and an agreement was reached for the inclusion of the Karachay into the Russian Empire. After annexation, the self-government of Karachay was left intact, including its officials and courts. Interactions with neighboring Muslim peoples continued to take place based on both folk customs and Sharia law . In Karachay, soldiers were taken from Karachai Amanat, pledged an oath of loyalty, and were assigned arms. From 1831 to 1860,
3871-432: The beginning of the 20th century. In 1910, the prominent educator and the father of literary Karachay-Balkar, Ismail Akbaev, based in Temir-Khan-Shura (Buynaksk) , first standardized the Karachay-Balkar Arabic alphabet and published a book titled "A teaching aid for initial teaching of children to write and read". In 1915, a syndicate of teachers from the religious and secular schools of Karachay commissioned Akbaev to develop
3950-453: The closest language to the original Kipchak language which was spoken during the Golden Horde . Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Karachay–Balkar: Ingushetia Ingushetia or Ingushetiya , officially the Republic of Ingushetia , is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe . The republic is part of the North Caucasian Federal District , and shares land borders with
4029-450: The country of Georgia to its south; and borders the Russian republics of North Ossetia–Alania to its west and north and Chechnya to its east and northeast. Its capital is the town of Magas , while the largest city is Nazran . At 3,600 square km, in terms of area, the republic is the smallest of Russia's non-city federal subjects. It was established on 4 June 1992, after the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
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#17328488426624108-399: The emigration of Ingush and Chechens to Turkey and the Middle East by claiming that " Muslims need to live under Muslim rulers". His apparent motivation was to depopulate the area for the settlement of Ossetians and Cossacks . Some Ingush became exiled to deserted territories in the Middle East where many of them died. The remainder were Culturally assimilated by Russification . It
4187-486: The ethnogenesis of peoples of the Caucasus , including the Karachays and Balkars, thus: In the first millennium before Christ diverse groups representing the ancestors of the Abkhaz / Adyghe , Ossetian and Karachay - Balkar people lived in the Caucasus, who contributed to varying degrees to the emergence of these peoples. From the 7th century BC Kimmerian , Scythian , Sarmatian , Alan , Hun , Bulghar Turk , Avar , Khazar , Pecheneg , Kipchak , etc. groups invaded
4266-406: The fertile lands that had belonged to them, and Cossacks founded their villages on the wedge that had cut into Ingushetia. Deprived of the opportunity to earn their bread in an honest way, the Ingush lived by robbery and raids on the Cossack lands. Even in peacetime, the Terek Cossacks bordering Ingush did not go to the field without rifles. Not a day went by without shooting and bloodshed. Considering
4345-544: The first country to recognize independence was Turkey: The First Congress of the North Caucasus formed a Provisional Government of the North Caucasian Free State (SeveroKavkazskoye Svobodnoye Gosudarstvo) and in May 1918 declared the establishment of the North Caucasian Republic. The only country to recognize it was Turkey. Later Germany and others followed the recognition. According to P. Kosok: Azerbaidzhan and Armenia (May 28, 1918). All three states then concluded independent treaties with Turkey, which similarly acknowledged
4424-408: The genocide of 23 February 1944. The fighting for the Malgobek was so intense that the small town was captured and recaptured four times until the Germans finally retreated. According to the Soviet military newspaper Red Star, after receiving the news about German brutality toward civilians in Kabardino-Balkaria , Ingush people declared Jihad (Gazavat) against Germans. Stalin planned the expansion of
4503-403: The history and culture of many Caucasian peoples, as well as numerous Turk nationalities, from Yakutia to Turkey , from Azerbaijan to Tatarstan , from the Kumik and Nogai to the Altai and Hakass ." Ankara University 's professor Ufuk Tavkul, another specialist, locates that the ethnogenesis of Karachays - Balkars and Kumyks inside the Caucasus, not outside; he then succinctly describes
4582-399: The independence of the Northern Caucasus and concluded a treaty of friendship with it on June 8, 1918. An exchange of diplomatic notes then took place between the head of the German Extraordinary Delegation, General von Lossov, and the North Caucasian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Bammat, resulting in the de facto recognition by Germany of the independence of the Northern Caucasus. According to
4661-418: The journey or in the first year of the exile. The Prague Watchdog claims that "in the early years of their exile about half of the Chechens and Ingush died from hunger, cold and disease". The deportation was classified by the European Parliament in 2004 as genocide . After the deportation Ingush resistance against the Soviets began again. Those who escaped the deportation, including shepherds who were high in
4740-422: The least numerous, most welded, and strongly martial organization. They were, in essence, the supreme arbiter of the North Caucasus. The moral of the appearance was defined long ago in Russian text-books of geography, "the chief occupation – animal husbandry and robbery ..." The last one of the two reached special art in the society. Political aspirations came from the same trend. The Ingush are mercenaries of
4819-405: The main invasion routes in a contemplated attack on Turkey.) After 13 years of exile, the Ingush were allowed to return to Chechen-Ingushetia (but not to Ordzhonikidze a.k.a. " Vladikavkaz " or the Prigorodny District ). Most of Ingushetia's territory had been settled by Ossetians and part of the region had been transferred to North Ossetia . The returning Ingush faced considerable animosity from
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#17328488426624898-452: The majority of the population of Karachay-Cherkessia opposed the division. The division was not legalized, and a single Karachay-Cherkessia remained. In 1942 the Germans permitted the establishment of a Karachay National Committee to administer their "autonomous region"; the Karachays were also allowed to form their own police force and establish a brigade that was to fight with the Wehrmacht. This relationship with Nazi Germany resulted, when
4977-468: The mid-19th century. The Russian General Evdokimov and Ossetian colonel Kundukhov in 'Opis no. 436' "gladly reported" that "the result of colonization of Ingush land was successful". Renamed Ingush villages and towns: Following Imam Shamil's repeated losses by the end of the Caucasian War, the Russians and Chechens unified their forces. Former Chechen rebels and their men joined the Russian ranks. On 3 November 1858, General Evdokimov ordered (order N1896)
5056-451: The most Alpine regions of Central Caucasus, living in an environment of Caucasian and Iranian (Ossetian) languages." Many scientists and historians have made attempts to study the issue, but "the complexity of a problem lead to numerous hypotheses, often contradicting each other." He concluded that "Balkarians and Karachais are among the most ancient nationalities of Caucasus. The roots of their history and culture are intimately intertwined with
5135-415: The most courageous and militaristic among all the highlanders, cannot be allowed to be alienated ..." The last organized rebellion (the so-called "Nazran insurrection") in Ingushetia occurred in 1858 when 5,000 Ingush launched an attack against Russian forces, but lost to the latter's superior number. The rebellion signaled the end of the First Russo-Caucasian War. In the same year, the Tsar encouraged
5214-461: The mountains during the deportations, formed rebel groups which constantly attacked Russian forces in Ingushetia. Major rebel groups were led by Akhmed Khuchbarov , the Tsitskiev brothers, and an Ingush female sniper, Laisat Baisarova . The last one of the male Ingush rebels was killed in 1977 by the KGB officers, while Baisarova was never captured or killed. American professor Johanna Nichols, who specializes in Chechen and Ingush philology, provided
5293-421: The new state was moved to Temir-Khan-Shura ( Dagestan ). The first prime minister of the state was elected Tapa Chermoyev , a Chechen prominent statesman; the second prime minister was Ingush statesman Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev who also was the author of the Constitution of the land in 1917. In 1920 he was reelected for a third term. In 1921 Russians attacked and occupied the country and forcefully merged it with
5372-423: The number of Russian security forces was tripled. For example, according to a Russian news agency a murder of an ethnic-Russian school teacher in Ingushetia was committed by two ethnic- Russian and ethnic-Ossetian soldiers; Issa Merzhoev the Ingush Police detective who solved the crime was shot at and killed by "unknown" assailants shortly after he had identified the murderer. At least four people were injured when
5451-517: The orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , while the majority of their men were fighting on the front. The initial phase of the deportation was carried out on American-supplied Studebaker trucks specifically modified with three submachine gun-nest compartments above the deported to prevent escapes. American historian Norman Naimark writes: Troops assembled villagers and townspeople, loaded them onto trucks – many deportees remembered that they were Studebakers, fresh from Lend-Lease deliveries over
5530-495: The republic has been destabilized by corruption , a number of high-profile crimes (including kidnapping and murder of civilians by government security forces), anti-government protests, attacks on soldiers and officers, Russian military excesses and a deteriorating human rights situation. In spite of this, Ingushetia has the highest life expectancy in all of Russia at 80.52, beating out second-place Dagestan by almost 4 years. The name Ingushetia ( Ингушетия ) derives from
5609-650: The same era. Furthermore, the Arabic letters that had the same pronunciation in Karachay-Balkar were dropped and consolidated (For example the letters ث and ص were dropped in favour of the letter س );with the exception of the letter ع representing a glottal stop [ ʔ ] , and the letters that represent the sounds [ h ~ χ ]. Below table lists the 1921 iteration of the Karachay-Balkar Arabic Alphabet, containing 34 letters. Loanwords from Russian , Ossetian , Kabardian , Arabic , and Persian are fairly numerous. Russian filmmaker Andrei Proshkin used Karachay–Balkar for The Horde , believing that it might be
5688-574: The spread of the conflict. Partial stability returned under his rule. In 1994, when the First Chechen War started, the number of refugees in Ingushetia from both conflicts doubled. According to the UN , for every citizen of Ingushetia, one refugee arrived from Ossetia or Chechnya. This influx was very problematic for the economy, which collapsed after Aushev's success. The second Russo-Chechen war which started in 1999 brought more refugees (at some point there
5767-517: The state bank and mint. They robbed all the neighbors: the Cossacks and Ossetians in the name of "correcting historical errors" for a shortage of land, the Bolsheviks – in return for their services, Vladikavkaz citizens – for their helplessness, and the Kabardins – just out of habit. They were hated by everyone, and they did their "craft" in unison, well organized, in a big way, becoming the richest tribe in
5846-543: The theory behind the deportation: In 1944 the nationalities themselves were abolished and their lands resettled when the Chechen and Ingush, together with the Karachay-Balkar, Crimean Tatars, and other nationalities were deported en masse to Kazakhstan and Siberia, losing at least one-quarter and perhaps half of their population in transit. (The reason, never clarified, seems to have been Stalin's wish to clear all Muslims from
5925-415: The unrecognised opposition group People's Parliament of Ingushetia Mekhk-Kkhel called for the recognition of the Russian semi-autonomous republic's independence, opposition activist Magomed Khazbiyev proclaimed, "We must ask Europe or America to separate us from Russia." On 18 October 2008, a Russian military convoy came under grenade attack and machine gun fire near Nazran. Official Russian reports of
6004-406: Was done in 1921, in a pubished primer, both done by Islael Akbaev . In the first iteration, Arabic maintained the original spelling, with homphone letters continued being used and vowels not fully shown, just as in Arabic orthography. In the second attempt, the use of vowels became more consistent and fully-encompassing, the initial alef letter was dropped (similar to Kazakh Arabic alphabet in
6083-614: Was estimated that eighty per cent of the Ingush had left Ingushetia for the Middle East by 1865. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 , the Soviets promised the Ingush that the villages and towns annexed during the colonization would be returned to the Ingush. Ingushetia became a major battleground between the old archenemies: general Denikin , and Ingush resistance fighters. In his memoirs, general Denikin wrote "Ingush people are
6162-501: Was one refugee for every Ingush citizen: 240,000 from Chechnya plus 60,000 from North Ossetia at the peak in 2000) and misery to Ingushetia. In 2001, Aushev was forced to leave his presidency and was succeeded by Murat Zyazikov , a former KGB general. The situation worsened under his rule. Many young Ingush men were abducted by Russian and Ossetian death squads . according to Human rights watchdogs Memorial and Mashr. The number of rebel attacks in Ingushetia rose, especially after
6241-485: Was split in two. The republic is home to the indigenous Ingush , a people of Nakh ancestry. As of the 2021 Census , its population was estimated to be 509,541. Largely due to the insurgency in the North Caucasus , Ingushetia remains one of the poorest and most unstable regions of Russia. Although the violence has died down in recent years, the insurgency in neighboring Chechnya had occasionally spilled into Ingushetia. According to Human Rights Watch in 2008,
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