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44-467: Garrison Dam is located between Riverdale and Pick City , and named after the town of Garrison , directly north of the dam, across the reservoir. The dam is approximately midway between Bismarck and Minot , about 10 miles (16 km) west of U.S. Highway 83 . The dam was part of a flood control and hydroelectric power generation project named the Pick-Sloan Project along the river, after

88-425: A female householder with no husband present, 1.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.0% were non-families. 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.99 and the average family size was 2.40. The median age in the city was 56.2 years. 9.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 3% were between

132-542: A given installation is defined as that due to its continuous operation at full nameplate capacity over the relevant period. The capacity factor can be calculated for any electricity producing installation, such as a fuel consuming power plant or one using renewable energy , such as wind, the sun or hydro-electric installations. The average capacity factor can also be defined for any class of such installations, and can be used to compare different types of electricity production. The actual energy output during that period and

176-547: A higher capacity factor than many other power sources, and geothermal resources are generally available all the time. According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), from 2013 to 2017 the capacity factors of utility-scale generators were as follows: However, these values often vary significantly by month. The following figures were collected by the Department of Energy and Climate Change on

220-522: A household in the city was $ 48,333, and the median income for a family was $ 52,250. Males had a median income of $ 50,972 versus $ 27,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 18,970. None of the families and 3.8% of the population were living below the poverty line , including no under eighteens and 5.7% of those over 64. This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to

264-429: A large-scale photovoltaic system (PV system). An inherent limit to its capacity factor comes from its requirement of daylight , preferably with a sun unobstructed by clouds, smoke or smog , shade from trees and building structures. Since the amount of sunlight varies both with the time of the day and the seasons of the year, the capacity factor is typically computed on an annual basis. The amount of available sunlight

308-404: A nameplate capacity of 2080 MW and an annual generation averaging 4.2 TW·h. (The annual generation has varied between a high of 10.348 TW·h in 1984, and a low of 2.648 TW·h in 1956. ). Taking the average figure for annual generation gives a capacity factor of: At the low range of capacity factors is the photovoltaic power station , which supplies power to the electricity grid from

352-426: A nameplate capacity of 25.7 MW and an actual average annual production of 26.98 GWh/year it has a capacity factor of 12.0%. There are several reasons why a plant would have a capacity factor lower than 100%. These include technical constraints, such as availability of the plant, economic reasons, and availability of the energy resource. A plant can be out of service or operating at reduced output for part of

396-404: A nameplate capacity of 3,942 MW. In 2010 its annual generation was 31,200,000 MWh, leading to a capacity factor of: Each of Palo Verde’s three reactors is refueled every 18 months, with one refueling every spring and fall. In 2014, a refueling was completed in a record 28 days, compared to the 35 days of downtime that the 2010 capacity factor corresponds to. In 2019, Prairie Island 1

440-429: A plant is only needed during the day, for example, even if it operates at full power output from 8 am to 8 pm every day (12 hours) all year long, it would only have a 50% capacity factor. Due to low capacity factors, electricity from peaking power plants is relatively expensive because the limited generation has to cover the plant fixed costs. A third reason is that a plant may not have the fuel available to operate all of

484-433: A stopped condition to full power in just a few minutes. Wind farms are variable, due to the natural variability of the wind. For a wind farm, the capacity factor is determined by the availability of wind, the swept area of the turbine and the size of the generator . Transmission line capacity and electricity demand also affect the capacity factor. Typical capacity factors of current wind farms are between 25 and 45%. In

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528-564: Is Fort Peck Dam (near Fort Peck, Montana ). The dams downstream of Garrison Dam are: Oahe Dam (near Pierre, South Dakota ), Big Bend Dam (near Fort Thompson, South Dakota ), Fort Randall Dam (near Pickstown, South Dakota ), and Gavins Point Dam (near Yankton, South Dakota ). These six mainstem dams impound these Missouri River reservoirs with a total combined water storage capacity of approximately 73,129,000 acre⋅ft (90.203 km) and approximately 1,111,884 acres (449,963 ha) of water surface area. In June 2011, in response to

572-508: Is a town in McLean County , North Dakota , United States. The population was 223 at the 2020 census . Riverdale was the largest of the construction camps that sprang up in 1946 to house workers building the Garrison Dam just to the west. After the dam was completed in 1953, residents of the other camps (including Dakota City and Big Bend) who decided to stay on relocated to Riverdale. It

616-705: Is generally the availability of the energy source. The plant may be capable of producing electricity, but its "fuel" ( wind , sunlight or water ) may not be available. A hydroelectric plant's production may also be affected by requirements to keep the water level from getting too high or low and to provide water for fish downstream. However, solar, wind and hydroelectric plants do have high availability factors , so when they have fuel available, they are almost always able to produce electricity. When hydroelectric plants have water available, they are also useful for load following, because of their high dispatchability . A typical hydroelectric plant's operators can bring it from

660-416: Is mostly determined by the latitude of the installation and the local cloud cover. The actual production is also influenced by local factors such as dust and ambient temperature, which ideally should be low. As for any power station, the maximum possible power production is the nameplate capacity times the number of hours in a year, while the actual production is the amount of electricity delivered annually to

704-690: Is the world's largest walleye and northern pike producing facility and also works to restore endangered species, such as the pallid sturgeon . A segment of the North Country National Scenic Trail passes through the National Fish Hatchery and includes a stretch along the Missouri River shoreline where trail users are simultaneously on the Lewis & Clark National Historic Trail . Riverdale, North Dakota Riverdale

748-465: Is unrelated to Betz's coefficient of 16/27 ≈ {\displaystyle \approx } 59.3%, which limits production vs. energy available in the wind. As of 2017 Three Gorges Dam in China is, with its nameplate capacity of 22,500 MW, the largest power generating station in the world by installed capacity. In 2015 it generated 87 TWh, for a capacity factor of: Hoover Dam has

792-541: The 2011 Missouri River Floods , the dam was releasing more than 140,000 cubic feet per second (4,000 m/s), which greatly exceeded its previous record release of 65,000 cu ft/s (1,800 m/s) set in 1997. The first use of the emergency spillway due to flooding started on June 1, 2011, at 8:00am. Hydropower turbines at Garrison Dam have an electric power generating nameplate capacity of 583.3 MW . Average production of 257 MW serves several hundred thousand customers. The Garrison Dam National Fish Hatchery

836-599: The Köppen Climate Classification system, Riverdale has a humid continental climate , abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps. It is within the Underwood Public School District 8 . Riverdale High School opened in 1948. It closed in 1992 with students east of the Missouri River transferring to the high school in Underwood, North Dakota and the students west of the Missouri River transferring to

880-496: The Three Affiliated Tribes , and the territory "had been their home for perhaps more than a millennium". Threatened by confiscation under eminent domain , the tribes protested. A complete block of Garrison Dam power was denied because it would violate the 1935 Rural Electrification Act . The tribes gained remuneration, but lost 94% of their agricultural land in 1947, when they were forced to accept $ 5,105,625. This amount

924-457: The south-western United States , although in some locations solar PV does not reduce the need for generation of network upgrades given that air conditioner peak demand often occurs in the late afternoon or early evening when solar output is reduced. SolarPACES states that by using thermal energy storage systems the operating periods of solar thermal power (CSP) stations can be extended to become dispatchable (load following). Geothermal has

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968-514: The Knights and the school colors were red and white. The school fielded a nine-man football team. The team played local nine-man teams including Stanton, Goodrich, White Shield, Halliday, McClusky and Bowdon. Capacity factor The net capacity factor is the unitless ratio of actual electrical energy output over a given period of time to the theoretical maximum electrical energy output over that period. The theoretical maximum energy output of

1012-844: The United Kingdom during the five year period from 2011 to 2019 the annual capacity factor for wind was over 30%. Solar energy is variable because of the daily rotation of the earth, seasonal changes, and because of cloud cover. For example, the Sacramento Municipal Utility District observed a 15% capacity factor in 2005. However, according to the SolarPACES programme of the International Energy Agency (IEA), solar power plants designed for solar-only generation are well matched to summer noon peak loads in areas with significant cooling demands, such as Spain or

1056-467: The ages of 18 and 24; 14.6% were from 25 to 44; 48.7% were from 45 to 64; and 23.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.7% male and 49.3% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 273 people, 108 households, and 84 families residing in the city. The population density was 195.1 inhabitants per square mile (75.3/km ). There were 157 housing units at an average density of 112.2 per square mile (43.3/km ). The racial makeup of

1100-433: The capacity factor vary greatly depending on a range of factors. The capacity factor can never exceed the availability factor , or uptime during the period. Uptime can be reduced due to, for example, reliability issues and maintenance, scheduled or unscheduled. Other factors include the design of the installation, its location, the type of electricity production and with it either the fuel being used or, for renewable energy,

1144-422: The city was 96.34% White , 2.20% Native American , 0.73% Asian , and 0.73% from two or more races. There were 108 households, out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.9% were married couples living together, 0.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.3% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.6% had someone living alone who

1188-402: The current power need, conserving its stored water for later usage. Other reasons that a power plant may not have a capacity factor of 100% include restrictions or limitations on air permits and limitations on transmission that force the plant to curtail output. For renewable energy sources such as solar power , wind power and hydroelectricity , the main reason for reduced capacity factor

1232-433: The electricity is not needed or because the price of electricity is too low to make production economical. This accounts for most of the unused capacity of peaking power plants and load following power plants . Peaking plants may operate for only a few hours per year or up to several hours per day. Many other power plants operate only at certain times of the day or year because of variation in loads and electricity prices. If

1276-510: The grid. For example, Agua Caliente Solar Project , located in Arizona near the 33rd parallel and awarded for its excellence in renewable energy has a nameplate capacity of 290 MW and an actual average annual production of 740 GWh/year. Its capacity factor is thus: A significantly lower capacity factor is achieved by Lauingen Energy Park located in Bavaria , near the 49th parallel. With

1320-475: The high school in Stanton, North Dakota . In 1992 area residents criticized the federal government's move to ask for money back that the federal government believed had not supposed to have been given to the school. The school had an interactive television (ITV) studio. Only three students graduated in 1992. The former school became a hotel and resort. The high school athletic teams of the former school were named

1364-472: The lifetime of the power source, both while operational and after decommissioning. A capacity factor can also be expressed and converted to full load hours . Nuclear power plants are at the high end of the range of capacity factors, ideally reduced only by the availability factor , i.e. maintenance and refueling. The largest nuclear plant in the US, Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station has between its three reactors

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1408-436: The local weather conditions. Additionally, the capacity factor can be subject to regulatory constraints and market forces , potentially affecting both its fuel purchase and its electricity sale. The capacity factor is often computed over a timescale of a year, averaging out most temporal fluctuations. However, it can also be computed for a month to gain insight into seasonal fluctuations. Alternatively, it can be computed over

1452-521: The onshore 1 GW Fosen Vind which as of 2017 is under construction in Norway has a projected capacity factor of 39%. Feasibility calculations may be affected by seasonality. For example in Finland, capacity factor during the cold winter months is more than double compared to July. While the annual average in Finland is 29.5%, the high demand for heating energy correlates with the higher capacity factor during

1496-520: The peoples. It created new divisions among the segments on the reservation Construction on the $ 300-million dam project began in 1947, and its embankment was enclosed in April 1953. The dam was dedicated by President Eisenhower two months later. The Corps of Engineers completed earthwork in the fall of 1954. Garrison Dam is one of six Missouri River Main stem dams operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District . The dam upstream of Garrison Dam

1540-506: The reservoir area. About 1,700 residents were forcibly relocated, some to New Town, North Dakota at the northern end of the reservation. Thus construction of Garrison Dam almost totally destroyed the traditional way of life for the Three Affiliated Tribes and made them much more dependent on the federal government. In addition, the size the lake, and the lack of bridges to cross it for decades, disrupted traditional relations among

1584-591: The time due to equipment failures or routine maintenance. This accounts for most of the unused capacity of base load power plants . Base load plants usually have low costs per unit of electricity because they are designed for maximum efficiency and are operated continuously at high output. Geothermal power plants , nuclear power plants , coal-fired plants and bioenergy plants that burn solid material are almost always operated as base load plants, as they can be difficult to adjust to suit demand. A plant can also have its output curtailed or intentionally left idle because

1628-426: The time. This can apply to fossil generating stations with restricted fuels supplies, but most notably applies to intermittent renewable resources. Solar PV and wind turbines have a capacity factor limited by the availability of their "fuel", sunshine and wind respectively. A hydroelectricity plant may have a capacity factor lower than 100% due to restriction or scarcity of water, or its output may be regulated to match

1672-498: The two plan developers, Col. Lewis A. Pick and William Glenn Sloan . Local communities in the area had resisted having the dam built at other locations on the river where they would be affected. In order to construct the dam, the US government needed to purchase 152,360 acres (616.6 km) of bottomlands in the Fort Berthold Reservation that would be flooded by the creation of Lake Sakakawea. These lands were owned by

1716-470: The winter. Certain onshore wind farms can reach capacity factors of over 60%, for example the 44 MW Eolo plant in Nicaragua had a net generation of 232.132 GWh in 2015, equivalent to a capacity factor of 60.2%, while United States annual capacity factors from 2013 through 2016 range from 32.2% to 34.7%. Since the capacity factor of a wind turbine measures actual production relative to possible production, it

1760-407: Was 151.9 inhabitants per square mile (58.6/km ). There were 188 housing units at an average density of 139.3 per square mile (53.8/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 94.6% White , 2.9% Native American , 2.0% Asian , and 0.5% from two or more races. There were 103 households, of which 11.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.2% were married couples living together, 2.9% had

1804-451: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.86. In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 21.6% from 25 to 44, 31.5% from 45 to 64, and 19.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.1 males. The median income for

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1848-463: Was increased to $ 7.5 million in 1949, but it did not fully compensate them for the loss of their important farmlands, homes, towns, and graves. They had cultivated the bottomlands and were able to be largely self-sufficient. The final settlement legislation denied the tribes' right to use the reservoir shoreline for traditional grazing, hunting, fishing or other purposes, including irrigation development and royalty rights on all subsurface minerals within

1892-500: Was operated by the federal government from its establishment until 1986, when it was turned over to the state of North Dakota with incorporation following shortly thereafter. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 1.35 square miles (3.50 km ), all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 205 people, 103 households, and 67 families residing in the city. The population density

1936-413: Was the US unit with the highest factor and actually reached 104.4%. The Danish offshore wind farm Horns Rev 2 has a nameplate capacity of 209.3 MW. As of January 2017 it has produced 6416 GWh since its commissioning 7 years ago, i.e. an average annual production of 875 GWh/year and a capacity factor of: Sites with lower capacity factors may be deemed feasible for wind farms, for example

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