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45-663: KOA was founded in 1962 in Billings, Montana, by businessmen Dave Drum, John Wallace and two other partners. Drum got the idea to start the campgrounds while walking his property along the Yellowstone River and seeing travelers heading to the Seattle World's Fair . The first campsites, known as Billings Campground, were located on Drum's property north of the Yellowstone River. For $ 1.75 per night, campers could pitch their tent on

90-466: A 1 1 ⁄ 3 mile tunnel carried the tracks under the dam and around the edges of the reservoir. Surrounding the reservoir is Boysen State Park, run by the state of Wyoming. It includes 11 campgrounds spread around the reservoir and nearby area. The reservoir is a popular sporting area with numerous species of fish including walleye, perch, crappie, channel catfish, as well as rainbow and brown trout and several other species. Boysen Marina sits near

135-679: A base of operations at the mouth of Rosebud Creek on the Yellowstone, but the US miscalculated the strength of the Lakota, who had gathered by the thousands along the river. Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer departed from Rosebud Creek with the 7th Cavalry on the expedition that ended in his complete defeat by the Lakota and Cheyenne at the Battle of the Little Bighorn . The army ferried its survivors down

180-399: A campsite that included a picnic table and fire ring. This first campground also provided hot showers, restrooms, and a small store. The campground was quickly successful and by the summer of 1963, Drum, Wallace and their partners decided to create a system of campgrounds throughout North America. They named the company Kampgrounds of America and began selling franchises . In 1969, KOA became

225-577: A detailed log during the journey. The names he bestowed were recorded by an expedition representative of the War Department and applied to official maps; they include the following: The Yellowstone River had long been an important artery of transportation for Native Americans . The region around the Big Horn, Powder and Tongue rivers is the traditional summer hunting grounds for numerous Native American tribes: Lakota Sioux , Crow, Cheyenne and Cree . Gold

270-517: A forecast of more rain to come. The historic Carbella Bridge was destroyed. In June 2023, a railroad bridge collapsed that had been built adjacent to the Twin Bridges Road Bridge ( c.  1931 –2021). This resulted in several rail cars falling into the Yellowstone River. Approximately 48,000 US gallons (180,000 L) of molten petroleum products were released into the river. Fish consumption advisories were put in place due to

315-472: A history of nine oil spills in 2006–14 leaking an amount of 11,000 US gallons (42,000 L; 9,200 imp gal) of crude. Also, their sister company Belle Fourche Pipeline owned by Tad True and their family, recorded twenty-one incidents in the same period leaking 272,832 US gallons (1,032,780 L; 227,180 imp gal) of oil, both companies had federal fines levied against them and appear in governments records. The oil cleanup on Yellowstone River

360-507: A massive fish kill attributed to proliferative kidney disease, a rare but serious salmonid disease. The parasite-- Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae —is not harmful to humans or other mammals. Wildlife officials estimate tens of thousands of fish may have died, mostly mountain whitefish , but Yellowstone cutthroat and rainbow trout have been affected. The closure is expected to cause significant adverse economic impact to businesses which depend on summer tourist and recreational activities along

405-524: A previous dam that had been built by Asmus Boysen in 1908 on land he had leased from the Shoshone and Arapaho tribes. The dam and much of the reservoir are physically located on the Wind River Indian Reservation . As a result of construction of the dam a major railroad track that connected Billings, Montana with Casper, Wyoming was flooded. A new track was laid, starting near the new dam where

450-408: A public company. By the end of the 1969 camping season, KOA had 262 campgrounds in operation across the U.S. By 1972, 10 years after KOA's creation, KOA had 600 franchise campgrounds. The 1970s energy crisis caused the collapse of many travel-oriented businesses, and KOA's stock price sharply declined as fewer Americans drove for vacations. New York City financier Oscar Tang , a major stockholder at

495-506: Is a river basin spanning 37,167 square miles (96,260 km ) across Montana , with minor extensions into Wyoming and North Dakota , toward headwaters and terminus, respectively. The Yellowstone Basin watershed contains a system of rivers, including the Yellowstone River, and four tributary basins: the Clarks Fork Yellowstone , Wind River and Bighorn River , Tongue River , and Powder River . These rivers form tributaries to

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540-552: Is considered a long-term risk." Nearly 6,000 people were told not to use municipal water in Glendive due to the elevated levels of cancer-causing benzene found in the Yellowstone River, and in the tap water supplied. Bottled water was provided to their residents. On January 23, 2015, the city water treatment plant was declared decontaminated. City officials declared tap water safe to consume. The Wyoming company from True Companies' Poplar pipeline system involved in this incident has

585-756: Is joined by the Bighorn River . Farther downriver, it is joined by the Tongue near Miles City , and then by the Powder in eastern Montana. It flows into the Missouri River near Buford, North Dakota just upstream from Lake Sakakawea . The latter is a reservoir formed in 1953 by the Garrison Dam , built on the Missouri River within the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation . It flooded the fertile bottomlands of

630-578: Is normally done by boat. The most productive stretch of water is through Paradise Valley in Montana, especially near Livingston which holds brown , rainbow and native Yellowstone cutthroat trout as well as mountain whitefish . From Billings downstream to the North Dakota border, anglers seek burbot , channel catfish , paddlefish , sauger , smallmouth bass , and walleye . The pallid sturgeon ( Scaphirhynchus albus ), an endangered species endemic to

675-494: Is present in some streams within the watershed. The exploitation of oil resources and infrastructure in the region has also produced contamination of the river, including by major oil spills . The Yellowstone River is considered to be one of the greatest trout streams of the world and is officially classed as a blue ribbon stream in Montana from the park to the confluence with the Boulder River east of Livingston and from

720-613: The Minnetaree Indian name Mi tse a-da-zi (Yellow Rock River) ( Hidatsa : miʔciiʔriaashiish' ). Common lore recounts that the name was inspired by the yellow-colored rocks along the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, but the Minnetaree never lived along the upper stretches of the Yellowstone. Some scholars think that the river was instead named after yellow-colored sandstone bluffs on the lower Yellowstone. The Cheyenne , who lived in

765-516: The Missouri River . The mainstem of the Yellowstone River is more than 700 miles (1,100 km) long. At the headwaters, elevations exceed 12,800 feet (3,900 m) above sea level and descends to 1,850 feet (560 m) at the confluence with the Missouri River in far western North Dakota . The watershed spans 34,167 square miles (88,490 km ). The area contains many lakes, including Yellowstone Lake . There are no storage dams located on

810-563: The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks closed a 200-yard (180 m) section of the Yellowstone River approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Reed Point at the request of the Montana Department of Transportation (MDT), after MDT inspectors discovered the bridge that carried Twin Bridges Road (former US-10) over the river was in danger of collapse. The 3-span truss bridge, built in 1931, had shown advanced deterioration of

855-608: The Affiliated Tribes (Mandan, Arikara, Hidatsa), damaging their economy and reducing their ability to be self-sufficient. In Montana, the river's waters have been used extensively for irrigation since the 1860s. In its upper reaches, within Yellowstone Park and the mountains of Montana, it is a popular destination for fly fishing . The Yellowstone is a Class I river from the Yellowstone National Park boundary to

900-605: The Lakota Sioux. The new competition and violence led to the Great Sioux War of 1876-77 . The US sent in troops to protect the miners, although they had violated the treaty, and to defeat the Sioux. In 1876, Colonel John Gibbon led a column of men from Fort Ellis near Bozeman, Montana and traveled down the Yellowstone to meet up with General Alfred Terry 's Dakota Column, which had traveled upstream from North Dakota. Terry formed

945-640: The North Dakota border for the purposes of stream access for recreational purposes. The division of water rights to the entire Yellowstone River Basin among Wyoming, Montana and North Dakota, governed by a 1950 compact, was disputed in a 2010 lawsuit brought directly to the U.S. Supreme Court by Montana against Wyoming. Oral argument took place in January 2011. On May 2, 2011, the Court held 7-2 (by Justice Thomas, with Justice Scalia dissenting) that Montana had no valid claim that its water supply had been diminished since Wyoming

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990-617: The Pacific Coast. Clark's Fork of the river was named after him. Most of the natural features of the Yellowstone Valley not already named by Lewis and Clark were named by pioneer steamboat captain Grant Marsh . Marsh was selected by the Army for an exploratory expedition in 1873 on his riverboat Key West . The team was commanded by Brevet Brig. Gen. George Alexander Forsyth . Marsh kept

1035-689: The US Army during the war and the Crow Indian Reservation was established in south-central Montana. The Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation is south of the Yellowstone in Montana. Many of the early expeditions to the area that was later protected as Yellowstone National Park traveled along the Yellowstone River. These included the Cook–Folsom–Peterson Expedition and the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition . In

1080-508: The Yellowstone River converge. The North Fork, the larger of the two forks, flows from Younts Peak . The South Fork flows from the southern slopes of Thorofare Mountain. The Yellowstone River flows northward through Yellowstone National Park , feeding and draining Yellowstone Lake , then dropping over the Upper and Lower Yellowstone Falls at the head of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone within

1125-580: The Yellowstone River for 56 minutes before it was shut down. As a precaution against a possible explosion, officials in Laurel, Montana evacuated about 140 people on Saturday just after midnight, allowing them to return at 4 a.m. Montana Governor Brian Schweitzer stated that "The parties responsible will restore the Yellowstone River". According to the Bridger Pipeline LLC, an oil spill occurred near Glendive on January 17, 2015, at 10 a.m. In response,

1170-784: The Yellowstone Watershed that have lasted several years. Droughts have occurred in the basin in 1929–42, 1948–62 and 1976–82. The 1977 drought affected most of the western United States and resulted in decreased streamflows in the watershed. The reduced flow resulted in increased dissolved solids concentrations in the basin. Water quality varies across the various rivers in the basin. In mountainous areas, suspended sediment and dissolved solid concentrations are lower than in basin and plain areas. Human activities, including agriculture and mining , along with natural sources, contribute to suspended sedimentation levels in plain areas. In addition, fecal bacteria , salt , and selenium contamination

1215-503: The Yellowstone to the Missouri, and to Fort Abraham Lincoln . The US Army returned in force and finally achieved victory over the tribes, forcing them onto reservations. The Lakota and allies were forced from eastern Montana and Wyoming: some bands fled to Canada, while others suffered removal to distant reservations, primarily located in present-day South Dakota and Nebraska west of the Missouri River. Crow warriors had enlisted as scouts with

1260-433: The areas of present-day Billings and Yellowstone County , called it Mo'éheo'hé'e (also Yellow Rocks River). The Crow , who lived along the upper Yellowstone in southern Montana, called it E-chee-dik-karsh-ah-shay (Elk River). Translating the Minnetaree name, French trappers in the area referred to the river as Roche Jaune (Yellow Rock), a name adopted by ethnic American, French and other European mountain men until

1305-609: The confines of the park. After passing through the Black Canyon of the Yellowstone downstream of the Grand Canyon, the river flows northward into Montana between the northern Absaroka Range and the Gallatin Range in Paradise Valley . The river emerges from the mountains near the town of Livingston , where it turns eastward and northeastward, flowing across the northern Great Plains past the city of Billings . East of Billings, it

1350-445: The detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mountain whitefish downstream of the collapse. Flooding occurs in the watershed due to snowmelt , rainfall , and intense thunderstorms . In higher elevations, snowmelt can cause flood conditions due to rapid melt in spring and early summer. In lower elevations, regional rainstorms and intense thunderstorms can cause flooding in summer and fall. Severe droughts have occurred in

1395-791: The early 1870s, the Northern Pacific Railroad attempted to extend rail service along the Yellowstone to Livingston from Bismarck, North Dakota , a route proposed to cross the last of the Lakota buffalo hunting grounds. This route was finally completed in 1883. By the early 20th century, Northern Pacific was providing train service along the river to the north entrance of the park near Gardiner. An ExxonMobil pipeline runs from Silver Tip, to Billings, Montana. On Friday, July 1, 2011, it ruptured about 10 miles (16 km) west of Billings at about 10:40 p.m. The resulting spill leaked an estimated 1,500 barrels of oil, equivalent to 63,000 US gallons (240,000 L; 52,000 imp gal), into

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1440-626: The mainstem of the Yellowstone River. However, the watershed contains five major reservoirs built on tributary rivers: Bull Lake , Boysen , Buffalo Bill , Big Horn , Tongue River , and Lake De Smet reservoirs. The river rises in northwestern Wyoming in the Absaroka Range , on the Continental Divide in southwestern Park County . The river starts where the North Fork and the South Fork of

1485-558: The mid-19th century. Independently, Lewis and Clark recorded the English translation of Yellow Stone for the river after they encountered the Minnetaree in 1805. With expanding settlement by English-speaking people from the United States, the English name eventually became the most widely used. The river was explored in 1806 by William Clark as the Lewis and Clark Expedition returned east from

1530-463: The mouth of Rosebud creek near Rosebud, Montana to the North Dakota border. The lack of dams along the river provides for excellent trout habitat from high inside Yellowstone Park, downstream through Gardiner , the Paradise Valley, Livingston, and to Big Timber , a stretch of nearly 200 miles (320 km). The Yellowstone varies in width from 74 feet (23 m) to 300 feet (91 m), so fishing

1575-503: The pipeline company shut down the pipeline at 11 a.m. in effort to prevent further environmental hazards. The company stated that 300–1,200 oil barrels (equivalent to 12,600 to 50,400 US gallons) were spilled into the river. State officials estimated, on the other hand, up to 50,000 US gallons (190,000 L; 42,000 imp gal) of spilled oil. Benzene , a carcinogen , was found in ten to fifteen parts per billion. An EPA official said that "anything above five parts per billion

1620-577: The principal tributary of upper Missouri, via its own tributaries it drains an area with headwaters across the mountains and high plains of southern Montana and northern Wyoming , and stretching east from the Rocky Mountains in the vicinity of Yellowstone National Park . It flows northeast to its confluence with the Missouri River on the North Dakota side of the border, about 25 miles (40 km) west of Williston . The Yellowstone River watershed

1665-619: The river. On September 1, 2016, the agency reopened two stretches of the river. The first stretch, from the northern boundary of Yellowstone National Park to Carbella, Montana, was open to non-fishing recreation only to allow the fish population to recover. The second stretch, from Carbella, Montana to Laurel, Montana , was opened to all uses. Peak Yellowstone River temperatures exceeded 68 °F (20 °C) for 18 straight days from July 17 to August 4. Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks notes that trout and whitefish prefer water temperatures close to 55 °F (13 °C). On January 26, 2021,

1710-518: The structural members. Of particular concern, one of the bridge piers had lost about half of its support capacity due to bridge scour undermining the pier footings. MDT awarded a $ 2 million emergency demolition contract on March 11, 2021. By the end of April 2021, construction crews had safely dismantled the failing structure, and the river reopened on May 26, 2021. On June 13, 2022, Yellowstone National Park officials announced all park entrances were closed to visitors, citing "record flooding events" and

1755-468: The time, purchased the company in its entirety after the 1979 oil crisis. However, by 1982 KOA franchises had increased to nearly 900. By 2002, after stricter quality standards weeded out many campgrounds, KOA campgrounds numbered almost 500, with most being in the United States. KOA annually inspects each campground with a 600-point inspection, which it claims is the most stringent in the business. In 2015, Jim Rogers stepped down as CEO after 15 years and

1800-602: The waters of the Missouri and lower Mississippi River basins, is also found in the Yellowstone. Boysen Reservoir Boysen Reservoir is a reservoir formed by Boysen Dam , an earth-fill dam on the Wind River in the central part of the U.S. state of Wyoming . It is near the town of Shoshoni in Fremont County . The dam was constructed between 1947 and 1952 at the mouth of Wind River Canyon , just upstream from

1845-586: Was discovered near Virginia City, Montana in the 1860s, and two of the primary routes for accessing the goldfields were the Bozeman Trail and the Bridger Trail both of which followed the Yellowstone for a short length. In the 19th century, European-American settlers depended on the river for transportation, and generally entered the region by riverboat . Native American anger at settler encroachment on their hunting grounds led to Red Cloud's War . The conflict

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1890-423: Was irrigating the same acreage as always, albeit by a more modern method that returned less runoff to go downstream to Montana. (A subsequent 2011 Supreme Court case, in which Montana asserted ownership of Missouri Basin river bottoms, so as to collect decades of back rent from a hydropower company, is unrelated. On February 22, 2012, Montana lost that case too.) The name is widely believed to have been derived from

1935-547: Was put on hold for one month or more on February 3, 2015 until the ice melts. Montana Department of Environmental Quality was monitoring an area spanning a 90-mile (140 km) stretch of the Yellowstone, from the spill site downstream to a bridge just across the North Dakota border. On August 19, 2016 the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks Department indefinitely closed the river and its tributaries from Gardiner, Montana to Laurel, Montana to all recreational activity. The 183-mile (295 km) closure resulted from

1980-498: Was replaced by the president of the company, Pat Hittmeier. In April 2019, Hittmeier retired, and was replaced by new CEO Toby O'Rourke, the first woman to hold that position in the company's 57-year history. Official website [REDACTED] Yellowstone River The Yellowstone River is a tributary of the Missouri River , approximately 671 miles (1,080 km) long, in the Western United States . Considered

2025-649: Was settled with the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868, by which the US granted the territory of the Black Hills and the Powder River Country to the Lakota people. This region included the drainages of the Big Horn, Powder and Tongue rivers. But the discovery of gold in 1874 in the Black Hills, however, attracted thousands of miners who invaded the sacred grounds and competed for resources. New armed conflicts broke out with

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