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122-626: Islamabad is the capital city of Pakistan . It is the country's tenth-most populous city with a population of over 1.1 million and is federally administered by the Pakistani government as part of the Islamabad Capital Territory . Built as a planned city in the 1960s and established in 1967, it replaced the adjacent Rawalpindi as Pakistan's national capital. The Greek architect Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis developed Islamabad's master plan , in which he divided it into eight zones;
244-661: A classical European understanding of the known world : Europe , North Africa , and Southwest Asia . The phrase is related to the enduring power of the city first as the capital of the Republic and the Empire , and later as the centre of the Catholic Church . In several English-speaking states , the terms county town and county seat are also used in lower administrative divisions . In some unitary states , subnational capitals may be known as 'administrative centres'. The capital
366-476: A country , state , province , department , or other subnational division , usually as its seat of the government . A capital is typically a city that physically encompasses the government's offices and meeting places; the status as capital is often designated by its law or constitution . In some jurisdictions , including several countries, different branches of government are in different settlements, sometimes meaning multiple official capitals. In some cases,
488-524: A grid plan which was triangular in shape with its apex towards the Margalla Hills . The capital was not moved directly from Karachi to Islamabad; it was first shifted temporarily to Rawalpindi in the early 1960s and then to Islamabad when essential development work was completed in 1966. In 1981, Islamabad separated from Punjab province to form Capital Territory. Such world-renowned architects as Edward Durell Stone and Gio Ponti have been associated with
610-497: A monarch held his or her court, the selection, relocation, founding, or capture of a modern capital city is a highly symbolic event. For example: The capital city is usually but not always a primary target in a war, as capturing it usually guarantees capture of much of the enemy government, victory for the attacking forces, or at the very least demoralization for the defeated forces. In ancient China , where governments were massive centralized bureaucracies with little flexibility on
732-432: A Blood Bank. The Maternal and Child Health Care Center is a training institute with an attached hospital of 125 beds offering different clinical and operational services. PIMS consists of five academic institutes: Quaid-e-Azam Postgraduate Medical College, College of Nursing, College of Medical Technology, School of Nursing, and Mother and Child Health Center. PAEC General Hospital and teaching institute, established in 2006,
854-519: A common origin), a deity of Proto-Indo-European origin named * h₂eryo-men may also be posited. Vedic Sanskrit speakers viewed the term ā́rya as a religious–linguistic category, referring to those who spoke the Sanskrit language and adhered to Vedic cultural norms, especially those who worshipped the Vedic gods ( Indra and Agni in particular), took part in the yajna and festivals, and practiced
976-445: A compromise between two or more cities or other political divisions, historical reasons, or enough land was needed to deliberately build a new planned city for the capital. The majority of national capitals are also the largest city in their respective countries. Modern examples are Beijing , Berlin , Cairo , London , Madrid , Mexico City , Moscow , Paris , Rome , Jakarta , Metro Manila , Seoul , and Tokyo . Counties in
1098-511: A cultural and religious diversity of considerable antiquity. Due to its location on the Pothohar Plateau, remnants of ancient cultures and civilisations such as Aryan , Soanian , and Indus Valley civilisation can still be found in the region. A 15th-century Gakhar fort, Pharwala Fort is located near Islamabad. Rawat Fort in the region was built by the Gakhars in 16th century and contains
1220-405: A distinction is made between the official ( constitutional ) capital and the seat of government, which is in another place . English-language news media often use the name of the capital city as an alternative name for the government of the country of which it is the capital, as a form of metonymy . For example, the "relations between London and Washington " refers to the " relations between
1342-819: A dome structure. It is a combination of Arabic, Turkish, and Mughal architectural traditions. The Centaurus is an example of modern architecture under construction in Islamabad. The seven star hotel was designed by WS Atkins PLC .The newly built Islamabad Stock Exchange Towers is another example of modern architecture in the city. Languages of Islamabad Capital Territory ( 2023 Pakistani census ) According to 2023 Pakistani census , There are 1,154,540 Punjabi, 415,838 Pashto, 358,922 Urdu, 140,780 Hindko, 51,920 Kashmiri, 46,270 Saraiki, 21,362 Sindhi, 10,315 Balti, 7,099 Shina, 5,016 Koshistani, 4,503 Balochi, 1,095 Mewati, 668 Brahvi, 182 Kalasha and 64,734 others, of total 2,283,244 speakers in Islamabad Capital Territory . The majority of
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#17328448722201464-645: A history book by Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh , teacher and poet Qazi Abdur Rehman Amritsari proposed the name of the city. Occasionally in writing, Islamabad is colloquially abbreviated ISB . Such usage originated in SMS language , in part due to the IATA location identifier for the Islamabad International Airport . Islamabad Capital Territory , located on the Pothohar Plateau of the northern Punjab region ,
1586-670: A hostile connotation and became for the Aryas of India the term for an inferior and barbarous people." In ancient Sanskrit literature , the term Āryāvarta (आर्यावर्त, the 'abode of the Aryas') was the name given to the cradle of the Indo-Aryan culture in northern India. The Manusmṛiti locates Āryāvarta in "the tract between the Himalaya and the Vindhya ranges, from the Eastern ( Bay of Bengal ) to
1708-474: A major portion of sector H-12. The I sectors are numbered from I-8 to I-18. With the exception of I-8, which is a well-developed residential area, these sectors are primarily part of the industrial zone. Two sub-sectors of I-9 and one sub-sector of I-10 are used as industrial areas. CDA is planning to set up Islamabad Railway Station in Sector I-18 and Industrial City in sector I-17. Zone III consists primarily of
1830-470: A matter of convention, and because all or almost all the country's central political institutions, such as government departments, supreme court, legislature, embassies, etc., are located in or near them. Many modern capital cities are located near the centre of the country, so that they are more accessible to its population and have better protection from possible invasions. (See also § Capitals in military strategy ) The location may also be based on
1952-523: A member of the " master race " of humanity. Conversely, non-Aryans were legally discriminated against , including Jews , Roma , and Slavs (mostly Slovaks , Czechs , Poles , and Russians ). Jews, who were seen as part of the hypothetical Semitic race , were especially targeted by the Nazi Party , culminating in the Holocaust . The Roma, who are of Indo-Aryan origin, were also targeted, culminating in
2074-697: A modern European language in 1771 as Aryens by French Indologist Abraham-Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron , who rightly compared the Greek arioi with the Avestan airya and the country name Iran . A German translation of Anquetil-Duperron's work led to the introduction of the term Arier in 1776. The Sanskrit word ā́rya is rendered as 'noble' in William Jones ' 1794 translation of the Indian Laws of Manu , and
2196-457: A more ethnic meaning among Indo-Iranians , presumably because most of the unfree ( * anarya ) who lived among them were captives from other ethnic groups. The term * arya was used by Proto-Indo-Iranian speakers to designate themselves as an ethnocultural group, encompassing those who spoke the language and followed the religion of the Aryas ( Indo-Iranians ) , as distinguished from
2318-531: A park on the pattern of Fatima Jinnah Park in sector E-14. Sectors E-8 and E-9 contain the campuses of Bahria University , Air University , and the National Defence University . The F and G series contains the most developed sectors. F series contains sectors F-5 to F-17; some sectors are still under-developed. F-5 is an important sector for the software industry in Islamabad, as the two software technology parks are located here. The entire F-9 sector
2440-454: A prehistoric culture in the area. Relics and human skulls have been found dating back to 5000 BCE that indicate the region was home to Neolithic peoples who settled on the banks of the Soan and who later developed small communities in the region around 3000 BCE. The Indus Valley civilization flourished in the region between the 23rd and 18th centuries BCE. Later the area was an early settlement of
2562-774: A series of terrorist incidents including the July 2007 Siege of Lal Masjid (Red Mosque), the June 2008 Danish embassy bombing , and the September 2008 Marriott bombing . In 2011, four terrorism incidents occurred in the city, killing four people, including the murder of the Punjab Governor Salmaan Taseer . Construction of the Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus , the region's first mass transit line, began in February 2014 and
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#17328448722202684-548: A territory: Plymouth in Montserrat . There are several countries where, for various reasons, the official capital and seat of government are separated: Some historical examples of similar arrangements, where the recognized capital was not the official seat of government: With the rise of the modern nation-state , the capital city has become a symbol for the state and its government , and imbued with political meaning. Unlike medieval capitals, which were declared wherever
2806-478: A thorough review of potential sites, the commission recommended the area northeast of Rawalpindi in 1959 which was used as provisional capital from that year on. In the 1960s, Islamabad was constructed as a forward capital for several reasons. Karachi was also located at the southern end of the country, and exposed to attacks from the Arabian Sea . Pakistan needed a capital that was easily accessible from all parts of
2928-455: A total enrolment of 604,633 students and 499 faculty. The Gender Parity Index in Islamabad is 0.93 compared to the 0.95 national average. There are 178 boys-only institutes, 175 girls-only, and 551 mixed institutes in Islamabad. Total enrolment of students in all categories is 267,992; 138,272 for boys and 129,720 for girls. There are 16 recognized universities in Islamabad with a total enrolment of 372,974 students and 30,144 teachers. Most of
3050-682: A village to a sacred place that includes temples where the Hindu Mughal Commanders worshipped. Margalla Hills National Park is located in the North sector of Islamabad and is in close proximity to the Himalayas . The National Park includes of picturesque valleys and scenic hills that include various wildlife such as Himalayan goral , Barking deer and leopards . Flanked by wildlife and vegetation, Margalla Hills National Park also includes accommodation and camping grounds for tourists. Islamabad boasts
3172-405: Is 185,213 and the unemployment rate is 15.70%. Islam is the largest religion in the city, with 95.43% of the population following it. Christianity is the second largest religion is with 4.34% of the population following it. The Christians are concentrated mainly in the urban areas. Hinduism is followed by 0.04% of the population according to the 2017 census. Islamabad is a net contributor to
3294-463: Is 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Islamabad. 220 acres (89 ha) of the city consists of Margalla Hills National Park . Loi Bher Forest is situated along the Islamabad Highway , covering an area of 1,087 acres (440 ha). The highest monthly rainfall of 743.3 mm (29.26 in) was recorded during July 1995. Winters generally feature dense fog in the mornings and sunny afternoons. In
3416-523: Is June, where average highs routinely exceed 38 °C (100.4 °F). The wettest month is July, with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudburst and flooding. The coolest month is January. Islamabad's micro-climate is regulated by three artificial reservoirs: Rawal , Simli , and Khanpur Dam . The latter is located on the Haro River near the town of Khanpur , about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Islamabad. Simli Dam
3538-591: Is a 83.6 km (51.9 mi) bus rapid transit system operating in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area . The Metrobus network's first phase was opened on 4 June 2015, and stretches 22.5 kilometres between Pak Secretariat , in Islamabad, and Saddar in Rawalpindi . The second stage stretches 25.6 kilometres between the Peshawar Morr Interchange and New Islamabad International Airport and
3660-544: Is a term originating from the ethno-cultural self-designation of the Indo-Iranians , and later Iranians and Indo-Aryans . It stood in contrast to nearby outsiders, whom they designated as non-Aryan ( * an-āryā ). In ancient India , the term was used by the Indo-Aryan peoples of the Vedic period , both as an endonym and in reference to a region called Aryavarta ( Sanskrit : आर्यावर्त , lit. ' Land of
3782-483: Is affiliated with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. The hospital consists of a 100-bed facility and 10 major departments: Obstetrics and Gynecology , Pediatric , General Medicine , General Surgery , Intensive Care Unit / Coronary Care Unit , Orthopedics , Ophthalmology , Pathology , Radiology , and Dental Department. Shifa International Hospital is a teaching hospital in Islamabad that
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3904-485: Is also rated as one of the safest cities in Pakistan and has an expansive RFID -enabled surveillance system with almost 2,000 active CCTV cameras. The name Islamabad means City of Islam . It is derived from two words: Islam and abad . Islam refers to the religion of Islam , Pakistan's state religion , and -abad is a Persian suffix meaning cultivated place , indicating an inhabited place or city. According to
4026-554: Is at the origin of the English country name Iran . Alania , the name of the medieval kingdom of the Alans , derives from a dialectal variant of the Old Iranian stem * Aryāna- , which is also linked to the mythical Airyanem Waēǰō . Besides the ala - development, * air-y - may have turned into the stem ir-y- via an i-mutation in modern Ossetian languages , as in
4148-473: Is connected to major destinations around the world and domestically through Islamabad International Airport (IIAP) . The airport is the largest in Pakistan and is located south-west of Islamabad. The new airport inaugurated on 20 April 2018, spreads over 19 square kilometers with 15 passenger boarding bridges. It also includes facilities to accommodate two double-decker Airbus A380s, 15 remote bays and 3 remote bays for Air cargo. The Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus
4270-566: Is considered one of the earliest sites of human settlement in Asia. Some of the earliest Stone Age artefacts in the world have been found on the plateau, dating from 100,000 to 500,000 years ago. Rudimentary stones recovered from the terraces of the Soan River testify to the endeavours of early man in the inter-glacial period. Items of pottery and utensils dating back to prehistory have been found. Excavations by Dr. Abdul Ghafoor Lone reveal evidence of
4392-1049: Is covered with Fatima Jinnah Park. The Centaurus complex is a major landmark of the F-8 sector. G sectors are numbered G-5 through G-17. Some important places include the Jinnah Convention Centre and Serena Hotel in G-5, the Red Mosque in G-6, the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, the largest medical complex in the capital, located in G-8, and the Karachi Company shopping center in G-9. The H sectors are numbered H-8 through H-17. The H sectors are mostly dedicated to educational and health institutions. National University of Sciences and Technology covers
4514-428: Is divided into five administrative branches. Islamabad Hospital is the major component with a 592-bed facility and 22 medical and surgical specialties. The Children's Hospital is a 230-bed hospital completed in 1985. It contains six major facilities: Surgical and Allied Specialties, Medical and Allied Specialties, Diagnostic Facilities, Operation Theatre, Critical Care (NICU, PICU, Isolation & Accident Emergency), and
4636-524: Is divided into five major zones: Zone I, Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV, and Zone V. Out of these, Zone IV is the largest in area. Zone I consists mainly of all the developed residential sectors while Zone II consists of the under-developed residential sectors. Each residential sector is identified by a letter of the alphabet and a number, and covers an area of approximately 2 km × 2 km ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 mi × 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 mi). The sectors are lettered from A to I, and each sector
4758-420: Is divided into four numbered sub-sectors. Series A, B, and C are still underdeveloped. The D series has seven sectors (D-11 to D-17), of which only sector D-12 is completely developed. This series is located at the foot of Margalla Hills. The E Sectors are named from E-7 to E-17. Many foreigners and diplomatic personnel are housed in these sectors. In the revised Master Plan of the city, CDA has decided to develop
4880-676: Is known as the Specified Area, with the Margala Hills in the north and northeast. The southern portion of the city is an undulating plain. It is drained by the Kurang River , on which the Rawal Dam is located. Islamabad has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cwa), with five seasons: Winter (November–February), Spring (March and April), Summer (May and June), Rainy Monsoon (July and August) and Autumn (September and October). The hottest month
5002-500: Is often the largest city of its constituent, though not always . Historically, the major economic centre of a state or region has often become the focal point of political power, and became a capital through conquest or federation . Historical examples are ancient Babylon , ancient Athens , ancient Rome , Abbasid Baghdad , Constantinople , Chang'an , and ancient Cusco . The modern capital city has not always existed: in medieval Western Europe, an itinerant (wandering) government
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5124-532: Is one of the largest religious gatherings in Islamabad. In 2004, the Urs was attended by more than 1.2 million people. The Lok Virsa Museum in Islamabad preserves a wide variety of expressions of folk and traditional cultural legacy of Pakistan. It is located near the Shakarparian hills and boasts a large display of embroidered costumes, jewellery, musical instruments, woodwork, utensils and folkloristic objects from
5246-582: Is the case with Nanjing by Shanghai , Quebec City by Montreal , and several US state capitals . The decline of a dynasty or culture could also mean the extinction of its capital city, as occurred at Babylon and Cahokia . "Political nomadism" was practiced in ancient Near East to increase ties between the ruler and the subjects. Although many capitals are defined by constitution or legislation, many long-time capitals have no such legal designation, including Bern , Edinburgh , Lisbon , London , Paris , and Wellington . They are recognized as capitals as
5368-682: Is the civil administration as well as main law and order agency of the Federal Capital. The local government authority of the city is the Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation (IMC) with some help from Capital Development Authority (CDA), which oversees the planning, development, construction, and administration of the city. Islamabad Capital Territory is divided into eight zones: Administrative Zone, Commercial District, Educational Sector, Industrial Sector, Diplomatic Enclave, Residential Areas, Rural Areas and Green Area. Islamabad city
5490-434: Is the hub all the governmental activities while Rawalpindi is the centre of all industrial, commercial, and military activities. The two cities are considered sister cities and are highly interdependent. Islamabad's architecture is a combination of modernity and old Islamic and regional traditions. The Saudi-Pak Tower is an example of the integration of modern architecture with traditional styles. The beige-coloured edifice
5612-523: Is trimmed with blue tile works in Islamic tradition, and is one of Islamabad's tallest buildings. Other examples of intertwined Islamic and modern architecture include Pakistan Monument and Faisal Mosque . Other notable structures are: Secretariat Complex designed by Gio Ponti , Prime Minister's secretariat based on Mughal architecture and the National Assembly by Edward Durell Stone . The murals on
5734-529: Is usually not a separate national capital, but rather the capital city of one constituent nation will also be the capital of the state overall, such as London , which is the capital of England and of the United Kingdom. Similarly, each of the autonomous communities of Spain and regions of Italy has a capital city, such as Seville and Naples , while Madrid is the capital of the Community of Madrid and of
5856-452: The Avesta , exclusively used the term airya ( Avestan : 𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 , airiia ) to refer to themselves. It can be found in a number geographical terms like the ' expanse of the airyas ' ( airiianəm vaēǰō ), the ' dwelling place of the airyas ' ( airiio.shaiianem ), or the 'white forest of the airyas' ( vīspe.aire.razuraya ). The term can also be found in poetic expressions such as
5978-589: The Rigveda were of 'non-Aryan' origin, demonstrating that cultural assimilation to the ā́rya community was possible, and/or that some 'Aryan' families chose to give 'non-Aryan' names to their newborns. In the words of Indologist Michael Witzel , the term ārya "does not mean a particular people or even a particular 'racial' group but all those who had joined the tribes speaking Vedic Sanskrit and adhering to their cultural norms (such as ritual, poetry, etc.)". In later Indian texts and Buddhist sources, ā́rya took
6100-651: The Aryan community which migrated into the region from Central Asia . Many great armies such as those of Zahiruddin Babur , Genghis Khan , Timur and Ahmad Shah Durrani crossed the region during their invasions of the Indian subcontinent . In 2015–16, the Federal Department of Archaeology and Museums, with the financial support of National Fund for Cultural Heritage, carried out initial archaeological excavations in which unearthed
6222-490: The Buddha (5th–4th century BCE), it took the meaning of 'noble'. In Old Iranian languages , the Avestan term airya ( Old Persian ariya ) was likewise used as an ethnocultural self-designation by ancient Iranian peoples , in contrast to an an-airya ('non-Arya'). It designated those who belonged to the 'Aryan' (Iranian) ethnic stock, spoke the language and followed the religion of the 'Aryas'. These two terms derive from
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#17328448722206344-510: The Byzantine capital, Constantinople , Byzantine forces were able to regroup in several provinces; provincial noblemen managed to reconquer the capital after 60 years and preserve the empire for another 200 years after that. The British forces sacked various American capitals repeatedly during the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 , but American forces could still carry on fighting from
6466-655: The Digorian dialect . The Rabatak inscription , written in the Bactrian language in the 2nd century CE, likewise uses the term ariao for 'Iranian'. The name Arizantoi , listed by Greek historian Herodotus as one of the six tribes composing the Iranian Medes , is derived from the Old Iranian * arya-zantu - ('having Aryan lineage'). Herodotus also mentions that the Medes once called themselves Arioi , and Strabo locates
6588-632: The Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education or with the UK universities education boards , O/A Levels, or IGCSE . According to the Academy of Educational Planning and Management's report, in 2009 there were a total of 913 recognized institutions in Islamabad (31 pre-primary, 2 religious , 367 primary, 162 middle , 250 high, 75 higher secondary and intermediate colleges, and 26 degree colleges ). There are seven teacher training institutes in Islamabad with
6710-668: The Kingdom of Spain as a whole and Rome is the capital of Italy and of the region of Lazio . In the Federal Republic of Germany , each of its constituent states (or Länder , plural of Land ) has its own capital city, such as Dresden , Wiesbaden , Mainz , Düsseldorf , Stuttgart , and Munich , as do all of the republics of the Russian Federation . The national capitals of Germany and Russia (the Stadtstaat of Berlin and
6832-664: The Middle Persian Ērān-wēž , said to be the region where the first cattle were created and where Zaraθuštra first revealed the Good Religion. The Sasanian Empire , officially named Ērān-šahr ('Kingdom of the Iranians'; from Old Persian * Aryānām Xšaθram ), could also be referred to by the abbreviated form Ērān , as distinguished from the Roman West known as Anērān. The western variant Īrān , abbreviated from Īrān-šahr ,
6954-449: The National Art Gallery and Gallery 6. The Islamabad Museum contains many relics and artifacts dating back to the Gandhara period of the region, an intriguing fusion of Buddhist and Graeco-Roman styles. The living culture of Islamabad and Pakistan is best explored at Lok Virsa Museum , as well as the Institute of Folk and Traditional Heritage in Shakarparian Park. Islamabad is built upon civilization and architecture that ranges from
7076-407: The Porajmos . The genocides and other large-scale atrocities that have been committed by Aryanists have led academic figures to generally avoid using "Aryan" as a stand-alone ethno-linguistic term, particularly in the Western world , where "Indo-Iranian" is the preferred alternative, although the term "Indo-Aryan" is still used to denote the Indic branch . The term Arya was first rendered into
7198-440: The Ugaritic ary ('kinsmen'), **** although J. P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams find this proposition "hardly compelling". According to them, the original PIE meaning had a clear emphasis on the in-group status of the "freemen" as distinguished from that of outsiders, particularly those captured and incorporated into the group as slaves. In Anatolia , the base word has come to emphasize personal relationship, whereas it took
7320-415: The United Kingdom have historic county towns, which are often not the largest settlement within the county and often are no longer administrative centres, as many historical counties are now only ceremonial, and administrative boundaries are different. The number of new capitals in the world increased substantially since the Renaissance period, especially with the founding of independent nation-states since
7442-411: The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Naypyidaw was founded in Burma 's interior as the former capital, Rangoon , was claimed to be overcrowded. A few nation-states have multiple capitals, and there are also several states that have no capital. Some have a city as the capital but with most government agencies elsewhere. There is also a ghost town which is currently the de jure capital of
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#17328448722207564-440: The federal city of Moscow ) are also constituent states of both countries in their own right. Each of the states of Austria and cantons of Switzerland also have their own capital cities. Vienna , the national capital of Austria , is also one of the states, while Bern is the ( de facto ) capital of both Switzerland and of the Canton of Bern . Governing entities sometimes plan, design and build new capital cities to house
7686-426: The ' glory of the airyas ' ( airiianąm xᵛarənō ), the ' most swift-arrowed of the airyas ' ( xšviwi išvatəmō airiianąm ), or the ' hero of the airyas ' ( arša airiianąm ). Although the Avesta does not contain any dateable events, modern scholarship assumes that the Avestan period mostly predates the Achaemenid period of Iranian history. By the late 6th–early 5th century BCE, the Achaemenid king Darius
7808-434: The 10th Century to the modern era. As Islamabad is situated on the Potohar Plateau , the remains of civilization descending from stone-age era include the Acheulian and the Soanian traditions and these are tourist landmarks. Islamabad has an array of historic landmarks that reflect the Hindu civilization that dates back to the 16th Century with examples such as Saidpur . Saidpur that is situated in Islamabad has progressed from
7930-429: The 10th-century Dēnkard . The Indian opposition between ārya - ('noble') and dāsá - ('stranger, slave, enemy') is however absent from the Iranian tradition. According to linguist Émile Benveniste , the root * das- may have been used exclusively as a collective name by Iranian peoples: "If the word referred at first to Iranian society, the name by which this enemy people called themselves collectively took on
8052-416: The 3rd century CE, however, traditionalistic and nationalistic movements eventually took the upper hand during the Sasanian period , and the Iranian identity ( ērīh ) came to assume a definite political value. Among Iranians ( ērān ), one ethnic group in particular, the Persians , were placed at the centre of the Ērān-šahr ('Kingdom of the Iranians') ruled by the šāhān-šāh ērān ud anērān ('King of Kings of
8174-496: The Aryans ' ), where their culture emerged. Similarly, according to the Avesta , the Iranian peoples used the term to designate themselves as an ethnic group and to refer to a region called Airyanem Vaejah ( Avestan : 𐬀𐬫𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬥𐬆𐬨 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬘𐬀𐬵 , lit. ' Expanse of the Arya ' ), which was their mythical homeland. The word stem also forms the etymological source of place names like Alania ( * Aryāna- ) and Iran ( * Aryānām ). Although
8296-422: The British-German philosopher Houston Stewart Chamberlain , this specific theory by Gobineau proved to be particularly popular among the European far-right and ultimately laid the foundation for Nazi racial theories , which also co-opted the concept of scientific racism . In Nazi Germany , and also in German-occupied Europe during World War II , any citizen who was classified as an Aryan would be honoured as
8418-405: The English Aryan (originally spelt Arian ) appeared a few decades later, first as an adjective in 1839, then as a noun in 1851. The Sanskrit word ā́rya ( आर्य ) was originally an ethnocultural term designating those who spoke Vedic Sanskrit and adhered to Vedic cultural norms (including religious rituals and poetry), in contrast to an outsider, or an-ā́rya ('non-Arya'). By the time of
8540-417: The Great and his son Xerxes I described themselves as ariya ('Arya') and ariya čiça ('of Aryan origin'). In the Behistun inscription , authored by Darius during his reign (522 – 486 BCE), the Old Persian language is called ariya , and the Elamite version of the inscription portrays the Zoroastrian deity Ahura Mazdā as the "god of the Aryas" ( ura-masda naap harriia-naum ). The self-identifier
8662-449: The Iranians and non-Iranians'). Ethical and ethnic meanings may also intertwine, for instance in the use of anēr ('non-Iranian') as a synonymous of 'evil' in anērīh ī hrōmāyīkān ("the evil conduct of the Romans, i.e. Byzantines"), or in the association of ēr ('Iranian') with good birth ( hutōhmaktom ēr martōm , 'the best-born Arya man') and the use of ērīh ('Iranianness') to mean 'nobility' against "labor and burdens from poverty" in
8784-511: The Margalla Hills and Margalla Hills National Park . Rawal Lake is in this zone. Zone IV and V consist of Islamabad Park, and rural areas of the city. The Soan River flows into the city through Zone V. When the master plan for Islamabad was drawn up in 1960, Islamabad and Rawalpindi, along with the adjoining areas, was to be integrated to form a large metropolitan area called Islamabad/Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area. The area would consist of
8906-571: The Margalla Hills in Islamabad Capital Territory . Its elevation is 540 metres (1,770 ft). The modern capital and the ancient Gakhar city of Rawalpindi form a conurbation and are commonly referred to as the Twin Cities. To the northeast of the city lies the colonial era hill station of Murree , and to the north lies the Haripur District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . Kahuta lies on the southeast, Taxila , Wah Cantt , and Attock District to
9028-482: The Pakistani economy, as whilst having only 0.8% of the country's population, it contributes 1% to the country's GDP. Islamabad Stock Exchange , founded in 1989, is Pakistan's third largest stock exchange after Karachi Stock Exchange and Lahore Stock Exchange , and was merged to form Pakistan Stock Exchange . The exchange had 118 members with 104 corporate bodies and 18 individual members. The average daily turnover of
9150-527: The United Kingdom and the United States ". The word capital derives from the Latin word caput (genitive capitis ), meaning ' head ', later borrowed from Medieval Latin capitālis ('of the head'). The Latin phrase Roma Caput Mundi meaning 'Rome capital of the world' ( lit. ' head of the world ' ) was already used by the poet Ovid in 1st century BC . It originates out of
9272-728: The Western Sea ( Arabian Sea )". The stem airya- also appears in Airyanəm Waēǰō (the 'stretch of the Aryas' or the 'Aryan plain'), which is described in the Avesta as the mythical homeland of the early Iranians, said to have been created as "the first and best of places and habitations" by the god Ahura Mazdā . It was referred to in Manichean Sogdian as ʾryʾn wyžn ( Aryān Wēžan ), and in Old Persian as * Aryānām Waiǰah , which gave
9394-405: The addition two Software Technology Parks , which house numerous national and foreign technological and information technology companies. Awami Markaz IT Park houses 36 IT companies, while Evacuee Trust house 29 companies. Islamabad will see its third IT Park by 2020, which will be built with assistance from South Korea . Islamabad is home to many migrants from other regions of Pakistan and has
9516-566: The art of poetry. The 'non-Aryas' designated primarily those who were not able to speak the āryā language correctly, the Mleccha or Mṛdhravāc. However, āryā is used only once in the Vedas to designate the language of the texts, the Vedic area being defined in the Kauṣītaki Āraṇyaka as that where the āryā vāc ('Ārya speech') is spoken. Some 35 names of Vedic tribes, chiefs and poets mentioned in
9638-696: The capital has been changed for geopolitical reasons; Finland 's first city, Turku , which had served as the country's capital since the Middle Ages under the Swedish rule, lost its position during the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1812, when Helsinki was made the current capital of Finland by the Russian Empire. The convergence of political and economic or cultural power is by no means universal. Traditional capitals may be economically eclipsed by provincial rivals as
9760-573: The city comprises administrative, diplomatic enclave , residential areas, educational and industrial sectors, commercial areas, as well as rural and green areas administered by the Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation with support from the Capital Development Authority . Islamabad is known for its parks and forests, including the Margalla Hills National Park and the Shakarparian . It is home to several landmarks, including
9882-478: The city's development. Islamabad has attracted people from all over Pakistan, making it one of the most cosmopolitan and urbanised cities of Pakistan. As the capital city it has hosted numerous important meetings, such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation summit in 2004. The city suffered damage from the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which had a magnitude of 7.6. Islamabad has experienced
10004-490: The city, temperatures stay mild, with snowfall over the higher-elevation points on nearby hill stations, notably Murree and Nathia Gali . The temperatures range from 13 °C (55 °F) in January to 38 °C (100 °F) in June. The highest recorded temperature was 46.6 °C (115.9 °F) on 23 June 2005 while the lowest temperature was −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) on 17 January 1967. Light snowfall sometimes happens on
10126-648: The country's flagship Faisal Mosque , which is the world's fifth-largest mosque . Other prominent landmarks include the Pakistan Monument and Democracy Square . Rated as Gamma + by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network , Islamabad has one of the highest costs of living in Pakistan. The city's populace is dominated by both middle and upper-middle class citizens. Islamabad is home to twenty universities, including Bahria University , Quaid-e-Azam University , PIEAS , COMSATS University , and NUST . It
10248-465: The country. Karachi, a business centre, was also considered unsuitable partly because of intervention of business interests in government affairs. The newly selected location of Islamabad was closer to the army headquarters in Rawalpindi and the disputed territory of Kashmir in the north. A Greek firm of architects, led by Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis , designed the master plan of the city based on
10370-988: The countryside, where they enjoyed support from local governments and the traditionally independent civilian frontiersmen. Exceptions to these generalizations include highly centralized states such as France , whose centralized bureaucracies could effectively coordinate far-flung resources, giving the state a powerful advantage over less coherent rivals, but risking utter ruin if the capital were taken. Aryan Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European Traditional Aryan ( / ˈ ɛər i ə n / ), or Arya in Proto-Indo-Iranian ,
10492-663: The developing Islamabad, the old colonial cantonment city of Rawalpindi, and Margalla Hills National Park, including surrounding rural areas. However, Islamabad city is part of the Islamabad Capital Territory , while Rawalpindi is part of Rawalpindi District , which is part of province of Punjab . Initially, it was proposed that the three areas would be connected by four major highways: Murree Highway, Islamabad Highway , Soan Highway, and Capital Highway. However, to date only two highways have been constructed: Kashmir Highway (the former Murree Highway) and Islamabad Highway. Plans of constructing Margalla Avenue are also underway. Islamabad
10614-484: The eighteenth century. In Canada , there is a federal capital , while the ten provinces and three territories each have capital cities. The states of such countries as Mexico , Brazil (including the famous cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo , capitals of their respective states), and Australia also each have capital cities. For example, the six state capitals of Australia are Adelaide , Brisbane , Hobart , Melbourne , Perth , and Sydney . In Australia,
10736-492: The essence of their shared parental Indo-Iranian identity was linguistic and ritual, not racial. If a person sacrificed to the right gods in the right way using the correct forms of the traditional hymns and poems, that person was an Aryan." The Proto-Indo-European (PIE) origin of the Indo-Iranian stem arya - remains debated. A number of scholars, starting with Adolphe Pictet (1799–1875), have proposed to derive arya - from
10858-462: The grave of the Gakhar chief, Sultan Sarang Khan . Saidpur village is supposedly named after Said Khan, the son of Sarang Khan. The 500-year-old village was converted into a place of Hindu worship by a Mughal commander, Raja Man Singh . He constructed a number of small ponds: Rama kunda, Sita kunda, Lakshaman kunda, and Hanuman kunda. The region is home to a small Hindu temple that is preserved, showing
10980-534: The great crisis of Japanese invasion . National capitals were arguably less important as military objectives in other parts of the world, including the West, because of socioeconomic trends toward localized authority, a strategic modus operandi especially popular after the development of feudalism and reaffirmed by the development of democratic and capitalistic philosophies. In 1204, after the Latin Crusaders captured
11102-536: The highest literacy rate in Pakistan at 98%, and has some of the most advanced educational institutes in the country. A large number of public and private sector educational institutes are present here. The higher education institutes in the capital are either federally chartered or administered by private organizations and almost all of them are recognised by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan . High schools and colleges are either affiliated with
11224-408: The inside of the large petals of Pakistan Monument are based on Islamic architecture. The Shah Faisal Mosque is a fusion of contemporary architecture with a more traditional large triangular prayer hall and four minarets, designed by Vedat Dalokay , a Turkish architect and built with the help of funding provided by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia . The architecture of Faisal Mosque is unusual as it lacks
11346-652: The land of Arianē between Persia and India. Other occurrences include the Greek áreion ( Damascius ), Arianoi ( Diodorus Siculus ) and arian ( pl. arianōn ; Sasanian period ), as well as the Armenian expression ari ( Agathangelos ), meaning 'Iranian'. Until the demise of the Parthian Empire (247 BCE–224 CE), the Iranian identity was essentially defined as cultural and religious. Following conflicts between Manichean universalism and Zoroastrian nationalism during
11468-515: The lowest rate of infant mortality in the country at 38 deaths per thousand compared to the national average of 78 deaths per thousand. Islamabad has both public and private medical centres. The largest hospital in Islamabad is Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) hospital. It was established in 1985 as a teaching and doctor training institute. PIMS functions as a National Reference Center and provides specialised diagnostic and curative services. The hospital has 30 major medical departments. PIMS
11590-656: The meaning of 'noble', such as in the terms Āryadésa - ('noble land') for India, Ārya-bhāṣā - ('noble language') for Sanskrit, or āryaka - ('honoured man'), which gave the Pali ayyaka - ('grandfather'). The term came to incorporate the idea of a high social status, but was also used as an honorific for the Brahmana or the Buddhist monks. Parallelly, the Mleccha acquired additional meanings that referred to people of lower castes or aliens. In
11712-571: The nearby outsiders known as the * Anarya ('non-Arya'). Indo-Iranians ( Aryas ) are generally associated with the Sintashta culture (2100–1800 BCE), named after the Sintashta archaeological site in Chelyabinsk Oblast , Russia. Linguistic evidence show that Proto-Indo-Iranian (Proto-Aryan) speakers dwelled in the Eurasian steppe , south of early Uralic tribes ; the stem * arya -
11834-438: The northwest, Gujar Khan , Rawat, and Mandrah on the southeast, and the metropolis of Rawalpindi to the south and southwest. Islamabad is located 120 kilometres (75 mi) SSW of Muzaffarabad , 185 kilometres (115 mi) east of Peshawar and 295 kilometres (183 mi) NNW of Lahore . Islamabad covers an area of 906 square kilometres (350 sq mi). A further 2,717 square kilometres (1,049 sq mi) area
11956-615: The peaks of the hills visible from the city, though this is rare. Snowfall does not occur in the city itself. On 23 July 2001, Islamabad received a record-breaking 620 mm (24 in) of rainfall in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the past 100 years and the highest rainfall in 24 hours as well. Water supply is strained, leading to project proposals like the Ghazi Barotha water supply project . The Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) Administration , generally known as ICT Administration or Islamabad Administration ,
12078-424: The population lies in the age group of 15–64 years, around 59.38%. Only 2.73% of the population is above 65 years of age; 37.90% is below the age of 15. Islamabad has the highest literacy rate in Pakistan, at 88%. 9.8% of the population has done intermediate education (equivalent to grades 11 and 12). 10.26% have a bachelor or equivalent degree while 5.2% have a master or equivalent degree. The labour force of Islamabad
12200-459: The possible cognates of * arya - as a social status (a freeman or noble), and there is no evidence that Proto-Indo-European speakers had a term to refer to themselves as ' Proto-Indo-Europeans '. The term * h₂er(y)ós may derive from the PIE verbal root * h₂er- , meaning 'to put together'. Oswald Szemerényi has also argued that the stem could be a Near-Eastern loanword from
12322-422: The presence of Hindu people in the region. The shrine of Sufi mystic Pir Meher Ali Shah is located at Golra Sharif , which has a rich cultural heritage of the pre-Islamic period. Archaeological remains of the Buddhist era can also still be found in the region. The shrine of Bari Imam was built by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb . Thousands of devotees from across Pakistan attend the annual Urs of Bari Imam. The event
12444-459: The provincial level, a dynasty could easily be toppled with the fall of its capital. In the Three Kingdoms period, both Shu and Wu fell when their respective capitals of Chengdu and Jianye fell. The Ming dynasty relocated its capital from Nanjing to Beijing , where they could more effectively control the generals and troops guarding the borders from Mongols and Manchus . The Ming
12566-410: The reconstructed Proto-Indo-Iranian stem * arya - or * āryo -, which was probably the name used by the prehistoric Indo-Iranian peoples to designate themselves as an ethnocultural group. The term did not have any racial connotation, which only emerged later in the works of 19th-century Western writers. According to David W. Anthony , "the Rigveda and Avesta agreed that
12688-402: The reconstructed PIE term * h₂erós or * h₂eryós , variously translated as 'member of one's own group, peer, freeman'; as 'host, guest; kinsman'; or as 'lord, ruler'. However, the proposed Anatolian, Celtic and Germanic cognates are not universally accepted. In any case, the Indo-Iranian ethnic connotation is absent from the other Indo-European languages, which rather conceived
12810-618: The region and other parts of Pakistan. Faisal Mosque is an important cultural landmark of the city and that attracts many tourists daily. Faisal Mosque built in 1986, was named after the Saudi Arabian King, Faisal bin Abdul Aziz . It also serves the purpose of accommodating 24,000 Muslims that pray at this mosque. Faisal Mosque that is designed by the Turks and financed by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia includes calligraphy of Quranic verses along
12932-566: The remains of a Buddhist stupa at Ban Faqiran, near the Shah Allah Ditta caves, which was dated to the 2nd to the 5th century CE. When Pakistan gained independence in 1947, the southern port city of Karachi was its provisional national capital. In 1958, a commission was constituted to select a suitable site near Rawalpindi for the national capital with particular emphasis on location, climate, logistics, and defence requirements, along with other attributes. After extensive study, research, and
13054-424: The seat of government of a polity or of a subdivision. Deliberately planned and designed capitals include: These cities satisfy one or both of the following criteria: Some examples of the second situation (compromise locations) are: Changes in a nation's political regime sometimes result in the designation of a new capital. Akmola (renamed Astana in 1998) became the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997, following
13176-645: The stem * arya may originate from the Proto-Indo-European language , it seems to have been used exclusively by the Indo-Iranian peoples, as there is no evidence of it having served as an ethnonym for the Proto-Indo-Europeans . In any case, many modern scholars believe that the ethos of the ancient Aryan identity, as it is described in the Avesta and the Rigveda , was religious, cultural, and linguistic, and
13298-570: The stock exchange is over 1 million shares. According to the World Bank 's Doing Business Report of 2010, Islamabad was ranked as the best place to start a business in Pakistan. Islamabad's businesses are Pakistan's most compliant for paying tax dues. As of 2012, Islamabad LTU (Large Tax Unit) was responsible for Rs 371 billion in tax revenue, which amounts to 20% of all the revenue collected by Federal Board of Revenue. Islamabad has seen an expansion in information and communications technology with
13420-711: The term "capital cities" is regularly used to refer to those six state capitals plus the federal capital Canberra , and Darwin , the capital of the Northern Territory . Abu Dhabi is the capital city of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and also of the United Arab Emirates overall. In unitary states which consist of multiple constituent nations, such as the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Denmark , each will usually have its own capital city. Unlike in federations , there
13542-1065: The top ranked universities; National University of Sciences and Technology , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology and Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences , also have their headquarters in the capital. The world's second largest general university by enrolment , Allama Iqbal Open University is located in Islamabad for distance education. Other universities include Air University , Bahria University , Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering , Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology , Hamdard University , National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences , Capital University of Science & Technology , National Defence University , Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, National University of Modern Languages , Iqra University , International Islamic University , Virtual University of Pakistan , Muhammad Ali Jinnah University , The University of Lahore , Abasyn University , and The Millennium University College . Islamabad has
13664-642: The walls of the mosque. One of the landmarks for tourists is the Pakistan Monument built in 2007 located in Islamabad. This tourist attraction represents the patriotism and sovereignty of Pakistan. The design is shaped as a dome with petal-shaped walls that are engraved with arts portraying Pakistan's other tourist landmarks such as the Badshahi Mosque , Minar-e-Pakistan and Lahore Fort . Islamabad holds some of Pakistan's most prestigious museums such as Lok Virsa Museum , Institute of Folk and Traditional Heritage Shakarparian Park and prominent galleries such as
13786-504: The words of scholar Gherardo Gnoli , the Old Iranian airya ( Avestan ) and ariya ( Old Persian ) were collective terms denoting the "peoples who were aware of belonging to the one ethnic stock, speaking a common language, and having a religious tradition that centred on the cult of Ahura Mazdā ", in contrast to the 'non-Aryas', who are called anairya in Avestan , anaryān in Parthian , and anērān in Middle Persian . The people of
13908-791: Was common. The capital city attracts politically motivated people and those whose skills are needed for efficient administration of national or imperial governments, such as lawyers , political scientists , bankers , journalists , and public policy makers . Some of these cities are or were also religious centres , e.g. Constantinople (more than one religion), Rome / Vatican City (the Roman Catholic Church ), Jerusalem (more than one religion), Babylon, Moscow (the Russian Orthodox Church ), Belgrade (the Serbian Orthodox Church ), Paris, and Beijing. In some countries,
14030-499: Was completed in March 2015. The Rawalpindi Development Authority built the project at a cost of approximately Rs 24 billion, which was shared by both the Federal government and the provincial government of Punjab. Islamabad is located at 33°26′N 73°02′E / 33.43°N 73.04°E / 33.43; 73.04 at the northern edge of the Pothohar Plateau and at the foot of
14152-614: Was destroyed when Li Zicheng took their seat of power, and this pattern repeats itself in Chinese history, until the fall of the traditional Confucian monarchy in the 20th century. After the Qing dynasty 's collapse, decentralization of authority and improved transportation and communication technologies allowed both the Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists to rapidly relocate capitals and keep their leadership structures intact during
14274-530: Was founded in 1987 and became a public company in 1989. The hospital has 70 qualified consultants in almost all specialties, 150 IPD beds and OPD facilities in 35 different specialisations. According to the Federal Bureau of Statistics of the Government of Pakistan, in 2008 there were 12 hospitals, 76 dispensaries , and five maternity and child welfare centers in the city with a total of 5,158 beds. Islamabad
14396-565: Was inaugurated on 18 April 2022. On 7 July 2022, the Green Line and Blue Lines were added to this Metrobus network. The system uses e-ticketing and an Intelligent Transportation System and is managed by the Punjab Mass Transit Authority . The metro buses are widely used for commuting purposes by the labor force and students. Capital city A capital city or just capital is the municipality holding primary status in
14518-532: Was inherited in ethnic names such as the Parthian Ary ( pl. Aryān ), the Middle Persian Ēr ( pl. Ēran ), or the New Persian Irāni ( pl. Irāniyān ). The Scythian branch has Alān or * Allān (from * Aryāna ; modern Allon ), Rhoxolāni ('Bright Alans'), Alanorsoi ('White Alans'), and possibly the modern Ossetian Ir ( adj. Iron ), spelled Irä or Erä in
14640-655: Was known in Vedic Sanskrit as Aryaman and in Avestan as Airyaman . The deity was in charge of welfare and the community, and connected with the institution of marriage. Through marital ceremonies, one of the functions of Aryaman was to assimilate women from other tribes to the host community. If the Irish heroes Érimón and Airem and the Gaulish personal name Ariomanus are also cognates (i.e. linguistic siblings sharing
14762-529: Was not tied to the concept of race. In the 1850s, the French diplomat and writer Arthur de Gobineau brought forth the idea of the Aryan race , essentially claiming that the Proto-Indo-Europeans were superior specimens of humans and that their descendants comprised either a distinct racial group or a distinct sub-group of the hypothetical Caucasian race . Through the work of his later followers, such as
14884-482: Was notably borrowed into the Pre-Sámi language as * orja -, at the origin of oarji ('southwest') and årjel ('Southerner'). The loanword took the meaning 'slave' in other Finno-Permic languages , suggesting conflictual relations between Indo-Iranian and Uralic peoples in prehistoric times. The stem is also found in the Indo-Iranian god * Aryaman , translated as 'Arya-spirited,' 'Aryanness,' or 'Aryanhood;' he
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