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72-614: Most Bashkirs speak the Bashkir language , which is similar to Tatar and Kazakh languages . The Bashkir language belongs to the Kipchak branch of Turkic languages ; they share historical and cultural affinities with the broader Turkic peoples . Bashkirs are mainly Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi madhhab , or school of jurisprudence, and follow the Jadid doctrine. Previously nomadic and fiercely independent,

144-634: A Bashkir language would be more or less a dialect of the proto-Kipchak language, however, since then, the Bashkir language has been through a series of vowel and consonant shifts, which are a result of a common literary history shared with the Idel Tatar language since the formation of the Cuman-Kipchak confederation , when the Oghuric Volga Bulgars started to receive Kipchak Turkic influence and became

216-427: A collection of works by the 10th-century al-Tawhidi , al-Balkhi describes politics as an art that aims to contribute to the rise of a country. Furthermore, he mentions five separate sources that play into the overall outcome of politics. These include the tangible cause as corresponding to the subjects' affairs, the official reason as to the overall well-being of the people, the driving force as "the ruler’s concern for

288-1242: A common ancestor in the written language — Volga Turki . However, Bashkir differs from Tatar in several important ways: The Bashkir orthography is more explicit. / q / and / ʁ / are written with their own letters Ҡ ҡ and Ғ ғ , whereas in Tatar they are treated as positional allophones of / k / and / ɡ / , written К к and Г г . Labial vowel harmony in Bashkir is written explicitly, e.g. Tatar тормышым tormışım and Bashkir тормошом – tormoşom , both pronounced [tʊɾ.mʊˈʂʊm] , meaning "my life". Барлыҡ кешеләр ирекле, дәрәжәләре һәм хоҡуҡтары тигеҙ булып тыуалар. Улар аҡыл һәм выждан эйәһе һәм бер-береһенә ҡарата ҡәрҙәшлек рухында хәрәкәт итергә тейештәр. Barlıq keşelär irekle, däräjäläre häm xoquqtarı tigeź bulıp tıwalar. Ular aqıl häm vıjdan eyähe häm ber-berehenä qarata qärźäşlek ruxında xäräkät itergä teyeştär. بارلق كشیلر ایركلی، درجه‌لری هم حقوقتری تیگذ بولوب طوه‌لر. اولر عقل هم وجدان ایه‌هی هم بربریهینه قاراته قارذشلك روحینده حركت ایتورگه تیوشتر. [bɑrˈɫɯ̞q kɪ̞ʃɪ̞ˈlær irɪ̞kˈlɪ̞ dæræʒælæˈrɪ̞ hæm χʊ̞quqtɑˈrɯ̞ tʲiˈɡɪ̞ð buˈɫɯ̞p tɯ̞wɑˈɫɑr ‖ uˈɫɑr ɑˈqɯ̞ɫ hæm ˌbɪ̞r‿bɪ̞rɪ̞hɪ̞ˈnæ qɑrɑˈtɑ qærðæʃˈlɪ̞k ruχɯ̞nˈdɑ χæræˈkæt itɪ̞rˈgæ tɪ̞jɪ̞ʃˈtær ‖] After

360-714: A lack of much geographic detail, the sketch map does indicate that the Bashkirs inhabited a territory bordering on the Caspian Sea and the Volga valley in the west, the Ural Mountains in the north-west, and the Irtysh valley in the east, thus giving a rough outline of the area. Said Al-Andalusi and Muhammad al-Idrisi mention the Bashkir in the 12th century. The 13th-century authors Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi , Yaqut al-Hamawi and Qazvini and

432-705: A modified Arabic alphabet . In 1930 it was replaced with the Unified Turkic Latin Alphabet , which was in turn replaced with an adapted Cyrillic alphabet in 1939. The modern alphabet used by Bashkir is based on the Russian alphabet , with the addition of the following letters: Ә ә / æ / , Ө ө / ø / , Ү ү / ʏ / , Ғ ғ / ʁ / , Ҡ ҡ / q / , Ң ң / ŋ / , Ҙ ҙ / ð / , Ҫ ҫ / θ / , Һ һ / h / . Bashkir has nine native vowels, and three or four loaned vowels (mainly in Russian loanwords). Phonetically,

504-416: A shared common literary history in an arc of 900 years, the two languages ended up in a common language, spoken in different dialects with features depending on the people which spoke them. For example, the dialects spoken by Bashkirs, tend to have an accent which mostly resembles other Kipchak languages, like Kyrgyz , Kazakh , Nogai , Karakalpak , and many other languages of the Kipchak sub-group, while

576-461: A similarity between historical Hungarians , whose homeland is around the Ural Mountains , and Bashkirs; analysis of haplogroup N 3a4-Z1936 which is still found in very rare frequencies in modern Hungarians, and showed that Hungarian "sub-clade [N-B539/Y13850] splits from its sister-branch N3a4-B535, frequent today among Northeast European Uralic speakers, 4000–5000 ya, which is in the time-frame of

648-930: Is co-official with Russian in Bashkortostan . It is spoken by around 750,000 native speakers in Russia, as well as in Belarus , Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan and other neighboring post-Soviet states , and among the Bashkir diaspora. It has three dialect groups: Southern, Eastern and Northwestern. Speakers of Bashkir mostly live in the republic of Bashkortostan (a republic within the Russian Federation). Many speakers also live in Tatarstan , Chelyabinsk , Orenburg , Tyumen , Sverdlovsk and Kurgan Oblasts and other regions of Russia . Minor Bashkir groups also live in Kazakhstan and

720-710: The German invasion of the Soviet Union . On October 11, 1990, Declaration of State Sovereignty by the Supreme Council of the Republic was proclaimed. On March 31, 1992 Bashkortostan signed a federal agreement on the delimitation of powers and areas of jurisdiction and the nature of contractual relations between the authorities of the Russian Federation and the authorities of the sovereign republics in its composition including

792-632: The Idel Tatars , most likely between the 10th and 11th centuries. The Nogai and Karachay-Balkar languages are most likely the closest-sounding extant languages to the extinct Proto-Kipchak Bashkir language. From an arc of time of roughly 900 years, the Bashkir language and Idel Tatar language, previously being completely different languages, "melded" into a series of dialects of a common "Volga Kipchak" or "Volga Turki" language. The Idel Tatars and Bashkirs are and always were two peoples of completely different origins, cultures and identities, but because of

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864-614: The Napoleonic Wars , many Bashkirs served as mercenaries in the Russian army to defend from the French invaders during Napoleon's invasion of Russia . Subsequently, the Bashkir battalions were the most notable fighters during the Napoleonic wars on the north German and Dutch plateau. The Dutch and the Germans called the Bashkirs "Northern Amurs", probably because the population was not aware of who

936-462: The Qur'an and hadiths attributed to Muhammad , such as: "In their hearts is a disease." "Truly, in the body there is a morsel of flesh, and when it is corrupt the body is corrupt, and when it is sound the body is sound. Truly, it is the qalb [heart]." "Verily Allah does not consider your appearances or your wealth in (appraising you) but He considers your hearts and your deeds." Abu Zayd al-Balkhi

1008-565: The Republic of Bashkortostan . North-eastern group: Aile, Badrak, Bikatin, Bishul, Duvan, Kalmak, Katai, Kossy, Kuvakan, Kudey, Kumruk, Murzy, Salyut, Syzgy, Synryan, Syrzy, Tabyn, Tersyak, Upey. Northwest group: Baylar, Balyksy, Bulyar, Gaina, Gere, Duvaney, Elan, Adyak, Adey, Irekte, Kanly, Karshin, Kirghiz, Taz, Tanyp, Uvanysh, Un, Uran, Jurmi. South-eastern group: Burzyan, Kypsak, Tamyan, Tangaur, Usergan, Jurmaty. Southwest group: Ming. Genetic studies on Y-DNA haplogroups have revealed that

1080-610: The Russian Revolution , the All-Bashkir Qoroltays (convention) concluded that it was necessary to form an independent Bashkir republic within Russia. As a result, on 15 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (central) Shuro (Council), ruled by Äxmätzäki Wälidi Tıwğan proclaimed the establishment of the first independent Bashkir Republic in areas of predominantly Bashkir population: Orenburg, Perm, Samara, Ufa provinces and

1152-574: The United States . In a recent local media report in Bashkortostan, it was reported that some officials of the republic cannot assemble a document in Bashkir language. Bashkir together with Tatar belongs to the Kipchak-Bulgar ( Russian : кыпчакско-булгарская ) subgroup of the Kipchak languages . These languages have a similar vocabulary by 94.9%, and they not only have common origin, but also

1224-574: The Ural Mountains ridge between Volga , Kama , and Tobol Rivers and upstream of the Yaik river . Ahmad ibn Fadlan , ambassador of the Baghdad Caliph Al-Muqtadir to the governor of Volga Bulgaria , wrote the first ethnographic description of the Bashkir in 922. The Bashkirs, according to Ibn Fadlan, were a warlike and powerful people, which he and his companions (a total of five thousand people, including military protection) "bewared... with

1296-420: The ishtibak [interweaving or entangling] of soul and body." He further argued that "if the body gets sick, the nafs [psyche] loses much of its cognitive and comprehensive ability and fails to enjoy the desirous aspects of life" and that "if the nafs gets sick, the body may also find no joy in life and may eventually develop a physical illness." Al-Balkhi traced back his ideas on mental health to verses of

1368-458: The shezhere (family trees) of the Bashkir. During the Russian Imperial period, Russians and Tatars began to migrate to Bashkortostan which led to eventual demographic changes in the region. The recruitment of Bashkirs into the Russian army and having to pay steep taxes pressured many Bashkirs to adopt a more settled lifestyle and to slowly abandon their ancient nomadic pastoralist past. In

1440-568: The "Balkhī school" of terrestrial mapping in Baghdad . The geographers of this school also wrote extensively of the peoples, products, and customs of areas in the Muslim world , with little interest in the non-Muslim realms. The second part of this manuscript is known as Sustenance for the Soul. His balance between technical terminology and common ethical sense could be found in his monograph where he talks about

1512-512: The 14th-century authors Al-Dimashqi and Abu'l-Fida also wrote about Bashkirs. The first European sources to mention the Bashkirs were the works of Joannes de Plano Carpini and William of Rubruquis of the 13th century. By 1226, Genghis Khan had incorporated the lands of Bashkortostan into his empire. During the 13th and 14th centuries, all of Bashkortostan was a component of the Golden Horde . The brother of Batu-Khan , Sheibani, received

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1584-550: The 9th century, calling it Fazaa'. As of today, it is still defined in a similar manner as to what was described by al-Balkhi. Al-Balkhi details the disorder as an extreme type of fear that results in the anxiety levels of a person spiking due to increasing the depth of blood in the body. This causes the person to become shaky and disoriented, preventing them from making decisions in a timely manner. Rather than taking medicine or proceeding with blood letting , which were common methods to help an individual, he suggested gradual exposure to

1656-811: The Aral Sea fort would involve crossing Bashkir and the Kazakh Lesser Horde lands, some of whom had recently offered a nominal submission to the Russian Crown. The southern side of Bashkiria was partitioned by the Orenburg Line of forts. The forts ran from Samara on the Volga east as far as the Samara River headwaters. It then crossed to the middle of the Ural River and following the river course east and then north on

1728-821: The Armenian Ashkharatsuyts . However, these mentions may refer to the precursors of the Kipchak Bashkir tribes who travelled in the Aral-Syr Darya region before the migration. The Book of Sui may have mentioned "Bashkirs" when the Turkic peoples were still travelling through southern Siberia. In the 9th century, during the migration of the Bashkirs to the Volga-Ural region, the first Arabic and Persian -written reports about Bashkirs are attested. These include reports by Sallam al-Tardjuman who around 850 travelled to

1800-645: The Bashkir lands east of the Ural Mountains . After the disintegration of the Mongol Empire , the Bashkirs were divided among the Nogai Horde , the Khanate of Kazan and the Khanate of Sibir , founded in the 15th century. In the middle of the 16th century, Bashkirs were gradually conquered by the Tsardom of Russia . Primary documents pertaining to the Bashkirs during this period have been lost, although some are mentioned in

1872-404: The Bashkir population shared immune genes with both West and Eastern Eurasian populations. A genetic study by Yunusbayev et al. 2015 found that the Bashkirs display a significant amount of East Asian -derived ancestry (c. 40%), of which roughly the half can be associated with Siberian ancestry maximized in modern-day Nganasans , and the other half with Ancient Northeast Asians . The remainder of

1944-514: The Bashkir reduced mid series. (The same shifts have also happened in Tatar .) However, in most dialects of Bashkir, this shift is not as prominent as in Tatar. A member of the Turkic language family , Bashkir is an agglutinative , SOV language. A large part of the Bashkir vocabulary has Turkic roots; and there are many loan words in Bashkir from Russian , Arabic and Persian sources. The form of

2016-594: The Bashkir territories and outlined their borders. In the 10th century, the Persian historian and polymath Abu Zayd al-Balkhi described Bashkirs as a people divided into two groups: one inhabiting the Southern Urals, the other living on the Danube plain near the boundaries of Byzantium . Ibn Rustah , a contemporary of Abu Zayd al-Balkhi , observed that Bashkirs were an independent people occupying territories on both sides of

2088-458: The Bashkirs actually were or where they came from, therefore the usage of " Amurs " in the name may be an approximation; these battalions were considered as the liberators from the French , however modern Russian military sources do not credit the Bashkirs with these accomplishments. These regiments also served in Battle of Paris and the subsequent occupation of France by the coalition forces. After

2160-411: The Bashkirs ancestry was linked to West Eurasian, primarily European sources. The results point to admixture between local Indo-European-speakers, Uralic-speakers and Turkic-speakers. The admixture event dates to the 13th century, according to an analysis of the identical-by-descent segments. According to the authors, the admixture thus occurred after the presumed migrations of the ancestral Kipchaks from

2232-498: The Bashkirs gradually came under Russian rule beginning in the 16th century; they have since played a major role through the history of Russia, culminating in their autonomous status within the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia. The etymology and indeed meaning of the endonym Bashqurt has been for a long time under discussion. The name Bashqurt has been known since the 10th century, most researchers etymologize

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2304-406: The Bashkirs rebelled under a leader named Seyid Sadir or 'Seit Sadurov', and the Russian army had great difficulties in ending the rebellion. The Bashkirs rose again in 1707, under Aldar and Kûsyom, due to perceived ill-treatment by Imperial Russian officials. At the founding of Orenburg in 1735, the fourth insurrection occurred in 1735 and lasted six years. Ivan Kirillov formed a plan to build

2376-513: The Bashkirs were Turks , living on the southern slopes of the Urals , and occupying a vast territory up to the river Volga . They were bordered by Oghuz Turks on the south, Pechenegs to the south-east and Bulgars on the west. The earliest source to give a geographical description of Bashkir territory, Mahmud al-Kashgari 's Divanu Lugat'it Turk (1072–1074), includes a map with a charted region called Fiyafi Bashqyrt (the Bashkir steppes). Despite

2448-475: The Irtysh and Ob regions in the 11th century. A full genome study by Triska et al. 2017 found that the Bashkir genepool is best described as a multi-layered amalgamation of Turkic, Uralic, and Indo-European contributions. They further argue that "this disparity between cultural and genetic affinities of Tatar and Bashkir can be attributed to a phenomenon of cultural dominance: the population ancestral to Bashkir adopted

2520-518: The Southern Ural region at 643–431 BC. Bashkir language is a Turkic language of the Kipchak group. It has three main dialects: Southern, Eastern and North-Western located in the territory of historical Bashkortostan . The Russian census of 2010 recorded 1,152,404 Bashkir speakers in the Russian Federation . The Bashkir language is native to 1,133,339 Bashkirs (71.7% of the total number of Bashkirs, reporting mother tongue). The Tatar language

2592-422: The Turkic language during Turkic expansion from the east (language replacement event)". A genetic analysis on genetic data of Hun, Avar and Magyar conqueror samples by Maroti et al. 2022, revealed high genetic affinity between Magyar conquerors and modern day Bashkirs. They can be modeled as ~50% Mansi-like , ~35% Sarmatian-like , and ~15% Hun/Xiongnu-like . The admixture event is suggested to have taken place in

2664-471: The Volga Kipchak language spoken by the Bashkir and Kazan Tatar peoples. Bashkir language Bashkir ( UK : / b æ ʃ ˈ k ɪər / bash-KEER , US : / b ɑː ʃ ˈ k ɪər / bahsh-KEER ) or Bashkort (Bashkir: Башҡорт теле , romanized:  Başqort tele , [bɑʂˈqʊ̞rt tɪ̞ˈlɪ̞] ) is a Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch. It

2736-493: The adoption of Islam , which began in the 10th century and lasted for several centuries, the Bashkirs began to use Turki as a written language. Turki was written in a variant of the Arabic script . In 1923, a writing system based on the Arabic script was specifically created for the Bashkir language. At the same time, the Bashkir literary language was created, moving away from the older written Turkic influences. At first, it used

2808-413: The affects that they have on an individual. A specific talking point that he mentioned in his work was the act of remaining abstinent . By doing so, an individual subjects themself to physical ailments, since the act is deemed by him to be "unnatural". He also recommended a specific diet and to abstain from taking medications that were believed to enhance sexuality as a means to treat sexual impotence. In

2880-666: The autonomous entity Bashkurdistan on November 15, 1917. This effectively made Bashkortostan the first ever democratic Turkic republic in history. In March 1919, the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed based on agreements of the Russian Government. During World War II , Bashkir soldiers served in the Red Army to defend the Soviet Union and fought against the Germans during

2952-467: The body and the soul. He used the term al-Tibb al-Ruhani to describe spiritual and psychological health, and the term Tibb al-Qalb to describe mental medicine. He criticized many medical doctors in his time for placing too much emphasis on physical illnesses and neglecting the psychological or mental illnesses of patients, and argued that "since man’s construction is from both his soul and his body, therefore, human existence cannot be healthy without

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3024-453: The body can result in fever , headaches and other physical illnesses, while imbalance of the soul can result in anger , anxiety , sadness and other mental symptoms. al-Balkhi recognized two types of depression : He also wrote comparisons between physical disorders with mental disorders , and showed how psychosomatic disorders can be caused by certain interactions between them. Abu Zayd al-Balkhi initially wrote about phobia in

3096-445: The body, and reactive clinical depression originating from outside the body. He also wrote that a healthy individual should always keep healthy thoughts and feelings in his mind in the case of unexpected emotional outbursts in the same way drugs and First Aid medicine are kept nearby for unexpected physical emergencies . He stated that a balance between the mind and body is required for good health and that an imbalance between

3168-460: The bulk of his works as "more than 60 books and manuscripts, meticulously researching disciplines as varied in scope as geography, medicine, theology, politics, philosophy, poetry, literature, Arabic grammar, astrology, astronomy, mathematics, biography, ethics, sociology as well as others." His Figures of the Regions ( Suwar al-aqalim ) consisted chiefly of geographical maps. It led to him founding

3240-669: The conquerors. The Hungarian conquerors appeared to be a recently assembled heterogenous group incorporating both European, Asian and Eurasian elements. A group of Bashkirs from the Burzyansky and Abzelilovsky districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the Volga-Ural region who belong to the R1a subclade R1a-SUR51 are the closest kin to the Hungarian Árpád dynasty , from which they got separated 2000 years ago. According to Suslova, et al. (2012)

3312-466: The dialects spoken by Idel Tatars, have accents more resembling the original Oghuric Volga-Bulgar language spoken before the Cuman invasion . At the start of the 20th century, particularly during the Russian Revolution , Bashkortostan and Tatarstan emerged as separate republics, leading to the recognition of Bashkir and Tatar as distinct literary languages. Each was based on the most prominent dialects of

3384-571: The eastern side of the Urals. It then went east along the Uy River to Ust-Uisk on the Tobol River where it connected to the ill-defined 'Siberian Line' along the forest-steppe boundary. In 1774, the Bashkirs, under the leadership of Salavat Yulayev , supported Pugachev's Rebellion . In 1786, the Bashkirs achieved tax-free status; and in 1798 Russia formed an irregular Bashkir army from among them. During

3456-445: The former and declined the latter. The king respected his decision and rewarded him handsomely. al-Balkhi later travelled to Baghdad again, before returning to Balkh for the last time and staying there until his death in 934 CE. al-Balkhi had a reserved and isolated character, leading scholars to have a lack of knowledge on his personal life. According to Abu Muhammad al-Hassan ibn al-Waziri, one of his students, al-Balkhi's face

3528-506: The fort to be called Orenburg at Orsk at the confluence of the Or River and the Ural River , south-east of the Urals where the Bashkir, Kalmyk and Kazakh lands met. Work on Fort Orenburg commenced at Orsk in 1735. However, by 1743 the site of Orenburg was moved a further 250 km west to its current location. The next planned construction was to be a fort on the Aral Sea . The consequence of

3600-422: The greatest threat". They were described as engaged in cattle breeding. According to ibn Fadlan, the Bashkirs worshipped twelve gods: winter, summer, rain, wind, trees, people, horses, water, night, day, death, heaven and earth, and the most prominent, the sky god. Apparently, Islam had already begun to spread among the Bashkirs, as one of the ambassadors was a Muslim Bashkir. According to the testimony of Ibn Fadlan,

3672-433: The interaction between the elements of the body, seasons, and the traditional "non-natural" health elements, such as food and sleep. In Islamic psychology , the concepts of mental health and "mental hygiene" were introduced by Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, who often related it to spiritual health. In his Masalih al-Abdan wa al-Anfus ( Sustenance for Body and Soul ), he was the first to successfully discuss diseases related to both

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3744-537: The knowledge of previous civilisations, and having its own cultural flowering. This period is sometimes termed the Islamic Golden Age . al-Balkhi spent eight years in Iraq. One of his teachers was philosopher Abū Yūsof alKendī. He returned to Balḵ and began teaching what he had learned. Ahmad ibn Sahl , the ruler of Balkh and its surroundings, offered him both a writing and a ministerial position and al-Balkh accepted

3816-553: The late 16th and early 19th centuries, Bashkirs occupied the territory from the river Sylva in the north, to the river heads of Tobol in the east, the mid-stream of the river Yaik (Ural) in the south; in the Middle and Southern Urals, the Cis-Urals including Volga territory and Trans-Uralsto, and the eastern bank of the river Volga on the south-west. The Bashkirs participated in the 1662–64 , 1681–84 and 1704–11 Rebellions. In 1676,

3888-461: The legendary Ural mountains (in alignment with the famous Bashkir epic poem "Ural-Batyr"). A wolf was sent to guide these tribes to their promised land, hence bash-qurt, "leading wolf" . The ethnographers V. N. Tatishchev , P. I. Richkov, and Johann Gottlieb Georgi provided similar etymologies in the 18th century. Although this is the prevailing theory for an etymology of the term bashqurt , other theories have been formulated: The Bashkir group

3960-570: The modern Kazakhs , Kyrgyzes and Nogais , but there has been a considerable cultural and a small ethnic exchange with Oghuz tribes. The migration to the valley of the Southern Urals took place between the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 10th century, in parallel to the Kipchak migration to the north. The first report about Bashkirs may have been in the Chinese chronicle Book of Sui (636 AD). Around 40 Turkic Tiele tribes were named in

4032-536: The name as "main/leader/head" ( bash ) + "wolf" ( qurt being an archaic name for the animal), thus " wolf-leader " (from the totemic hero ancestor). This prevailing folk etymology relates to a legend regarding the migration of the first seven Bashkir tribes from the Syr Darya valley to the Volga-Ural region. The legend relates that the Bashkirs were given a green and fertile land by the fertility goddess of Tengrism Umay (known locally also as Umay-əsə ), protected by

4104-533: The native vowels are approximately thus (with the Cyrillic letter followed by the usual Latin romanization in angle brackets): In Russian loans there are also [ ɨ ] , [ ɛ ] , [ ɔ ] and [ ä ] , written the same as the native vowels: ы, е/э, о, а respectively. Historically, the Proto-Turkic mid vowels have raised from mid to high, whereas the Proto-Turkic high vowels have become

4176-464: The object or situation that caused the fear. This technique was known as reyadat al-nafs. al-Balkhi differentiated OCD from other forms of mental illness. al-Balkhi quotes a saying that "most of the terror comes from anticipation of the terror" and advocates being informed and realistic about the true nature of a concern. He advocates 'forcing oneself to repeatedly expose one's hearing and sight to noxious things' and to 'moved again and again near

4248-798: The plural suffix is heavily dependent on the letter which comes immediately before it. When it's a consonant, there is a four-way distinction between "л" (l), "т" (t), "ҙ" (ź) and "д" (d); The vowel's distinction is two-way between "а" (after back vowels "а" (a), "ы" (ı), "о" (o), "у" (u)) and "ә" (after front vowels "ә" (ə), "е" (e), "и" (i), "ө" (ö), "ү" (ü)). Some nouns are also less likely to be used with their plural forms such as "һыу" (hıw, "water") or "ҡом" (qom, "sand"). Pl.: баҡса лар (baqsalar) Pl.: сәскә ләр (səskələr) Pl.: дуç тар (duśtar) Pl.: төç тәр (töśtәr) Pl.: тау ҙар (tawźar ) Pl.: өй ҙәр (öyźәr ) Pl.: һан дар (handar) Pl.: көн дәр (köndər) Abu Zayd al-Balkhi Abu Zayd Ahmed ibn Sahl Balkhi ( Persian : ابو زید احمد بن سهل بلخی )

4320-431: The proposed divergence of Ugric languages", while on N-B539/Y13850+ sub-clade level confirmed shared paternal lineages with modern Ugric (Mansis and Khantys via N-B540/L1034) and Turkic speakers (Bashkirs and Volga Tatars via N-B540/L1034 and N-B545/Y24365); these suggest that the Bashkirs are mixture of Turkic, Ugric and Indo-European contributions. A genetic study published in Scientific Reports in November 2019 examined

4392-421: The remains of 29 Hungarian conquerors of the Carpathian Basin . The majority of them (60%) carried Y-DNA of West Eurasian origin, but at least 40% of East Eurasian (N1a-M2004, N1a-Z1936, Q1a and R1a-Z2124). They carried a higher amount of West Eurasian paternal ancestry than West Eurasian maternal ancestry. Among modern populations, their paternal ancestry was the most similar to modern Bashkirs. Haplogroup I2a1a2b

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4464-425: The section "A Narration about the Tiele people"; Bashkirs might have been included within that narration, if the tribal name 比干 ( Mandarin Bǐgān ← Middle Chinese ZS : * piɪ-kɑn ) (in Book of Wei ) were a scribal error for 比千 ( Bĭqiān ← * piɪt͡sʰen ) (in History of the Northern Dynasties ), the latter reading being favored by Chinese scholar Rui Chuanming. In the 7th century, Bashkirs were also mentioned in

4536-455: The thing it is scared of until it becomes used to it and loses its fear. al-Balkhi wrote that anxiety and distress were at the core of all harmful emotional symptoms (e.g. anger) and that happiness and joyfulness were the root cause of all positive emotional states (e.g. tranquility, pleasure and delight). While the topic of sex is more widely discussed today, al-Balkhi explored the subject in detail, specifically various sexual attributes and

4608-514: The three dominant paternal haplogroups for Bashkir males are the haplogroup R1b , haplogroup R1a , and the haplogroup N1c . Haplogroups C-M217 , O , and D1 , were found at lower frequencies among Bashkir males, and together make up roughly 11,5%. Near Eastern-associated haplogroups J2 and G2 make up roughly 8,5%. In some specific regions and clans of ethnic Bashkir, the North Asian and Eastern Siberian haplogroup (N3) range from moderate to high frequencies (29 to 90%). Archaeogenetic analyses show

4680-528: The two can cause sickness. Al-Balkhi also introduced the concept of reciprocal inhibition ( al-ilaj bi al-did ), which was re-introduced over a thousand years later by Joseph Wolpe in 1969. The Muslim physician Abu Zayd al-Balkhi was a pioneer of psychotherapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine . He recognized that the body and the soul can be healthy or sick, or "balanced or imbalanced", and that mental illness can have both psychological and/or physiological causes. He wrote that imbalance of

4752-432: Was a Persian Muslim polymath : a geographer , mathematician , physician , psychologist and scientist . Born in 850 CE in Shamistiyan, in the province of Balkh , Greater Khorasan , he was a disciple of al-Kindi . He also founded the "Balkhī school" of terrestrial mapping in Baghdad . Al-Balkhi is believed to have been the first to diagnose that mental illness can have psychological and physiological causes and he

4824-463: Was covered in scars that he acquired during an episode of smallpox . Of the many books ascribed to him in the al-Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadim , one can note The Excellency of Mathematics and his On Certitude in Astrology . His Figures of the Climates ( Suwar al-aqalim ) consisted chiefly of geographical maps. He also wrote the medical and psychological work, Masalih al-Abdan wa al-Anfus ( Sustenance for Body and Soul ). A modern scholar describes

4896-407: Was formed by Turkic tribes of South Siberian and Central Asian origin, who, before migrating to the Southern Urals , wandered for a considerable time in the Aral-Syr Darya steppes (modern day central-southern Kazakhstan ), coming into contact with the Pecheneg-Oghuz and Kimak-Kipchak tribes. Therefore, it is possible to note that the Bashkir people originates from the same tribes which compose

4968-423: Was observed among several conquerors of particularly high rank. This haplogroup is of European origin and is today particularly common among South Slavs . A wide variety of phenotypes were observed, with several individuals having blond hair and blue eyes, but also East Asian traits. The study also analyzed three Hunnic samples from the Carpathian Basin in the 5th century, and these displayed genetic similarities to

5040-447: Was reported as the native tongue of 230,846 Bashkirs (14.6%), and Russian as the native tongue of 216,066 Bashkirs (13.7%). Most Bashkirs are bilingual in Bashkir and Russian . The first appearance of a "Bashkir" language is dated back to the 9th century AD , in the form of stone inscription using a Runic alphabet, most likely, this alphabet derives from the Yenisei variant of the old Turkic runic script . This archaic version of

5112-486: Was the first to differentiate between neurosis and psychosis , and the first to classify neurotic disorders and pioneer cognitive therapy in order to treat each of these classified disorders. He classified neurosis into four emotional disorders: fear and anxiety , anger and aggression , sadness and depression , and obsession . He further classified three types of depression: normal depression or sadness ( huzn ), endogenous depression originating from within

5184-421: Was the first to typify four types of emotional disorders: fear and anxiety; anger and aggression; sadness and depression; and obsessions. al-Balkhi was born in 850 CE in a small village called Shamisitiyan, in an area called Balkh which is now part of Afghanistan . As a young man, around the time of al-Kindi's death, al-Balkhi travelled to Iraq. At this time Islamic culture was making strong efforts to absorb

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