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69-585: Uprising defeated Ukrainian Front The uprising of Nykyfor Hryhoriv was an armed protest against the Bolshevik rule in Ukraine in May 1919, which covered the area between Mykolaiv and Kherson , Katerynoslav , Yelysavethrad , Cherkasy , Kremenchuk and Kryvyi Rih . Its leader was otaman Nykyfor Hryhoriv , who gathered around him guerrilla troops of peasants rebelling against food requisitions and repression led by

138-580: A frontline just west of the city of Lutsk . Due to an invasion of the Bolsheviks , the government of Ukraine was forced to retreat to Volhynia after the sack of Kyiv . Military aid from the Central Powers as a result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk brought peace in the region and some degree of stability. Until the end of the war, the area saw a revival of Ukrainian culture after years of Russian oppression and

207-580: A new revolt, as a result of which the Bolshevik troops had to leave the city for a few more days. On 15 May, Hryhoriv's supporters initiated an armed uprising in Bila Tserkva , on 16 May, sailors from Ochakiv and a new executive committee of the councils in Kherson, led by Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and supported by local garrison, threw their support behind him. For the next two weeks, Kherson remained under

276-839: A number of the Marchlewszczyzna Polish national districts was formed in the Soviet-controlled part of Volhynia. In 1931, the Vatican of the Roman Catholic Church established a Ukrainian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Volhynia, Polesia and Pidliashia , where the congregation practiced the Byzantine Rite in Ukrainian language. From 1935 to 1938, the government of the Soviet Union deported numerous nationals from Volhynia in

345-781: A part of childhood in Volhynia. A small south-western part of Volhynia was annexed by Austria in the First Partition of Poland in 1772. In 1783, a porcelain factory was founded in Korzec by Józef Klemens Czartoryski . After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, the remainder of Volhynia was annexed as the Volhynian Governorate of the Russian Empire . It covered an area of 71,852.7 square kilometres. Following this annexation,

414-616: A population transfer to Siberia and Central Asia , as part of the dekulakization , an effort to suppress peasant farmers in the region. These people included Poles of Eastern Volhynia (see Population transfer in the Soviet Union ). Following the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in 1939, and the subsequent invasion and division of Polish territories between the Reich and the USSR,

483-711: A telegraph conversation with the commander of the Ukrainian Front, he also announced an attack on Kyiv and Kharkiv . On 10 May, the Defense Council of the Ukrainian SSR declared Hryhoriv outlawed and ordered, if arrested, to shoot him and his associates on the spot. A day later, the Otaman's troops reached Katerynoslav, from which the Red Army units hurriedly retreated, as the garrison of the nearby Verkhnodniprovsk defected to

552-636: Is estimated that about 1.5% survived the Holocaust. The number of Ukrainian victims of Polish retaliatory attacks until the spring of 1945 is estimated at approx. 2,000−3,000 in Volhynia. The Germans operated the Stalag 346, Stalag 357 and Stalag 360 prisoner-of-war camps in Volhynia. In 1945, Soviet Ukraine expelled ethnic Germans from Volhynia following the end of the war, claiming that Nazi Germany had used ethnic Germans in eastern Europe as part of its Generalplan Ost . The expulsion of Germans from eastern Europe

621-628: Is roughly equivalent to Volyn and Rivne Oblasts ; the territory that still carries the name is Volyn Oblast. Volhynia has changed hands numerous times throughout history and been divided among competing powers. For centuries it was part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . After the Russian annexation during the Partitions of Poland , all of Volhynia was made part of the Pale of Settlement on

690-588: The 13th Army led by Kozhevnikov. On April 14, 1919, the Central Executive Committee of the Ukrainian SSR ratified a military union with the Russian SFSR . On April 15, 1919, all army groups were transformed into armies: On April 27, 1919 the 2nd Ukrainian Soviet Army was transferred under the jurisdiction of the Southern Front and on June 4, 1919 transformed into the 14th Army . In June,

759-593: The 1st Ukrainian and 3rd Ukrainian armies were transformed into the 12th Army and transferred to the Western Front . The Crimean Soviet Army also joined the 14th Army at the Southern Front on June 4, 1919. On July 21, 1919 the Crimean Soviet Army was dissolved and transformed into the Crimean Rifle Division which in six days was renamed again into the 58th Rifle Division. The Ukrainian front

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828-488: The 2nd Army (10,300 soldiers) and the 3rd Army (13,863 soldiers), which were operating in the nearby regions. The Otaman never proceeded to carry out the orders to march on Bessarabia. Immediately after the departure of Antonov-Ovseenko from his quarters, his soldiers started looting, attacking the Jewish population and communist officials. In the first days, Hryhoriv punished some cases of such behavior of soldiers, and assured

897-566: The 2nd Ukrainian Insurgent Division in December 1918 were renamed into Soviet divisions. It was planned also to add to the army group the Moscow Worker's Division , the 43rd Worker's Regiment , the 2nd Oryol Cavalry Division as well as the formations of Innokentiy Kozhevnikov from Ufa . The most of them however were redirected to the Southern Front. The Moscow Military District also sent

966-637: The Battle of Kostiuchnówka , in which the Poles defeated the Russians, (and as the place of establishment of the accomplished Legia Warsaw football club, relocated to Warsaw only in 1920.)) After the 1917 February Revolution and the formation of the Russian Provisional Government , Ukrainian nationalists declared the autonomous Ukrainian People's Republic . The territory of Volhynia was split in half by

1035-599: The Cheka . On 8 May 1919, Hryhoriv published a Universal , in which he called for "the Ukrainian people to take power into their own hands" and proclaimed a "Soviet Ukraine without communists". His call was also taken up by the garrisons of the Red Army in Cherkasy, Verkhnodniprovsk and Katerynoslav, as well as sailors from Mykolaiv, Kherson and Ochakiv . Numerous pogroms took place in

1104-454: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania divided the region, Poland taking western Volhynia and Lithuania taking eastern Volhynia (1352–1366). During this period many Poles and Jews settled in the area. The Roman and Greek Catholic churches became established in the province. In 1375, a Roman Catholic Diocese of Lodomeria was established, but it was suppressed in 1425. Many Orthodox churches joined

1173-571: The Makhnovshchina considered treason. Hryhoriv was shot and his troops joined the forces of Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine . However, the remnants of the group under the command of Yuriy Tyutyunnyk broke through to Podolia , reaching the units of the Ukrainian People's Army and then joining them. Hryhoriv's uprising disintegrated the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army and largely thwarted its command's plans to march to Bessarabia, join

1242-713: The Pripyat valley as part of the vast East European Plain , between the Western Bug in the west and upper streams of Uzh and Teteriv rivers. Before the partitions of Poland , the eastern edge stretched a little west along the right-banks of the Sluch River or just east of it. Within the territory of Volhynia is located Little Polisie, a lowland that actually divides the Volhynian-Podolian Upland into separate Volhynian Upland and northern outskirts of Podolian Upland ,

1311-693: The Romanian troops in Bessarabia and an intervention in Hungary . Antonov-Ovseenko met Hryhoriv personally in his quarters in Oleksandriia . The Otaman complained to him about the policy of repression and requisitioning against the Ukrainian peasantry. Recognizing that there were many reasons in Hryhoriv's arguments and observing the mood among his soldiers, Antonov-Ovseenko decided to persuade him to continue his service in

1380-646: The Southern Bug River, whose name may come from the Proto-Slavic root * vol/vel- 'wet'. In other versions, the city was located over 20 km (12 mi) to the west of Volodymyr near the mouth of the Huczwa  [ pl ] River, a tributary of the Western Bug . Geographically it occupies northern areas of the Volhynian-Podolian Upland and western areas of Polesian Lowland along

1449-529: The Ukrainian Front of the Red Army and largely thwarted its command's plans to march to Bessarabia , join the region to the Soviet state, and then intervene in Hungary and extend the communist revolution to Romania . At the end of 1918, Nykyfor Hryhoriv was the commander of the 6,000-strong Peasants' Division, with which he took part in the uprising against Hetmanate , on the side of Directorate . Formally,

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1518-499: The Volyn , Rivne and parts of the Zhytomyr , Ternopil and Khmelnytskyi oblsts of Ukraine, as well as parts of Poland (see Chełm ). Major cities include Lutsk , Rivne , Kovel , Volodymyr , Kremenets (Ternopil Oblast) and Starokostiantyniv (Khmelnytskyi Oblast). Before World War II , many Jewish shtetls (small towns), such as Trochenbrod and Lozisht , were an integral part of

1587-572: The Walitābā and king Mājik , which some read as Walīnānā and identified with the Volhynians , were "the original, pure-blooded Saqaliba , the most highly honoured" and dominated the rest of the Slavic tribes, but due to "dissent" their "original organization was destroyed" and "the people divided into factions, each of them ruled by their own king", implying existence of a Slavic federation which perished after

1656-402: The government of the adventurer Rakovsky and his henchmen to leave us and not violate the will of the people . The All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets will give us a government to which we will submit and faithfully fulfill its will." The Otaman called for the organization of village, district and provincial councils, each with 80% of seats reserved for Ukrainians , 5% for Jews and 15% for

1725-605: The Bolsheviks on a smaller scale. However, in June 1919, the Red Army command ceased to treat the Otaman as a serious threat, as only 3,000 remained under his command. That same month, Nestor Makhno met with Hryhoriv, proposing a joint fight against both the Reds and the Whites. Both commanders decided to join forces, but their agreement quickly broke down. Hryhoriv considered moving to the side of White movement and submitting to Anton Denikin , which

1794-491: The Bolsheviks; these forces took control of Katerynoslav and let Hryhoriv's troops into the city. The local Cheka's outpost and the prison were defeated, and the rebels also carried out a pogrom. It was only on 15 May that Hryhoriv's troops were forced out of Katerynoslav by a group of troops under the command of Alexander Parkhomenko  [ ru ] , who ordered the shooting of every tenth captured rebel, and threw several thousand participants in prison. They managed to raise

1863-495: The Moscow Reserve Artillery Brigade and its leading military personnel. Officially Innokentiy Kozhevnikov became the commander of the army group, but the major work in organizing the army group was conducted by Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko . By January 1919 he managed also to recruit several formations of border guards, two Cheka and two food regiments as well as several armored trains from Moscow . The army group

1932-453: The Otaman had rebelled against the government of the Ukrainian SSR. On this and the next day, Hryhoriv published a Universal , in which he proclaimed: "Ukrainian people, take power into your own hands. Let there be no dictatorship, neither of the person nor of the party. Long live the dictatorship of the working people ... Long live the power of the Councils of the people of Ukraine... "We ask

2001-595: The Polish 1863 January Uprising against Russia were fought in the region, including the Battle of Salicha . In 1897, the population amounted to 2,989,482 people (41.7 per square kilometre). It consisted of 73.7 percent East Slavs (predominantly Ukrainians ), 13.2 percent--400,000 Jews , 6.2 percent Poles , and 5.7 percent Germans . Most of the German settlers had immigrated from Congress Poland . A small number of Czech settlers also had migrated here. Their main regional center

2070-510: The Red Army. Seeing an ambitious adventurer in the otaman, the commander-in-chief of the Ukrainian Front entrusted him with the prestigious mission of the march to Bessarabia , convincing him that winning victories over the Romanians would allow him to contribute to spreading the revolution in Europe and ensure him enormous personal fame. On 23 April, Hryhoriv agreed to carry out these orders. After

2139-653: The Reich to forced labour camps, arrests, detention in camps and mass executions, by 1943 ethnic Poles constituted only 10–12% of the entire population of Volhynia. During the German invasion,the Jewish population in Volhynia was approximately 460,000. About 400,000–450,000 Jews and 100,000 Poles (men, women and children) in Volhynia were massacred by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and Ukraine collaborators. The Jews were shot and thousands buried in large pits. The main massacre took place between August and October 1942. It

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2208-613: The Russian government greatly changed the religious make-up of the area: it forcibly liquidated the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church , transferring all of its buildings to the ownership and control of the Russian Orthodox Church . Many Roman Catholic church buildings were also given to the Russian Church. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Lutsk was suppressed by order of Empress Catherine II . Several battles of

2277-552: The Soviet Union invaded and occupied the Polish part of Volhynia. In the course of the Nazi–Soviet population transfers which followed this (temporary) German-Soviet alliance, most of the ethnic German-minority population of Volhynia were transferred to those Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany . Following the mass deportations and arrests carried out by the NKVD , and repressive actions against Poles taken by Germany, including deportation to

2346-659: The Ukrainian forces an ultimatum to leave the city. On January 3, 1919, the Red Army occupied Kharkiv . The next day, the Army Group of Kursk Direction was reformed into the Ukrainian Front. In November 1918 the White Russian Volunteer Army was in a strong position after it successfully secured the territory of Northern Caucasus and Kuban, as well as being supported by the Allied landings in Southern Ukraine. After

2415-532: The Ukrainian historian Yuriy Dyba, the chronicle phrase « и оустави по мьстѣ. погосты и дань. и по лузѣ погосты и дань и ѡброкы » (and established in place pogosts and tribute along Luha), the path of pogosts and tribute reflects the actual route of Olga's raid against the Drevlians further to the west, up to the Western Bug 's right tributary Luha River . As early as 983, Vladimir the Great appointed his son Vsevolod as

2484-497: The area conquered by Hryhoriv's supporters. The uprising was suppressed at the end of May 1919 by units of the Red Army under the command of Kliment Voroshilov , Alexander Parkhomenko  [ ru ] and Pavel Dybenko ; peasant units in the face of clashes with larger regular forces dispersed, surrendered or defected. On 22 May, the Red Army seized the center of the rebellion - Oleksandriia , and on 26–31 May, it again seized Mykolaiv, Ochakiv and Kherson. Hryhoriv, who hid from

2553-404: The attack of the Pannonian Avars . Volhynia may have been included in (or was in the sphere of influence of) the Grand Duchy of Kiev (Ruthenia) as early as the tenth century. At that time Princess Olga sent a punitive raid against the Drevlians to avenge the death of her husband Grand Prince Igor (Ingvar Röreksson); she later established pogosts along the Luha River . In the opinion of

2622-406: The attack on Tiraspol . On the way, Hryhoriv's soldiers committed a series of antisemitic pogroms and generalised looting . At the end of April 1919, Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko made an attempt to reach an agreement with Hryhoriv, who commanded the largest grouping of troops on the front and whose attitude essentially determined the success of further plans, including the concept of a march against

2691-409: The authorities of the Ukrainian SSR and the command of the Ukrainian Front about his loyalty. On 29 April, Antonov-Ovseenko, alerted by reports of attacks on communists in the places where Hryhoriv's soldiers were stationed, went again to Oleksandriia, returning from another inspection at Nestor Makhno 's headquarters of Huliaipole . Upon leaving, the commander of the Ukrainian Front still believed that

2760-465: The control of Hryhoriv as an "independent Soviet republic". In order to prevent a similar development in Odesa, where Hryhoriv's supporters had already begun to mobilize, Nikolai Khudiakov  [ ru ] and Yefim Shchadenko declared a state of emergency in the city, preventing the anti-Bolshevik outburst. On 16 May, the participants of the uprising took control of Cherkasy , where for several days they carried out antisemitic pogroms. On 20 May,

2829-421: The denial of Ukrainian traditions. After German troops were withdrawn, the whole region was engulfed by a new wave of military actions by Poles and Russians competing for control of the territory. The Ukrainian People's Army was forced to fight on three fronts : Bolsheviks, Poles and a Volunteer Army of Imperial Russia. In 1919, Volhynia became part of the Polish-controlled Volhynian District . In 1921, after

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2898-512: The division was subordinate to the Southern Group of the Ukrainian People's Army , but in fact the control of the UPA over it was only partial. In January 1919, when the Red Army invaded Ukraine , Hryhoriv decided that the Directorate was doomed and decided to go over to the side of the victorious Bolsheviks . The second reason that prompted him to switch front was that Symon Petliura did not allow him to attack Allied Intervention Forces landing in Odesa . On 2 February 1919, Hryhoriv recognized

2967-430: The end of the Polish–Soviet War, the treaty known as the Peace of Riga divided Volhynia between Poland and the Soviet Union , with Poland retaining the larger part, in which the Volhynian Voivodeship was established with the capital in Łuck , and the largest city being Równe . Most of eastern Volhynian Governorate became part of the Ukrainian SSR , eventually being split into smaller districts. During that period,

3036-470: The formation of the Ukrainian Front on January 4, 1919, the Ukrainian Revolutionary Military Council consisted of Antonov, Kotsiubynsky, and Shchadenko. On January 13, 1919, as part of the Front the Army Group of Kharkiv Direction was created, which was based on the 2nd Ukrainian Soviet Division . On January 24, 1919, the People's Commissariat of Military Affairs was created as part of the Provisional Workers-Peasants Government of Ukraine , which on January 28

3105-411: The latter organization in order to benefit from a more attractive legal status. Records of the first agricultural colonies of Mennonites , religious refugees of Dutch , Frisian and German background, date from 1783. After 1569, Volhynia was organized as a voivodeship within the larger Lesser Poland Province of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Future Polish King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki spent

3174-458: The local Bolsheviks had already taken power from the hands of retreating German troops, and finally, on 6 April 1919, he entered Odesa, abandoned the day before by the French intervention forces. Bolshevik party activists were directed to the areas of the Mykolaiv, Kherson and Odesa under the control of Hryhoriv, in order to organize the power structures, conscript people into the Red Army and requisition food . These actions met with resistance from

3243-464: The local population. The Bolshevik policy of war communism was also criticized by Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko , the commander of the Red Army's Ukrainian Front , who predicted a general revolt against the Ukrainian Soviet government . Simultaneously, after the conquest of Odesa, Hryhoriv dismissed his troops for a three-week "rest", allowing the soldiers to return to their places of origin, instead of supporting Nikolai Khudiakov  [ ru ] in

3312-426: The occupation of Odesa and the acquisition of new volunteers, Hryhoriv's peasant division was transformed into the 6th Ukrainian Soviet Division. The Otaman had 15,000 infantry, three cavalry squadrons and 44 guns under his command. In addition, he took 30,000 rifles from the city, and in total he obtained a further 300 machine guns and 40 guns in the course of the battles. Thus, he had at his disposal greater forces than

3381-417: The pursuit with the rest of his supporters and reached the area controlled by Nestor Makhno 's Revolutionary Insurgent Army , announced his joining the Makhnovist movement . In fact, however, he maintained contacts with Anton Denikin 's White movement and considered recognizing his sovereignty, for which he was shot by Makhno. His troops joined with the Makhnovist forces. Hryhoriv's uprising disintegrated

3450-403: The rebellion could be prevented, although he was concerned about the nervous behavior of the otaman. At the same time, in the Kherson Governorate , where Hryhoriv's soldiers were stationed, mass peasant riots began against forced food requisitions and repression by Cheka . On 7 May, Bolshevik commissars in Yelysavethrad and at Hryhoriv's staff informed Kyiv and Odesa party organizations that

3519-465: The rebels seized Mykolaiv, where soldiers and sailors under the command of sailors Yevgrakov and Proskurenko drove the Bolsheviks out of the city, destroyed the Cheka's outpost and let Hryhoriv's troops into the city. On 20 May, Hryhoriv also controlled Bratslav and Vinnytsia for one day. Moreover, he gained some support in Podolia , where the fight against the Bolsheviks was undertaken by others, inspired by his uprising. On 12 May, Kliment Voroshilov

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3588-406: The rebels. Anatoly Skachko  [ ru ] , commanding the Bolshevik forces in Katerynoslav, panicked at the news of the coming rebels and, contrary to Antonov-Ovseenko's orders, did not even attempt to defend the city. On 12 May, in the city itself, the cavalry unit of the anarchist Artem Maksiuta  [ ru ] and the Black Sea regiment commanded by the sailor Orlov rebelled against

3657-729: The red command. On 19 May, a group of troops under the command of P. Yegorov defeated supporters of the Otaman at Kremenchuk , and the Dnieper war flotilla finally left Cherkasy. At the end of the month, Hryhoriv's main force was defeated at Kamianka . On 22 May, the Red Army seized the center of his movement - Oleksandriia , a day later Znamianka, and between 26 and 31 May, it retook Mykolaiv , Ochakiv and Kherson . In Kherson, Hryhoriv's close associates, Horbenko and Maslenko, were captured and shot. Hryhoriv's supporters held Boryslav , Kakhovka , Nikopol in their hands for some time, attacking military transports going to Crimea and making raids towards Oleksandriia. Other Otamans continued to fight

3726-419: The region to the Soviet state, and then intervene in Hungary and extend the communist revolution to Romania. Ukrainian Front (1919) The army group was primarily based on two insurgent divisions that were created on September 22, 1918, by the order #6 of All-Ukrainian Central Military Revolutionary Committee and were part of the Red Army Reserve Front at the Oryol Military District . The reserve front

3795-404: The region. At one time all of Volhynia was part of the Pale of Settlement designated by Imperial Russia on its southwesternmost border. The first records can be traced to the Ruthenian chronicles, such as the Primary Chronicle , which mentions tribes of the Dulebes , Buzhans and Volhynians . The land was mentioned in the works of Al-Masudi and Abraham ben Jacob that in ancient times

3864-490: The rest , with the admission of representatives of all parties and non-party members that supported the concept of Soviet power. In a telegraph conversation with Antonov-Ovseenko himself, he declared that he identified himself with the Borotbists . In Yelysavethrad, Hryhoriv disarmed a Bolshevik unit and destroyed the premises of Communist Party of Ukraine . He then directed some of his troops to Katerynoslav , Mykolaiv and Kherson , attacking multiple targets simultaneously. In

3933-418: The ruler of the Volhynian principality. In 988, he established the city of Volodymer ( Володимѣръ ). Volhynia's early history coincides with that of the duchies or principalities of Galicia and Volhynia . These two successor states of the Kievan Rus formed Galicia–Volhynia between the 12th and the 14th centuries. After the disintegration of the Galicia–Volhynia circa 1340, the Kingdom of Poland and

4002-512: The so-called Kremenets Hills. Volhynia is located in the basins of the Western Bug and Pripyat, therefore most of its rivers flow either in a northern or a western direction. Relative to other historical regions, it is northeast of Galicia , east of Lesser Poland and northwest of Podolia . The borders of the region are not clearly defined, and it is often considered to overlap a number of other regions, among which are Polesia and Podlasie . The territories of historical Volhynia are now part of

4071-410: The southwestern border of the Russian Empire . Important cities include Rivne , Lutsk , Zviahel , and Volodymyr . The alternative name for the region is Lodomeria after the city of Volodymyr , which was once a political capital of the medieval Volhynian Principality. According to some historians, the region is named after a semi-legendary city of Volin or Velin , said to have been located on

4140-405: The sovereignty of the Red Army command in Ukraine. That month, the troops he commanded, under the name of the 1st Zadneprovsk Brigade , displaced the forces loyal to the Directorate from Kryvyi Rih , Znamianka , Bobrinskaya and Yelysavethrad , forcing them to depart to Podolia and Volhynia . Then, in early March 1919, Hryhoriv ousted the Allies from Kherson , then entered Mykolaiv , where

4209-418: The withdrawal of the German forces from the borders, the 2nd Insurgent Division occupied Belgorod on December 21, 1918, and started to advance on Kharkiv . On December 28–30, 1918, the Ukrainian People's Army managed to halt their advance near Grayvoron and Kozacha Lopan . On January 2, 1919, Bolsheviks organized an uprising in Kharkiv . The local council of German soldiers supported the uprising and gave

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4278-400: Was Kwasiłów . Although economically the area was developing rather quickly, upon the eve of the First World War it was still the most rural province in Western Russian Empire. During World War I , Volhynia was the place of several battles, fought by the Austrians, Germans and the Polish Legions against Russia, eg. the Battle of Kostiuchnówka . (The village of Kostiuchnówka is known for

4347-435: Was abolished on June 15, 1919. Commander Members of the Revolutionary Military Council Chief of staff Volhynia Volhynia or Volynia ( / v oʊ ˈ l ɪ n i ə / voh- LIN -ee-ə ; see below ) is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe , between southeastern Poland , southwestern Belarus , and north western Ukraine . The borders of the region are not clearly defined, but in Ukraine it

4416-449: Was also joined by a number of international volunteer formations from Kazan and Oryol , the 1st Moscow Communist Squad , the Yashvili Company and Armenian Company, all of which accounted for some 1,000 of bayonets . The chairman of the Russian Revolutionary Military Council Leon Trotsky ordered on December 14, 1918, a mass recruitment of ethnic Ukrainians. On November 28, 1918, the All-Ukrainian Central Military Revolutionary Committee

4485-409: Was appointed responsible for suppressing anti-Bolshevik protests in Left-Bank Ukraine . He was authorized by Antonov-Ovseenko to act on his own, without waiting for orders from the government of the Ukrainian SSR. Regardless of this, Antonov-Ovseenko ordered all groups of the Ukrainian Front to move against Hryhoriv, so that his forces were surrounded: Nikolai Khudiakov  [ ru ] from Odesa

4554-416: Was directed towards Znamianka and Yelysavethrad , the 2nd division of the 1st Ukrainian Army of Lengenovski entered Cherkasy , and Pavel Dybenko was supported from the south by the troops of Alexander Parkhomenko  [ ru ] that were operating in the regions of Poltava and Katerynoslav . After the first clashes with the Red Army, Hryhoriv's troops began to surrender, disperse or return to

4623-528: Was originally commissioned under Commandarm Vasily Glagolev and members of revolutionary military council Viyshnevetsky and Zusmanovich. On November 17, 1918, the Revolutionary Military Council consisting of Stalin , Yuri Pyatakov , Volodymyr Zatonsky , and Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko established the Army Group of Kursk Direction . The name was chosen by the newly appointed commander-in-chief of all Armed Forces of Republic Jukums Vācietis (since September 1, 1918). The 1st Ukrainian Insurgent Division and

4692-407: Was renamed into the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . On February 18, 1919, the Army Group of Kiev Direction was created, which was based on the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division . In mid-February within the Army Group of Kharkiv Direction, there was a special group created, called the Army Group of Donetsk Direction which on March 5, 1919 was reorganized into

4761-633: Was transformed into the Provisional Workers-Peasants Government of Ukraine . On November 30, 1918 Vacietis was informed that the Ukrainian Revolutionary Military Council included Antonov, Sergeyev, and Zatonsky. By the end of December 1918 the army group successfully occupied the Chernigov Governorate and portions of the Kharkov Governorate . On December 13, 1918, the 1st Insurgency Division took Klintsy and on December 25 - Novozybkov and Novhorod-Siversky . It met some resistance on December 25, 1918 near Hlukhiv and Shostka . Another of its groups took Vovchansk and Kupiansk on December 19, 1918. After

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