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Greater Winnipeg Water District Aqueduct

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The Greater Winnipeg Water District Aqueduct ( GWWDA ) is an aqueduct that supplies the city of Winnipeg , Manitoba , with water from Shoal Lake , Kenora District , Ontario . Winnipeg has relied on the lake as its source for safe drinking water since the aqueduct was put in service in 1919 at a cost of nearly CDN $ 16 million.

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67-397: It has a capacity of 85 million imp gal (390 million L) per day (4.4 cubic metres per second), a capacity that was planned for a city of one million inhabitants; peak water usage by the city was in 1988 and the capacity of the aqueduct has never been entirely used. The aqueduct extends approximately 154 kilometres (96 mi) from an intake structure on Shoal Lake to

134-683: A 20-day supply for the city. It is named after Thomas Russ Deacon , who as Mayor of the city drove efforts to secure the Shoal Lake water supply. The Greater Winnipeg Water District ( GWWD ) was a water district serving the Greater Winnipeg area . The GWWD covered an area of 166.8 km (64.42 sq mi) and included the City of Winnipeg (65 km); parts of the Cities of St. Boniface (17.7 km), St. James (18.8 km), and East Kildonan (9 km); parts of

201-608: A Historic Sites Advisory Board of Manitoba plaque designed in the shape of the aqueduct pipe, a Canadian Water Landmark plaque by the American Water Works Association , and a National Historic Civil Engineering Site plaque unveiled in 1994 by the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering . On 17 October 1960, the Second Branch Aqueduct was opened as a branch line built to secure the maximum capacity of

268-557: A commitment from the federal government of Prime Minister John Diefenbaker to pay up to 60% of the construction costs. Construction of the Floodway started on November 27, 1962, and finished in March 1968. The construction was a major undertaking with 76.5 million cubic metres (2.70 billion cubic feet) of earth excavated—more than what was moved for the Suez Canal . At the time,

335-426: A group of seven wells were dug. These averaged about 5.5 metres (18 ft) in diameter and varied in depth from 14 to 31 metres (46 to 102 ft). In some years, their yield was not consistent and it was evident that a more adequate supply was needed for the rapidly increasing city population. On 23 July 1906, a commission was appointed to investigate the best available source of water supply. The commission engaged

402-540: A major increase in flood protection for the City of Winnipeg. Work began in late 2005 under a provincial collective bargaining agreement and has included modifications to rail and road crossings as well as transmission line spans, upgrades to inlet control structures and fire protection, increased elevation of existing dikes (including the Brunkild dike), and the widening of the entire floodway channel. The NDP government set aside

469-601: A part of the Rural Municipality of Fort Garry , the Rural Municipality of Assiniboia , and the Rural Municipality of Kildonan . On 7 April 1913, the Winnipeg City Council appointed a Board of Consulting Engineers to estimate the cost and general plan of the project to supply the Greater Winnipeg Water District with water from Shoal Lake. This report was submitted on 20 August 1913 and contained

536-416: A portion of the construction budget for aboriginal construction firms. The Red River Floodway Expansion was completed in late 2010 at a final cost of more than $ 665,000,000. Since the completion of the expansion, the capacity of the floodway has increased to 4,000 cubic metres (140,000 cu ft) per second, the estimated level of a 1-in-700 year flood event. (Using the flow rates of Niagara Falls as

603-411: A small boat for inspections. Vent pipes in the manholes allowed controlled entry of air. Structural design was complicated by the widely varying ground conditions, ranging from rock to soft peat soil. In some places, gravel fill was brought in to replace unsuitable material excavated. The depth of backfill was intended to protect the aqueduct from freezing. To allow surface water to drain freely across

670-527: A standard of comparison, this is more than double its average of 1,833 cubic metres and about a third over its maximum.) The expanded floodway now protects over 140,000 homes, over 8,000 businesses, and will prevent more than $ 12 billion in damage to the provincial economy in the event of a 1-in-700 year flood. The NDP government was criticized by Conservative Brian Pallister , then the Member of Parliament , for requiring workers in construction companies working on

737-561: Is an artificial flood control waterway in Western Canada . It is a 47 km (29 mi) long channel which, during flood periods, takes part of the Red River 's flow around the city of Winnipeg , Manitoba to the east and discharges it back into the Red River below the dam at Lockport . It can carry floodwater at a rate of up to 140,000 cubic feet per second (4,000 m /s), expanded in

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804-615: Is the Rural Municipality of West St. Paul , with the RM of East St. Paul to its northeast. To its east, it is bounded by the CP Winnipeg Beach railway (with a sliver reaching farther to Main Street ) past McPhillips Street , sitting adjacent to the North Kildonan ward; to its west by Brookside Boulevard ( Winnipeg Route 90 ); to its south/southwest by Inkster Boulevard ( Route 23 ), adjacent to

871-533: Is the northernmost city ward of Winnipeg, Manitoba . Before the City of Winnipeg Act of 1972, it was an independent unincorporated municipality called the Municipality of Old Kildonan ; prior to that, from 1914, it was a subdivision of the Rural Municipality of Kildonan . It is bounded by the north limit of the City of Winnipeg on the north; by the CP Winnipeg Beach railway, slightly past McPhillips Street , on

938-632: The Deacon Reservoir on the east side of the Winnipeg floodway , a few kilometres south of Highway 15 . Water flows by gravity from the lake, since the aqueduct drops about 91 metres (300 ft) over its length. Access by maintenance staff to the aqueduct has been provided by the Greater Winnipeg Water District Railway , also operated by the City, since 1916. The Railway formerly provided passenger and freight rail services to

1005-521: The McPhillips Street reservoir and distribution to the City of Winnipeg began on 5 April 1919. The opening ceremony for the aqueduct was performed by Edward, Prince of Wales on 9 September 1919. As a result of steadily increasing demand for water, construction of a booster pumping station adjacent to the Greater Winnipeg Water District's surge tank in St. Boniface was completed in 1950. This station allowed

1072-555: The Municipality of Kildonan and St. James , later becoming the Rural Municipality of Kildonan in 1880/1881. From 1875 to 1914, Kildonan covered a large area on both sides of the Red River , just north of the original City of Winnipeg. In 1914, the Kildonan area was divided: the area east of the river became the RM of East Kildonan , and the area west of the river became the RM of West Kildonan . West Kildonan at that time included

1139-601: The Point Douglas ward; and to its southeast by the Mynarski ward. The ward includes such neighbourhoods as Garden City , The Maples, Amber Trail, Leila-Mcphillips Triangle, Leila North, Templeton-Sinclair, North Inkster Industrial, West Kildonan Industrial, Rosser-Old Kildonan, and Mandalay West. Old Kildonan was originally part of the Rural Municipality of Kildonan in Manitoba , from 1914 until 1921. The Parish of Kildonan

1206-515: The Shoal Lake 40 reserve was completed and officially opened. Residents of Shoal Lake 40 living on the peninsula between Indian and Snowshoe Bays were initially land-locked by the channel conveying water to Snowshoe Bay, and the water in Snowshoe Bay was often not potable . The Shoal Lake 40 First Nation community had proposed developments but they were cancelled in the interest of protecting

1273-512: The Towns of Transcona (12.8 km) and Tuxedo (1.9 km); and parts of the Municipalities of Fort Garry (20.8 km), St. Vital (14.3 km), and West Kildonan (6.2 km). It was established in 1913 as a collaboration between the City of Winnipeg and its neighbouring municipalities, who decided to invest CA$ 13.5 million to access Shoal Lake. Winnipeg Mayor Thomas R. Deacon spearheaded making Shoal Lake

1340-678: The US Federal government agreed to work with the city, its smaller sister city of Moorhead , Minnesota , as well as Cass and Clay counties to begin the formal planning process. The Federal government additionally pledged significant financial support for the project. The result was the Fargo-Moorhead Area Diversion Project , which is currently under construction as of 2024. 50°05′24″N 96°56′03″W  /  50.090005°N 96.934079°W  / 50.090005; -96.934079 Old Kildonan Old Kildonan

1407-426: The 2000s from its original channel capacity of 90,000 cubic feet per second (2,500 m /s). The Floodway was pejoratively nicknamed Duff's Ditch by opponents of its construction, after Premier Duff Roblin , whose Progressive Conservative government initiated the project, partly in response to the disastrous 1950 Red River flood . It was completed in time and under budget. Subsequent events have vindicated

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1474-518: The District completed a direct 41-centimetre (16 in) diameter pipe connection between the aqueduct and the Municipality of St. Vital, the cost being borne between the District and St. Vital. A pumping station was paid for and operated by St. Vital. Equipment to fluoridate the water supply was installed at the aqueduct intake and operations commenced on 28 December 1956. In June 2019, a road to serve

1541-434: The District to fully develop the capacity of the existing works and to increase the flow to the City of Winnipeg from 30 to 42 million gallons per day. The station was equipped with three 20 million gallons per day pumping units with electrically controlled switchgear and electrically operated discharge valves. This was the first major addition to the District's aqueduct since the original works were completed in 1919. In 1954,

1608-500: The Floodway, as defined in legislation, during the night of April 30 / May 1, to prevent waters in Winnipeg from rising above the designed limit of 24.5 ft (7.5 m) above the "James Avenue datum", but causing additional flooding upriver. Winnipeg Mayor Susan Thompson , announcing that the design limit had been reached, misinterpreted this as good news that the flooding had peaked. City sand-bagging stopped, and national reporters left

1675-553: The GWWD Aqueduct. At the branch's official opening, a plaque and stone & metal sculpture were also unveiled. Originally located on the west side of Pembina Highway , it was moved in 1988 when Bishop Grandin Boulevard was extended west from River Road to Waverley Street and the underpass at Pembina Highway had to be built. Winnipeg Floodway The Red River Floodway ( French : Canal de dérivation de la rivière Rouge )

1742-591: The Leader of the Opposition and head of the Manitoba Progressive Conservative Party, but it was vehemently denounced by opponents as a monumental, and potentially ruinous, waste of money. Indeed, the projected Red River Floodway was derisively referred to as “Duff”s Folly” and “Duff’s Ditch”, and decried as “approximating the building of the pyramids of Egypt in terms of usefulness.” The construction of

1809-570: The Province of Manitoba in 1870. Following the signing of Treaty 1 with the Chippewa ( Anishinabe ) and Cree First Nations in 1871, settlement increased in the region and the process of municipal development had accelerated. In 1875, Kildonan became one of the districts of the Red River Colony , and originally rivalled Fort Garry in the Winnipeg area. In 1876, the community was incorporated as

1876-537: The Red River Floodway since it was completed in 1968. The 1997 flood was a 100-year flood . It came close to overwhelming Winnipeg's existing flood protection system. At the time, the Winnipeg Floodway was designed to protect against a flow of 60,000 cu ft/s (1,700 m /s), but the 1997 flow was 63,000 cu ft/s (1,800 m /s). To compensate, the province broke operational rules for

1943-425: The Red River, and a booster pumping station on the east bank of the Red River capable of delivering 50 million gallons per day to the reservoirs at McPhillips Street. Surveying along the route of the aqueduct began in 1913 and construction commenced on 1 March 1914. The first work to be undertaken was the building of a 110-mile (180 km) railway, including siding and spurs, a telephone line, clearing and fencing of

2010-576: The Woods watershed, approval was required from the International Joint Commission which administered the 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty between the United States and Canada. The project was carried out as outlined in the engineering report with the addition of a 250 million gallon reservoir at Deacon (about eight miles east of St. Boniface), a second 5-foot 6-inch pressure pipe from Deacon to

2077-580: The aqueduct crosses eight rivers. The conduit was built using the "cut and cover" method with an unreinforced concrete arch resting on a cast in place base invert. Sections at road and rail crossings had reinforcing steel. Siphon crossings of rivers were made as reinforced round concrete tubes. The interior dimensions of the aqueduct were selected so that no internal pressure was developed by the water flow; nineteen different interior sections were required. For inspection and maintenance, manholes were provided at approximately 1 mile intervals, which allow insertion of

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2144-577: The aqueduct's nominal capacity and allow for maintenance shutdowns of the aqueduct without interrupting the city's water supply. The McPhillips reservoir in the north-west part of the city holds 227 megalitres. The Wilkes reservoir in the southern part holds 251 megalitres. The McLean reservoir in the eastern part of the city holds 205 megalitres. The Deacon reservoir near 49°50′57.29″N 96°56′07.63″W  /  49.8492472°N 96.9354528°W  / 49.8492472; -96.9354528 , built in 1972 with eight open cells, holds 8800 megalitres, equal to

2211-404: The area of current-day Old Kildonan. However, because West Kildonan had been developed as a residential suburb of Winnipeg, and wanted expensive urban services, while Old Kildonan remained primarily rural , and still had the rural farming character of the "Old" Parish of Kildonan, the two areas (along with North Kildonan ) divided into separate municipalities on 1 July 1921. After the division of

2278-447: The area, the first elected reeve of Old Kildonan was Robert Toshack, with Councillor H. J. Seymour elected by acclamation in June 1921. The area did not see substantial development until the late 1960s with the construction of The Maples subdivision , and even today contains substantial undeveloped areas and a number of farms. Following the City of Winnipeg Act of 1972, Old Kildonan

2345-442: The city to manageable amounts. The resulting upstream back-up of the Red River then flows into the adjacent floodway entrance, diverting the excess flow that could not be safely handled by the river channel within the city. Under flood conditions, even when the floodway is in operation, the Red River within the city will still carry greater than normal amounts of water and some local flood mitigation measures still may be required within

2412-461: The city's water source, a project he had supported long before becoming mayor in 1913. In January 1913, a series of meetings was held between Winnipeg and the municipalities, who reached an agreement on draft legislation to form a water district. On February 15 that year, An Act to incorporate the ‘Greater Winnipeg Water District,’ was assented to in the Manitoba Legislature . The District

2479-445: The city's water source, a project he had supported long before becoming mayor in 1913. The engineer's report also recommended sinking of additional wells to maintain a supply until the larger system could be completed. In January 1913, a series of meetings was held between Winnipeg and several municipalities in the surrounding region, who reached an agreement on draft legislation to form a metropolitan water district . This resulted in

2546-407: The city, but the water continued to rise inside and outside of the city until the peak late on May 3 / early on May 4. The city officials have said that the peak occurred on May 1; scientific reports record a peak on May 3/4. Since the 1997 flood resulted in water levels that took the existing floodway to the limits of its capacity, various levels of government commissioned engineering studies for

2613-518: The city. The rise in river levels upstream of the gates when in operation needs to be contained by a diking system. The West Dike which extends to near the village of Brunkild is the limiting factor on the volume of water that can be diverted around the city, as a result of the extremely low grades in the area. This dike was urgently extended by 42 km from its previous western terminus near Domain MB in 1997 to prevent flood water from doing an end run around

2680-472: The creation of the Greater Winnipeg Water District (GWWD), incorporated by an Act of the Manitoba Legislature , assented to on 15 February 1913. The Act was passed contingent on the plan being approved by Winnipeg voters. The matter was submitted to vote on 1 May 1913 with 2,226 people in favour and 369 against. The areas included in the district were the City of Winnipeg, City of St. Boniface , Town of Transcona , and Rural Municipality of St. Vital , as well as

2747-475: The east; Brookside Boulevard ( Winnipeg Route 90 ) on the west; and by Inkster Boulevard ( Route 23 ) on the south. The ward falls within the community area of Seven Oaks and is served by the Seven Oaks School Division . Its population was 47,155 as of the 2016 census . Old Kildonan is the northernmost city ward in Winnipeg, stretching to the city's north perimeter. Directly to its north

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2814-591: The expenditure of a large sum of money. Consequently, the water supply project was postponed until 1912. In 1912, the Public Utilities Commissioner, at the request of the City of Winnipeg, caused an investigation to be made and obtained an engineering report that recommended Shoal Lake, Kenora District, Ontario —the western tributary of the Lake of the Woods watershed—as the source of water supply. Winnipeg Mayor Thomas R. Deacon spearheaded making Shoal Lake

2881-470: The extreme southeastern part of Winnipeg and the rural municipalities of Ritchot , Springfield , East St. Paul , and St. Clements . Following the submission of the Royal Commission report Manitobans were strongly divided as to whether the province could afford the capital costs of a mammoth engineering project that would benefit primarily Winnipeg. The project was championed by Dufferin (Duff) Roblin,

2948-431: The floodway and Assiniboine River works, would entail a capital cost of over $ 72 million, amortized over fifty years at 4% interest, at a time when the province had a population of only 900,000 and an annual net provincial revenue of about $ 74 million. Following the formation of a new provincial government in June 1958, Duff Roblin, the newly elected Premier of Manitoba, continued to promote the floodway, and managed to secure

3015-421: The floodway inlet. Primarily as a result of the Floodway, the city suffered little flood damage. After the 1997 flood, a 2004 re-assessment of the floodway and its channel capacity indicated that 2,500 m /s (90,000 cu ft/s) could be passed through the floodway during a major flood, but this is considered above the design capacity as it would submerge bridges, and the decision was made to further expand

3082-517: The floodway to unionize. Pallister, MP for the Portage—Lisgar constituency and future Manitoba premier, told parliament, "the Manitoba NDP government is planning to proceed with a plan to force every worker on the Red River floodway expansion to unionize, despite the fact that 95% of Manitoba's construction companies are not unionized." The diversion of flood water has been criticized for shifting

3149-400: The floodway were deeper. There is also potential for pressures to increase in the aquifers, causing a "blowout" to occur, where water would flow from the aquifers in the ground to the surface and reduce the capacity of the Floodway. Officials decided widening the floodway would be the best option despite the lower hydraulic capacity that would result. Below are the peak flow rates recorded on

3216-406: The floodway. Although the term "floodway gates" is used for the control structure, this is a misnomer as the gates are actually on the Red River as it enters the city and not on the floodway channel. When Red River flows exceed what can safely be handled by the river channel within the city, the gates begin to close by rising up out of the river bed, to the degree needed, restricting water flow into

3283-716: The following recommendations: The aqueduct between Shoal Lake and the Deacon Reservoir was to have a capacity of 390 million L (85 million imp gal) per day and the pressure portion to be capable of delivering to the McPhillips Street reservoirs about 140 million L (30 million imp gal) per day. The engineers estimated the total cost of the intake, diversion works, concrete aqueduct, pressure portion, and tunnel to be CA$ 13,045,600, excluding costs for land acquisition and for interest charges during construction. The engineering report

3350-702: The impact of flooding from urban Winnipeg to rural communities such as Emerson, Morris, St Adolphe. In 1997 these towns and the surrounding farm buildings and lands ended up with the bulk of the flood water in order to save Winnipeg from flood damage. In 2011, the Manitoba government intentionally diverted water from the Assiniboine River to save Winnipeg which ended up flooding communities around Lake Manitoba - The communities of Pinaymootang, Lake St. Martin, Little Saskatchewan and Dauphin River were severely impacted, as well as

3417-541: The north bank of the river immediately downstream from the Maryland Street Bridge. In April 1899, the City of Winnipeg purchased the plant of the Water Works Company for $ 237,650, making it a municipally-owned and operated utility . At this time, the source of supply was changed from the Assiniboine River to artesian wells . In October 1900, the well supply was placed in operation. Between 1900 and 1908,

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3484-439: The original dike. In 2003, the province announced plans to expand the Floodway, increasing its flow capacity from 1,700 to 4,000 m /s (60,000 to 141,000 cu ft/s). It was decided to widen the Floodway as opposed to deepening it because of the soil and ground conditions in the area. Many underground aquifers in the area are used for drinking water for rural residents and the aquifers could potentially be contaminated if

3551-509: The other was in use. Again, to prevent cold air from entering, the intake level was well below the lake level. Initially the aqueduct terminated at a reservoir built on McPhillips Street, which had been the center of the city's original water system. The design of the project included provisions for an additional reservoir approximately 13-mile (21 km) east of the McPhillips reservoir. This would allow for peak loads to be served in excess of

3618-540: The path of the aqueduct, inverted siphons were installed at fifty-six locations. Freezing was prevented by ensuring the outlet level was always below water level, preventing cold air from entering the siphon. Since the Falcon River entering Shoal Lake drains a considerable area of muskeg, a dike was built in the lake to prevent brown, organics-laden water from being drawn into the aqueduct. The intake structure included dual intake chambers to allow for maintenance of one while

3685-399: The plan, leading to the nickname becoming an affectionate one . Since its completion in 1968, the Floodway is estimated to have prevented over $ 40 billion in cumulative flood damage. It was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 2000, as the floodway is an outstanding engineering achievement both in terms of function and impact. From south to north, the Floodway passes through

3752-518: The project was the second largest earth-moving project in the world – next only to the construction of the Panama Canal . The total cost at the time was $ 63 million, equivalent to approximately $ 505 million today. The Floodway protection system includes more than just the channel to the east of the city, but also the dikes along the river through Winnipeg and the West Dike extending to the southwest from

3819-508: The public, from Winnipeg to the rail station at the Shoal Lake aqueduct intake. The first water supply system in Winnipeg was installed and operated by the private Winnipeg Water Works Company, which obtained its charter on 30 December 1880. The charter was for a 20-year period and the works were put into operation in 1882. The source of supply was the Assiniboine River , the intake and pumping station being located at Armstrong's Point on

3886-555: The right-of-way, and completion of the Falcon River diversion. Construction of the aqueduct began in May 1915 and was virtually completed by the end of 1918. The Falcon River dam was constructed to divert discoloured water from the Falcon River through the newly-created lake at the west end of Indian Bay and a channel was dug to convey this water to Snowshoe Bay , away from the aqueduct inlet. On 29 March 1919, water from Shoal Lake arrived at

3953-516: The same price, to the several participating municipalities. This price was at first based on the cost of maintenance, operation, and management; the Greater Winnipeg Water District Act provided that interest and sinking fund charges should be levied on land only. The GWWD Act was amended in 1927 to allow a maximum price of five cents per thousand gallons to be charged, which became effective on 1 January 1938. Any surplus from sales

4020-531: The services of a group of engineers which, on 29 August 1907, submitted a report that recommended the City to go to the Winnipeg River for its future water supply. The commission endorsed this recommendation and forwarded it to the Winnipeg City Council on 30 October 1907. At this time, the City was undertaking the building of a hydro electric generating station at Pointe du Bois and was committed to

4087-489: The surrounding farmland and cottages. The city of Fargo , North Dakota faces very similar flooding challenges to Winnipeg due to its similar topography and position upstream of the Red River. In 2008, the US Army Corps of Engineers began a feasibility study of flood mitigation techniques for the area. During this study, the city faced catastrophic flooding , catapulting the project into public consciousness. In 2010,

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4154-651: The watershed. In lieu of these cancelled developments, a trust fund for the First Nation was set up, to which both the City of Winnipeg and the Province of Manitoba both contribute to. The entry structure is located at Indian Bay , Shoal Lake, Ontario. On its way to Winnipeg the aqueduct and railway pass through East Braintree, McMunn, Hadashville , Spruce, Larkhill, Monominto, Millbrook and Deacon stations. The system consists of about 83-mile (134 km) of buried concrete unpressurized conduit and 9.9-mile (16 km) of buried pressurized inverted siphons . Over its length

4221-594: Was administered by a Board composed of the Mayor of Winnipeg and four other members of City Council ; the Mayor of St. Boniface and one other member of its City Council; and the Mayors of St. James, East Kildonan, Transcona, Fort Garry, St. Vital, West Kildonan, and Tuxedo. The Mayor of Winnipeg was the ex officio Chairman, and the work of the corporation was managed by a Board of Commissioners consisting of one to three persons. The District sold water in bulk—without pressure—and at

4288-464: Was adopted by the Administration Board of the Greater Winnipeg Water District on 6 September 1913. A by-law was passed to raise the sum of $ 13,500,000 for the project by the issue and sale of debentures. The plan was put to Winnipeg voters on 1 October 1913 and was approved by a vote of 2,951 in favour and 90 against. As Shoal Lake is connected with, and is part of, the trans-boundary Lake of

4355-598: Was amalgamated into the City of Winnipeg along with the other Kildonans and several other municipalities. Prior to its 1972 amalgamation, Old Kildonan was led by the following elected reeves : The ward falls within the community area of Seven Oaks and is served by the Seven Oaks School Division . Its population was 39,358 as of the 2011 census , growing to 47,155 as of the 2016 census . In 2017, to help balance ward populations, Winnipeg's Wards Boundaries Commission moved two neighbourhoods from Old Kildonan to North Kildonan : Riverbend and Rivergrove. In 2018, from

4422-607: Was founded in 1812 by the Scottish philanthropist Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk , who named it Kildonan in 1817 for the Strath of Kildonan in Sutherlandshire , Scotland , from where many of the early settlers had come. There, in 1851, the first Presbyterian Church in western Canada was established. The area was administered by the Council of Assiniboia until the creation of

4489-491: Was used to reduce the annual level based on the findings on an equalization board The District also operated a railway service between St. Boniface and Shoal Lake, and a sand and gravel business. The GWWD was eventually succeeded by the City of Winnipeg Water and Waste Department. A stone monument was unveiled at the foot of James Avenue in Stephen Juba Park in Winnipeg to commemorate the aqueduct. The monument includes

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