72-463: Haripur District ( Hindko , Urdu : ضلع ہری پور ) is a district in the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan . Before obtaining the status of a district in 1991, Haripur was a tehsil of Abbottabad District Its headquarters are the city of Haripur . According to 2023 Pakistani census population of Haripur District is 1,173,056 (1.1 million). Geographically, the district borders
144-453: A royal decree of Zahir Shah formally granted Pashto the status of an official language, with full rights to use in all aspects of government and education – despite the fact that the ethnically Pashtun royal family and bureaucrats mostly spoke Persian. Thus Pashto became a national language , a symbol for Pashtun nationalism . The constitutional assembly reaffirmed the status of Pashto as an official language in 1964 when Afghan Persian
216-965: A Haripur campus (established in March 2008) of the Hazara University .The campus was upgraded to a full-fledged University of Haripur (UoH) in 2012 by the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . In addition, the project of the Pak-Austria Fachhochschule Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology has also been functioning and is providing higher education since 2017 in village Mang at the main Khanpur Road in Haripur. 33°44′N 72°35′E / 33.733°N 72.583°E / 33.733; 72.583 Hindko Hindko ( ہندکو , romanized: Hindko , IPA: [ˈɦɪndkoː] )
288-504: A distinctive retroflex lateral, which, however, appears to be in complementary distribution with the alveolar lateral. There are two rhotic sounds in Hindko: an alveolar trill /r/ (with a varying number of vibrations dependent on the phonetic context), and a retroflex flap /ɽ/ . Hindko has three short vowels /ɪ/ , /ʊ/ and /ə/ , and six long vowels: /iː/ , /eː/ , /æː/ , /ɑː/ , /oː/ and /uː/ . The vowels can be illustrated with
360-442: A high tone and lose its aspiration and, if word-initial, its voicing: /ɡʱoːɽaː/ > /kòːɽaː/ 'horse'. The same pattern has been reported for Hazara Hindko, with a low rising tone after historically voiced aspirates ( /kòːɽaː/ 'horse' < /ɡʱoːɽaː/ ), a high falling tone before historic voiced aspirates ( /kóːɽaː/ 'leper' < /kóːɽʱaː/ ), and level tone elsewhere ( /koːɽaː/ 'bitter'). According to preliminary observations on
432-423: A literacy rate of 74.88%: 84.13% for males and 65.61% for females. 282,230 (24.06% of the surveyed population) are under 10 years of age. 147,765 (12.58%) live in urban areas. Languages of Haripur district (2023) At the time of the 2023 census, 942,172 of the population spoke Hindko , 172,471 spoke Pashto , 23,423 Urdu , and 11,854 Punjabi and 23,136 others as their first language. The district of Haripur
504-1019: A lot in this regard. Sultan Sakoon has written the First Hindko dictionary that has been published by Gandhara Hindko Board. Sultan Sakoon stands out for his literary contribution as he is a prolific writer and his books including those on Hindko proverbs and Hindko riddles have been published. An excerpt from the Kalām of Ahmad Ali Saayein : الف اول ہے عالم ہست سی او ہاتف آپ پکاریا بسمہ اللہ فیر قلم نوں حکم نوشت ہویا ہس کے قلم سر ماریا بسمہ اللہ نقشہ لوح محفوظ دے وچ سینے قلم صاف اتاریا بسمہ اللہ اس تحریر نوں پڑھ کے فرشتیاں نے سائیاں شکر گزاریا بسمہ اللہ Transliteration: Alif-Awal hai Alam e hast sī o Hātif āp pukārā Bismillah Fīr Qalam nū̃ hukum e Nawišt hoyā Hus ke qalam sir māriyā Bismillah Naqšā Loh e Mahfūz dai wic sine Qalam sāf utāriyā Bismillah Is Tahrīr nū̃ paṛah ke Farištiyā̃ ne Sāiyā̃ Šukar guzāriyā Bismillah Translation: "He
576-424: A number of diphthongs (like /ai/ ). Which of the many (typically around a dozen) overt vowel combinations should be seen as representing an underlying single segment (a diphthong) rather than simply a sequence of two separate underlying vowels, has varied with the analysis used and the dialect studied. Hindko dialects possess phonemic nasal vowels (here marked with a tilde above the vowel: ɑ̃ ). For example, in
648-645: A promoter of the wealth and antiquity of Afghanistan's Pashto culture." From the 16th century, Pashto poetry become very popular among the Pashtuns. Some of those who wrote in Pashto are Bayazid Pir Roshan (a major inventor of the Pashto alphabet ), Khushal Khan Khattak , Rahman Baba , Nazo Tokhi , and Ahmad Shah Durrani , founder of the modern state of Afghanistan or the Durrani Empire . The Pashtun literary tradition grew in
720-582: A second more comprehensive Hindko dictionary in 2007 prepared by Elahi Bakhsh Awan of the University of London . He is the author of Sarzamin e Hindko, and Hindko Sautiyat. His three booklets on Hindko phonology were published by the University of Peshawar in the late 1970s. The Idara-e-Faroghe Hindko based in Peshawar is another body that is promoting Hindko. Riffat Akbar Swati and Aurangzeb Ghaznavi are main people of this organisation. The Idara has published
792-491: A system of pitch accent , which is commonly referred to as tone . In Punjabi, pitch accent has historically arisen out of the loss of voiced aspirates ( /bʱ dʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱ ɦ/ . Thus in Standard Punjabi , if a voiced aspirate preceded the stressed vowel, it would lose its aspiration and cause the appearance of a high tone on that vowel: /dʒiːbʱ/ > /dʒíːb/ 'tongue'. If it followed the stressed vowel, then it would lead to
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#1732851907033864-522: A variety very similar to it, while others have attempted to place it closer to Bactrian . However, neither position is universally agreed upon. What scholars do agree on is the fact that Pashto is an Eastern Iranian language sharing characteristics with Eastern Middle Iranian languages such as Bactrian, Khwarezmian and Sogdian . Compare with other Eastern Iranian Languages and Old Avestan : Zə tā winə́m /ɐz dɐ wənən/ Az bū tū dzunim Strabo , who lived between 64 BC and 24 CE, explains that
936-526: Is Hindki . A speaker of Hindko may be referred to as Hindki , Hindkun , or Hindkowan ( Hindkuwan ). Like other Lahnda varieties, Hindko is derived from the Shauraseni Prakrit . Varieties of Hindko are primarily spoken in a core area in the district of Attock in the northwestern corner of the province of Punjab , and in two neighbouring regions: in Peshawar to the north-west, and Hazara to
1008-511: Is Pashto . In most Hindko-speaking areas, speakers of Pashto live in the same or neighbouring communities (although this is less true in Abbottabad and Kaghan Valley). The relationship between Hindko and its neighbours is not one of stable bilingualism. In terms of domains of use and number of speakers, Hindko is dominant and growing in the north-east; in Hazara for example, it is displacing Pashto as
1080-421: Is "one of the primary markers of ethnic identity" amongst Pashtuns. A national language of Afghanistan , Pashto is primarily spoken in the east, south, and southwest, but also in some northern and western parts of the country. The exact number of speakers is unavailable, but different estimates show that Pashto is the mother tongue of 45–60% of the total population of Afghanistan . In Pakistan , Pashto
1152-420: Is a cover term for a diverse group of Lahnda dialects spoken by several million people of various ethnic backgrounds in several areas in northwestern Pakistan , primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northwestern regions of Punjab . There is a nascent language movement, and in recent decades Hindko-speaking intellectuals have started promoting the view of Hindko as a separate language. There
1224-435: Is a literary tradition based on Peshawari , the urban variety of Peshawar in the northwest, and another one based on the language of Abbottabad in the northeast. In the 2017 census of Pakistan, 5.1 million people declared their language to be Hindko, while a 2020 estimate placed the number of speakers at 7 million. Hindko to some extent is mutually intelligible with Punjabi and Saraiki , and has more affinities with
1296-537: Is also high falling, and it is distinguished by the accompanying glottalisation : /tˀîː/ 'daughter', /vəˈtˀɑ̂ːiː/ 'congratulations'. Hindko is generally written in a variety of the Punjabi alphabet . It was created by Rehmat Aziz Chitrali at Khowar Academy Chitral . The Gandhara Hindko Board is a leading organisation that has been active in the preservation and promotion of the Hindko and culture since 1993. The board
1368-567: Is an Eastern Iranian language in the Indo-European language family , natively spoken in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan . It has official status in Afghanistan and the Pakistani province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . It is known in historical Persian literature as Afghani ( افغانی , Afghāni ). Spoken as a native language mostly by ethnic Pashtuns , it is one of
1440-465: Is estimated at around 300 families (as of 2018). There is no generic name for the speakers of Hindko because they belong to diverse ethnic groups and tend to identify themselves by the larger families or castes . However, the Hindko-speaking community belonging to the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are sometimes recognised collectively as Hazarewal . A large number of Hindko speakers in
1512-505: Is phonemic in Awankari and Tanoli; in both dialects it can occur in the middle and at the end of a word, as illustrated by the following examples from Tanoli: /tɑːɳɑ̃ː/ 'straight', /mɑːɳ/ 'pride'. The velar nasal /ŋ/ is phonemic in Tanoli: /bɑːŋ/ 'prayer call', /mɑːŋ/ 'fiancée', and in the Hindko of Kashmir, and in both cases it is found only in the middle or at the end of the word. In
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#17328519070331584-488: Is realised as high falling in Kohati and the eastern subdialect of Awankari, but as high in the northwestern Awankari subdialect. Like Kohati, the variety of Peshawar has high falling tone before historic voiced aspirates. However, it has also developed a distinct tone on stressed vowels after historic voiced aspirates, like northern Hindko and Majhi, with a similar loss of aspiration and voicing. But in contrast to Majhi, this tone
1656-541: Is spoken by 15% of its population, mainly in the northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern districts of Balochistan province. It is also spoken in parts of Mianwali and Attock districts of the Punjab province , areas of Gilgit-Baltistan and in Islamabad . Pashto speakers are found in other major cities of Pakistan, most notably Karachi , Sindh, which may have the largest Pashtun population of any city in
1728-555: Is taught poorly in schools in Pakistan. Moreover, in government schools material is not provided for in the Pashto dialect of that locality, Pashto being a dialectically rich language. Further, researchers have observed that Pashtun students are unable to fully comprehend educational material in Urdu. Professor Tariq Rahman states: "The government of Pakistan, faced with irredentist claims from Afghanistan on its territory, also discouraged
1800-676: Is the foremost from the world of existence Voice of the unseen exclaimed Bismillah The pen was ordered to write Pen carried out the order to write Bismillah When angels read this composition Saaieaan, they showed their thankfulness with Bismillah" Hindko has a rich heritage of proverbs (Hindko matlaan , sg. matal ). An example of a proverb: جدھر سر ادھر سرہانڑا Transliteration: Jidur sir udur sarhanra Translation: "Good person gains respect everywhere." Pashto Pashto ( / ˈ p ʌ ʃ t oʊ / PUH -shto , / ˈ p æ ʃ t oʊ / PASH -toe ; پښتو , Pəx̌tó , [pəʂˈto, pʊxˈto, pəʃˈto, pəçˈto] )
1872-407: The approximant / ʋ / in Awankari. Apart from /m/ and /n/ , Hindko dialects distinguish a varying number of other nasal consonants . The retroflex nasal is overall shorter than the other nasals, and at least for the Hindko of Abbottabad it has been described as a nasalised flap : /ɽ̃/ . For the Hindko of Kashmir it has been asserted to be an allophone of the alveolar nasal /n/ , but it
1944-593: The 1930s, a movement began to take hold to promote Pashto as a language of government, administration, and art with the establishment of a Pashto Society Pashto Anjuman in 1931 and the inauguration of the Kabul University in 1932 as well as the formation of the Pashto Academy (Pashto Tolana) in 1937. Muhammad Na'im Khan, the minister of education between 1938 and 1946, inaugurated the formal policy of promoting Pashto as Afghanistan's national language, leading to
2016-805: The 8th century, and they use the writings found in Pata Khazana . Pə́ṭa Xazāná ( پټه خزانه ) is a Pashto manuscript claimed to be written by Mohammad Hotak under the patronage of the Pashtun emperor Hussain Hotak in Kandahar ; containing an anthology of Pashto poets. However, its authenticity is disputed by scholars such as David Neil MacKenzie and Lucia Serena Loi. Nile Green comments in this regard: "In 1944, Habibi claimed to have discovered an eighteenth-century manuscript anthology containing much older biographies and verses of Pashto poets that stretched back as far as
2088-560: The Abbottabad District to the northeast, Mansehra District to the northeast, the Punjab to the southeast, the Buner to the northwest, and Swabi to the west. The federal capital of Islamabad is adjacent to the district in the south. As of the 2023 census , Haripur district has 192,451 households and a population of 1,174,783. The district has a sex ratio of 101.43 males to 100 females and
2160-583: The Hazara Division are Pashtuns. Some of those speak Hindko as their mother tongue while others as a second language. These include the Tahirkhelis , Swatis , Yusufzais , Jadoons and Tareens . The other Hindko speakers include the Sayyids , Awans , Mughals , Tanolis , Turks, Qureshis and Gujjars . The most common second language for Hindko-speakers in Pakistan is Urdu and the second most common one
2232-571: The Hazara Hindko variety of Abbottabad, the low tone is less prominent than in Majhi Punjabi , and a trace of the aspiration is preserved: for example 'horse' would be /k òːɽaː/ . The variety spoken to the north-east, in Neelam Valley, has preserved voiced aspirates at the start of the word, so presumably the low tone is not established there. However, there are observations of its appearance in
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2304-441: The Hindko of Abbottabad, a vowel at the end of some words can be nasalised if it follows a nasal consonant. In the Awankari dialect, vowels can be allophonically nasalised both before and after a nasal consonant, but in either case the effect will depend on the position of stress (see Awankari dialect § Vowels for more details). Unlike many Indo-Aryan languages, but in common with other Punjabi varieties, Hindko dialects have
2376-655: The Hindko of Azad Kashmir /bɑː/ 'animal disease' contrasts with /bɑ̃ː/ 'arm', and /toːkeː/ 'meat cutters' with /toːkẽː/ 'hindrances'. In this variety of Hindko, as well as in the Hindko of Tanawal, there are nasal counterparts for all, or almost all, of the long vowels, but none for the short vowels. In Awankari and the Hindko of Abbottabad, on the other hand, there is contrastive nasalisation for short vowels as well: /kʰɪɖɑː/ 'make one play' contrasts with /kʰɪ̃ɖɑ/ 'scatter' (in Awankari), /ɡəɖ/ 'mixing' contrasts with /ɡə̃́ɖ/ 'knot'). Peshawari and Kohati presumably follow
2448-546: The Kashmiris of the Vale of Kashmir to refer to the highlanders, who spoke this language). This variety is also spoken across the Line of Control into Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir . The whole dialect continuum of Hindko is partitioned by Ethnologue into two languages: Northern Hindko ( ISO 639-3 code: hno) for the dialects of Hazara, and Southern Hindko (ISO 639-3: hnd) for
2520-517: The Pashto Movement and eventually allowed its use in peripheral domains only after the Pakhtun elite had been co-opted by the ruling elite...Thus, even though there is still an active desire among some Pakhtun activists to use Pashto in the domains of power, it is more of a symbol of Pakhtun identity than one of nationalism." Robert Nicols states: "In the end, national language policy, especially in
2592-662: The Pathan community in the city of Kolkata , often nicknamed the Kabuliwala ("people of Kabul "). Pashtun diaspora communities in other countries around the world speak Pashto, especially the sizable communities in the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia . Pashto is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, along with Dari Persian . Since the early 18th century, the monarchs of Afghanistan have been ethnic Pashtuns (except for Habibullāh Kalakāni in 1929). Persian,
2664-653: The Society's annual meeting in 1927. In 1955, Pashtun intellectuals including Abdul Qadir formed the Pashto Academy Peshawar on the model of Pashto Tolana formed in Afghanistan. In 1974, the Department of Pashto was established in the University of Balochistan for the promotion of Pashto. In Pakistan, Pashto is the first language around of 15% of its population (per the 1998 census). However, Urdu and English are
2736-501: The backdrop to weakening Pashtun power following Mughal rule: Khushal Khan Khattak used Pashto poetry to rally for Pashtun unity and Pir Bayazid as an expedient means to spread his message to the Pashtun masses. For instance Khushal Khattak laments in : "The Afghans (Pashtuns) are far superior to the Mughals at the sword, Were but the Afghans, in intellect, a little discreet. If
2808-527: The board. Now the board is headed by Ejaz Ahmad Qureshi. The board has published first Hindko dictionary and several other books on a variety of topics. With head office in Peshawar, the organisation has regional offices in other cities of the province where Hindko is spoken and understood. In 2003 the Gandhara Hindko Board published first a Hindko dictionary which was compiled by a prominent linguists from Abbottabad, Sultan Sakoon. The board published
2880-539: The city of Peshawar and the one that is promoted as a standardised literary language. It has a wide dialectal base and has undergone the influence of Urdu and Standard Punjabi . A separate group is formed in the northeast by the relatively homogeneous dialects of the Hazara region , which are collectively known as Hazara Hindko or Northern Hindko , with the variety spoken in Kaghan Valley known as Kaghani , and
2952-695: The commission and publication of Pashto textbooks. The Pashto Tolana was later incorporated into the Academy of Sciences Afghanistan in line with Soviet model following the Saur Revolution in 1978. Although officially supporting the use of Pashto, the Afghan elite regarded Persian as a "sophisticated language and a symbol of cultured upbringing". King Zahir Shah (reigning 1933–1973) thus followed suit after his father Nadir Khan had decreed in 1933 that officials were to study and utilize both Persian and Pashto. In 1936
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3024-410: The different tribes would but support each other, Kings would have to bow down in prostration before them" Pashto is a subject–object–verb (SOV) language with split ergativity . In Pashto, this means that the verb agrees with the subject in transitive and intransitive sentences in non-past, non-completed clauses, but when a completed action is reported in any of the past tenses, the verb agrees with
3096-443: The eighth century. It was an extraordinary claim, implying as it did that the history of Pashto literature reached back further in time than Persian, thus supplanting the hold of Persian over the medieval Afghan past. Although it was later convincingly discredited through formal linguistic analysis, Habibi's publication of the text under the title Pata Khazana ('Hidden Treasure') would (in Afghanistan at least) establish his reputation as
3168-447: The field of education in the NWFP, had constructed a type of three tiered language hierarchy. Pashto lagged far behind Urdu and English in prestige or development in almost every domain of political or economic power..." Although Pashto used as a medium of instruction in schools for Pashtun students results in better understanding and comprehension for students when compared to using Urdu, still
3240-810: The first Hindko translation of the Quran by Haider Zaman Haider and the first Ph.D. thesis on Hindko by E.B.A. Awan. A monthly magazine Faroogh is also published regularly from Peshawar under supervision of Aurangzeb Ghaznavi. In Karachi Syed Mehboob is working for the promotion of Hindko. His articles are frequently published in Farogh monthly. He is organiser of Hindko Falahi Forum. Many organisations like Bazm-e-Ilm-o-Fun Abbottabad and Halqa-e-Yaraan Shinkyari promote Hindko and literature. Asif Saqib, Sufi Abdur Rasheed, Fazal-e-Akbar Kamal, Sharif Hussain Shah, Muhammad Farid, Yahya Khalid, Nazir Kasalvi, and Muhammad Hanif have contributed
3312-477: The following examples from Tanoli: /tʃɪpp/ 'big stone', /dʊxx/ 'pain', /kəll/ 'yesterday', /biːɽɑː/ 'button', /keː/ 'what', /bæːrɑː/ 'piece of meat', /tɑːr/ 'Sunday', /tʃoːr/ 'thief', /kuːɽɑː/ 'filth'. Length is strongly contrastive and the long vowels are generally twice as long as the corresponding short vowels. The Awankari dialect distinguishes between open and close "o" ( /poːlɑː/ 'soft' vs. /pɔːlɑː/ 'shoe'). Varieties of Hindko also possess
3384-406: The fricatives can be found in all positions: at the start, the middle, or at the end of the word (Tanoli Hindko: /xrɑːb/ 'spoilt', /ləxxət/ 'small stick', /ʃɑːx/ 'branch'), with relatively few exceptions (one being the restriction on word-final /ɦ in the Hindko of Kashmir). The labio-dental has been explicitly described as the fricative /v/ for the Hindko of Kashmir, and Tanawal, but as
3456-399: The government of Pakistan has only introduced Pashto at the primary levels in state-run schools. Taimur Khan remarks: "the dominant Urdu language squeezes and denies any space for Pashto language in the official and formal capacity. In this contact zone, Pashto language exists but in a subordinate and unofficial capacity". Some linguists have argued that Pashto is descended from Avestan or
3528-534: The language in use among the Swati Pathans, and in the Neelam Valley of Azad Jammu & Kashmir it is gaining ground at the expense of the minority languages like Kashmiri. In the cities of Kohat and Peshawar, on the other hand, it is Hindko that is in a weaker position. With the exodus of the Hindko-speaking Hindus and Sikhs after Partitition and the consequent influx of Pashtuns into the vacated areas of
3600-568: The latter than with the former. Differences with other Punjabi varieties are more pronounced in the morphology and phonology than in the syntax . The name "Hindko" means "the Indian language" or "language of Hind", and refers to the Indo-Aryan speech forms spoken in the northern Indian subcontinent, in contrast to the neighbouring Pashto , an Iranic language spoken by the Pashtun people. An alternative local name for this language group
3672-595: The literary language of the royal court, was more widely used in government institutions, while the Pashtun tribes spoke Pashto as their native tongue . King Amanullah Khan began promoting Pashto during his reign (1926–1929) as a marker of ethnic identity and as a symbol of "official nationalism" leading Afghanistan to independence after the defeat of the British Empire in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919. In
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#17328519070333744-413: The main subdialect of Awankari, the velar nasal is only found before velar stops, and similarly, it is not among the phonemes identified for the Hindko of Abbottabad. Hindko varieties have a single lateral consonant : the alveolar /l/ , unlike Punjabi, which additionally has a retroflex lateral /ɭ/ . The Awankari dialect, as spoken by Muslims (and not Hindus) and described by Bahri in the 1930s, has
3816-405: The native elements of the lexicon are related to other Eastern Iranian languages . As noted by Josef Elfenbein, "Loanwords have been traced in Pashto as far back as the third century B.C., and include words from Greek and probably Old Persian". For instance, Georg Morgenstierne notes the Pashto word مېچن [mečә́n] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) i.e.
3888-642: The north-east, both in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province). The Hindko of Hazara also extends east into nearby regions of Kashmir . The central dialect group comprises Kohati (spoken in the city of Kohat and a few neighbouring villages in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and the three closely related dialects of Attock District , Punjab: Chacchi (spoken in Attock and Haripur Tehsils ), Ghebi (spoken to
3960-672: The one spoken in the Dera Ismail Khan District – is sometimes also referred to as "Hindko". To the southeast, Hindko is in a dialect continuum with Pahari–Pothwari , with the Galyat region of Abbottabad district and the area of Muzaffarabad in Azad Kashmir approximately falling on the boundary between the two. There are Hindko diasporas in major urban centres like Karachi , as well as in some neighbouring countries. Some Hindu Hindkowans and Sikh Hindowans migrated to India after
4032-681: The partition of India in 1947. These Hindko speakers in India identify with the broader Punjabi community . There is also a small diaspora in Afghanistan , which includes members of the Hindu and Sikh community who became established there during the Sikh Empire in the first half of the 19th century. Most of them have emigrated since the rise of the Taliban, and the total population of Sikhs, Hindko-speaking or not,
4104-408: The pattern of Awankari but have historically lost nasalisation from the round vowels (like /u/ or /o/ ) at the end of the word. Additionally, vowels get nasalised allophonically when adjacent to a nasal consonant. In the varieties of Tanawal and Kashmir both long and short vowels can be nasalised in this way, but only if they precede the nasal consonant: [dõːn] 'washing', [bẽːn] 'crying'. In
4176-465: The possessed in the genitive construction, and adjectives come before the nouns they modify. Unlike most other Indo-Iranian languages, Pashto uses all three types of adpositions —prepositions, postpositions, and circumpositions. *The retroflex rhotic or lateral, tends to be a lateral flap [ 𝼈 ] at the beginning of a syllable or other prosodic unit, and a regular flap [ ɽ ] or approximant [ ɻ ] elsewhere. In Pashto, most of
4248-509: The remaining varieties. This grouping finds support in the results of the intelligibility testing done by Rensch, which also found out that the southern dialects are more widely understood throughout the Hindko area than are the northern ones. Hindko dialects gradually transition into other varieties of Lahnda and Punjabi to the south. For example, to the southwest across the Salt Range are found dialects of Saraiki , and at least one of these –
4320-530: The south in Pindi Gheb Tehsil ) and Awankari (spoken in Talagang Tehsil , now part of Chakwal District ). Rensch's classification based on lexical similarity also assigns to this group the rural dialects of Peshawar District . Shackle, however, sees most of them as closely related to the urban variety of Peshawar City. In a group of its own is Peshawari, the prestigious urban variety spoken in
4392-456: The speech of the residents of the main villages along the highway, likely under the influence of Majhi and Hazara Hindko, and it has similarly been reported in the villages on the Indian side. The southern Hindko varieties have similarly developed tone, but only when the voiced aspirate followed the stressed vowel; voiced aspirates preceding the stress have remained unchanged: thus /ʋə́d/ 'more' (< vədʱ ), but /dʱiː/ 'daughter'. This tone
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#17328519070334464-444: The subject if it is intransitive, but with the object if it is transitive. Verbs are inflected for present, simple past, past progressive, present perfect, and past perfect tenses. There is also an inflection for the subjunctive mood . Nouns and adjectives are inflected for two genders (masculine and feminine), two numbers (singular and plural), and four cases (direct, oblique, ablative, and vocative). The possessor precedes
4536-534: The tribes inhabiting the lands west of the Indus River were part of Ariana . This was around the time when the area inhabited by the Pashtuns was governed by the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom . From the 3rd century CE onward, they are mostly referred to by the name Afghan ( Abgan ). Abdul Hai Habibi believed that the earliest modern Pashto work dates back to Amir Kror Suri of the early Ghurid period in
4608-478: The two official languages of Afghanistan alongside Dari , and it is the second-largest provincial language of Pakistan , spoken mainly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the northern districts of Balochistan . Likewise, it is the primary language of the Pashtun diaspora around the world. The total number of Pashto-speakers is at least 40 million, although some estimates place it as high as 60 million. Pashto
4680-411: The two official languages of Pakistan. Pashto has no official status at the federal level. On a provincial level, Pashto is the regional language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and north Balochistan . Yet, the primary medium of education in government schools in Pakistan is Urdu. The lack of importance given to Pashto and its neglect has caused growing resentment amongst Pashtuns. It is noted that Pashto
4752-534: The urban economy, there have been signs of a shift towards Pashto. Hindko contrasts stop consonants at the labial , alveolar , retroflex , palatal and velar places of articulation. The palatals have been described as pure stops (/ c ɟ /) in Awankari, but as affricates ( /tʃ dʒ/ ) in the varieties of Hazara. For the stop consonants of most varieties of Hindko there is a three-way contrast between voiced ( b d ɖ dʒ ɡ ), voiceless ( p t ʈ tʃ k ) and aspirated ( pʰ tʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰ ). Awankari, Kohati, and
4824-453: The varieties of Neelum Valley of Kashmir also distinguish voiced aspirated stops ( bʱ dʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱ ). The disappearance of the voiced aspirates from most Hindko varieties has been linked to the development of tone (see below ). Fricatives like /f/ , /x/ and /ɣ/ are found in loans (for example from Persian), but also in native words, often as positional allophones of the corresponding stop. Some documented instances include: Generally,
4896-508: The variety of Tanawal known variously as Tanoli Hindko , Tanoli or Tinauli . Hindko is also spoken further east into Kashmir. It is the predominant language of the Neelum Valley , in the north of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir , where it is locally known as Parmi (or Pārim ; the name likely originated in the Kashmiri word apārim 'from the other side', which was the term used by
4968-416: The world. Other communities of Pashto speakers are found in India , Tajikistan , and northeastern Iran (primarily in South Khorasan Province to the east of Qaen , near the Afghan border). In India most ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) peoples speak the geographically native Hindi-Urdu language rather than Pashto, but there are small numbers of Pashto speakers, such as the Sheen Khalai in Rajasthan , and
5040-408: Was a tehsil (sub-division) of the Abbottabad District until 1992. After that, it received the status of an independent district. Currently, Haripur District is divided into three Tehsils : Haripur District has two government-funded postgraduate colleges, providing higher-level education, as well as four-degree colleges for women. The Haripur University was established in 2012, which was initially
5112-404: Was launched in Peshawar in year 1993 to preserve and promote Hindko —the second most spoken of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It brings out four regular publications— Hindkowan , The Gandhara Voice , " Sarkhail" and "Tarey" and a number of occasional publications. Late professor Zahoor Ahmad Awan of Peshawar city, the author of 61 books and publications, was the founding-chairman of
5184-615: Was officially renamed to Dari . The lyrics of the national anthem of Afghanistan are in Pashto. In British India , prior to the creation of Pakistan by the British government, the 1920s saw the blossoming of Pashto language in the then NWFP : Abdul Ghafar Khan in 1921 established the Anjuman-e- Islah al-Afaghina (Society for the Reformation of Afghans) to promote Pashto as an extension of Pashtun culture; around 80,000 people attended
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