Misplaced Pages

#931068

59-540: Ilomantsi ( Karelian : Il'manči or Ilomančči , Swedish : Ilomants ) is municipality and a village of Finland . It is located in the North Karelia region . The municipality has a population of 4,372 (31 October 2024) and covers an area of 3,172.69 square kilometres (1,224.98 sq mi) of which 409.01 km (157.92 sq mi) is water. The population density is 1.58 inhabitants per square kilometre (4.1/sq mi). The easternmost point of Finland and

118-521: A Shortened Catechism into North Karelian and Olonets (Aunus) dialects in 1804, and the gospel of St. Matthew in South Karelian Tver dialect, in 1820. Karelian literature in 19th century Russia remained limited to a few primers, songbooks and leaflets. In 1921, the first all-Karelian congress under the Soviet regime debated whether Finnish or Karelian should be the official language (next to Russian) of

177-419: A city made of lakes named Old Norse Aldeigja or Aldoga . Since the beginning of the 14th century this hydronym was commonly known as Ladoga . According to T. N. Jackson, it can be taken "almost for granted that the name of Ladoga first referred to the river, then the city, and only then the lake". Therefore, he considers the primary hydronym Ladoga to originate in the eponymous inflow to the lower reaches of

236-587: A national-cultural autonomy which guarantees the use of the Karelian language in schools and mass media. In Finland , Karelian has official status as a non-regional national minority language within the framework of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . The Karelian language has two main varieties, which can be considered as supradialects or separate languages: Karelian Proper , which comprises Northern Karelian and South Karelian (including

295-646: A number of other Salmonidae as well as, albeit rarely, endangered Atlantic sturgeon (formerly confused with European sea sturgeon ). Commercial fishing was once a major industry but has been hurt by overfishing. After the war, between 1945 and 1954, the total annual catch increased and reached a maximum of 4,900 tonnes. However, unbalanced fishery led to the drastic decrease of catch in 1955–1963, sometimes to 1,600 tonnes per year. Trawling has been forbidden in Lake Ladoga since 1956 and some other restrictions were imposed. The situation gradually recovered, and in 1971–1990

354-456: A spirit of brotherhood. Karelian is written with orthography similar to Finnish orthography. However, some features of the Karelian language and thus orthography are different from Finnish: /c/ and /č/ have length levels, which is not found in standard Finnish. For example, in Kalevala, Lönnrot 's orthography metsä : metsän hides the fact that the pronunciation of the original material

413-570: A variety of dialects across Finland — and the Finns saw Karelian simply as additional Finnish dialects. In the end Finnish was established as the official "local" language. An intense program of Finnicization , but called "Karelianization", began and Finnish-language schools were established across Soviet Karelia. Newspapers, literary journals were established and Russian literature was translated into Finnish, while much literature from Soviet Karelia in Finnish

472-523: Is 1 January 2017. Ilomantsi offers a number of historical sights, beautiful scenery and nature, several unique cultural sights and events, as well as tasty culinary delights. A few places to visit: [REDACTED] Media related to Ilomantsi at Wikimedia Commons Karelian language There is no single standard Karelian language, so the Karelian language is a group of two supradialects . The two supradialects are Karelian Proper (which comprises Northern Karelian and South Karelian (including

531-781: Is actually /mettšä : metšän/ , with palatalization of the affricate . The exact details depend on the dialect, though. See Yleiskielen ts:n murrevastineet . Karelian actually uses /z/ as a voiced alveolar fricative . (In Finnish, z is a foreign spelling for /ts/ .) The plosives /b/ , /d/ and /ɡ/ may be voiced. (In most Finnish dialects, they are not differentiated from the unvoiced /p/ , /t/ , and /k/ . Furthermore, in Karelian except North Karelian, voiced consonants occur also in native words, not just in loans as in standard Finnish.) The sounds represented by č, š and ž are native to Karelian, but not Finnish. Speakers of Finnish do not distinguish /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ from /s/ , nor /tʃ/ from /ts/ (medial) or /s/ (initial). For example,

590-703: Is fully supported by archeology, since the Scandinavians first appeared in Ladoga in the early 750s, that is, a couple of decades before the Slavs . Other hypotheses about the origin of the name derive it from Karelian : aalto 'wave' and Karelian : aaltokas 'wavy', or from the Russian dialectal word алодь, meaning 'open lake, extensive water field'. Eugene Helimski by contrast, offers an etymology rooted in German. In his opinion,

649-586: Is known, hosts Jotnian sediments . During the Pleistocene glaciations the depression was partially stripped of its sedimentary rock fill by glacial overdeepening . During the Last Glacial Maximum , about 17,000 years BP , the lake served likely as a channel that concentrated ice of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet into an ice stream that fed glacier lobes further east. Deglaciation following

SECTION 10

#1732855620932

708-541: Is located in Ilomantsi. The municipality is unilingually Finnish . Local words of Karelian or Russian extraction might be used in Ilomantsi. For example, the central village of the municipality is not called kirkonkylä as is usual in Finland, but pogosta (a Russian loan-word, originally pogost ). Even the local newspaper is called Pogostan Sanomat , i.e. "The Pogosta News". Ilomantsi has 17.4% Orthodox minority , which

767-410: Is present before /g/, /k/ and /kk/, and the combination is represented with multigraphs ⟨ng⟩ , ⟨nk⟩ or ⟨nkk⟩ . Karelian Proper does not geminate /ŋ/ in consonant gradation unlike Finnish: kengät 'shoes' pronounces as [ˈkeŋɡæt] instead of Finnish [ˈkeŋŋæt] . Olonets, Ludic, and Tver Karelian have the voiced affricate / dʒ /, represented in writing by

826-607: Is seen as a distinct language. Besides Karelian and Finnish, the Finnic subgroup also includes Estonian and some minority languages spoken around the Baltic Sea . Karelian is a language in danger of extinction, with 45% of speakers being over 65 years old and with around 1% of speakers being under 15 years of age. The language is also not known or used at all by a majority of the people in the Republic of Karelia, with around 43% of people using

885-456: Is the largest percentage among Finnish municipalities. The wooden Orthodox church of Ilomantsi is the largest in Finland and is dedicated to the prophet Elijah . There are also five Orthodox chapels ( tsasouna ) in the municipality. The Orthodox community of Ilomantsi is more than 500 years old and counts 1,100 members. The following table shows the decrease in population of the municipality every five years since 1980. The regional allocation used

944-659: Is today also considered a separate language. Like Finnish, the Karelian language has 8 phonemic vowel qualities , totalling 11 vowel phonemes when vowel length is considered: Only the close vowels /i/ , /y/ and /u/ may occur long. The original Proto-Finnic long mid and open vowels have been diphthongized: * ee, *öö, *oo > /ie/, /yö/, /uo/ (as also in Finnish ); *aa, *ää > /oa/, /eä/ or /ua/, /iä/ (as also in Savonian dialects of Finnish). North Karelian and Olonets Karelian have 21 diphthongs : In addition to

1003-535: Is usually considered a part of the Eastern Finnic subgroup. It has been proposed that Late Proto-Finnic evolved into three dialects: Northern dialect, spoken in western Finland ; Southern dialect, spoken in the area of modern-day Estonia and northern Latvia , and Eastern dialect, spoken in the regions east of the Southern dialect. In the 6th century, Eastern dialect arrived at the western shores of Lake Ladoga, and in

1062-664: The Ingrian War , a fraction of the Ladoga coast was occupied by Sweden. In 1617, by the Treaty of Stolbovo , the northern and western coast was ceded by Russia to Sweden. In 1721, after the Great Northern War , it was restitutioned to Russia by the Treaty of Nystad . In the 18th century, the Ladoga Canal was built to bypass the lake which was prone to winds and storms that destroyed hundreds of cargo ships. Later, from around 1812–1940

1121-474: The Russian Republic of Karelia . The municipality is sparsely populated and is mostly characterized by forests and boglands . About 250 km (97 sq mi) of the area is designated as natural reserves, among them the national parks Petkeljärvi and Patvinsuo . The most important bodies of water in Ilomantsi are the lakes Koitere and Nuorajärvi and the river Koitajoki . The Pampalo gold mine

1180-566: The Tver enclave dialects )) and Olonets Karelian (Livvi Karelian). Ludic Karelian also appears in writing. All variants are written with the Latin -based Karelian alphabet , though the Cyrillic script has been used in the past. Each writer writes in Karelian according to their own dialectal form. Based upon toponymic and historical evidence, a form of Karelian was also spoken among the extinct Bjarmians in

1239-570: The Volkhov River whose early Finnic name was Alodejoki (corresponding to modern Finnish : Alojen joki ) 'river of the lowlands'. The Germanic toponym ( Aldeigja ~ Aldoga ) was soon borrowed by the Slavic population and transformed by means of the Old East Slavic metathesis ald- → lad- to Old East Slavic : Ладога . The Old Norse intermediary word between Finnish and Old East Slavic word

SECTION 20

#1732855620932

1298-574: The Weichselian glaciation took place in the Lake Ladoga basin between 12,500 and 11,500 radiocarbon years BP . Lake Ladoga was initially part of the Baltic Ice Lake (70–80 m. above present sea level ), a historical freshwater stage of Baltic Sea . It is possible, though not certain, that Ladoga was isolated from it during regression of the subsequent Yoldia Sea brackish stage (10,200–9,500 BP). The isolation threshold should be at Heinjoki to

1357-740: The 15th century. Karelian is a Finnic language from the Uralic language family, and is closely related to Finnish . Finnish and Karelian have common ancestry in the Proto-Karelian language spoken in the coast of Lake Ladoga in the Iron Age , and Karelian forms a dialect continuum with the Eastern dialects of Finnish. Earlier, some Finnish linguists classified Karelian as a dialect of Finnish, sometimes known in older Finnish literature as Raja-Karjalan murteet ('Border Karelian dialects'), but today Karelian

1416-1301: The 19th century used the Cyrillic alphabet . With the establishment of the Soviet Union, Finnish, written with the Latin alphabet, became official. However, from 1938 to 1940 Karelian written in Cyrillic replaced Finnish as an official language of the Karelian ASSR (see "History" below). Example from Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Cyrillic Karelian script, transliteration and translation : Cyrillic : Каи рахвас роиттахeс вäллиннÿ да тазаарвозинну омас арвос да оигeвуксис. Ёгахизeлe хeис он аннeтту миeли да оматундо да хeил вäлтäмäттäх пидäÿ олла кeскeнäх, куи вeллил . Latin : Kai rahvas roittahes vällinny da taza-arvozinnu omas arvos da oigevuksis. Jogahizele heis on annettu mieli da omatundo da heil vältämättäh pidäy olla keskenäh, kui vellil. Translation : All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in

1475-484: The 9th century, Northern dialect reached the same region. These two dialects blended together and formed Old Karelian. By the end of the 13th century, speakers of Old Karelian had reached the Savo region in eastern Finland , increasingly mixing with population from western Finland. In 1323 Karelia was divided between Sweden and Novgorod according to the Treaty of Nöteborg , which started to slowly separate descendants of

1534-418: The Cyrillic alphabet. A new form of standardized Karelian was hurriedly introduced in 1938, written in Cyrillic, with only nine grammatical cases, and with a very large and increasing number of words taken directly from Russian but with Karelian grammatical endings. During this period about 200 titles were published, including educational materials, children's books, readers, Party and public affairs documents,

1593-624: The Karelian language in Karelia and Finland. In 2007 a standard alphabet was adopted to write all dialects (Tver Karelian adopted it in 2017). In 2008, Joensuu University launched Finland's first Karelian language professorship, in order to save the language. A year later, Finland's first Karelian language nest (pre-school immersion group) was established in the town of Nurmes . Croatian singer Jurica Popović collaborated with Tilna Tolvaneen on lyrics for his 1999 song "H.O.T. Hold On To Your Tradition", which are partly in Karelian. A sample from

1652-522: The Nerev excavation on the left coast side of Novgorod . The language used in the document is thought to be an archaic form of the language spoken in Olonets Karelia , a dialect of the Karelian language. A later manuscript, no. 403 (second half of the 14th century), apparently belonging to a tax collector, includes a short glossary of Karelian words and their translations. In the regions ruled by Novgorod,

1711-410: The Proto-Karelian language from each other. In the areas occupied by Sweden, Old Karelian started to develop into dialects of Finnish: Savonian dialects and Southeastern dialects. Birch bark letter no. 292 is the oldest known document in any Finnic language . The document is dated to the beginning of the 13th century. It was found in 1957 by a Soviet expedition, led by Artemiy Artsikhovskiy in

1770-490: The Soviet Union. During World War II not only Finnish and Soviet, but also German and Italian vessels operated there (see also Naval Detachment K and Regia Marina ). Under these circumstances, during much of the Siege of Leningrad (1941–44), Lake Ladoga provided the only access to the besieged city as a section of the eastern shore remained in Soviet hands. Supplies were transported into Leningrad with trucks on winter roads over

1829-489: The Tver enclave dialects); and Olonets Karelian . These varieties constitute a continuum of dialects, the ends of which are no longer mutually intelligible. Varieties can be further divided into individual dialects: The Ludic language , spoken along the easternmost edge of Karelian Republic, is in the Russian research tradition counted as a third main dialect of Karelian, though Ludic shows strong relationship also to Veps , and it

Ilomantsi - Misplaced Pages Continue

1888-571: The USSR as part of that Republic. Finnish, written in the Latin alphabet, was once again made the official "local" language of Soviet Karelia, alongside Russian. In the 1980s, publishing began again in various adaptations of the Latin alphabet for Olonets Karelian and the White Sea and Tver dialects of Karelian Proper. Since the 1990s the Union of Karelian people started to organize various projects to popularize

1947-653: The book Luemma vienankarjalaksi : Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Lake Ladoga Lake Ladoga is a freshwater lake located in the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia , in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg . It is the largest lake located entirely in Europe, the second largest lake in Russia after Lake Baikal , and the 14th largest freshwater lake by area in

2006-464: The catch ranged between 4,900 and 6,900 tonnes per year, about the same level as the total catch in 1938. Fish farms and recreational fishing are developing. It has its own endemic ringed seal subspecies known as the Ladoga seal . Since the beginning of the 1960s Ladoga has become considerably eutrophicated . Nizhnesvirsky Natural Reserve is situated along the shore of Lake Ladoga immediately to

2065-511: The continental part of the European Union is located in Ilomantsi near the village of Hattuvaara . (In the EU, only Cyprus is located further to the east.) The nearest town is Joensuu , 72 kilometres (45 mi) away; the distance to Helsinki is 511 km (318 mi). Neighbouring municipalities are Lieksa and Joensuu. In the east, Ilomantsi shares 100 km (60 mi) long border with

2124-747: The course of the Swedish–Novgorodian Wars , the area was disputed between the Novgorod Republic and Sweden. In the early 14th century, the fortresses of Korela (Kexholm) and Oreshek (Nöteborg) were established along the banks of the lake. During the Russo-Swedish War of 1656–1658, the Swedes deployed several armed vessels (called Lodja) on lake Ladoga to combat the Russians though no large sea battles were fought. The ancient Valaam Monastery

2183-454: The digraph ⟨dž⟩ . Karelian is today written using a Latin alphabet consisting of 29 characters. It extends the ISO basic Latin alphabet with the additional letters Č, Š, Ž, Ä, Ö and ' and excludes the letters Q, W and X. This unified alphabet is used to write all Karelian varieties including Tver Karelian. The very few texts that were published in Karelian from medieval times through

2242-968: The diphthongs North Karelian has a variety of triphthongs : Olonets Karelian has only the triphthongs ieu, iey, iäy, uau, uou and yöy . There are 20 non-palatalized consonants in Karelian with their own single grapheme, and 2 are represented with multigraphs: Some palatalized consonants exist: /lʲ nʲ sʲ tʲ/ in Karelian Proper (North), /dʲ lʲ nʲ rʲ sʲ tʲ/ (/zʲ/ also exists, but only in loanwords) in Olonets Karelian, /dʲ lʲ nʲ rʲ sʲ tʲ zʲ/ in Ludic and Tver Karelian. Palatalized labials are also present in some loanwords: North Karelian b'urokratti 'bureaucrat', Livvi b'urokruattu 'bureaucrat', kip'atku 'boiling water', sv'oklu 'beet', Tver Karelian kip'atka 'boiling water', s'v'okla 'beet' (from Russian бюрократ, кипяток, свёкла). Voiced velar nasal / ŋ / (eng)

2301-563: The east of Vyborg , where the Baltic Sea and Ladoga were connected by a strait or a river outlet at least until the formation of the River Neva, and possibly even much later, until the 12th century AD or so. At 9,500 BP, Lake Onega , previously draining into the White Sea , started emptying into Ladoga via the River Svir . Between 9,500 and 9,100 BP, during the transgression of Ancylus Lake ,

2360-443: The islands), slightly larger than Kuwait . Its north-to-south length is 219 km and its average width is 83 km; the average depth is 47 m, although it reaches a maximum of 230 m in the north-western part. Basin area: 276,000 km , volume: 837 km (earlier estimated as 908 km ). There are around 660 islands, with a total area of about 435 km . Ladoga is, on average, 5 m above sea level. Most of

2419-680: The islands, including the famous Valaam archipelago, Kilpola and Konevets , are situated in the northwest of the lake. Separated from the Baltic Sea by the Karelian Isthmus , it drains into the Gulf of Finland via the Neva River . Lake Ladoga is navigable, being a part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway connecting the Baltic Sea with the Volga River . The Ladoga Canal bypasses the lake in

Ilomantsi - Misplaced Pages Continue

2478-524: The lake was shared between Finland and Russia. According to the conditions of the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty militarization of the lake was severely restricted. However, both Soviet Russia and Finland had flotillas in Ladoga (see also Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment ). After the Winter War (1939–40) according to the Moscow Peace Treaty , Ladoga, previously shared with Finland, became an internal basin of

2537-523: The language at 30,000. Due to post-World War II mobility and internal migration, Karelians now live scattered throughout Finland, and Karelian is no longer spoken as a local community language. In the Republic of Karelia , Karelian has official status as a minority language, and since the late 1990s there have been moves to pass special language legislation, which would give Karelian an official status on par with Russian . Karelians in Tver Oblast have

2596-495: The language. In Russia , Karelian is spoken by about 13,880 people (2020), mainly in the Republic of Karelia , although notable Karelian-speaking communities can also be found in the Tver region ( Tver Oblast ) northwest of Moscow . Previously, it was estimated that there were 5,000 speakers in Finland , mainly belonging to the older generations, but more recent estimates have put the number of people with even slight knowledge of

2655-446: The literary journal Karelia . The newspaper Karjalan Sanomat was written in this new Karelian Cyrillic, rather than in Finnish. Karelians who did not speak Russian could not understand this new official language due to the amount of Russian words, for example, the phrase "Which party led the revolution" in this form of Karelian was given as "Миттўйне партиуя руководи революциюа?" ( Mittujne partiuja rukovodi revoljutsijua? ) where

2714-569: The lower portions of Izhora River , then a tributary of the Gulf of Finland , between 4,000 and 2,000 BP. Dating of some sediments in the northwestern part of Lake Ladoga suggests it happened at 3,100 radiocarbon years BP (3,410–3,250 calendar years BP). The Ladoga is rich with fish. 48 forms (species and infra specific taxa) of fish have been encountered in the lake, including roach , carp bream , zander , European perch , ruffe , endemic variety of smelt , two varieties of Coregonus albula (vendace), eight varieties of Coregonus lavaretus ,

2773-467: The native Karelian words kiza, šoma, liedžu and seičemen are kisa, soma, lietsu and seitsemän in standard Finnish. As all other Finnic languages, Karelian descends from Proto-Finnic , which in turn ultimately descends from Proto-Uralic . The most recent ancestor of the Karelian dialects is the language variety spoken in the 9th century at the western shores of Lake Ladoga , known as Old Karelian (Finnish: muinaiskarjala ). Karelian

2832-588: The new "Karelian Labour Commune" ( Karjalan Työkommuuni , Карялан тыöкоммууни in Cyrillic Karelian), which two years later would become the Karelian ASSR . Finnish communists as well as ethnic Finns from North America, who came to live in Soviet Karelia, dominated the political discourse, as they were in general far better educated than local Karelians. They favored the use of Finnish, which had just been through an 80-year period of standardization based on

2891-502: The next brackish-water stage of the Baltic, occasionally invaded Ladoga between 7,000 and 5,000 BP. Around 5,000 BP the waters of the Saimaa Lake penetrated Salpausselkä and formed a new outlet, River Vuoksi , entering Lake Ladoga in the northwestern corner and raising its level by 1–2 m. The River Neva originated when the Ladoga waters at last broke through the threshold at Porogi into

2950-564: The next freshwater stage of the Baltic, Ladoga certainly became part of it, even if they hadn't been connected immediately before. During the Ancylus Lake subsequent regression, around 8,800 BP Ladoga became isolated. Ladoga slowly transgressed in its southern part due to uplift of the Baltic Shield in the north. It has been hypothesized, but not proven, that waters of the Litorina Sea ,

3009-681: The north of the mouth of the River Svir . The Ladoga has a population of Arctic char that is genetically close to the chars of Lake Sommen and Lake Vättern in southern Sweden. In the Middle Ages , the lake formed a vital part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Eastern Roman Empire , with the Norse emporium at Staraya Ladoga defending the mouth of the Volkhov since the 8th century. In

SECTION 50

#1732855620932

3068-420: The primary name of the lake was Old Norse : * Aldauga 'old source', associated to the open sea, in contrast to the name of the Neva River (flowing from Lake Ladoga) which would derive from the German expression for 'the new'. Through the intermediate form *Aldaugja , Old Norse : Aldeigja came about, referring to the city of Ladoga. The lake has an average surface area of 17,891 km (excluding

3127-510: The protolanguage started to evolve into Karelian language. In 1617 Novgorod lost parts of Karelia to Sweden in the Treaty of Stolbovo , which led the Karelian-speaking population of the occupied areas to flee from their homes. This gave rise to the Karelian speaking population in the Tver and Valday regions. In the 19th century, a few books were published in Karelian using the Cyrillic script , notably A Translation of some Prayers and

3186-514: The south, connecting the Neva to the Svir . The basin of Lake Ladoga includes about 50,000 lakes and 3,500 rivers longer than 10 km. About 85% of the water inflow is due to tributaries, 13% is due to precipitation , and 2% is due to underground waters. Geologically, the Lake Ladoga depression is a graben and syncline structure of Proterozoic age ( Precambrian ). This "Ladoga–Pasha structure", as it

3245-400: The word for party, led, and revolution are all Russian words with Karelian grammatical endings, whereas the Finnish equivalent words have completely different roots: "Mikä puolue johti vallankumousta?" After the Winter War , in April 1940, political considerations changed again. The USSR established the Karelo-Finnish SSR with the idea that Finland proper would eventually be annexed to

3304-411: The world. It is comparable in size to Lake Ontario . Ladoga Lacus , a methane lake on Saturn 's moon Titan , is named after the lake. In one of Nestor's chronicles from the 12th century a lake called "the Great Nevo" is mentioned, a clear link to the Neva River and possibly further to Finnish nevo 'sea' or neva 'bog, quagmire'. Ancient Norse sagas and Hanseatic treaties both mention

3363-432: Was branded a language of the bourgeois Finnish society in Finland proper, and was later regarded as a "fascist" language of the Finnish enemy. From early 1938 to April 1940, the Soviet authorities ceased publication in Finnish, all Finnish-language schools were closed and the children were prohibited from speaking Finnish even during recess. The Soviet government replaced Finnish in the Karelian ASSR with Karelian written in

3422-465: Was founded on the island of Valaam , the largest in Lake Ladoga, abandoned between 1611 and 1715, restored in the 18th century, and evacuated to Finland during the Winter War in 1940. In 1989 the monastic activities in the Valaam were resumed. Other historic cloisters in the vicinity are the Konevets Monastery , which sits on the Konevets island, and the Alexander-Svirsky Monastery , which preserves samples of medieval Muscovite architecture . During

3481-435: Was published. While this was happening in Soviet Karelia, in 1931–33, a Karelian literary language using the Latin alphabet was standardized for the Tver Karelian community of about 127,000 people, hundreds of kilometers to the south. Between 1935 and 1938 the Finnish-dominated leadership of Soviet Karelia including leader Edvard Gylling , was removed from power, killed or sent to concentration camps . The Finnish language

#931068