Gunungkidul ( Javanese : ꧋ ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁꦏꦶꦢꦸꦭ꧀ ꧉ ) is a regency area located in the Special Province of the Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta , Indonesia . The administrative centre is the town of Wonosari . The name "Gunungkidul" comes from the Javanese language mountains in the south of Java Land , whose area is located in the Thousand Mountains range of the province.
99-446: The Regency covers an area of 1,475.15 km, about 46.5% of the provincial area. It had a population of 675,382 at the 2010 Census and 747,161 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 751,011 - comprising 371,220 males and 379,800 females - and so the population density in this regency is relatively low compared to other regencies of the province. This regency is bordered by Klaten Regency and Sukoharjo Regency in
198-502: A functioning land of housing and industry. In 1879, Malang was connected to Java's railroad network , further increasing development and leading to increased industrialization. On 1 April 1914, Malang was designated gemeente (city). During the Japanese occupation in Indonesia , Malang was also occupied by Japan. Imperial Japanese Army began occupying Malang on 7 March 1942. Malang, which
297-401: A great impact on Klaten and its surrounding areas. A few of the victims who were affected by the eruption came from the regency of Klaten. The volcanic eruptions were so loud they caused panic and a rush for residents to seek refuge. Klaten has a humid (> 0.65 p/pet) climate. The landscape is mostly covered with rainfed croplands, residential areas, and isolated stands of trees. The climate
396-498: A legendary temple called Malangkuçeçwara , supposedly located near the city Malang. The word Malangkuçeçwara was applied as the motto of the city of Malang. The name "Malang" first appeared on the Pamotoh / Ukirnegara Inscription (1120 Saka / 1198 AD) which was discovered on 11 January 1975 by a Bantaran plantation administrator in Wlingi, Blitar Regency . In the copper inscription, one part
495-408: A major commitment to achieve lofty ideals are deeply rooted and always siding with the people. The leaders and the people have the attitude or the direction salurung approval, accord, saiyeg - saeka- kapti in the corridors of democracy, which means heavy hands make light work, conscious of their rights, but also respect the rights of others and known for certain obligations. Gunungkidul Regency and
594-573: A popular destination for international tourists. Malang keeps various historical relics. This city keeps relics of the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan period until the Dutch period . The existence of Dutch heritage in general is in the form of ancient buildings such as the Kayutangan church and Ijen Cathedral which employ Gothic architecture . Malang also holds various events to preserve its cultural heritage, one of which
693-406: A population of 1,130,047 at the 2010 Census and 1,260,506 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 1,284,386 (comprising 639,130 males and 645,256 females). Its administrative centre is in the town of the same name; the town extends over 35.85 km to encompass three of the regency's districts, with a combined total of 135,681 inhabitants in mid 2023; a fourth district (Kalikotes)
792-524: A small hike. As the name implies, Gunungkidul Regency is dominated by mountains which are the western part of the Sewu Mountains or the South Limestone Mountains (from this nickname, the name "Gunungkidul" is derived), which stretches across the southern part of Java Island starting from the area eastward to Tulungagung Regency . The Mountains are formed from limestone , indicating that in
891-502: A unique historical feature, in addition to its tourism, cultural and culinary potential. The traditional snacks and meals from Gunungkidul include "Gathot" and "Thiwul". They are made from Fermentation Cassava and Dry Cassava. The southern coast of Gunungkidul has several beaches: Baron, Kukup, Krakal, Drini, Sepanjang, Sundak, Siung , Wediombo , Jungwok, Greweng, Sedahan and Sadeng. Some of these beaches provide fresh fish and other sea product supplied by local fisherman. The most notable
990-647: Is 70 kilometers from Yogyakarta in 2 hours drive. Rainy season is the best time to see the Jogan Tide Fall, because in the dry season, the water level is low. 7°58′00″S 110°36′09″E / 7.966680°S 110.602561°E / -7.966680; 110.602561 Klaten Regency Klaten Regency ( Javanese : ꦏ꧀ꦭꦛꦺꦤ꧀ , romanized: Klathèn ) is a regency in Central Java province in Indonesia . It covers an area of 701.52 km and had
1089-552: Is Arya Terung with the title Adipati Sengguruh. The name Sengguruh is said to be related to the existence of an education center and the residence of the knights or banner (commonly called Kepanjian or Kepanjen area). The banners who want to study in Kepanjen are said to be saying "Let's go to the Teacher" which refers to the place where they study. These words gradually became Sengguruh. According to Babad ing Gresik (Chronicles of Gresik),
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#17329493004201188-456: Is Baron Beach. There is a park next to the beach surrounded by seafood restaurants and hostels. There is a fresh fish market on the east side of the beach. On the west side, a river flows out from an almost sea-level cave on the side of the western ridge. The beach itself is khaki-colored and sprawled with traditional fishermen's boats. Beside the main beach, there is a kilometer of white sand beach lying beyond its eastern ridge. It can be reached by
1287-487: Is July with average 22.6 °C. The city of Malang was previously led by Mayor Sutiaji from 2018 until 2023. The city's legislative body, the DPRD Kota Malang has 45 seats, in which dominated by PDI-P (11 seats), PKB (6 seats), and Golkar Party (5 seats). The members are elected every five years. Malang is divided into five districts ( kecamatan ), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at
1386-466: Is Malang Tempo Doeloe Festival. There is also a lot of historical heritage which has become a landmark like Tugu Malang ( Alun-alun Bundar ). Additionally, Malang is well-known because of its label as an educational city. Two of the best universities in Indonesia are in Malang, namely Brawijaya University and Malang State University . Malang has various ethnic groups and cultures from all over Indonesia and
1485-528: Is an inland city in the Indonesian province of East Java . It has a history dating back to the age of the Singhasari Kingdom . It is the second most populous city in the province, with a population of 820,043 at the 2010 Census and 843,810 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 847,182 (comprising 421,340 males and 425,842 females). The Malang Metropolitan area ( Greater Malang )
1584-422: Is called Pegunungan Sewu development area ( Duizon gebergton or Zuider gebergton ), with an altitude of 0–300 m above sea level. Constituent bedrock is limestone with characteristic conical hills ( Conical limestone ) and the karst area. Underground rivers are often found in this region. The southern zone includes the districts of Saptosari, Paliyan, Girisubo, Tanjungsari, Tepus , Rongkop, Purwosari and Panggang, and
1683-468: Is classified as a Tropical Monsoon (short dry season, monsoon rains other months), with a tropical moist forest biozone. The soil in the area is high in nitosols, and andosols (nt), soil with deep, clay-enriched lower horizon with shiny ped surfaces. Klaten has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) according to the Köppen climate classification . The average temperature varies little from month to month. October
1782-431: Is divided into twenty-six districts ( kecamatan ), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (totaling 391 rural desa and 10 urban kelurahan ), and its postcode. Notes: (a) except
1881-412: Is dominated by Mediterranean association with the red and black grumusol limestone. So despite its long dry season, the water particles are still able to survive. There is a river on the land. Groundwater depth ranges between 60–120 m below the ground surface. This area includes the districts of Playen, Wonosari, Karangmojo and Ponjong, and the central and northern parts of Semanu. The Southern Zone
1980-408: Is hilly, there are sources of groundwater depth of 6m - 12m from the ground. Latosol soil types dominated by volcanic and sedimentary parent hurricane stones. This area includes the districts of Patuk, Gedangsari, Nglipar, Ngawen, Semin, and the northern part of the district of Ponjong. The Central Zone is called Ledok Wonosari development, with an altitude of 150–200 m above sea level. The soil type
2079-540: Is less than optimal. Gunungkidul climatological conditions generally exhibit the following conditions: Tombak Kyai Marga Salurung is one of heirloom gift from the King of Yogyakarta , Hamengkubuwono X on Sunday, May 27, 2001, when the Celebration of 170th Anniversary of Gunungkidul Regency. Spear heirloom that has a new dhapur cekel , warangka kajeng sanakeling symbolize that the district government of Gunungkidul still has
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#17329493004202178-529: Is located at a plateau . The city lies at an altitude between 440 and 667 metres above sea level. The city's highest point is in CitraGarden City Malang, a real estate development, while the lowest area of Malang is in the Dieng area. The city of Malang, together with the surrounding districts of Malang Regency , is surrounded by mountains and mountain ranges . The city is surrounded by Mount Arjuno in
2277-644: Is part of its urban area. Klaten borders Boyolali Regency in the North, Sukoharjo Regency and Wonogiri Regency in the East, and the Special Region of Yogyakarta to the South and West. Candi Prambanan , one of the biggest Hindu structures in Indonesia, is in the regency. The 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake damaged the area, located near the active Mount Merapi volcano in central Java . The 2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi had
2376-474: Is the daughter of Mpu Purwa, a brahmana from Panawijyan (Kelurahan Polowijen, Kecamatan Blimbing, Malang). In the end the resistance effort from the area which was said to be named Purwa / Purwwa was successfully crushed by Panjalu . Some historians attribute the series of events of resistance and crackdown to the socio-political context of the two conflicts involving King Kertajaya and the Brahmin class. The first
2475-516: Is the last Hindu kingdom and the rest of the heritage of Majapahit sympathizers in Malang. He was an independent kingdom after the fall of Majapahit. Hermanus Johannes de Graff argued that the son of the Brawijaya VII , Raden Pramana fled to the remote mountain region in the south due to the occupation of Daha (Kadiri) (capital of Majapahit since Girindrawardhana – Brawijaya VI ) by Sultan Trenggana from Demak in 1527. The leader of this region
2574-554: Is the policy of King Kertajaya who tried to reduce a number of rights from the Brahmana class. Some folklore shows that King Kertajaya wanted to be "worshiped" by the Brahmins so that it was contrary to the religious teachings of the Brahmins. The second is the kidnapping of Ken Dedes by Tunggul Ametung, akuwu (equivalent to sub-district head) for the Tumapel region. According to Blasius Suprapto,
2673-563: Is the warmest with an average temperature of 26.5 °C. July is coldest with an average temperature of 24.8 °C. The wet season has a rainfall peak around January. The dry season centers around August, which has the most sunshine. The regency government of Klaten was established on 28 October 1950. Its 26 districts ( kecamatan ) are subdivided into 391 rural villages ( desa ) and 10 urban villages ( kelurahan ). The area includes tourist sites, places of interest, traditional arts, traditional events, and handicraft centers. Klaten Regency
2772-403: Is written (with the following translation) as follows. ...taning sakrid Malang-akalihan wacid lawan macu pasabhanira dyah Limpa Makanagran I... ... in the east where hunting around Malang with wacid and the mancu , Dyah Limpa rice fields namely ... Malang here refers to an eastern of Mount Kawi . Although it is known that the use of Malang has at least been going on since
2871-499: The Homo sapiens . The history of Malang Regency could be revealed through the Dinoyo inscription at year of 760 as the primary official document to support the birth of Malang before a new inscription was discovered in 1986, which is yet to be deciphered. According to the inscription, it was concluded that the 8th century was the beginning of the existence of Malang Regency's government due to
2970-525: The Tengger Mountains Complex in the east. The basin has not been inhabited by humans because the condition is still in the form of lava and hot lava flows from the surrounding mountains. Towards the rainy season, the Malang basin is filled with water flowing through the mountain slopes, leading to a number of rivers and forming an ancient swamp . The swamps spread to create ancient lakes . When
3069-726: The desa of Wonosari (which has a postcode of 57473). (b) including kelurahan of Jatinom. (c) including kelurahan of Gayamprit. (d) including 6 kelurahan of Bareng, Buntalan, Kabupaten, Klaten, Mojayan and Tonggalan. (e) including 2 kelurahan of Bareng Lor and Gergunung. Tourist objects in Klaten Regency are In addition there is a ceremonial festival using kue apam in Jatinom [ id ] each year. Malang Malang ( / m ɒ ˈ l ɒ ŋ / ; Javanese : ꦏꦸꦛꦩꦭꦁ , romanized: Kutha Malang , Indonesian : Kota Malang "Sorrowful City"), historically known as Tumapel ,
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3168-574: The king ). Watak Kanuruhan which covers the center of Malang today is an entity that stands side by side with Watak Hujung (in Ngujung, Toyomarto Village, District Singosari , Malang Regency ) and Watak Tugaran (in Tegaron, Lesanpuro, Kedungkandang, Malang Regency) which each oversees several wanua ( village level ). When the capital Mataram was moved to the Tamwlang and Watugaluh ( Jombang ) areas during
3267-544: The 12th century, it cannot be ascertained the etymology of its territory. The first hypothesis refers to the name of a holy building called Malangkuçeçwara ( pronounced [malaŋkuʃeʃworo] ). The sacred building is referred to in two Balitung King inscriptions from Ancient Mataram , namely the Mantyasih Inscription in 907 AD and the Inscription of 908 AD. Experts still have not obtained an agreement on where
3366-466: The 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages within each district (all classed as kalurahan ), and its post codes. ꦥꦁꦒꦁ ꦥꦸꦂꦮꦱꦫꦶ ꦥꦭꦶꦪꦤ꧀ ꦱꦥ꧀ꦠꦱꦫꦶ ꦠꦼꦥꦸꦱ꧀ ꦠꦚ꧀ꦗꦸꦁꦱꦫꦶ ꦫꦺꦴꦁꦏꦺꦴꦥ꧀ ꦒꦶꦫꦶꦱꦸꦧ ꦱꦼꦩꦤꦸ ꦥꦺꦴꦚ꧀ꦗꦺꦴꦁ ꦏꦫꦁꦩꦗ ꦮꦤꦱꦫꦶ ꦥ꧀ꦭꦪꦺꦤ꧀ ꦥꦛꦸꦏ꧀ ꦒꦼꦣꦁꦱꦫꦶ ꦔ꧀ꦭꦶꦥꦂ ꦔꦮꦺꦤ꧀ ꦱꦼꦩꦶꦤ꧀ Note: (a) except
3465-488: The 2020 Census. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages (urban kelurahan ) in each district, and their postal codes. The names of the kelurahan are as follows: Malang municipality had a population of 843,810 at the 2020 Census, with over 3 million clustering in the Malang Valley , making it the province's second most populous city. However,
3564-633: The Arya Terung flee north around the lower reaches of the Brantas River . With the help of Sultan Trenggana who had conquered the former capital of the Singhasari Empire in 1545. Sengguruh succeeded in quelling the rebellion. Raden Pramana fled towards Blambangan . In Serat Kanda, Sultan Trenggana once again appointed Arya Terung as Duke of Sengguruh which was under the Demak Sultanate. In addition,
3663-581: The Bejiharjo area and Kalisuci Cave in the Semanu area) are regarded as tourist sites where tubing activities can be carried on. Nglanggeran primeval volcano in the Patuk area is only 600 meters high but there are excellent views from the peak to the north towards Mount Merapi and to the south across to the coast of Java. Scattered giant granite and andesite rock formations called "watu wayang" (puppet rocks) are found at
3762-515: The Hantang Inscription (1057 Saka / 1135 AD), it is written Panjalu Jayati (" Panjalu Menang "), signifying Panjalu's victory over Jenggala. The inscription also included the granting of special privileges to several villages in Hantang (Ngantang, Malang Regency ) and its surroundings for their services in favor of Panjalu during the war. This inscription also shows that the Malang region is under
3861-702: The Majapahit region. During the War of Regreg (1406), around 170 delegates from the Ming dynasty were sent by Admiral Cheng Ho to re-establish diplomatic relations between China and Majapahit after the conflict of the Jayakatwang-Raden Wijaya-Kublai Khan in the era of transition from Singhasari to Majapahit . However, all the envoys were massacred by King Wikramawardhana who could not distinguish their arrival status as an enemy or not. The role of Admiral Cheng Ho
3960-579: The Malang area after the conquest of Sultan Trenggana changed to Kutho Bedah ("The Destructed City"). Sengguruh Kingdom remains in the form of ruins in Sumedang Hamlet, Jenggala Village (on the west side of Sengguruh Village), District Kepanjen, Malang Regency . The city was capital city of Singhasari in 1222, then transferred to Dutch colony. Malang was modernized under the Dutch; its mild climate which results from its elevation, along with its proximity to
4059-515: The Malang region in 1359 AD. According to Yudi Anugrah Nugroho, the tour was part of a series of trips by King Hayam Wuruk to review the development around Lumajang . This visit is usually done when the harvest period is over. There are at least two contexts of the tour, namely recreation and pilgrimage. For the recreational context, the first place was Kasuranggan Park in the Sumberawan area (Toyomarto Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency ). It
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4158-614: The Mt Nglanggeran area as well as a nearby man-made lake. It takes around 3 hours to hike from the Pendopo Kali Song entrance point to the peak. Siung Beach Bay is about 300 meters in length, but swimming is prohibited because of dangerous rocks and severe waves. The cliff surrounding the beach, with over 200 tracks, is suitable for rock climbing. 200 meters east of Siung Beach there is a 10-meter Jogan Tide Fall in Tepus district which
4257-538: The Republic of Indonesia on 21 September 1945 and re-entered on 2 March 1947 after being re-occupied by the Dutch East Indies . The government was changed to Malang City Government on 1 January 2001 based on second amendments of Indonesia's Constitution . Along with growth came urbanization. The government could not satisfy the population's needs for affordable housing, which led to the building of shanty towns along
4356-655: The Semanu District in Gunungkidul Regency, as well as other caves in the area, are well-known to local caving (speleological) groups. Some of the caves are quite long; Cerme cave, for example, has an entrance in Bantul Regency and stretches for quite a distance eastward into Panggang subdistrict in Gunungkidul Regency. From archaeological findings, the area of Gunungkidul Regency is thought to have been inhabited by humans (Homo Sapiens) from 700,000 years ago. Many find
4455-579: The Special Province of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. The city of Wonosari is located southeast of the Yogyakarta City (the capital of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Special Province), with a distance of ± 39 km. The Gunungkidul Regency area is divided into 18 Districts (Kapanewon) and 144 villages. Gunungkidul Regency is divided into eighteen administrative districts ( Indonesian : kapanewon ), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at
4554-489: The ancestors ( Wangsa Rajasa ). Some of the temples visited include Kidal Temple (in honor of King Anusapati ), Jago Temple (in honor of King Wisnuwardhana), and Candi Singasari (in honor of Raja Kertanegara). Especially for Singasari Temple, there is debate about whether it was built during the reign of Singhasari or Majapahit Kingdom. Because, according to the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia, Singosari Temple
4653-408: The ancient lake had not dried up, early human civilization was still in the early to advanced stages of Hunting and Collecting Food . The settlements are still on the slopes of mountains and mountains that surround Malang in the form of natural caves. Therefore, it is understandable that the discovery of artifacts in the paleolithic and mesolithic period is found in mountainous areas, such as on
4752-592: The authority of Panjalu. The Kamulan Inscription (1116 Saka / 1194 AD) records the events of the attack of an area from the east of Daha (Kadiri) against King Kertajaya (in the Pararaton called Dandang Gendhis) who resided in the Katang-Katang Kedaton. There is no further research on whether the attack was a rebellion or attempted conquest. However, the existence of the Kamulan Inscription shows that there
4851-449: The birth of King Gajayana's ruling of his Indianized Hindu kingdom in Malang. From the Dinoyo inscription , it is noted that the inscription used the " Candra Sengkala " or Cronogram Calendar, and stated that the birth date of Malang Regency was on Jum'at Legi (sweet Friday) of 28 November 760. Kanjuruhan Kingdom power is estimated to not last long. The kingdom was finally under the rule of Mataram ( Ancient Mataram Kingdom ) during
4950-612: The building is located. On the one hand, there are a number of experts who say that the Malangkuçeçwara building is located in the Mount Buring area, a mountain that stretches east of Malang, where one of its peaks named "Malang". Others, on the other hand, suspect that the actual location of the sacred building is in the Tumpang area, Malang Regency. In the area, there is a village called Malangsuka, which, according to historians, comes from
5049-552: The fact that Malang entered the territory of the Kingdom of Kahuripan . Because the Malang area is no longer the center of government of the Kingdom which is centered around Mount Penanggungan and Sidoarjo with its capital Kahuripan. Even when Raja Airlangga divided Kahuripan into Panjalu which was centered in Daha ( Kadiri ) and Jenggala which remained centered in Kahuripan, the Malang region
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#17329493004205148-495: The form of two square pickaxes, chalcedony stone tools and hand-held andesite axes on the east side of Mount Kawi in the Kacuk area around the Metro and Brantas streams reinforced this assumption. [8] In addition, the study estimates that the forms of occupancy in the transitional period were in the form of a stilt house , where the body of the house was supported by the legs of the house and
5247-635: The halangi" ("Malang" in Javanese) from the arrival of Mataram troops. After the conquest, the Mataram forces named the area of the conquest as Malang. The Malang area in the Pleistocene era was still a deep basin flanked by volcanic activity from mountains such as the Karst Mountains in the south, Kawi , Butak , and Kelud in the west, Anjasmoro and Arjuno-Welirang complex in the northeast and north, and
5346-763: The instructions of human existence found in caves and niches in karst of Gunungkidul, especially in Ponjong District. The human propensity Gunung occupy the time it caused most of the lowland in Yogyakarta is still flooded. The arrival of the first humans in Gunungkidul occurred at the end of the Pleistocene epoch . At that time, the human race Australoid migrated from the Pegunungan Sewu in Pacitan , East Java passing Wonogiri karst valleys, Central Java until it reaches
5445-562: The kingdom had tried to attack the Lamongan and Giri (Gresik) areas in 1535. However, the efforts of Arya Terung were unsuccessful, if not failed to maintain their occupation of the two regions. In fact, according to the records in Tedhak Dermayudan, after the failure of the conquest, Arya Terung adopted Islam and spread Islamic teachings throughout Sengguruh. As a result, the Majapahit sympathizers led by Raden Pramana rebelled and made
5544-507: The last king of Singhasari, due to his territory having no defense when most of his military was sent for the Pamalayu Expedition . Jayakatwang easily occupied the capital, took power and moved the center of government to his ancestral land, Kadiri . Malang was not the center of the power struggle between Jayakatwang , Raden Wijaya , and Kublai Khan's army from Mongol . After winning the succession of power, Raden Wijaya, who held
5643-468: The leadership of King Dyah Balitung (899–911 AD). In the Balingawan Inscription (813 Saka / 891 AD), it is mentioned Pu Huntu as Rakryan Kanuruhan (ruler of Kanuruhan character) in the reign of King Mpu Daksa (911–919 AD). The area that used to be an autonomous kingdom has dropped one level to a watak (region) that is on a level with the duchy or district (one level under the authority of
5742-535: The light emanating from the body of Ken Dedes as a sign that he was a nareswari. During the leadership of Raja Kertanegara, the Kingdom of Singhasari faced a rebellion by Jayakatwang from the bracelet area (around Madiun ). Jayakatwang himself is the great-grandson of Raja Kertajaya according to Negarakertagama and nephew of Raja Wisnuwardhana (from the lineage of women) according to the Mula Malurung Inscription. The rebellion killed Raja Kertanegara,
5841-564: The list of rulers of Kadiri and Jenggala . Some historians such as Agus Sunyoto mention that the area of origin of the resistance was named Purwa or Purwwa. This was supported by Sunyoto's argument when referring to all Majapahit rulers as descendants of Ken Arok who "[...] drained his seed into the world through teja which emanated from" secrets "Ken Dedes, naraiswari [...] Purwa Kingdom." "Naraiswari (or nareswari / Ardanareswari) himself in Sanskrit means "the main woman" and Ken Dedes himself
5940-585: The location of Tumapel itself was in an area formerly called Kutobedah (now called Kotalama, Kedungkandang, Malang). The implication of the two conflicts was the withdrawal of political support from the Brahmana class against Raja Kertajaya. The collapse of Panjalu / Kadiri and the birth of the Tumapel Kingdom in Malang originated from the Brahmana class from Panjalu who tried to save himself from political persecution by King Kertajaya. They fled eastward and joined
6039-471: The major port of Surabaya , made it a popular destination for the Dutch and other Europeans. Malang began to grow and develop rapidly and various economic sectors of the community were increasing, especially the need for space to carry out various activities. As a result, there was a change in land use which was marked by a built up area that appeared uncontrollably. Changes in land functions undergo rapid changes, such as from functioning land agriculture becomes
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#17329493004206138-522: The nearby Imogiri area (in Bantul Regency ) and Pacitan Regency (East Java Province) is being promoted by the Indonesia government to be a UNESCO Geopark, due to their unique and scenic karst landscape. An accessor from UNESCO has visited 4 areas in July 2014. These include: As a karst region, Gunungkidul Regency has many caves, some of which have underground rivers. At least two of them ( Pindul Cave in
6237-419: The north and northeast, Wonogiri Regency in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south, and Bantul Regency and Sleman Regency in the west and northwest. Gunungkidul Regency has 18 District (Kapanewon). Most of the district is in the form of hills and limestone mountains, which are part of the Thousand Mountains. Gunungkidul is known as a barren area and often experiences drought in the dry season, but it has
6336-415: The north; Mount Semeru to the east; Mount Kawi and Mount Butak in the west; Mount Kelud in the south. The popular active volcano Mount Bromo is about 25 km (16 miles) east of the city, and in November 2010, the airport was closed for nearly a week due to airborne ash from an eruption. The Climate in Malang city features tropical monsoon climate ( Am ) as the climate precipitation throughout
6435-425: The objects of political conflict when the Regreg war erupted (1404–1406). This area is claimed by Aji Rajanata, Bhre Wirabhumi II (Blambangan, Banyuwangi). However, the claim was opposed by Manggalawardhana, Bhre Tumapel II, who was still the son of King Hayam Wuruk. Therefore, this area is considered as the frontline of the battle involving Majapahit (West) and Blambangan ('East Majapahit). However, because Regreg war
6534-416: The past it was a seabed. The findings of ancient marine animal fossils support this assumption. This area began to become land as a result of tectonic and volcanic uplifts since the Miocene . Gunungkidul Regency is one of the regencies in the Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Special Province, with Wonosari as the capital city. The total area of Gunungkidul Regency is 1,475.15 km2 or about 46.5% of the total area of
6633-447: The political forces in Tumapel, led by Ken Angrok or Ken Arok . He then rebelled against Akuwu Tunggul Ametung and took control of Tumapel. Ken Arok's victory was at the same time a statement of war to separate himself from Panjalu/Kadiri. The power struggle between Kertajaya and Ken Arok towards the Malang region and its surroundings led to the Battle of Ganter in Ngantang (now a sub-district in Malang Regency ) (1144 Saka / 1222 AD) which
6732-467: The population growth is low, at about 0.12 percent a year, and the mid-2022 official estimate was just 846,126. The racial makeup of the city is mainly Javanese , with small percentages of Madurese , Chinese and Arab descent. Compared with other Javanese people, the Javanese people of Malang have a hard and egalitarian character. Up until the 14th century, Malang was part of an Indianized majority Hindu - Buddhist kingdom like most of Java. Now
6831-401: The recreational place of Raja Hayam Wuruk, it is said that this place is a sanctuary for kris made by Mpu Gandring and other royal weapons . The third is the Bureng area identified as the Wendit natural bath in Mangliawan Village, District Pakis, Malang Regency. For the context of pilgrimage , King Hayam Wuruk visited several heritage temples of the Singhasari Kingdom which aimed to dharma
6930-458: The reign of King Mpu Sindok (929–948 AD), several inscriptions such as Sangguran, Turyyan, Gulung-Gulung, Linggasutan, Jeru-Jeru, Tija, Kanuruhan, Muncang, and Wurandungan describes a number of tax liability policies for sima (civil villages) in Malang and a number of land grant processes to build temples . There is no record that explains in detail the status and role of the area around Malang during King Airlangga's leadership in addition to
7029-445: The rivers and rail tracks. Today, the shanty towns still exist; although some have been transformed into "better" housing. Malang is located in the middle of Malang Regency and south side of Java Island. The city has an area of 111.08 square kilometres (42.89 sq mi). The city is bordered by Singosari and Karangploso Districts on the north side; Pakis and Tumpang Districts on the east side; Tajinan and Pakisaji Districts on
7128-586: The slopes of Mount Kawi, Arjuno-Welirang, Tengger, Semeru and the Southern Karst Mountains. Malang ancient lake gradually dried up in the Holocene era and caused the Malang region to become a plateau in Malang. When it began to enter the Planting Period , early humans began to descend from the mountains and make a number of settlements and agricultural areas. The discovery of a number of artifacts in
7227-433: The south side; and Wagir and Dau Districts on the west side which are all districts of Malang Regency . The parts of Malang have their own characteristics so that they are well-suited for various activities. The southern part of Malang is a large enough plateau that is suitable for industry , the northern part is a fertile highland that is suitable for agriculture , the eastern part is a plateau with less fertile soil, and
7326-483: The southern coast of Gunungkidul through ancient, Bengawan Solo . Gunungkidul Regency is located in the limestone uplands of Java, thus soils are not very good for growing rice. Cassava replaced rice in this area. Some famous Gunungkidul cuisine includes thiwul , gathot (both are cassava-based food), and a delicacy called walang goreng (fried grasshoppers ). The northern zone is called Agung Batur region, with an altitude of 200–700 m above sea level. The situation
7425-408: The southern parts of Ponjong and Semanu. Gunungkidul regency including tropical area, the topography of a region dominated by karst region area. The southern region is dominated by karst region, that are numerous natural caves and underground rivers flowing. Under these conditions cause the condition of the land in the southern area which resulted in less fertile agricultural cultivation in this region
7524-583: The strategic status of the Malang region in the Tumapel era. There was no explanation for the reasons for the move but starting in this era Singhasari became the name of this kingdom. The remaining data only shows a number of historical places in Malang such as the Gunung Katu area in Genengan (Prangargo, Wagir, Malang Regency) which according to historian Dwi Cahyono is a dharma site, Kidjo Rejo area (Kidal Village, District Tumpang, Malang Regency), where Raja Anusapati
7623-503: The title of Kertarajasa Jayawardhana moved the center of power to the area he had built in the Tarik Forest (now around Mojokerto and District Tarik, Sidoarjo ). However, the Malang region witnessed history from the fate of Jayakatwang who was exiled to another spring in Polaman (now Kalirejo Village, Lawang District, Malang Regency ). According to Pararaton and Kidung Harsyawijaya, this
7722-489: The vanity". The second hypothesis refers to the story of the assault of the Mataram Sultanate forces in Malang in 1614, led by Tumenggung Alap-Alap. According to folklore, there was a conversation between Tumenggung Alap-Alap and one of his assistants regarding the condition of Malang before the attack began. The assistant from Tumenggung Alap-Alap mentioned residents and soldiers from the area as residents who "blocked
7821-573: The villages of Baleharjo (which has a post code of 55811) and Kepek (which has a post code of 55813). Gunungkidul Regency is in a karst region. This leads to difficult geography for farmers and contributes to considerable poverty in the area because of water shortages. Much of the Regency is included in the Mount Sewu (literally "thousand mountains") collection of limestone hills which stretches across parts of southern Java from parts of Kebumen Regency in
7920-643: The war. He was responsible for gathering much financial support from the community to aid China in the war. I fled to Malang and went hidden until the war is over. In 1943, while he was in Java, Tan began writing his memoirs, The Memoirs of an Overseas Chinese of the Southern Ocean (南僑回憶錄; 南侨回忆录; Nánqiáo Huíyìlù), which later became an important document of the history of the overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. After Independence of Indonesia in 1945, Malang became part of
8019-593: The west near the border with West Java across to close to the city of Malang in East Java . The Menoreh Hills in the area south of Yogyakarta in Kulonprogo Regency, for example, are part of this series of limestone hills. The limestone hills are reported to contain hundreds of caves. These are classified locally as vertical luweng (known as " luweng" in Javanese) and horizontal caves. Jomblang Cave ( Luweng Jomblang ) and Kalisuci Cave ( Luweng Kalisuci) located in
8118-584: The western part is a vast plateau and is now an educational area. Malang City is passed by one of the longest rivers in Indonesia and the second longest in Java after Bengawan Solo , the Brantas River whose source is located on the slopes of Mount Arjuno in the northwest of the city. The second longest river in Malang is the Metro River through Malang in Karangbesuki village, Sukun subdistrict. The city of Malang
8217-583: The word Malangkuça ( pronounced [malankuʃoː] ) which is pronounced upside down. This opinion is reinforced by the existence of ancient relics around Tumpang, such as Jago Temple and Kidal Temple, which are in the territory of the Kingdom of Singhasari . The Malangkuçeçwara name consists of 3 words, namely mala, which means falsehood, cheating, falsehood, and evil, angkuça ( pronounced [aŋkuʃo] which means to destroy or destroy, and içwara ( pronounced [iʃworo] ) which means God. Therefore, Malangkuçeçwara means "God has destroyed
8316-536: The world. The population of Malang comprised 847,192 people in mid-2023, with a majority of Javanese , followed by the Madurese , and Chinese or Peranakan . Malang extended urban area, notable known as Malang Raya , is the second largest in East Java after Gerbangkertosusila (Surabaya Metropolitan Area). From the perspective of Javanese culture, the majority of Malang people belong to Arekan Javanese culture. Malang
8415-413: The year is greatly influenced by the monsoon, bordering with subtropical highland climate ( Cwb ). The driest month is August with precipitation total 26 mm, while the wettest month is January with precipitation total 400 mm. The temperature is moderated by the altitude, as the city is located at 506 m above sea level. The hottest month is October with average 24.8 °C, while the coolest month
8514-555: Was a new political force that emerged to oppose Panjalu's power. This argument is reinforced by the existence of the Sukun Inscription (1083 Saka / 1161 AD) which mentions a king named Jayamerta who gave special rights to Sukun Village (allegedly in Sukun Sub-District, District Sukun, Malang) for fighting enemies. Jayamerta has never been stated explicitly or implicitly in various records that refer to information regarding both
8613-419: Was also significant for the Malang region (Tumapel) in 1432 when he was with his subordinates, Gan Eng Cu and (Duke ( Bhre ) of Arya Teja I of Tuban) and his younger brother, Gan Eng Wan, helped Ratu Maharani Sri Suhita (1429–1447 AD ) to unite Daha (Kadiri) and Tumapel after internal conflict. For his services, Bro Eng Wan was given the title Raden Arya Suganda was appointed as an official at Tumapel. Sengguruh
8712-478: Was built around 1300 AD (the reign of King Raden Wijaya) as a temple of respect, if not dharma, Raja Kertanegara along with Jawi Temple. However, there is an argument which states that this temple was being built during the reign of King Kertanegara itself as a public worship temple. The consequence of this last argument is that the construction of the temple was not completed due to the occupation of Singhasari by Jayakatwang. The Malang region (Tumapel) became one of
8811-535: Was here that King Hayam Wuruk built a stupa as a place of worship for Buddhists so that it became the Sumberawan Temple as it is now. The second is Kedung Biru. Some historians connect Kedung Biru with the location now called Dusun Biru , Gunungrejo Village, District Singosari , Malang Regency . It is called kedung (meaning: ravine) because it is on the edge of a cliff near the Klampok River. In addition to
8910-601: Was home to 3,663,691 inhabitants in 2010, spread across two cities (Malang itself and Batu ) and 22 districts (21 in Malang Regency and one in Pasuruan Regency ). Malang is the third largest city by economy in East Java, after Surabaya and Kediri , with an estimated 2016 GDP at Rp . 44.30 trillion. The city is well known for its mild climate. During Dutch colonization , it was a popular destination for European residents. Even now, Malang still holds its position as
9009-502: Was included as a peripheral of the powers of both kingdoms. However, it can be ascertained that the Malang region entered the Jenggala region at the time of this division. The division of Kahuripan shows that Mount Kawi was used as the boundary of the two new kingdoms with the eastern side obtained by Jenggala. Malang again became an important area in the history of Panjalu or Jenggala when King Jayabhaya of Panjalu conquered Jenggala . In
9108-456: Was several meters above the ground. This is reinforced by the discovery of artifacts in the form of "Watu Gong" or "Watu Kenong" in Dinoyo, Lowokwaru, Malang, whose forms are similar to traditional musical instruments, namely gong , which are actually swear or foundation of a stilt house. The growth of settlements around the river flowing in Malang became the forerunner of the ancient civilizations of
9207-455: Was spared many of the effects of the Asian financial crisis , and since that time, it has been marked by steady economic and population growth. The etymology of the name Malang is uncertain. One of the theory said that the name Malang is derived from the words Malangkuçeçwara which means "God has destroyed the false and enforced the right". The words were taken from an ancient term which mentions
9306-555: Was then led by Raden Adipati Ario Sam (R.A.A. Sam), surrendered to the Japanese who were then in power in Malang. Taking over the Government in principle continues the old system (Gemeente), only the designations in positions are replaced with Japanese . During the Japanese occupation there was a shift in the function of local buildings. The houses where the Dutch lived were transferred to Japanese use. The Dutch building on Jalan Semeru (which
9405-609: Was used as an office or the headquarters of the Dutch troops,) was converted into a Kempetai building and a Shinto shrine was also built in the city. The Kentapetai building became one of the historical buildings in Malang, which is now a private vocational school building and witnesses the disarmament of the Japanese by the People's Security Agency (BKR) in order to strengthen the defence of Malang. Chinese businessman, investor, and philanthropist Tan Kah Kee who's based in Singapore before
9504-697: Was where Jayakatwang was inspired to write Wukir Polaman, his last literary work before being executed by Raden Wijaya. In the Majapahit government structure according to the Waringin Pitu Inscription (AD 1447), the Malang region is included in the Bhumi or the capital of empire. He is a nagara (provincial equivalent) named Tumapel which is led by a rajya (governor) or natha (master) or bhre (nobleman / prince) —such as dukes . Negarakertagama also recorded King Hayam Wuruk's visit to several places in
9603-476: Was won by King Wikramawardhana , Tumapel returned to Majapahit power. When the Majapahit Kingdom arrived Admiral Cheng Ho from China ( Ming dynasty ) in 1421 AD, he agreed with King Wikramawardhana (1389–1429 AD) to place Ma Hong Fu and Ma Yung Long as ambassadors of the Ming dynasty at Tumapel. This can be attributed to Admiral Cheng Ho's diplomatic efforts to ensure the security of ethnic Chinese in
9702-424: Was won by Ken Arok. He also ordained himself as the first king of the Kingdom of Tumapel with the title Rajasa Sang Amurwabhumi. The capital itself remained in Tumapel but changed its name to Kutaraja. During the period of the transfer of the royal capital during the reign of King Wisnuwardhana from Kutaraja to Singhasari (Singosari District, Malang Regency) in 1176 Saka / 1254 AD, there was no comprehensive record of
9801-602: Was worshiped in Candi Kidal, and the Tumpang area where Raja Wisnuwardhana was dharma in Jago Temple . Another legacy is the spring of Watugede in Watugede Village, Singosari District, Malang Regency. According to Agus Irianto, the bathing staff of Watugede, Pararaton wrote that this place was often used by Ken Dedes and other prospective women to clean the body. The village elders also believe that in this place Ken Arok also saw
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