97-509: Kampong Kupang ( Malay : Kampung Kupang ) or simply known as Kupang , is a village in Tutong District , Brunei , about 21 kilometres (13 mi) from the district town Pekan Tutong . The population was 1,795 in 2016. It is one of the villages within Mukim Keriam , a mukim subdivision in the district. According to folktales, the name of Kampong Kupang was taken in conjunction with
194-626: A Buddhist name, reflecting earlier cultural influences. The 1371 mission to China resulted in two significant letters: the "Golden Letter," symbolising Brunei's submission to Chinese authority, and the "Perak Letter," detailing payments to the Hongwu Emperor. Both letters were brought in September 1371 by Zhang-Jing-Zhi, the Chinese official, and Ismail, the Sultan's envoy. One of the letters reads, "My country
291-457: A Murut woman from Limbang . Dewa Emas Kayangan embarked on a quest for a specific type of cattle, the tembadau , to fulfill his wife's desires while she was pregnant. Throughout his journey, he married women in four villages, fathered children, and ultimately had the 14 siblings mentioned. Upon finding the tembadau , Dewa Emas Kayangan chose to ascend to the celestial realms, where he was known as Batara Kala di Kayangan. Awang Alak Betatar
388-467: A daily supply of water for eating and drinking and used as a place to bathe and take water to water gardens and so on. The name and the river still remain today. Based on the similarity of place names in our country with the land of Java (Indonesia), it is highly likely that the story flow has continuity with the history of the 5th Sultan of Brunei, Sultan Bolkiah who brought the Kedayan tribe from Java, so there
485-644: A descendant of the Proto-Austronesian language , began to break up by at least 2000 BCE, possibly as a result of the southward expansion of Austronesian peoples into Maritime Southeast Asia from the island of Taiwan . The history of the Malay language can be divided into five periods: Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Classical Malay, Late Modern Malay and Modern Malay. Old Malay is believed to be
582-596: A letter addressed to Brunei, also known as the state of Poni, on behalf of the Chinese emperor. On 18 November 1371, they landed in Java after leaving Quan-Chau. They learned that Muhammad Shah was the new name of the Poni kingdom shortly after they arrived in Java. The account makes special notice of the Sultan's demeanour, characterising him as exceedingly egotistical . Muhammad Shah showed opposition to Chinese domination by acting coldly toward
679-518: A lingua franca derived from Classical Malay as well as Makassar Malay , which appears to be a mixed language . Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malayic homeland being in western Borneo . A form known as Proto-Malayic was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE, it has been argued to be the ancestral language of all subsequent Malayic languages . Its ancestor, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian ,
776-555: A mid vowel [e, o] . Orthographic note : both /e/ and /ə/ are written with ⟨e⟩ . Orthographic /e, o/ are relatively rare, so the letter ⟨e⟩ usually represents /ə/ . There are some homographs; for example, perang is used for both /pəraŋ/ "war" and /peraŋ ~ piraŋ/ "blond". (In Indonesia, "blond" may be written perang or pirang .) Some analyses regard /ai, au, oi/ as diphthongs. However, [ai] and [au] can only occur in open syllables, such as cukai ("tax") and pulau ("island"). Words with
873-434: A phonetic diphthong in a closed syllable, such as baik ("good") and laut ("sea"), are actually two syllables. An alternative analysis therefore treats the phonetic diphthongs [ai] , [au] and [oi] as a sequence of a monophthong plus an approximant: /aj/ , /aw/ and /oj/ respectively. There is a rule of vowel harmony : the non-open vowels /i, e, u, o/ in bisyllabic words must agree in height, so hidung ("nose")
970-802: A religious school (Kupang Religious School), two police stations, Maraburong Prison, Al-Islah Centre, Narcotics Control Bureau (both buildings are placed in a special area), vegetable and fruit stalls (which houses 14 stalls). On the banks of the Mendaun River, is the Terusan Kupang (Kupang Canal), home to Brunei Bay 's oldest archeological site . Pottery pieces from the Song (960–1290), Ming (1368–1644), and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties, as well as Siamese, European, and indigenous ceramics, are abundant in this region. In addition, artifacts including animal bones, beads, iron, wood, resin, copper objects, and coins from
1067-431: A root word ( affixation ), formation of a compound word (composition), or repetition of words or portions of words ( reduplication ). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are derived from other words by means of prefixes , suffixes and circumfixes . Malay does not make use of grammatical gender , and there are only a few words that use natural gender; the same word is used for 'he' and 'she' which
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#17328448984881164-451: A significant historical link between Chinese-documented Ma-na-je-chia-na and Brunei's sultanate. The Syair Awang Semaun , originally an oral tradition in Brunei, was first transcribed into written form in 1947 by Allen R. Maxwell, who released additional portions in 2005. It primarily recounts mythological tales from pre-Islamic Brunei, focusing on the reign of Awang Alak Betatar, possibly
1261-533: A solid foundation at that point. Despite this, evidence also suggests that the present-day region of Brunei was home to an Islamic presence before to the establishment of the Sultanate, as well as a pre-existing Muslim monarchy. During the Ming Dynasty 's rise in the 14th century, Ancient China actively sought to restore diplomatic relations and commerce with Southeast Asian kingdoms. Between 1370 and 1375, under
1358-402: Is dia or for 'his' and 'her' which is dia punya . There is no grammatical plural in Malay either; thus orang may mean either 'person' or 'people'. Verbs are not inflected for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as 'yesterday') or by other tense indicators, such as sudah 'already' and belum 'not yet'. On the other hand, there
1455-672: Is pluricentric and a macrolanguage , i.e., several varieties of it are standardized as the national language ( bahasa kebangsaan or bahasa nasional ) of several nation states with various official names: in Malaysia, it is designated as either Bahasa Malaysia (" Malaysian ") or also Bahasa Melayu ("Malay language"); in Singapore and Brunei, it is called Bahasa Melayu ("Malay language"); in Indonesia, an autonomous normative variety called Bahasa Indonesia (" Indonesian language ")
1552-595: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Malay language Malay ( / m ə ˈ l eɪ / mə- LAY ; Malay: Bahasa Melayu , Jawi : بهاس ملايو ) is an Austronesian language that is an official language of Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , and Singapore . It is also spoken in East Timor and parts of Thailand . Altogether, it is spoken by 290 million people (around 260 million in Indonesia alone in its own literary standard named " Indonesian ") across Maritime Southeast Asia . The language
1649-456: Is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote voice or intentional and accidental moods . Malay does not have a grammatical subject in the sense that English does. In intransitive clauses, the noun comes before the verb. When there is both an agent and an object , these are separated by the verb (OVA or AVO), with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb. OVA, commonly but inaccurately called "passive",
1746-643: Is a similarity of name and place, among others Sungai Sundai (Sundai River) which is located in Kampong Beribi , Kampong Kupang, Kampong Putat and may be many more. On the banks of the Mendaun River, is the Terusan Kupang (Kupang Canal), home to Brunei Bay 's oldest archeological site . Pottery pieces from the Song (960–1290), Ming (1368–1644), and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties, as well as Siamese, European, and indigenous ceramics, are abundant in this region. In addition, artifacts including animal bones, beads, iron, wood, resin, copper objects, and coins from
1843-470: Is a very small place ruled by She-po (Java), very much in need of attention from His Majesty." Muhammad Shah's daughter, Princess Ratna Dewi, allegedly married a Chinese immigrant by the name of Ong Sum Ping who started a trading station at Mumiang on the Kinabatangan River . For this he was conferred the nobility title of Pengiran Maharaja Lela and elected Chief of Kinabatangan. Additionally,
1940-430: Is allowed but * hedung is not. Pronunciation Pronunciation Pronunciation Study by Uri Tadmor which was published in 2003 shows that mutation of ⟨a⟩ in final open syllable is an areal feature. Specifically, it is an areal feature of Western Austronesia. Uri Tadmor classify those types into four groups as below. Malay is an agglutinative language , and new words are formed by three methods: attaching affixes onto
2037-532: Is complex, characterised by discrepancies between Chinese sources and local Bruneian accounts such as the Salasilah Raja-Raja Brunei . Chinese records mention figures like Raja Ma-na-je-chia-na ( Maharaja Karna ) and his son Hsia Wang ( Raja Kecil ), aided by Ismail and Mahmud, ruling Brunei until 1425. In contrast, the genealogy skips these figures, instead naming Sultan Ahmad (Pateh Berbai or Ong Sum Ping) after Muhammad Shah. This divergence underscores
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#17328448984882134-494: Is consistent with Brunei's oral traditions and corresponds with the country's 10th century geographical dominance, as documented in " Zhu Fan Zhi " (977). The myth, passed down orally, tells of a prince who, while searching for a missing spear, got married in each of the 14 states he went to, bearing sons who were subsequently made rulers of these communities. The Chinese accounts verify Brunei's historical authority over 14 territories, even with their mythological components. As to
2231-473: Is derived from Alaka Isvara, is most likely an altered version of Alaka Bhatara. Two sources are used to determine the regnal date of 1363. First, Prapanca states in 1365 that Buruneng in Borneo was a vassal of Majapahit; Sung Lien and the Ming Shih affirm this in 1371. According to both of these texts, the ruler of Brunei is named Ma-ho-mo-sha, which Paul Pelliot reinterprets as Mahmud Shah. Along with that,
2328-406: Is designated the bahasa persatuan/pemersatu ("unifying language" or lingua franca ) whereas the term "Malay" ( bahasa Melayu ) is domestically restricted to vernacular varieties of Malay indigenous to areas of Central to Southern Sumatra and West Kalimantan . Classical Malay , also called Court Malay, was the literary standard of the pre-colonial Malacca and Johor Sultanates and so
2425-477: Is divided into Bornean and Sumatran Malay; some of the most widely spoken Sumatran Malay dialects are Riau Malay , Langkat , Palembang Malay and Jambi Malay . Minangkabau , Kerinci and Bengkulu are believed to be Sumatran Malay descendants. Meanwhile, the Jakarta dialect (known as Betawi ) also belongs to the western Malay group. The eastern varieties, classified either as dialects or creoles , are spoken in
2522-623: Is not a tonal language . The consonants of Malaysian and also Indonesian are shown below. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic, Dutch and English, are shown in brackets. Orthographic note : The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except: Loans from Arabic : Malay originally had four vowels, but in many dialects today, including Standard Malay, it has six, with /i/ split into /i, e/ and /u/ split into /u, o/ . Many words are commonly pronounced variably, with either [i, u] or [e, o] , and relatively few words require
2619-505: Is not readily intelligible with the standard language , and the same is true with some lects on the Malay Peninsula such as Kedah Malay . However, both Brunei and Kedah are quite close. Malay is now written using the Latin script , known as Rumi in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore or Latin in Indonesia, although an Arabic script called Arab Melayu or Jawi also exists. Latin script
2716-591: Is official in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Malay uses Hindu-Arabic numerals . Rumi (Latin) and Jawi are co-official in Brunei only. Names of institutions and organisations have to use Jawi and Rumi (Latin) scripts. Jawi is used fully in schools, especially the religious school, sekolah agama , which is compulsory during the afternoon for Muslim students aged from around 6–7 up to 12–14. Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi in Malaysia, and students taking Malay language examinations in Malaysia have
2813-515: Is similar to Kelantanese Malay, but the language has no official status or recognition. Owing to earlier contact with the Philippines , Malay words—such as dalam hati (sympathy), luwalhati (glory), tengah hari (midday), sedap (delicious)—have evolved and been integrated into Tagalog and other Philippine languages . By contrast, Indonesian has successfully become the lingua franca for its disparate islands and ethnic groups, in part because
2910-619: Is the basic and most common word order. The Malay language has many words borrowed from Arabic (in particular religious terms), Sanskrit , Tamil , certain Sinitic languages , Persian (due to historical status of Malay Archipelago as a trading hub), and more recently, Portuguese , Dutch and English (in particular many scientific and technological terms). There is a group of closely related languages spoken by Malays and related peoples across Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , Southern Thailand , Kampung Alor in East Timor , and
3007-517: Is the lack of possessive pronouns (and suffixes) in eastern dialects. Manado uses the verb pe and Ambon pu (from Malay punya 'to have') to mark possession. So 'my name' and 'our house" are translated in western Malay as namaku and rumah kita but kita pe nama and torang pe rumah in Manado and beta pu nama , katong pu rumah in Ambon dialect. The pronunciation may vary in western dialects, especially
Kampong Kupang - Misplaced Pages Continue
3104-539: The Syair Awang Semaun and the Salasilah Raja-Raja Brunei , state that Awang Alak Betatar turned to Islam in order to marry Puteri Dayang Pingai, the daughter of the Sultan of Johor. While archeological data points to Brunei's emergence in the 10th century , some historians of Brunei have placed this event as early as 1368 ( Jamil Al-Sufri 1997), which has come to be accepted as the official date of
3201-520: The Salasilah Raja-Raja Brunei , 'Royal Genealogy of Brunei' (Manuscript 9B), upon Sultan Muhammad Shah's ascension as the first Sultan of Brunei, he was bestowed with many lands by the Yang Di-Pertuan of Johor, including Kalaka, Saribas , Semarahan , Sarawak, and Mukah. Theorising that the Melanau people's resistance to Brunei rule could account for the difference within the battle accounts and
3298-608: The Cham alphabet are used by the Chams of Vietnam and Cambodia . Old Malay was written using Pallava and Kawi script, as evident from several inscription stones in the Malay region. Starting from the era of kingdom of Pasai and throughout the golden age of the Malacca Sultanate, Jawi gradually replaced these scripts as the most commonly used script in the Malay region. Starting from the 17th century, under Dutch and British influence, Jawi
3395-514: The Dayaks , overpowered Basiung's warriors despite their superior numbers; as a result, Igan was destroyed and war spoils were taken. Following this, Jerambak made Igan accept Awang Alak Betatar's dominance. The Bruneian soldiers persisted in their conquests, subduing Igan's allies, such as Sarikei, Rajang, Sadung, Sarawak, Tanjung Datu, and Lingga, and stealing and capturing the traditionally Melanau regions of Oya, Matu, and Mukah . They penetrated all
3492-580: The Hongwu Emperor , Chinese envoys were dispatched to several kingdoms in the South China Sea region, including Majapahit in Java, Suwarnabhumi , Pagaruyung , Malayapura in Sumatra , and notably Brunei. These efforts aimed to establish diplomatic ties and assert Chinese influence in the region, amidst ongoing Javanese dominance. Shen-Chi and his aide Chang-Jhing-Chi went out in September 1370 to deliver
3589-466: The Kedayan tribe . With the crafts of this tribe, he attracted the attention of the Sultan and offered this tribe to settle in Brunei at that time. When they arrived in Brunei, the Kedayan tribe brought from Java was placed on the coast of Kampong Jerudong , they started cultivating and growing rice in that area for many years by moving to other places until they reached Kampong Kupang. It is very likely that
3686-508: The Sultanate of Brunei and was its first sultan , from 1368 to his death in 1402. The genealogy of Muhammad Shah remains unclear. He converted to Islam in the 14th century and assumed the name Sultan Muhammad Shah. Subsequent sovereigns of Brunei, governed by a Muslim administration, were referred to as sultans. Awang Alak Betatar and his half-brother Awang Semaun were among the 14 siblings born to their father, Dewa Emas Kayangan, and
3783-574: The Tutong River region. Pembakal Bangis, a Bruneian nobleman, was chosen by Awang Alak Betatar to make the request that Mawangga, the Tutong chief, show up at the capital. Mawangga responded, however, that he and his people were conquered slaves, ruled by the Melanau leader Basiung and his in-law Tugaw, who resided in Igan, and that they could not submit. Mawangga told Pembakal Bangis that Tutong would surrender to
3880-504: The Tutong River to the Rejang river delta . According to Chinese historical accounts, including "Nan Hai Zhi, Volume 7," Brunei ruled over nine regions in the 13th and 14th centuries , which is consistent with the Syair Awang Semaun . It describes how Awang Alak Betatar expanded his domain to include Sungai Igan and then took five more provinces from Johor on Borneo's west coast: Sarawak, Samarahan , Sadong , Mukah, and Kalaka. With
3977-454: The history of Brunei , which was ruled by Awang Alak Betatar and his siblings; Awang Semaun at Kota Batu ; Pateh Mambang and Pateh Tuba at Luba : Pateh Sangkuna and Pateh Manggurun at Saba , Pateh Malakai at Bukit Panggal , Pateh Pahit at Labuhan Kapal , Damang (Damong) Sari at Bukit Salilah, Pateh Sindayung at Panchor Papan , Demang Lebar Daun, Hapu Awang, Pateh Berbai (also known as Sultan Ahmad of Brunei ), and Pateh Laila Langgong. At
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4074-802: The Brunei River, and relocated to Kota Batu in the 14th century, the Kupang Canal served as the hub of early Brunei under the Sung Dynasty. The inhabitants living along the Kupang Canal are said to be a diverse mix of races and ethnic groups, including the Malays from ancient Johor , the Dusun , the Ida'an , the Murut ( Lun Bawang ), and the Bisaya ethnic groups. This belief is based on
4171-401: The Brunei River, and relocated to Kota Batu in the 14th century, the Kupang Canal served as the hub of early Brunei under the Sung Dynasty. The inhabitants living along the Kupang Canal are said to be a diverse mix of races and ethnic groups, including the Malays from ancient Johor , the Dusun , the Ida'an , the Murut ( Lun Bawang ), and the Bisaya ethnic groups. This belief is based on
4268-642: The Chinese Emperor's 1405 coronation of Raja Ma-na-je-chia-na could reflect Awang Alak Betatar's uncertainty toward China, influenced by Javanese pressures during the 1371 envoy visit. This mirrors China's strategic approach, exemplified by its 1377 installation of a new ruler in the Suwarnabhumi Kingdom to counter Javanese influence. These intricate historical dynamics underscore Brunei's nuanced early history and ongoing scholarly inquiries into its royal succession and geopolitical influences. The name, which
4365-482: The Chinese emissary. He provided a number of justifications for rejecting China's hegemony. As per Brunei's oral traditions, the report recalls an invasion by the Sulu people. Sultan said, "Recently the state of Solo (Sulu) has invaded my country, my children and my possessions have all been confiscated." The Sultan opposed Chinese dominance in 1371, acting coldly with the Chinese ambassador and bringing up recent battles like
4462-510: The House of Sang Sapurba . Awang Alak Betatar's conversion of the Malay Hindu - Buddhist monarchy of Brunei to Islam transformed its religious landscape. However, because of the strong Hindu-Buddhist influence, Islam had not yet thoroughly permeated Bruneian society in the immediate wake of his conversion. According to Mahmud Saedon in 2003, Islamic missionary activities also hadn't established
4559-535: The Kedayan tribe brought by the Sultan came from Timor , Indonesia from a place called Kupang Pulau Timor and because it was this tribe that first inhabited this village, it is assumed that this village is called 'Kampong Orang Kupang' and abbreviated to Kampong Kupang remains until now. The original inhabitants of the village are pure Kedayan tribes and there was no mixture of tribes or other nations and according to another source another group of tribes also comes from Bandung , Indonesia which were also brought together by
4656-404: The Malay world of Southeast Asia, and was one of the oldest testimonies to the advent of Islam as a state religion in the region. It contains the proclamation issued by a ruler of Terengganu known as Seri Paduka Tuan, urging his subjects to extend and uphold Islam and providing 10 basic Sharia laws for their guidance. The classical Malay language came into widespread use as the lingua franca of
4753-994: The Malayic languages spoken by the Orang Asli ( Proto-Malay ) in Malaya . They are Jakun , Orang Kanaq , Orang Seletar , and Temuan . The other Malayic languages, included in neither of these groups, are associated with the expansion of the Malays across the archipelago. They include Riau-Johor Malay ( Malaysian and Indonesian ), Kedah Malay , Kedayan/Brunei Malay , Berau Malay , Bangka Malay , Jambi Malay , Kutai Malay , Natuna Malay, Riau Malay , Loncong , Pattani Malay , and Banjarese . Menterap may belong here. There are also several Malay-based creole languages , such as Betawi , Cocos Malay , Makassar Malay , Ambonese Malay , Dili Malay , Kupang Malay , Manado Malay , Papuan Malay , Pattani Malay , Satun Malay , Songkhla Malay , Bangkok Malay , and Sabah Malay , which may be more or less distinct from standard (Malaccan) Malay. Due to
4850-518: The Qing Dynasty were discovered. Since the area's excavations started in 1977, researchers have been unable to ascertain the degree to which Brunei's early history was shaped by the Kupang Canal. The Kupang Canal is not mentioned in Brunei's oral tradition, particularly in Syair Awang Semaun , which describes the entry of Awang Alak Betatar and his siblings from upstream Limbang to Brunei in
4947-405: The Qing Dynasty were discovered. Since the area's excavations started in 1977, researchers have been unable to ascertain the degree to which Brunei's early history was shaped by the Kupang Canal. The Kupang Canal is not mentioned in Brunei's oral tradition, particularly in Syair Awang Semaun , which describes the entry of Awang Alak Betatar and his siblings from upstream Limbang to Brunei in
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#17328448984885044-511: The Sultan of Brunei at that time and the legitimacy of the Bandung area still exists in Indonesia but now it has been inhabited by people from a new tribe. According to another source, the Kedayan tribe that comes from Bandung also resides in Kampong Kupang and lives near a river called Sungai Bandong (Bandong River). This river is used by the Kedayan tribe who come from Bandung as a place to get
5141-411: The Sulu invasion and Majapahit's shielding might. Chinese records show that Awang Alak Betatar had already converted to Islam in 1371. The report from the Chinese ambassador makes clear that Brunei had to manage its contacts with China and Java even after the Sultan's conversion, even though it had become independent of Java. The Syair Awang Semaun, celebrating Brunei's strength and victories like repelling
5238-566: The Sulu invasion, contrasts with the more balanced narrative in the Salasilah Raja-Raja Brunei. This historical account acknowledges Brunei's earlier subordination to Java and its subsequent independence following its Islamic conversion. Chinese records from the "Ming-shih" mention the Sultan of Brunei in 1370 as Ma-ho-mo-sa, interpreted by local historians as referring to Muhammad Shah, the first Islamic Sultan of Brunei, though some suggest it might read as Mahmud Shah or "Maha Moksha,"
5335-600: The acquisition, Brunei's colonial territories became a total of 14, in line with reports that date back to the 10th century . Due to the influence of the Srivijaya , these provinces had slipped out of Brunei's authority, but in the middle of the 14th century, Awang Alak Betatar regained them, solidifying Brunei's historical geographical reach. Brunei was still ruled by the Javanese, but according to " Ming Tai Zu Shi Lu , Volume 67," it confirmed its authority over 14 states. This figure
5432-605: The actual ancestor of Classical Malay. Old Malay was influenced by Sanskrit, the classical language of India . Sanskrit loan words can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. The earliest known stone inscription in the Old Malay language was found in Sumatra , Indonesia, written in the Pallava variety of the Grantha alphabet and is dated 1 May 683. Known as the Kedukan Bukit inscription , it
5529-538: The authority of the Brunei Raja if the great Melanau commander, Awang Alak Betatar, ordered his soldiers to proceed to Igan. Awang Alak Betatar's demand was communicated to Basiung, the chief of the Bruneian forces at Igan. However, Basiung was not pleased and was used to people approaching him. In response, Basiung suggested that Awang Alak Betatar pay him a visit instead, threatening to launch an Igan attack on Brunei if there
5626-604: The beginning, Melanau and Brunei were both subjects of the Majapahit Empire . A number of regions, including "Kadangdangan, Landa Samedang, Tirem, Sedu, Barune(ng), Kalaka, Saludung, Solot, Pasir Barito, Sawaku, Tabulang, Tajung Kuteri, and Malano," were vassals of the Majapahit, according to the old Nagarakretagama record. As the Majapahit Empire collapsed, Brunei seized the chance to increase its power and set its sights on
5723-549: The colonial language, Dutch, is no longer commonly spoken. (In East Timor , which was governed as a province of Indonesia from 1976 to 1999, Indonesian is widely spoken and recognized under its Constitution as a 'working language'.) Besides Indonesian , which developed from the Riau Malay dialect, there are many Malay varieties spoken in Indonesia; they are divided into western and eastern groups. Western Malay dialects are predominantly spoken in Sumatra and Borneo , which itself
5820-725: The constitution as one of two working languages (the other being English ), alongside the official languages of Tetum and Portuguese . The extent to which Malay is used in these countries varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia , and became the sole official language in Peninsular Malaysia in 1968 and in East Malaysia gradually from 1974. English continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in
5917-505: The court moved to establish the Johor Sultanate, it continued using the classical language; it has become so associated with Dutch Riau and British Johor that it is often assumed that the Malay of Riau is close to the classical language. However, there is no closer connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular. Among the oldest surviving letters written in Malay are
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#17328448984886014-461: The current Temburong District . Following a period at Negeri Garang, Awang Alak Betatar then moved to Brunei on the waters around Kota Batu. The reason for the migration was because they felt the new place was more suitable as the centre of administration. The location of Kota Batu near a river enabled Awang Alak Betatar to control the rural areas and enlarge his political influence. The Syair Awang Semaun , 'Poem of Awang Semaun' explains
6111-481: The early settlement of a Cape Malay community in Cape Town , who are now known as Coloureds , numerous Classical Malay words were brought into Afrikaans . The extent to which Malay and related Malayan languages are used in the countries where it is spoken varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia , and became
6208-474: The eastern part of the Malay or Nusantara archipelago and include Makassar Malay , Manado Malay , Ambonese Malay , North Moluccan Malay , Kupang Malay , Dili Malay , and Papuan Malay . The differences among both groups are quite observable. For example, the word kita means 'we, us' in western, but means 'I, me' in Manado, whereas 'we, us" in Manado is torang and Ambon katong (originally abbreviated from Malay kita orang 'we people'). Another difference
6305-650: The exact timing of Brunei's first ruler converting to Islam is uncertain. Although some suggest that Awang Alak Betatar, may have ruled before the 14th century, Portuguese records imply that Brunei's king was still a pagan as late as 1513. In letters from that year, Portuguese officials noted that Bruneian nobles visiting Malacca were Muslim, yet their king was not. It wasn't until 1515, according to Tomé Pires , that Brunei's ruler converted to Islam. Thus, Sultan Muhammad Shah's conversion likely occurred between 1514 and 1515, challenging earlier assumptions about an earlier Muslim leadership in Brunei. The early history of Brunei
6402-409: The fact that native pottery is found in this area. But in the 17th century, Chinese pottery from the Qing Dynasty and European pottery from the 18th and 19th centuries were discovered nearby, and the Kupang Canal's significance as a commerce hub was restored. The site's resurgence is demonstrated by the fact that its name, Quela Cupan, was added to a Dutch map in 1710. This Brunei location article
6499-412: The fact that native pottery is found in this area. But in the 17th century, Chinese pottery from the Qing Dynasty and European pottery from the 18th and 19th centuries were discovered nearby, and the Kupang Canal's significance as a commerce hub was restored. The site's resurgence is demonstrated by the fact that its name, Quela Cupan, was added to a Dutch map in 1710. A total of five areas included within
6596-590: The far southern parts of the Philippines . They have traditionally been classified as Malay, Para-Malay, and Aboriginal Malay, but this reflects geography and ethnicity rather than a proper linguistic classification. The Malayic languages are mutually intelligible to varying extents, though the distinction between language and dialect is unclear in many cases. Para-Malay includes the Malayic languages of Sumatra . They are: Minangkabau , Central Malay (Bengkulu), Pekal , Talang Mamak , Musi (Palembang), Negeri Sembilan (Malaysia), and Duano’ . Aboriginal Malay are
6693-454: The gift from the Sultan of Johor , Dzulfawati Haji Hassan published her paper " Hubungan Melanau-Brunei " for the 10th Anniversary of Universiti Brunei Darussalam in 1996. In defiance of Brunei's invasions and conquests, the Melanau sided with Johor and revolted. However, these states were eventually restored to Brunei after Sultan Muhammad Shah wed a princess of Johor. Local customs, recorded in
6790-514: The highlands of Sumatra , Indonesia . Terengganu Inscription Stone (Malay: Batu Bersurat Terengganu ; Jawi: باتو برسورت ترڠݢانو ) is a granite stele carrying inscription in Jawi script that was found in Terengganu, Malaysia is the earliest evidence of classical Malay inscription. The inscription, dated possibly to 702 AH (corresponds to 1303 CE), constituted the earliest evidence of Jawi writing in
6887-554: The language is sometimes called Malacca, Johor or Riau Malay (or various combinations of those names) to distinguish it from the various other Malayic languages . According to Ethnologue 16, several of the Malayic varieties they currently list as separate languages, including the Orang Asli varieties of Peninsular Malay , are so closely related to standard Malay that they may prove to be dialects. There are also several Malay trade and creole languages (e.g. Ambonese Malay ) based on
6984-746: The languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities. Within Austronesian, Malay is part of a cluster of numerous closely related forms of speech known as the Malayic languages , which were spread across Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago by Malay traders from Sumatra. There is disagreement as to which varieties of speech popularly called "Malay" should be considered dialects of this language, and which should be classified as distinct Malay languages. The vernacular of Brunei— Brunei Malay —for example,
7081-454: The letters from Sultan Abu Hayat of Ternate , Maluku Islands in present-day Indonesia , dated around 1521–1522. The text is addressed to the king of Portugal , following contact with Portuguese explorer Francisco Serrão . The letters show sign of non-native usage; the Ternateans used (and still use) the unrelated Ternate language , a West Papuan language , as their first language . Malay
7178-461: The middle of the 14th century to establish a new state on the Brunei River . Based mainly on the examination of Sung Dynasty ceramics unearthed in the area, it is probable that the site had already decline when Awang Alak Betatar arrived. This indicates that human habitation of the Kupang Canal occurred only from the 10th to the 13th centuries . Before Awang Alak Betatar arrived, founded his empire on
7275-405: The middle of the 14th century to establish a new state on the Brunei River . Based mainly on the examination of Sung Dynasty ceramics unearthed in the area, it is probable that the site had already decline when Awang Alak Betatar arrived. This indicates that human habitation of the Kupang Canal occurred only from the 10th to the 13th centuries. Before Awang Alak Betatar arrived, founded his empire on
7372-421: The name of a tree called ' pokok kupang '. This tree has its quirks and is different from other trees. Among the differences is that the bark of this tree seems to be overgrown by a type of seashell, kupang ( blue mussel ). These trees grow in small numbers and in high ground such as in the hills. The height of this tree is said to be like a durian tree and its shape is like a durian tree. No one really knows who
7469-431: The option of answering questions using Jawi. The Latin script, however, is the most commonly used in Brunei and Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes. Historically, Malay has been written using various scripts. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using the Pallava , Kawi and Rencong scripts; these scripts are no longer frequently used, but similar scripts such as
7566-642: The pronunciation of words ending in the vowel 'a'. For example, in some parts of Malaysia and in Singapore, kita (inclusive 'we, us, our') is pronounced as /kitə/ , in Kelantan and Southern Thailand as /kitɔ/ , in Riau as /kita/ , in Palembang as /kito/ , in Betawi and Perak as /kitɛ/ and in Kedah and Perlis as /kitɑ/. Awang Alak Betatar Muhammad Shah (born Awang Alak Betatar ; died c. 1402 ) established
7663-476: The region during the Malacca Sultanate era (1402–1511). It was the period the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature. The development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of Arabic , Sanskrit , and Tamil vocabularies, called Classical Malay . Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay. When
7760-523: The seedlings at Tutong Market every Thursday, Gadong Market on Fridays. There are also sales held at the Forest Horticulture Center every day. Like other villages, this village has access to several facilities provided by the government such as roads, water, telephone and electricity. There are also several government buildings, namely a mosque (Kampong Kupang Mosque), a government school (Orang Kaya Ali Wanika Setia Diraja Kupang Primary School),
7857-583: The sole official language in West Malaysia in 1968, and in East Malaysia gradually from 1974. English continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia. In Singapore, Malay was historically the lingua franca among people of different nationalities. Although this has largely given way to English, Malay still retains
7954-435: The status of national language and the national anthem , Majulah Singapura , is entirely in Malay. In addition, parade commands in the military, police and civil defence are given only in Malay. Most residents of the five southernmost provinces of Thailand —a region that, for the most part, used to be part of an ancient Malay kingdom called Pattani —speak a dialect of Malay called Yawi (not to be confused with Jawi), which
8051-609: The sultanate's Islamic conversion, though there is still room for disagreement. Early on under Sultan Muhammad Shah's rule, Brunei was required to pay tribute to China as well as Java. This time frame matched the Ming Dynasty's ascent to power in 1368, following the fall of the Yuan Dynasty . According to Jamil Al-Sufri , the Johor in the Salasilah Raja-Raja Brunei should be understood as Tumasik , or ancient Singapore , as Johor
8148-590: The superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that in Malaysia. In the Philippines , Indonesian is spoken by the overseas Indonesian community concentrated in Davao City . Functional phrases are taught to members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines as well as local students. Malay, like most Austronesian languages,
8245-492: The uncertain early succession of Brunei's sultans and suggests the genealogy might incorporate distinct oral traditions. Spanish texts from the Boxer Codex (1590) mention Sultan Yusuf as Brunei's purported Islamic state founder, adding another layer to the historical discourse. The presence of Ismail in both Chinese accounts—first as Muhammad Shah's envoy to China in 1371 and later as Hsia Wang's grandfather's uncle in 1421—suggests
8342-537: The village, namely Kampong Kupang with an area of 10.0845 square kilometers with 932 villagers; Kampong Maraburong with an area of 9.5429 square kilometers with 602 villagers; Kampong Ikas/Bandong with an area of 5.4957 square kilometers with 22 villagers; Jalan Kerakas Payau village with 448 villagers and Jalan Pulau Beluboh village with 156 villagers. As of 2018 the village was inhabited by 2,160 people. The village products found in this village are live flower and fruit nurseries. The residents of this village usually sell
8439-461: The voyage of the 5th Sultan of Brunei, Sultan Bolkiah around 1473 to 1521, telling about the frequency of his diligent travels and stops in the archipelago such as the islands of Java , Sumatra , Kalimantan and included in the land of the Philippines. While in Java, Sultan Bolkiah was able to see the culture and observe the way the Javanese live their daily life activities such as farming known as
8536-425: The way to Sambas, where they took control of Pontianak , Sanggau , and Sambas itself. They also expanded their dominion over Borneo to the south and southwest. They overcame Banjar (now Banjarmasin ) on the east coast and took over parts of northern Borneo, albeit the latter took longer because of the dispersed towns. Awang Alak Betatar expanded the newly established Brunei territory by advancing his frontiers from
8633-449: Was any delay. Bangis told Basiung nine days to make up his mind, but Basiung was unfazed and declared that he would make sure Awang Alak Betatar didn't hurt him if he showed up on time with presents. Awang Alak Betatar and his ministers, Awang Semaun, Awang Jeramabak, and Pateh Damang Sari, were offended by Basiung's reply and chose to attack Igan in order to establish their authority. The first battleground between Brunei and foreign armies
8730-473: Was crowned despite not being the firstborn prince. Charming and attractive, he rose to become Brunei's first monarch. The current state of Brunei was formed by Muhammad Shah, with the help of his brothers. He ruled as Raja Awang Alak Betatar until the early 1360s, until his conversion to Islam. Before the Brunei River colony was established, Awang Alak Betatar established a new village in Negeri Garang in
8827-612: Was discovered by the Dutchman M. Batenburg on 29 November 1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra , on the banks of the Tatang, a tributary of the Musi River . It is a small stone of 45 by 80 centimetres (18 by 31 in). For centuries, Srivijaya , through its expansion, economic power and military prowess, was responsible for the widespread of Old Malay throughout the Malay Archipelago . It
8924-452: Was gradually replaced by the Rumi script. Malay is spoken in Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , East Timor , Singapore and southern Thailand . Indonesia regulates its own normative variety of Malay, while Malaysia and Singapore use a common standard. Brunei, in addition to Standard Malay, uses a distinct vernacular dialect called Brunei Malay . In East Timor , Indonesian is recognised by
9021-407: Was not created until 1512. Pengiran Mohammad (1992), who seems to have known that Singapore was not a Muslim country, proposes that Melaka , whose kings converted to Islam in the early 15th century , should be considered as the correct interpretation. It is unclear whom Muhammad Shah married, but it is reported either as the daughter of Iskandar Shah , or the daughter of Sang Nila Utama , both of
9118-691: Was the Sarawakian Igan Valley. The Igan River flowed through this valley and was located in the traditional lands of the Melanau-speaking people. There are two accounts of the fight: the first, more legendary, tells of a nine-month struggle between three Brunei heroes and Bilanapura, a genie that Jerambak finally defeated using a miraculous fish skin he stole from an ogre . According to the second, Awang Jerambak's Brunei men came up against Basiung and his 9,000-strong allied armies from Sambas , Matu , Sadung, and Sarikei . The Brunei army, aided by
9215-403: Was the person who first discovered this kupang tree and who first named this village as 'Kampong Kupang'. Due to the fact that this tree from the beginning grew in only a small number, unfortunately at this time this tree is no longer found and may have become extinct . According to other assumptions, it is also possible that the origin of the name of Kampong Kupang was based on history through
9312-601: Was the working language of traders and it was used in various ports, and marketplaces in the region. Other evidence is the Tanjung Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters. This 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text was produced in the Adityawarman era (1345–1377) of Dharmasraya , a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of Srivijayan rule in Sumatra . The laws were for the Minangkabau people , who today still live in
9409-903: Was used solely as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean , with a smaller number in continental Asia . Malagasy , a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean , is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language . There are many cognates found in
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