The Battle of Gvozd Mountain took place in 1097 and was fought between the army of Petar Snačić and King Coloman I of Hungary . It was a decisive Hungarian victory, which ended the War of the Croatian Succession and served as a turning point in Croatian history .
129-515: The traditional Croatian historiography identified Gvozd Mountain, the location of the battle according to Gesta Hungarorum , as today's Petrova Gora . In the second half of the 20th century, an alternative interpretation emerged, by which the battle took place in the Kapela mountain pass of central Croatia. The changes in name of these two locations created confusion; the first was known as Slatska Gora until 1445, and only from 1536 as Petrova Gora, while
258-610: A Central European nation and an ethnic group native to Hungary (Hungarian: Magyarország ) and historical Hungarian lands (i.e. belonging to the former Kingdom of Hungary ) who share a common culture , history , ancestry , and language . The Hungarian language belongs to the Uralic language family , alongside, most notably, Finnish and Estonian . There are an estimated 14.5 million ethnic Hungarians and their descendants worldwide, of whom 9.6 million live in today's Hungary. About 2 million Hungarians live in areas that were part of
387-571: A prologue and 57 chapters. In the prologue, Anonymus introduced himself and declared that he decided to write his work to put in writing the early history of the Hungarians and their conquest of the Carpathian Basin. In addition, he stated that he wanted to write of the genealogy of the royal Árpád dynasty and of the noble families of the Kingdom of Hungary . The first seven chapters describe
516-415: A " 'toponymic romance' that seeks to explain place-names by reference to imagined events or persons, and vice versa." For instance, Györffy writes that Gelou's story was based on the conquest of Gyula of Transylvania 's realm by Stephen I of Hungary in the early 11th century and Gelou was named after the town Gilău where he was killed in battle, according to Anonymus. Anonymus likewise wrote that
645-514: A bill granting dual citizenship to ethnic Hungarians living outside of Hungary. Some neighboring countries with sizable Hungarian minorities expressed concerns over the legislation. Modern Hungarians stand out as linguistically isolated in Europe, despite their genetic similarity to the surrounding populations. The population of the Carpathian Basin has the common European gene-pool which formed in
774-621: A century earlier work: The Deeds of the Christian Hungarians instead of Anonymus's work before departing for the ancient homeland of the Magyars in the early 1230s. Later chronicles did not use the Gesta , suggesting that Anonymus's contemporaries knew that he had invented most details of his account of the Hungarian Conquest, according to Gyula Kristó . The Gesta was first published as
903-662: A confederation of seven tribes . According to genetic study, the proto-Ugric groups were part of the Scytho-Siberian societies in the late Bronze Age to early Iron Age steppe-forest zone in the northern Kazakhstan region, near of the Mezhovskaya culture territory. The ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors lived in the steppe zone during the Bronze Age together with the Mansis . During
1032-469: A discrete ethnic group or people for centuries before their settlement in the Carpathian basin. Instead, the formation of the people with its distinct identity was a process. According to this view, Hungarians as a people emerged by the 9th century, subsequently incorporating other, ethnically and linguistically divergent, peoples. During the 4th millennium BC, the Uralic -speaking peoples who were living in
1161-587: A higher affinity with modern day Bashkirs and Volga Tatars as well as to two specimens of the Pazyryk culture , while their mtDNA has strong links to the populations of the Baraba region , Inner Asia , Eastern Europe , Northern Europe and Central Asia . Modern Hungarians also display genetic affinity with historical Sintashta samples. Archeological mtDNA haplogroups show a similarity between Hungarians and Turkic-speaking Tatars and Bashkirs , while another study found
1290-580: A leather book cover, impressed with a double-headed eagle , in the late 18th century. The manuscript, which was transferred to Hungary in 1933 or 1934, is held in the Széchényi National Library in Budapest . The author of the Gesta Hungarorum has been known as Anonymus ever since the publication of the first Hungarian translation of his work in 1790. The author described himself as "P who
1419-719: A link between the Mansi and Bashkirs, suggesting that the Bashkirs are a mixture of Turkic, Ugric and Indo-European contributions. The homeland of ancient Hungarians is around the Ural Mountains , and the Hungarian affinities with the Karayakupovo culture is widely accepted among researchers. A full genome study found that the Bashkirs display, next to their high European ancestry, also affinity to both Uralic-speaking populations of Northern Asia, as well as Inner Asian Turkic groups, "pointing to
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#17328526547731548-681: A matter of debate among scholars. In Hungary , a legend developed based on medieval chronicles that the Hungarians, and the Székely ethnic group in particular, are descended from the Huns. However, mainstream scholarship dismisses a close connection between the Hungarians and Huns. A genetic study published in Scientific Reports in November 2019 led by Neparáczki Endre had examined the remains of three males from three separate 5th century Hunnic cemeteries in
1677-705: A member of the Uralic family , which originated either in the Oka-Volga region, the Southern Uralic, or Western Siberia. Recent linguistic data support an origin somewhere in Western Siberia. Ugric diverged from its relatives in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. The ancient Ugrians are associated with the Mezhovskaya culture , and were influenced by the Iranian Sarmatians and Saka , as well as later Xiongnu . The Ugrians also display genetic affinities to
1806-569: A mismatch of their cultural background and genetic ancestry and an intricacy of the historic interface between Turkic and Uralic populations ". The homeland of the proto-Uralic peoples may have been close to Southern Siberia, among forest cultures in the Altai-Sayan region and may be linked to an ancestry maximized in the early Tarim mummies . The arrival of the Indo-European Afanasievo culture and Northeast Asian tribes may have caused
1935-482: A monography of the Gesta Hungarorum , concluded that the "analysis of several fragments of" the Gesta Hungarorum "has demonstrated that this work is generally credible, even if it ignores important events and characters and even if it makes some chronological mistakes". According to Neagu Djuvara , professor of international law and economic history, the factual accuracy of Anonymus's work is likely high, because it
2064-885: A serious demographic crisis began to develop in Hungary and its neighbours. The Hungarian population reached its maximum in 1980, then began to decline. For historical reasons (see Treaty of Trianon ), significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, most of them in Romania (in Transylvania ), Slovakia , and Serbia (in Vojvodina ). Sizable minorities live also in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia ), Croatia (primarily Slavonia ), and Austria (in Burgenland ). Slovenia
2193-504: A sole manuscript from the second part of the 13th century, which was for centuries held in Vienna . It is part of the collection of Széchényi National Library in Budapest . The principal subject of the Gesta is the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries, and it writes of the origin of the Hungarians , identifying the Hungarians' ancestors with
2322-654: A study by Pamjav, the area of Bodrogköz suggested to be a population isolate found an elevated frequency of Haplogroup N: R1a-M458 (20.4%), I2a1-P37 (19%), R1a-Z280 (14.3%), and E1b-M78 (10.2%). Various R1b-M343 subgroups accounted for 15% of the Bodrogköz population. Haplogroup N1c-Tat covered 6.2% of the lineages, but most of it belonged to the N1c-VL29 subgroup, which is more frequent among Balto-Slavic speaking than Finno-Ugric speaking peoples. Other haplogroups had frequencies of less than 5%. Among 100 Hungarian men, 90 of whom from
2451-543: Is a genetic continuity from the Bronze Age , a continuous migration of the Steppe folks from east to the Carpathian Basin. Other studies point out that the Hungarian conqueror group and the local population started admixing only on the second half of the 10th century, and that research done of the first and second generation cemeteries in the Carpathian basin show uniparental lineages can be derived from Iron Age Sargat culture 's population, suggesting "only limited interaction with
2580-661: Is also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians, and Hungarian language has an official status in parts of the Prekmurje region. Today more than two million ethnic Hungarians live in nearby countries. There was a referendum in Hungary in December 2004 on whether to grant Hungarian citizenship to Hungarians living outside Hungary's borders (i.e. without requiring a permanent residence in Hungary). The referendum failed due to insufficient voter turnout . On 26 May 2010, Hungary's Parliament passed
2709-521: Is called magister, and sometime notary of the most glorious Béla, king of Hungary of fond memory" in the opening sentence of the Gesta . The identification of this King Béla is subject to scholarly debate, because four Hungarian monarchs bore this name. Most historians identify the king with Béla III of Hungary who died in 1196. Anonymus dedicated his work to "the most venerable man N" who had been his schoolmate in an unspecified school. Anonymus mentioned that they had found pleasure in reading
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#17328526547732838-564: Is descended from previous peoples of the Carpathian Basin, and a large number of people survived to the 10th century from the previous Avar period. An important segment of this Avar era Hungarians is that the Hungarian county system of King Saint Stephen I may be largely based on the power centers formed during the Avar period. Based on DNA evidence, the Proto-Hungarians admixed with Sarmatians and Huns , this three genetic components appear in
2967-600: Is no trace of massacres and mass graves, it is believed to have been a peaceful transition for local residents in the Carpathian Basin. The Hungarian conquerors together with the Turkic-speaking Kabars integrated the Avars and Onogurs . In 862, Prince Rastislav of Moravia rebelled against the Franks , and after hiring Hungarian troops, won his independence; this was the first time that Hungarians expeditionary troops entered
3096-606: Is not evidence that he introduced the whole person of Gelou or the presence of Vlachs in Transylvania". Paul Robert Magocsi also regarded the Gesta as an unreliable work. Romanian-British historian Dennis Deletant joins the opinion that it is a debatable chronicle, criticizing how Anonymous has the Hungarians fighting Bulgarians while making no mention of the Moravians, Carinthians, Franks and Bavarians, and also his reliance upon legends and historical tradition than facts, such as in
3225-487: Is possible that they became its ethnic majority. In the Early Middle Ages , the Hungarians had many names, including "Węgrzy" (Polish), "Ungherese" (Italian), "Ungar" (German), and "Hungarus". In the Hungarian language, the Hungarian people name themselves as "Magyar". "Magyar" possibly derived from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe , the "Megyer". The tribal name "Megyer" became "Magyar" in reference to
3354-418: Is the earliest preserved Hungarian chronicle and is based on even older Hungarian chronicles. On the other hand, Carlile Aylmer Macartney described Anonymus's work as "the most famous, the most obscure, the most exasperating and most misleading of all the early Hungarian texts" in his book of medieval Hungarian historians. Carlile Aylmer Macartney writes in his critical and analytical guide of Anonymus "this
3483-538: Is uncommon among most Uralic-speaking populations. In the case of the Southern Mansi males, the most frequent haplogroups were N1b-P43 (33%), N1c-L1034 (28%) and R1a-Z280 (19%).The Konda Mansi population shared common haplotypes within haplogroups R1a-Z280 or N-M46 with Hungarian speakers, which may suggest that the Hungarians were in contact with the Mansi people during their migration to the Carpathian Basin. According to
3612-605: The Bible and Dares Phrygius's Trojan History . He borrowed texts from the latter work and adopted its "overall structure of short but informative accounts naming important protagonists and main events", according to historians Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy. Anonymus also referred to "historians writing of the deeds of the Romans" when narrating the history of the Scythians . According to Kristó, Györffy and Thoroczkay, Anonymus obviously read
3741-473: The Bronze Age through the admixture of three sources: Western Hunter-Gatherers , who were the first Homo sapiens appearing in Paleolithic Europe , Neolithic farmers originating from Anatolia , and Yamnaya steppe migrants that arrived in the late Neolithic to early Bronze Age. This common European gene pool in the Carpathian Basin, has been overlaid by migration waves originating from the east since
3870-684: The Burzyansky and Abzelilovsky districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the Volga-Ural region, revealed them to belong to the R1a subclade R1a-SUR51 , which is shared in significant amounts with the historical Magyars and the royal Hungarian lineage, and representing the closest kin to the Hungarian Árpád dynasty , whose ancestry is traced to 4500 years ago, in modern day Northern Afghanistan . In turn, R1a-SUR51's ancestral subclades R1a-Y2632 are found among
3999-662: The Caranthians of the Mura " ( Carinthinorum Moroanensium fines ) instead of the "lands of the Carinthians, Moravians " ( Carantenorum, Marahensium ... fines ) of which he read in Regino of Prüm's Chronicon , which shows that Anonymus did not understand Regino of Prüm's reference to the Moravians. Direct borrowings from Isidore of Seville 's Etymologiae , Hugh of Bologna 's Rationes dictani prosaice , and medieval romances about Alexander
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4128-728: The Carpathian Basin , a geographically unified but politically divided land, after acquiring thorough local knowledge of the area from the 860s onwards. After the end of the Avar Kaganate (c. 822), the Eastern Franks asserted their influence in Transdanubia , the Bulgarians to a small extent in the Southern Transylvania and the interior regions housed the surviving Avar population in their stateless state. The downfall of
4257-567: The Gesta proves the existence of Romanian polities in the territory of present-day Romania at the time of the Hungarian Conquest. The Romanian government even published a full-page advertisement about the reliability of Anonymus's reference to the Romanians in The Times in 1987. The view of modern historians on the Gesta Hungarorum is mixed: some consider it a reliable source; others consider its information doubtful. Alexandru Madgearu, who wrote
4386-725: The Gesta Hungarorum wrote of a battle between the Greeks and the Hungarians at a ford by the River Tisza which was named after this event as "Ford of the Greeks", according to Anonymus, although it received this name after its revenues were granted to the Greek Orthodox monastery of Sremska Mitrovica in the 12th century. Late 9th-century sources mentioned the Avars , the Bavarians, the Bulgarians,
4515-911: The Great Hungarian Plain , (including Cuman descendants from Kunság region) the following haplogroups and frequencies are obtained: 30% R1a, 15% R1b, 13% I2a1, 13% J2, 9% E1b1b1a, 8% I1, 3% G2, 3% J1, 3% I*, 1% E*, 1% F*, 1% K*. The 97 Székelys belong to the following haplogroups: 20% R1b, 19% R1a, 17% I1, 11% J2, 10% J1, 8% E1b1b1a, 5% I2a1, 5% G2, 3% P*, 1% E*, 1% N. It can be inferred that Szekelys have more significant German admixture. A study sampling 45 Palóc from Budapest and northern Hungary, found 60% R1a, 13% R1b, 11% I, 9% E, 2% G, 2% J2. A study estimating possible Inner Asian admixture among nearly 500 Hungarians based on paternal lineages only, estimated it at 5.1% in Hungary, at 7.4 in Székelys and at 6.3% at Csángós . An analysis of Bashkir samples from
4644-632: The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin when the Hungarian conquerors lived on the steppes of Eastern Europe east of the Carpathian Mountains , written sources called the Hungarians: "Ungri" by Georgius Monachus in 837, "Ungri" by Annales Bertiniani in 862, and "Ungari" by the Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus in 881. The Magyars/Hungarians probably belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance, and it
4773-703: The Hungarian diaspora ( Hungarian : magyar diaszpóra ). Furthermore, Hungarians can be divided into several subgroups according to local linguistic and cultural characteristics; subgroups with distinct identities include the Székelys (in eastern Transylvania as well as a few in Suceava County , Bukovina ), the Csángós (in Western Moldavia ), the Palóc , and the Matyó . The Hungarians' own ethnonym to denote themselves in
4902-521: The Imperial Library in Vienna between 1601 and 1636. In this period, the court librarian Sebastian Tengnagel registered it under the title Historia Hungarica de VII primis ducibus Hungariae auctore Belae regis notario ("Hungarian History of the First Seven Princes of Hungary Written by King Béla's Notary"). Tengnagel added numbers to the folios and the chapters. The codex was bound with
5031-429: The Indo-Iranian Andronovo culture and Baikal-Altai Asian cultures. In the 4th and 5th centuries AD, the Hungarians were an "[e]thnically mixed people" who moved to the west of the Ural Mountains, to the area between the southern Ural Mountains and the Volga River , known as Bashkiria ( Bashkortostan ) and Perm Krai . In the early 8th century, some of the Hungarians moved to the Don River , to an area between
5160-410: The Iron Age , the Mansis migrated northward, while the ancestor of Hungarian conquerors remained at the steppe-forest zone and admixed with the Sarmatians . Later the ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors admixed with the Huns , this admixture happened before the arrival of the Huns to the Volga region in 370. The Huns integrated local tribes east of the Urals, among them Sarmatians and the ancestors of
5289-423: The Iron Age . According to genetic studies, the Carpathian Basin was continuously inhabited from at least the Bronze Age. There is a genetic continuity from the Bronze Age , a continuous migration of the Steppe folks from east to the Carpathian Basin. The foundational population of the Carpathian Basin carrying the common European gene pool remained in a significant majority throughout the migratory periods in
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5418-441: The Kabars in the Hungarian tribal alliance based on oral tradition of the noble families of Kabar origin, according to Györffy. The existence of a sole manuscript of the Gesta Hungarorum shows that the chronicle "was not very popular during either its author's lifetime or the subsequent centuries", according to historian Florin Curta . For instance, the contemporary 13th century Friar Julian and his Dominican brethren studied
5547-413: The Pannonian Basin . They were found to be carrying the paternal haplogroups Q1a2 , R1b1a1b1a1a1 and R1a1a1b2a2 . In modern Europe, Q1a2 is rare and has its highest frequency among the Székelys . It is believed that conquering Magyars may have absorbed Avar, Hunnish and Xiongnu influences. Hungarian males possess a high frequency of haplogroup R1a-Z280 and a low frequency of haplogroup N-Tat, which
5676-458: The Pannonian Steppe and surrounding regions, giving rise to modern Hungarians and Hungarian culture . " Hungarian pre-history ", i.e. the history of the "ancient Hungarians" before their arrival in the Carpathian basin at the end of the 9th century, is thus a "tenuous construct", based on linguistics, analogies in folklore, archaeology and subsequent written evidence. In the 21st century, historians have argued that "Hungarians" did not exist as
5805-431: The Pazyryk culture people, the earliest Uralic-speakers can be associated with an Ancient Northern East Asian lineage maximized among modern Nganasans and a Bronze Age specimen from Krasnoyarsk in southern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk_Krai_BA; kra001). This type of ancestry later dispersed along the Seima-Turbino route westwards. They may also stood in contact with other Ancient Northeast Asians (partially linked to
5934-583: The Pazyryk culture . They arrived into Central Europe by the historical Magyar or Hungarian "conquerors", in the Hungarian landtaking . The historical Magyar conquerors were found to show significant affinity to modern Bashkirs , and stood also in contact with other Turkic peoples (presumably Oghuric speakers), Iranian peoples (especially Jaszic speakers), and Slavs . The historical Magyars created an alliance of steppe tribes, consisting of an Ugric/Magyar ruling class, and formerly Iranian but also Turkic (Oghuric) and Slavic speaking tribes, which conquered
6063-462: The Pechenegs around 854. The new neighbours of the Hungarians were the Varangians and the eastern Slavs . From 862 onwards, the Hungarians (already referred to as the Ungri ) along with their allies, the Kabars, started a series of looting raids from the Etelköz into the Carpathian Basin, mostly against the Eastern Frankish Empire (Germany) and Great Moravia , but also against the Balaton principality and Bulgaria . The Hungarians arrived in
6192-416: The Saka population of the Tien Shan , date: 427-422 BC. Historical Magyar conquerors had around ~37.5% Haplogroup N-M231 , as well as lower frequency of Haplogroup C-M217 at 6.25% with the remainder being Haplogroup R1a and Haplogroup Q-M242 . Modern Hungarians show relative close affinity to surrounding populations, but harbour a small "Siberian" component associated with Khanty/Mansi, as well as
6321-424: The Trojan History and the romances about Alexander the Great, according to Macartney. Anonymus mentions an alliance between the Rus' people and the "Cumans" against the Hungarians. Macartney, Györffy, Spinei and many other historians agree that he misinterpreted the Hungarian word kun , which originally designated all nomadic Turkic peoples , and wrongly identified the Kuns mentioned in one of his sources with
6450-410: The Trojan History , a work attributed to Dares Phrygius , which enjoyed popularity in the Middle Ages. He also referred to a work of the Trojan War that he had "brought most lovingly together into one volume" upon his masters' instructions. Anonymus stated that he had decided to write of "the genealogy of the kings of Hungary and of their noblemen" because he had no knowledge of any decent account of
6579-467: The Turkic people . The obscure name kerel or keral , found in the 13th-century work The Secret History of the Mongols , possibly referred to Hungarians and derived from the Hungarian title király 'king'. The historical Latin phrase " Natio Hungarica " ("Hungarian nation") had a wider and political meaning because it once referred to all nobles of the Kingdom of Hungary , regardless of their ethnicity or mother tongue. The origin of Hungarians,
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#17328526547736708-514: The Volga Tatars show the smallest genetic distance to the entire Conqueror population" and "a direct genetic relation of the Conquerors to Onogur - Bulgar ancestors of these groups is very feasible." Genetic data found high affinity between Magyar conquerors, the historical Bulgars , and modern day Turkic-speaking peoples in the Volga region, suggesting a possible language shifted from an Uralic (Ugric) to Turkic languages. Hunnish origin or influences on Hungarians and Székelys have always been
6837-425: The Volokhi with the Vlachs, because the Volokhi were actually Franks who occupied Pannonia , but the Hungarians expelled them during the Conquest. But Spinei, Pop and other historians write that Russian Primary Chronicle confirms Anonymus's report of the Hungarians' fight against the Vlachs. Madgearu, who does not associate the Volokhi with the Vlachs, emphasizes that Anonymous "had no interest to invent
6966-424: The totemistic pre-Christian tradition of the origin of the Árpád dynasty, narrating Emese's dream of the falcon impregnating her before the birth of her son, Álmos . The next section describes Álmos, mentioning that he was "more powerful and wiser than all the princes of Scythia", which may have derived from oral tradition or from the common wording of contemporaneous legal documents. The fifth chapter writes of
7095-428: The 1780s, pointing out that Anonymus failed to mention Great Moravia . . When demanding the emancipation of the Romanians of Transylvania in the late 18th century, the authors of the Supplex Libellus Valachorum referred to Anonymus's work. Anonymus's three heroes—Gelou, Glad and Menumorut—play a preeminent role in Romanian historiography. Romanian historians have presented them as Romanian rulers whose presence in
7224-405: The Avar Khaganate at the beginning of the 9th century did not mean the extinction of the Avar population, contemporary written sources report surviving Avar groups. According to the archaeological evidence, the Avar population survived the time of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin . In this power vacuum, the Hungarian conqueror elite took the system of the former Avar Kaganate, there
7353-411: The Avar period, arriving in multiple waves. The ruling elite of the Avars originated from the Rouran Khaganate in Mongolia, but a significant portion of the masses they brought in consisted of mixed-origin populations that had emerged in the Pontic-Caspian steppe during the Hunnic era. Foundation of the Hungarian state is connected to the Hungarian conquerors , who arrived from the Pontic steppes as
7482-402: The Bulgarian Laborec had died at the River Laborec and the Czech Zubur on the Mount Zobor near Nitra . Anonymus did not allude to the Hungarians' decisive victory over the united Bavarian forces in the Battle of Pressburg in 907, but he narrated battles unknown from other works. Anonymus seems to have applied place names when creating these battles, according to Győrffy. For instance,
7611-586: The Carpathian Basin at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries. Among the Hungarians, oral tradition—songs and ballads—preserved the memory of the most important historical events. The Illuminated Chronicle explicitly stated that the "seven captains" who led the Hungarians during the Conquest "composed lays about themselves and sang them among themselves in order to win worldly renown and to publish their names abroad, so that their posterity might be able to boast and brag to neighbours and friends when these songs were heard". The Gesta Hungarorum , or The Deeds of
7740-457: The Carpathian Basin. In 862, Archbishop Hincmar of Reims records the campaign of unknown enemies called "Ungri", giving the first mention of the Hungarians in Western Europe . In 881, the Hungarian forces fought together with the Kabars in the Vienna Basin . According to historian György Szabados and archeologist Miklós Béla Szőke, a group of Hungarians were already living in the Carpathian Basin at that time, so they could quickly intervene in
7869-427: The Carpathian Basin. During the 9th century BC, smaller groups of pre-Scythians ( Cimmerians ) of the Mezőcsát culture appeared. The classic Scythian culture spread across the Great Hungarian Plain between the 7th–6th century BC, their genetic data represent the genetic profile of the local European population. The Sarmatians arrived in multiple waves from 50 BC, leaving a significant archaeological heritage behind,
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#17328526547737998-410: The Croatian capital Biograd on the Adriatic coast in 1102. Until the end of the World War I in 1918, the two crowns were united in personal union. 44°54′N 15°31′E / 44.900°N 15.517°E / 44.900; 15.517 [REDACTED] Media related to Battle of Gvozd Mountain at Wikimedia Commons Gesta Hungarorum Gesta Hungarorum , or The Deeds of
8127-405: The Cumans of his age. The latter had at least twice supported the Rus' princes against the Hungarian monarchs in the 12th century, which explains Anonymus's mistake. The ninth chapter of the Gesta describes the submission of the Rus' and "Cuman" princes to Álmos. Anonymus also writes how seven Cuman chieftains joined the Hungarians, which may have preserved the memory of the integration of
8256-418: The Danubian Slavs , the Gepids and the Moravians among the peoples inhabiting the Carpathian Basin. Anonymus did not mention the Avars, the Bavarians, the Gepids and the Moravians, but he listed the Czechs , the Greeks , the Khazars, the "Romans" and their shepherds, the Székelys , and the Vlachs besides the Bulgarians and the Slavs. According to Györffy and Madgearu, Anonymus may have based his list of
8385-411: The Early Middle Ages is uncertain. The exonym "Hungarian" is thought to be derived from Oghur-Turkic On-Ogur (literally "Ten Arrows" or "Ten Tribes"). Another possible explanation comes from the Russian word " Yugra " (Югра). It may refer to the Hungarians during a time when they dwelt east of the southern Ural Mountains in Western Siberia before their conquest of the Carpathian Basin. Prior to
8514-483: The Great prove that Anonymus also used these works. According to Macartney, textual coincidences show that Anonymus adopted parts of late 12th-century chronicles narrating Frederick Barbarossa 's crusade . For instance, Anonymus' descriptions of tournaments seem to have been taken from Arnold of Lübeck 's Chronicle of the Slavs . Anonymus also used the ancient "Hungarian Chronicle" or its sources. However, there are differences between Anonymus' narration of
8643-414: The Hungarian Conquest and other works preserving texts from the ancient chronicle. For instance, the Illuminated Chronicle wrote of the Hungarians' arrival in Transylvania across the Carpathian Mountains from the east at the beginning of the Conquest, but according to Anonymus the Hungarians invaded Transylvania across the valleys of the Meseş Mountains from the west at a later stage. Sources from
8772-404: The Hungarian Conquest. According to scholars who identify Anonymus as King Béla III's notary, he wrote his Gesta around 1200 or in the first decades of the 13th century. The study of place names mentioned in the Gesta suggests that Anonymus had a detailed knowledge both of the wider region of Óbuda and Csepel Island (in and to the south of present-day Budapest ) and of the lands along
8901-408: The Hungarian conquerors. The Hungarians arrived in the frame of a strong centralized steppe-empire under the leadership of Grand Prince Álmos and his son Árpád , they became founders of the Árpád dynasty , the Hungarian ruling dynasty and the Hungarian state. The Árpád dynasty claimed to be a direct descendant of the great Hun leader Attila . The elite of the conquering Hungarians established
9030-501: The Hungarian people as a whole. The Greek cognate of " Tourkia " ( Greek : Τουρκία ) was used by the scholar and Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in his De Administrando Imperio of c. AD 950, though in his use, "Turks" always referred to Magyars . This was a misnomer, as while the Magyars do have some Turkic genetic and cultural influence, including their historical social structure being of Turkic origin, they still are not widely considered as part of
9159-508: The Hungarian population of the Carpathian Basin only of people of Árpád. Following the devastations caused by the Mongol and Turkish invasions, settlers from other parts of Europe played a significant role in establishing the modern genetic makeup of the Carpathian Basin. The Hungarian language belongs to the Uralic language family . While early Ugric-speakers can be associated with an ancestry component maximized in modern-day Khanty / Mansi and historical Southern Siberian groups such as
9288-439: The Hungarian state, genetic studies revealed, the conqueror elite in both sexes has approximately 30% Eastern Eurasian components, while the commoner population appears to have carried the overlaid local European gene pool from previous eastern immigrations. In medieval Hungary , a legend developed based on foreign and Hungarian medieval chronicles that the Hungarians, and the Székely ethnic group in particular, are descended from
9417-512: The Hungarian state. The Árpád dynasty claimed to be a direct descendant of the great Hun leader Attila . Medieval Hungarian chronicles from the Hungarian royal court like the Gesta Hungarorum , Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum , Chronicon Pictum , Buda Chronicle , Chronica Hungarorum claimed that the Árpád dynasty and the Aba clan are the descendants of Attila. Árpád, Grand Prince of
9546-482: The Hungarians , is the earliest book about Hungarian history which has survived for posterity. Its genre is not chronicle, but gesta , meaning "deeds" or "acts", which is a medieval entertaining literature. It was written in Latin by an unidentified author who has traditionally been called Anonymus in scholarly works. According to most historians, the work was completed between around 1200 and 1230. The Gesta exists in
9675-505: The Hungarians , is the first extant Hungarian chronicle. Its principal subject is the conquest of the Carpathian Basin and it narrates the background and the immediate aftermath of the conquest. Many historians—including Carlile Aylmer Macartney and András Róna-Tas —agree that Simon of Kéza 's chronicle, the Illuminated Chronicle and other works composed in the 13th–15th centuries preserved texts which had been written before
9804-687: The Hungarians were organized in a confederacy of seven tribes : Jenő , Kér , Keszi , Kürt-Gyarmat , Megyer , Nyék , and Tarján . Around 830, a rebellion broke out in the Khazar khaganate. As a result, three Kabar tribes of the Khazars joined the Hungarians and moved to what the Hungarians call the Etelköz , the territory between the Carpathians and the Dnieper River . The Hungarians faced their first attack by
9933-657: The Hungarians with the Rus' people and the "Cumans". Anonymus's report of the Hungarians' passing by Kiev was based on the ancient "Hungarian Chronicle", according to Macartney. References to the Hungarians' march by Kiev towards the Carpathian Basin can also be found in the Russian Primary Chronicle , and in Simon of Kéza's and Henry of Mügeln 's chronicles. In an attempt to make his work more entertaining, Anonymus supplemented this information with vivid battle-scenes borrowed from
10062-564: The Hungarians' history. By the Treaty of Trianon , the Kingdom had been cut into several parts, leaving only a quarter of its original size. One-third of the Hungarians became minorities in the neighbouring countries. During the remainder of the 20th century, the Hungarians population of Hungary grew from 7.1 million (1920) to around 10.4 million (1980), despite losses during the Second World War and
10191-501: The Hungarians' legendary homeland—mentioned as Scythia or Dentumoger — and their departure from there. According to Macartney, the first chapter was based on the late 11th-century "Hungarian Chronicle", and it contains interpolations from the Exordia Scythica and Regino of Prüm's chronicle. The second chapter explains that the Hungarians were named after "Hunguar" (present-day Uzhhorod in Ukraine ). The third chapter preserved
10320-548: The Hungarians, says in the Gesta Hungarorum : The land stretching between the Danube and the Tisza used to belong to my forefather, the mighty Attila. The Hungarians took possession of the Carpathian Basin in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862 and 895. This is confirmed by the archaeological findings, in the 10th-century Hungarian cemeteries, the graves of women, children and elderly people are located next to
10449-506: The Huns. The basic premise of the Hungarian medieval chronicle tradition was that the Huns, i.e. the Hungarians coming out twice from Scythia , the guiding principle was the Hun-Hungarian continuity. The 20th century mainstream scholarship dismisses a close connection between the Hungarians and Huns. However, the archaeogenetics studies revealed the Hun heritage of the Hungarian conquerors , it
10578-587: The Kingdom of Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 and are now parts of Hungary's seven neighbouring countries, Slovakia , Ukraine , Romania , Serbia , Croatia , Slovenia , and Austria . In addition, significant groups of people with Hungarian ancestry live in various other parts of the world, most of them in the United States , Canada , Germany , France , the United Kingdom , Chile , Brazil , Australia , and Argentina , and therefore constitute
10707-486: The Pechenegs. The Bulgarians won the decisive battle of Southern Buh . It is uncertain whether or not those conflicts contributed to the Hungarian departure from Etelköz. From the upper Tisza region of the Carpathian Basin, the Hungarians intensified their campaigns across continental Europe. In 900, they moved from the upper Tisza river to Transdanubia , which later became the core of the arising Hungarian state. By 902,
10836-775: The Volga, Don and the Seversky Donets rivers. Meanwhile, the descendants of those Hungarians who stayed in Bashkiria remained there as late as 1241. The Hungarians around the Don River were subordinates of the Khazar Khaganate . Their neighbours were the archaeological Saltov culture , i.e. Bulgars (Proto-Bulgarians, Onogurs ) and the Alans , from whom they learned gardening, elements of cattle breeding and of agriculture. Tradition holds that
10965-472: The ancient Scythians and Huns . Many of its sources—including the Bible , Isidore of Seville 's Etymologiae , the 7th-century Exordia Scythica , the late 9th-century Regino of Prüm 's Chronicon , and early medieval romances of Alexander the Great —have been identified by scholars. Anonymus also used folk songs and ballads when writing his work. He knew a version of the late 11th-century "Hungarian Chronicle"
11094-571: The borders were pushed to the South-Moravian Carpathians and the Principality of Moravia collapsed. At the time of the Hungarian migration, the land was inhabited only by a sparse population of Slavs, numbering about 200,000, who were either assimilated or enslaved by the Hungarians. Archaeological findings (e.g. in the Polish city of Przemyśl ) suggest that many Hungarians remained to
11223-628: The central and southern regions of the Urals split up. Some dispersed towards the west and northwest and came into contact with Turkic and Iranian speakers who were spreading northwards. From at least 2000 BC onwards, the Ugric -speakers became distinguished from the rest of the Uralic community, of which the ancestors of the Magyars, being located farther south, were the most numerous. Judging by evidence from burial mounds and settlement sites, they interacted with
11352-419: The centre of the country. In the 19th century, the proportion of Hungarians in the Kingdom of Hungary rose gradually, reaching over 50% by 1900 due to higher natural growth and Magyarization . Between 1787 and 1910 the number of ethnic Hungarians rose from 2.3 million to 10.2 million, accompanied by the resettlement of the Great Hungarian Plain and Délvidék by mainly Roman Catholic Hungarian settlers from
11481-409: The codex originally contained the beginning of the Gesta . It was blanked because the scribe had made mistakes when writing the text. The work was written in a Gothic minuscule . The style of the letters and decorations, including the elaborate initial on its first page, shows that the manuscript was completed in the middle or in the second part of the 13th century. Scribal errors suggest that
11610-531: The completion of the Gesta . They say that the first " Hungarian Chronicle " was completed in the second half of the 11th century or in the early 12th century. The existence of this ancient chronicle is proven by later sources. One Ricardus's report of a journey of a group of Dominican friars in the early 1230s refers to a chronicle, The Deeds of the Christian Hungarians , which contained information of an eastern Magna Hungaria . The Illuminated Chronicle from 1358 refers to "the ancient books about
11739-412: The confirmation of the hereditary right of Álmos's descendants to rule and the right of his electors and his electors' offspring to hold the highest offices in the realm. In the seventh chapter, Anonymus writes of the Hungarians' departure from Scythia and their route across the river "Etil" and " Russia which is called Suzdal " to Kiev . The next four sections of the Gesta describe the fights of
11868-587: The consolidation of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1001 was dominated by pillaging campaigns across Europe, from Dania ( Denmark ) to the Iberian Peninsula (contemporary Spain and Portugal ). After the acceptance of the nation into Christian Europe under Stephen I, Hungary served as a bulwark against further invasions from the east and south, especially by the Turks. At this time, the Hungarian nation numbered around 400,000 people. The first accurate measurements of
11997-463: The deeds of the Hungarians" in connection with the pagan uprisings of the 11th century . The earliest "Hungarian Chronicle" was expanded and rewritten several times in the 12th–14th centuries, but its content can only be reconstructed based on 14th-century works. The work exists in a sole manuscript . The codex is 17 by 24 centimetres (0.56 ft × 0.79 ft) in size and contains 24 folios , including two blank pages. The first page of
12126-468: The dispersal and expansion of proto-Uralic languages along the Seima-Turbino cultural area . Neparáczki et al. argues, based on archeogenetic results, that the historical Hungarian Conquerors were mostly a mixture of Central Asian Steppe groups, Slavic, and Germanic tribes, and this composite people evolved between 400 and 1000 AD. According to Neparáczki: "From all recent and archaic populations tested
12255-438: The election of Álmos as "the leader and master" of the Hungarians, mentioning a blood-mingling ceremony . In this section, Anonymus states that the Hungarians "chose to seek for themselves the land of Pannonia that they had heard from rumor had been the land of King Attila " whom Anonymus describes as Álmos's forefather. The next chapter narrates the oath that the leaders of the Hungarians took after Álmos's election, including
12384-457: The ethnogenesis of Turkic and Mongolic peoples ) and Western Steppe Herders (Indo-European). Modern Hungarians are however genetically rather distant from their closest linguistic relatives ( Mansi and Khanty ), and more similar to the neighbouring non-Uralic neighbors. Modern Hungarians share a small but significant "Inner Asian/Siberian" component with other Uralic-speaking populations. The historical Hungarian conqueror YDNA variation had
12513-473: The events of the Carolingian Empire . The number of recorded battles increased from the end of the 9th century. In the late Avar period, a part of Hungarians was already present in the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century, this has been supported by genetic and archaeological research, because there are graves in which Avar descendants are buried in Hungarian clothes. The contemporary local population
12642-618: The examined Sarmatian individuals genetically also belong to the genetic legacy of the local European population. Various groups of Asian origin settled in the Carpathian Basin, such as Huns , Avars , Hungarian conquerors , Pechenegs , Jazyg people, and Cumans . The military leadership of the European Huns descended from the Asian Huns ( Xiongnus ), while the majority of them consisted of subjugated Germanic and Sarmatian populations. The most significant influx of genes from Asia occurred during
12771-522: The extant manuscript is a copy of the original work. For instance, the scribe wrote Cleopatram instead of Neopatram in the text narrating a Hungarian raid in the Byzantine Empire although the context clearly shows that the author of the Gesta referred to Neopatras (now Ypati in Greece ). The history of the manuscript up until the early 17th century is unknown. It became part of the collection of
12900-536: The first volume of the series Scriptures rerum Hungaricarum in 1746 by Johann Georg von Schwandtner . Matthias Bél wrote a preface to this first edition. Professors of the Universities of Halle and Göttingen soon raised their doubts about the reliability of the Gesta , emphasizing, for instance, the anachronistic description of the Rus' principalities. The Slovak scholar Juraj Sklenár dismissed Anonymus's work in
13029-533: The gabbling song of minstrels ". All the same, stylistic elements (including formulaic repetitions which can be found in his text) imply that he occasionally used heroic songs. According to Kristó, the legend of Emese 's dream of the "falcon that seemed to come to her and impregnate her" was one of the motifs that Anonymus borrowed from oral tradition. Anonymus, as Macartney says, claimed to "rely solely on written sources, as alone trustworthy" when writing his work. Among his sources, Anonymus explicitly mentioned
13158-711: The graves of the Hungarian conqueror elite of the 9th century. Based on the DNA in the Hungarian conqueror graves, the conquerors had eastern origin, but the vast majority of the Hungarian conquerors had European genome. The remains in cemeteries of the Hungarian commoners had fewer Eastern Asian ancestry than the remains in cemeteries of the Hungarian elite, which display around 1/3 Eastern ancestry. Commoners clustered with surrounding non-Hungarian groups, while elite remains clustered with modern day Volga Tatars and Bashkirs , who are regarded as turkified formerly Uralic/Ugric-speaking ethnicities. According to some genetic studies, there
13287-670: The influx of new settlers from Europe, especially Slovaks, Serbs and Germans . In 1715 (after the Ottoman occupation), the Southern Great Plain was nearly uninhabited but now has 1.3 million inhabitants, nearly all of them Hungarians. As a consequence, having also the Habsburg colonization policies, the country underwent a great change in ethnic composition as its population more than tripled to 8 million between 1720 and 1787, while only 39% of its people were Hungarians, who lived primarily in
13416-498: The joint attacks of Pechenegs and Bulgarians . According to eleventh-century tradition, the road taken by the Hungarians under Prince Álmos took them first to Transylvania in 895. This is supported by an eleventh-century Russian tradition that the Hungarians moved to the Carpathian Basin by way of Kiev . Prince Álmos , the sacred leader of the Hungarian Great Principality died before he could reach Pannonia , he
13545-504: The kingdom from the Hungarians. Petar and his army moved north to meet the advancing Hungarians. The outcome of the battle was disastrous for Petar's army and country because it marked the official end of a native dynasty ruling in Croatia. Coloman created a personal union between the kingdoms of Hungary and Croatia (allegedly signing the Pacta conventa ). He was then crowned as king of Croatia in
13674-473: The local population of the Carpathian Basin". The foundation of the Hungarian state is connected to the Hungarian conquerors , who arrived from the Pontic steppes as a confederation of seven tribes. The Hungarians arrived in the frame of a strong centralized steppe-empire under the leadership of Grand Prince Álmos and his son Árpád , they became founders of the Árpád dynasty , the Hungarian ruling dynasty and
13803-603: The north of the Carpathians after 895/896. There is also a consistent Hungarian population in Transylvania, the Székelys , who comprise 40% of the Hungarians in Romania . The Székely people's origin, and in particular the time of their settlement in Transylvania, is a matter of historical controversy. In 907, the Hungarians destroyed a Bavarian army in the Battle of Pressburg and laid
13932-448: The northern and western counties of the Kingdom of Hungary. Spontaneous assimilation was an important factor, especially among the German and Jewish minorities and the citizens of the bigger towns. On the other hand, about 1.5 million people (about two-thirds non-Hungarian) left the Kingdom of Hungary between 1890–1910 to escape from poverty . The years 1918 to 1920 were a turning point in
14061-535: The opponents of the Hungarians. Although the Hungarians , or Magyars , seem to have used their own alphabet before adopting Christianity in the 11th century , most information of their early history was recorded by Muslim , Byzantine and Western European authors. For instance, the Annals of Fulda , Regino of Prüm 's Chronicon , and Emperor Constantine VII 's De administrando imperio contain contemporaneous or nearly contemporaneous reports of their conquest of
14190-588: The opponents of the conquering Hungarians—for instance, the Bulgarian Salan , the Khazar Menumorut and the Vlach Gelou —were mentioned in other sources. According to Györffy, Engel, and other historians, Anonymus either invented these personalities or listed them anachronistically among the conquering Hungarians' opponents. Martyn Rady and László Veszprémy explicitly describe the Gesta Hungarorum as
14319-639: The parts where he makes the dubious claim that the Hungarian leader Almos was descended from Attila. Deletant further concludes that the cases for and against the existence of Gelou and the Vlachs simply cannot be proven. Martyn Rady , the translator of the first English version of the Gesta, states that "It is at best to project contemporary conditions backwards." Hungarians Hungarians , also known as Magyars ( / ˈ m æ ɡ j ɑː r z / MAG -yarz ; Hungarian : magyarok [ˈmɒɟɒrok] ), are
14448-559: The peoples inhabiting the Carpathian Basin on the local Slavs' oral tradition which was preserved in the early 12th-century Russian Primary Chronicle . The latter source described the Slavs as the first settlers in the Carpathian Basin and mentioned that they were conquered by the "Volokhi" before the Hungarians arrived and expelled the Volokhi . According to Györffy, Kristó and other historians, Anonymus misinterpreted his source when identifying
14577-407: The period of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin . The Carpathian Basin was demonstrably not empty when the Hungarian conquerors led by Árpád arrived. The conquering Hungarians mixed to varying degrees on individual level with the Avar population living in the Carpathian Basin, but they had Avar genetic heritage as well. According to Endre Neparáczki, it is no longer possible to narrow down
14706-496: The place and time of their ethnogenesis , has been a matter of debate. The Hungarian language is classified in the Ugric family , the range of the original Ugric people is predicted to have been east of the Ural Mountains , south of the forest zone and not far from the steppe. The relatedness of Hungarians with other Ugric peoples is confirmed by linguistic and genetic data, but modern Hungarians have also substantial admixture from local European populations. The Ugric languages are
14835-497: The population of the Kingdom of Hungary including ethnic composition were carried out in 1850–51. There is a debate among Hungarian and non-Hungarian (especially Slovak and Romanian ) historians about the possible changes in the ethnic structure of the region throughout history. The proportion of Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin was at an almost constant 80% during the Middle Ages . The Hungarian population began to decrease only at
14964-432: The presence of the [Vlachs] in Transylvania in the 10th century, because if [Vlachs] had indeed arrived there in the 12th century, his readers would not have believed this assertion". Györffy says that the Vlachs, Cumans, Czechs and other peoples whose presence in the late-9th-century Carpathian Basin cannot be proven based on sources from the same period reflects the situation of the late 13th century. The Gesta contains
15093-603: The second until 1522 was known as Iron Mountain ( Alpes ferreae ), Gvozd ( Gozdia ) and Petrov Gvozd ( Peturgoz ) when due to the chapel of St. Nikola (previously St. Mikula), the population started to call it as Kapela. In an attempt to win the crown of the Kingdom of Croatia , the Hungarian army crossed the River Drava and invaded Croatian territory, trying to reach the Adriatic coast. A local lord, Petar Snačić , then moved from his residency at Knin castle in an attempt to defend
15222-483: The so-called Exordia Scythica ("Scythian Genesis"), a 7th-century abridgement of a work of the 2nd-century historian, Justin . Anonymus used Regino of Prüm's Chronicon , that he mentioned as "the annals of chronicles" in his Gesta . He accepted Regino of Prüm's view when identifying the Scythians as the Hungarians' ancestors. Sometimes, he misinterpreted his sources. For instance, he wrote of "the boundaries of
15351-404: The spurious tales of peasants who have not forgotten the brave deeds and wars of the Hungarians" even to his time. However, he did not conceal his scorn for oral tradition, stating that it "would be most unworthy and completely unfitting for the so most noble people of Hungary to hear as if in sleep of the beginning of their kind and of their bravery and deeds from the false stories of peasants and
15480-540: The territories of present-day Germany, France, and Italy open to Hungarian raids, which were fast and devastating. The Hungarians defeated the Imperial Army of Louis the Child , son of Arnulf of Carinthia and last legitimate descendant of the German branch of the house of Charlemagne , near Augsburg in 910. From 917 to 925, Hungarians raided through Basel , Alsace , Burgundy , Saxony , and Provence . Hungarian expansion
15609-439: The text of which has partially been preserved in his work and in later chronicles, but his narration of the Hungarian Conquest differs from the version provided by the other chronicles. Anonymus did not mention the opponents of the conquering Hungarians known from sources written around 900, but he wrote of the Hungarians' fight against rulers unknown from other sources. According to a scholarly theory, he used place names when naming
15738-510: The time of the Ottoman conquest, reaching as low as around 39% by the end of the 18th century. The decline of the Hungarians was due to the constant wars, Ottoman raids, famines, and plagues during the 150 years of Ottoman rule. The main zones of war were the territories inhabited by the Hungarians, so the death toll depleted them at a much higher rate than among other nationalities. In the 18th century, their proportion declined further because of
15867-410: The turn of the 9th and 10th centuries mentioned more than a dozen persons who played an important role in the history of the Carpathian Basin at the time of the Hungarian Conquest. Anonymus did not mention any of them; he did not refer, for instance, to Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia , Boris I of Bulgaria , and Svatopluk I of Moravia . On the other hand, none of the persons whom Anonymus listed among
15996-445: The upper courses of the river Tisza . For instance, he mentioned a dozen places—settlements, ferries and streams—in the former region, including "a small river that flows through a stone culvert" to Óbuda. He did not write of the southern and eastern parts of Transylvania . Minstrels and folk-singers reciting heroic songs were well-known figures of the age of Anonymus. He explicitly referred to "the gabbling rhymes of minstrels and
16125-432: The warriors, they were buried according to the same traditions, wore the same style of ornaments, and belonged to the same anthropological group. The Hungarian military events of the following years prove that the Hungarian population that settled in the Carpathian Basin was not a weakened population without a significant military power. Other theories assert that the move of the Hungarians was forced or at least hastened by
16254-407: The wave of emigration after the attempted revolution in 1956 . The number of Hungarians in the neighbouring countries tended to remain the same or slightly decreased, mostly due to assimilation (sometimes forced; see Slovakization and Romanianization ) and to emigration to Hungary (in the 1990s, especially from Transylvania and Vojvodina ). After the "baby boom" of the 1950s ( Ratkó era ),
16383-471: Was a significant Hun-Hungarian mixing around 300 AD, and the remaining Huns were integrated into the conquering Hungarians. The genomic analyses of the Hungarian royal Árpád family members are in line with the reported conquering Hungarian-Hun origin of the dynasty in harmony with their Y-chromosomal phylogenetic connections. According to the growing archaeological evidence that the Avar population lived through
16512-486: Was checked at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, ending their raids against Western Europe , but raids on the Balkan Peninsula continued until 970. The Pope approved Hungarian settlement in the area when their leaders converted to Christianity , and Stephen I ( Szent István , or Saint Stephen) was crowned King of Hungary in 1001. The century between the arrival of the Hungarians from the eastern European plains and
16641-492: Was sacrificed in Transylvania. In 895/896, under the leadership of Árpád , some Hungarians crossed the Carpathians and entered the Carpathian Basin . The tribe called Megyer was the leading tribe of the Hungarian alliance that conquered the centre of the basin. At the same time (c. 895), due to their involvement in the 894–896 Bulgaro-Byzantine war , Hungarians in Etelköz were attacked by Bulgaria and then by their old enemies
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