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71-526: The Red River has flooded the Red River Valley numerous times since the late 1800s, and eight of the top 10 floods have occurred since 1989. When it is ready to operate in 2027, the roughly $ 3.2 billion project will protect more than 273,000 people in the Fargo-Moorhead metropolitan area from catastrophic flooding. Ultimately, it also will free residents and businesses from the need for flood insurance once

142-446: A canal's full capacity may cause flooding to spread to other waterways and areas of the community, which causes damage. Defenses (both long-term and short-term) can be constructed to minimize damage, which involves raising the edge of the water with levees , embankments or walls. The high population and value of infrastructure at risk often justifies the high cost of mitigation in larger urban areas. The most effective way of reducing

213-637: A 1 in 1000 year flood (light blue) and low-lying areas in need of flood defence (purple). The most sustainable way of reducing risk is to prevent further development in flood-prone areas and old waterways. It is important for at-risk communities to develop a comprehensive Floodplain Management plan. In the US, communities that participate in the National Flood Insurance Program must agree to regulate development in flood-prone areas. One way of reducing

284-538: A 100-year flood and provide fightable protection for a 500-year flood. Stormwater Diversion Channel and Associated Infrastructure The Stormwater Diversion Channel and Associated Infrastructure section of the FM Area Diversion project includes a 30-mile stormwater diversion channel that will route water around the metro area, a diversion outlet, aqueducts on the Maple and Sheyenne rivers, fourteen drainage inlets tied to

355-511: A certain amount of space in which floodwaters can fill. Other beneficial uses of dam created reservoirs include hydroelectric power generation, water conservation , and recreation. Reservoir and dam construction and design is based upon standards, typically set out by the government. In the United States, dam and reservoir design is regulated by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Design of

426-556: A coast). The spawning grounds for fish and other wildlife habitats can become polluted or completely destroyed. Some prolonged high floods can delay traffic in areas which lack elevated roadways. Floods can interfere with drainage and economical use of lands, such as interfering with farming. Structural damage can occur in bridge abutments , bank lines, sewer lines, and other structures within floodways. Waterway navigation and hydroelectric power are often impaired. Financial losses due to floods are typically millions of dollars each year, with

497-513: A dam and reservoir follows guidelines set by the USACE and covers topics such as design flow rates in consideration to meteorological, topographic, streamflow, and soil data for the watershed above the structure. The term dry dam refers to a dam that serves purely for flood control without any conservation storage (e.g. Mount Morris Dam , Seven Oaks Dam ). Flood control channels are large and empty basins where surface water can flow through but

568-814: A feasibility study for flood protection in the Fargo-Moorhead area in September 2008, with the initial Draft Feasibility Report and Environmental Impact Statement published in 2010. The goals of the study were to find a plan that reduced flood risk and damages to the Fargo-Moorhead area, restored or improved habitat along the rivers in the area, provided additional wetland habitat and recreational opportunities with flood risk management features. The initial study looked at multiple alternatives that could reduce flooding, including no action (continuing to use emergency measures and sand bags), nonstructural measures, construction of flood barriers and levees, diversion channels and flood storage. Two diversion concepts were carried forward at

639-680: A federally subsidized $ 569 million loan for 2.08% interest from the United States Environmental Protection Agency, $ 55 million in State Revolving Fund loans from the North Dakota Public Finance Agency, and $ 280 million in U.S. Department of Transportation Private Activity Bonds. The FM Area Diversion project includes multiple components in four key areas that, together, will protect the community from flooding by 2027. It's designed to withstand

710-468: A female householder with no husband present, and 27.4% were non-families. 21.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.76. In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.1% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 32.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

781-417: A flood does happen, the city can recover quickly and costs are minimized. For example, homes can be put on stilts, electrical and HVAC equipment can be put on the roof instead of in the basement, and subway entrances and tunnels can have built-in movable water barriers. New York City began a substantial effort to plan and build for flood resilience after Hurricane Sandy . Flood resilience technologies support

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852-622: A lowhead dam, is most often used to create millponds , but on the Humber River in Toronto, a weir was built near Raymore Drive to prevent a recurrence of the flood damage caused by Hurricane Hazel in October 1954. The Leeds flood alleviation scheme uses movable weirs which are lowered during periods of high water to reduce the chances of flooding upstream. Two such weirs, the first in the UK, were installed on

923-405: A method of using water to control flooding was discovered. This was accomplished by containing 2 parallel tubes within a third outer tube. When filled, this structure formed a non-rolling wall of water that can control 80 percent of its height in external water depth, with dry ground behind it. Eight foot tall water filled barriers were used to surround Fort Calhoun Nuclear Generating Station during

994-444: A mix of both natural processes, such as extreme weather upstream, and human changes to waterbodies and runoff. Flood management methods can be either of the structural type (i.e. flood control) and of the non-structural type. Structural methods hold back floodwaters physically, while non-structural methods do not. Building hard infrastructure to prevent flooding, such as flood walls , is effective at managing flooding. However, it

1065-469: A portion of the facility. AquaFence consists of interlocking panels which are waterproof and puncture-resistant, can be bolted down to resist winds, and use the weight of floodwater to hold them in place. Materials include marine-grade batlic laminate, stainless steel, aluminum and reinforced PVC canvas. The panels are reusable and can be stored flat between uses. The technology was designed as an alternative to building seawalls or placing sandbags in

1136-515: A variety of road and railroad crossings, road grade raises, floodwalls/levees, stormwater lift stations, channel inlets, wetland restoration acreage and mitigation projects The project was authorized for construction by the Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014. The design and construction are being done using a split-delivery model, with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and its non-federal sponsors completing different parts of

1207-629: A wide range of flood management methods including but are not limited to flood mapping and physical implication measures. Flood risk management looks at how to reduce flood risk and how to appropriately manage risks that are associated with flooding. Flood risk management includes mitigating and preparing for flooding disasters, analyzing risk, and providing a risk analysis system to mitigate the negative impacts caused by flooding. Flooding and flood risk are especially important with more extreme weather and sea level rise caused by climate change as more areas will be effected by flood risk. Flood mapping

1278-559: Is a broad term that includes measures to control or mitigate flood waters, such as actions to prevent floods from occurring or to minimize their impacts when they do occur. Flood management methods can be structural or non-structural: There are several related terms that are closely connected or encompassed by flood management. Flood management can include flood risk management, which focuses on measures to reduce risk, vulnerability and exposure to flood disasters and providing risk analysis through, for example, flood risk assessment . In

1349-507: Is a city in Cass County , North Dakota , United States. The population was 480 at the 2020 census . Increasing from 147 two decades earlier due to a huge housing boom from 2004 to 2008. Argusville was founded in 1881. Argusville was platted in 1881, when the railroad was extended to that point. The city most likely derived its name from a local newspaper, the Daily Argus . A post office

1420-575: Is a flood defense system designed to protect people and property from inland waterway floods caused by heavy rainfall, gales, or rapid melting snow. The SCFB can be built to protect residential properties and whole communities, as well as industrial or other strategic areas. The barrier system is constantly ready to deploy in a flood situation, it can be installed in any length and uses the rising flood water to deploy. When permanent defenses fail, emergency measures such as sandbags , inflatable impermeable sacks, or other temporary barriers are used. In 1988,

1491-681: Is a related but separate concept describing a broader set of strategies taken to reduce flood risk and potential impact while improving resilience against flood events. As climate change has led to increased flood risk an intensity, flood management is an important part of climate change adaptation and climate resilience . For example, to prevent or manage coastal flooding , coastal management practices have to handle natural processes like tides but also sea level rise due to climate change. The prevention and mitigation of flooding can be studied on three levels: on individual properties, small communities, and whole towns or cities. Flood management

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1562-472: Is a tool used by governments and policy makers to delineate the borders of potential flooding events, allowing educated decisions to prevent extreme flooding events. Flood maps are useful to create documentation that allows policy makers to make informed decisions about flood hazards. Flood mapping also provides conceptual models to both the public and private sectors with information about flooding hazards. Flood mapping has been criticized in many areas around

1633-621: Is being funded and financed through federal, state and local sources. The project received $ 750 million from the federal government, which includes $ 437 million from the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. North Dakota allocated $ 850 million to the project, and Minnesota contributed $ 135 million. Local sales taxes approved by voters in Fargo and Cass County, N.D., will generate an anticipated $ 1.2 billion to pay long-term debt service. The project also locked in low-interest loans, including

1704-420: Is best practice within landscape engineering to rely more on soft infrastructure and natural systems , such as marshes and flood plains , for handling the increase in water. Flood management can include flood risk management, which focuses on measures to reduce risk, vulnerability and exposure to flood disasters and providing risk analysis through, for example, flood risk assessment . Flood mitigation

1775-470: Is completed and turned over for operation. The agreement provides for milestone payments throughout construction as well as for RRVA taking on the project's operation and maintenance for 30 years after its completion. The Red River has flooded the Fargo-Moorhead area numerous times, with the most recent significant flood events taking place in 1997, 2009 and 2011 ( 1997 Red River flood , 2009 Red River flood , 2011 Red River flood ). Several tributaries along

1846-520: Is indicated and in such cases environmentally helpful solutions may provide solutions. Natural flooding has many beneficial environmental effects. This kind of flooding is usually a seasonal occurrence where floods help replenish soil fertility, restore wetlands and promote biodiversity . Flooding has many impacts. It damages property and endangers the lives of humans and other species. Rapid water runoff causes soil erosion and concomitant sediment deposition elsewhere (such as further downstream or down

1917-404: Is not retained (except during flooding ), or dry channels that run below the street levels of some larger cities , so that if a flash flood occurs the excess water can drain out along these channels into a river or other bodies of water . Flood channels are sometimes built on the former courses of natural waterways as a way to reduce flooding. Channelization of this sort was commonly done in

1988-735: Is part of environmental engineering . It involves the management of water movement, such as redirecting flood run-off through the use of floodwalls and flood gates to prevent floodwaters from reaching a particular area. Flood mitigation is a related but separate concept describing a broader set of strategies taken to reduce flood risk and potential impact while improving resilience against flood events. These methods include prevention, prediction (which enables flood warnings and evacuation), proofing (e.g.: zoning regulations), physical control ( nature-based solutions and physical structures like dams and flood walls ) and insurance (e.g.: flood insurance policies). Flood relief methods are used to reduce

2059-472: Is the first P3 ever done in conjunction with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and is a pilot project for the split-delivery model nationwide. It's also the first P3 water management project in North America, and the first green finance initiative in the United States specifically designed for climate change adaptation. Under the project agreements, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is designing and constructing

2130-436: The 2011 Missouri River Flooding . Instead of trucking in sandbag material for a flood, stacking it, then trucking it out to a hazmat disposal site, flood control can be accomplished by using the on site water. However, these are not fool proof. A 8 feet (2.4 m) high 2,000 feet (610 m) long water filled rubber flood berm that surrounded portions of the plant was punctured by a skid-steer loader and it collapsed flooding

2201-479: The River Aire in October 2017 at Crown Point, Leeds city centre and Knostrop . The Knostrop weir was operated during the 2019 England floods . They are designed to reduce potential flood levels by up to one metre. Coastal flooding is addressed with coastal defenses, such as sea walls , beach nourishment , and barrier islands . Tide gates are used in conjunction with dykes and culverts. They can be placed at

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2272-470: The census of 2010, there were 475 people, 151 households, and 128 families living in the city. The population density was 118.5 inhabitants per square mile (45.8/km ). There were 152 housing units at an average density of 37.9 units per square mile (14.6 units/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 97.9% White , 0.2% African American , 1.5% Native American , and 0.4% from two or more races. There were 151 households, of which 58.9% had children under

2343-465: The poverty line . Amtrak ’s Empire Builder , which operates between Seattle / Portland and Chicago , passes through the town on BNSF tracks, but makes no stop. The nearest station is located in Fargo , 16 miles (26 km) to the south. Flood risk management Flood management describes methods used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of flood waters. Flooding can be caused by

2414-458: The 1960s, but is now often being undone, with "rechannelization" through meandering, vegetated, porous paths. This is because channellizing the flow in a concrete chute often made flooding worse. Water levels during a flood tend to rise, then fall, exponentially. The peak flood level occurs as a very steep, short spike; a quick spurt of water. Anything that slows the surface runoff (marshes, meanders, vegetation, porous materials, turbulent flow,

2485-795: The Red River also flood and cause damage in the Fargo-Moorhead area, including the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River , Maple River, Rush River and Lower Rush River. The Red River routinely exceeds the National Weather Service flood stage of 18 feet at the United States Geological Survey (USGS) gauge in Fargo (Fargo gauge). As of 2023, the Red River had reached this stage in 60 of the previous 124 years (1902 through 2023), and in every year except 2012, 2016 and 2021 from 1993 through 2013. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers conducted

2556-426: The age of 18 living with them, 76.8% were married couples living together, 4.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 15.2% were non-families. 11.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.15 and the average family size was 3.42. The median age in

2627-504: The amount of mitigation needed to protect humans and buildings from flooding events. Similarly, flood warning systems are important for reducing risks. Following the occurrence of flooding events, other measures such as rebuilding plans and insurance can be integrated into flood risk management plans. Flood risk management strategy diversification is needed to ensure that management strategies cover several different scenarios and ensure best practices. Flood risk management aims to reduce

2698-650: The building site, including scour protection for shoreline developments, improving rainwater in filtration through the use of permeable paving materials and grading away from structures, and inclusion of berms , wetlands or swales in the landscape. When more homes, shops and infrastructure are threatened by the effects of flooding, then the benefits of protection are worth the additional cost. Temporary flood defenses can be constructed in certain locations which are prone to floods and provide protection from rising flood waters. Rivers running through large urban developments are often controlled and channeled. Water rising above

2769-589: The capacity of stormwater systems. This separates stormwater from blackwater , so that overflows in peak periods do not contaminate rivers. One example is the SMART Tunnel in Kuala Lumpur. Some methods of flood control have been practiced since ancient times. These methods include planting vegetation to retain extra water, terracing hillsides to slow flow downhill, and the construction of floodways (man-made channels to divert floodwater). Other techniques include

2840-547: The channel, three railroad crossings, two interstate highway crossings, and 12 county road crossings. It is being built by ASN Constructors. Southern Embankment and Associated Infrastructure The Southern Embankment and Associated Infrastructure portion of the FM Area Diversion project includes a 22-mile earthen embankment, road raises, bridge crossings and three gated structures. The structures have large, radial-arm Tainter gates that will open or close to control floodwater levels during times of extreme flooding. The gates tie into

2911-446: The city was 31.7 years. 38.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 38.1% were from 25 to 44; 15.1% were from 45 to 64; and 4.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53.3% male and 46.7% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 147 people, 62 households, and 45 families living in the city, though the town had a housing boom from 2004 to 2009. The population density

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2982-417: The construction of levees, lakes, dams, reservoirs, retention ponds to hold extra water during times of flooding. Many dams and their associated reservoirs are designed completely or partially to aid in flood protection and control. Many large dams have flood-control reservations in which the level of a reservoir must be kept below a certain elevation before the onset of the rainy/summer melt season to allow

3053-473: The context of natural hazards and disasters , risk management involves "plans, actions, strategies or policies to reduce the likelihood and/or magnitude of adverse potential consequences, based on assessed or perceived risks". Flood control , flood protection , flood defence and flood alleviation are all terms that mean "the detention and/or diversion of water during flood events for the purpose of reducing discharge or downstream inundation". Flood control

3124-568: The damage caused by flooding is to remove buildings from flood-prone areas, leaving them as parks or returning them to wilderness. Floodplain buyout programs have been operated in places like New Jersey (both before and after Hurricane Sandy ), Charlotte , North Carolina, and Missouri . In the United States, FEMA produces flood insurance rate maps that identify areas of future risk, enabling local governments to apply zoning regulations to prevent or minimize property damage. Buildings and other urban infrastructure can be designed so that even if

3195-541: The effects of flood waters or high water levels during a flooding event. They include evacuation plans and rescue operations. Flood relief is part of the response and recovery phase in a flood management plan. Floods are caused by many factors or a combination of any of these generally prolonged heavy rainfall (locally concentrated or throughout a catchment area), highly accelerated snowmelt , severe winds over water, unusual high tides, tsunamis , or failure of dams, levees , retention ponds , or other structures that retained

3266-630: The end of the study, including a diversion channel in Minnesota and a diversion channel in North Dakota. However, in 2016, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources denied a permit for the project. In October 2017, North Dakota Governor Doug Burgum and then-Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton created a joint task force to develop engineering options to address the Minnesota DNR's concerns about

3337-443: The fast recovery of individuals and communities affected, but their use remains limited. Flooding can occur in cities or towns as urban flooding . It can also take place by the sea as coastal flooding . Sea level rise can make coastal flooding worse. In some areas there are also risks of glacial lake outburst floods . There are many adaptation options for flooding: More frequent drenching rains may make it necessary to increase

3408-811: The flow", and deliberately flood some low-lying areas, ideally vegetated, to act as sponges, letting them drain again as the floodwaters go down. Excess water can be used for groundwater replenishment by diversion onto land that can absorb the water. This technique can reduce the impact of later droughts by using the ground as a natural reservoir. It is being used in California, where orchards and vineyards can be flooded without damaging crops, or in other places wilderness areas have been re-engineered to act as floodplains. In many countries, rivers are prone to floods and are often carefully managed. Defenses such as levees, bunds , reservoirs, and weirs are used to prevent rivers from bursting their banks. A weir, also known as

3479-441: The gate. A flood barrier , surge barrier or storm surge barrier is a specific type of floodgate , designed to prevent a storm surge or spring tide from flooding the protected area behind the barrier. A surge barrier is almost always part of a larger flood protection system consisting of floodwalls , levees (also known as dikes), and other constructions and natural geographical features. The self-closing flood barrier (SCFB)

3550-520: The human and socio-economic losses caused by flooding and is part of the larger field of risk management . Flood risk management analyzes the relationships between physical systems and socio-economic environments through flood risk assessment and tries to create understanding and action about the risks posed by flooding. The relationships cover a wide range of topics, from drivers and natural processes, to models and socio-economic consequences. This relationship examines management methods which includes

3621-422: The main drivers of floods interact with each other. Flood modelling combines factors such as terrain, hydrology , and urban topography to reproduce the evolution of a flood in order to identify the different levels of flooding risks associated with each element exposed. The modelling can be carried out using hydraulic models, conceptual models, or geomorphic methods. Nowadays, there is a growing attention also in

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3692-427: The mouth of streams or small rivers, where an estuary begins or where tributary streams, or drainage ditches connect to sloughs . Tide gates close during incoming tides to prevent tidal waters from moving upland, and open during outgoing tides to allow waters to drain out via the culvert and into the estuary side of the dike. The opening and closing of the gates is driven by a difference in water level on either side of

3763-642: The overall project, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Metro Flood Diversion Authority are implementing a number of mitigation projects. Among these are funding and/or constructing levees in nearby communities, completing wetland restoration projects, and acquiring flowage easements for properties that will be impacted when the FM Area Diversion project operates. Local Entity Flood Protection and Associated Infrastructure City and county governments are working on in-town protection measures that include levees, floodwalls, stormwater lift stations, road improvements and grade raises. Argusville, ND Argusville

3834-439: The path of floodwaters. Other solutions, such as HydroSack , are polypropylene exteriors with wood pulp within, though they are one-time use. There are several methods of non-structural flood management that form part of flood risk management strategies. These can involve policies that reduces the amount of urban structures built around floodplains or flood prone areas through land zoning regulations. This helps to reduce

3905-539: The production of maps obtained with remote sensing . Flood modelling is helpful for determining building development practices and hazard mitigation methods that reduce the risks associated with flooding. Stakeholder engagement is a useful tool for flood risk management that allows enhanced public engagement for agreements to be reached on policy discussions. Different management considerations can be taken into account including emergency management and disaster risk reduction goals, interactions of land-use planning with

3976-528: The project is certified by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The project includes a 30-mile stormwater diversion channel that extends from just south of Horace, ND, to north of Argusville, ND (across from Georgetown, MN ). It also incorporates a 22-mile earthen embankment south of the city of Fargo , two first-of-their-kind aqueducts to enable fish passage across the channel, three gated structures to control water flows, and

4047-588: The project simultaneously. A Project Partnership Agreement pairs the Corps of Engineers with the project's non-federal sponsors — the Metro Flood Diversion Authority, City of Fargo, ND , and City of Moorhead, MN . The Metro Flood Diversion Authority, a permanent North Dakota political subdivision, oversees the non-federal work, which includes a public-private partnership (P3) for the stormwater diversion channel and its associated infrastructure. The project

4118-525: The project's impacts. The Metro Flood Diversion Authority submitted its Plan B proposal following the work of the Governors' Task Force, which changed the alignment of the embankment and also allowed more water to flow through the Fargo-Moorhead area during project operation. The FM Area Diversion project is intended to protect the FM-area economy, which generated a Gross Regional Product of $ 16.8 billion in 2021. It

4189-552: The project. The Red River Valley Alliance, a private, international consortium of builders consisting of ACCIONA, Shikun & Binui USA, and North American Construction Group, serves as the P3 developer, and its design and construction arm is ASN Constructors. Under the P3 model adopted by the MFDA, the RRVA has taken responsibility for pre-financing the entire portion of its construction work until it

4260-557: The risk to people and property is through the production of flood risk maps. Most countries have produced maps which show areas prone to flooding based on flood data. In the UK , the Environment Agency has produced maps which show areas at risk. The map to the right shows a flood map for the City of York , including the floodplain for a 1 in 100-year flood (dark blue), the predicted floodplain for

4331-455: The river spreading over a floodplain) will slow some of the flow more than other parts, spreading the flow over time and blunting the spike. Even slightly blunting the spike significantly decreases the peak flood level. Generally, the higher the peak flood level, the more flood damage is done. Straight, clear, smooth concrete-walled channels speed up flow, and are therefore likely to make flooding downstream worse. Modern flood control seeks to "slow

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4402-500: The southern embankment, behind which floodwaters will be held in an upstream staging area of nearly 30,000 acres. Once collected in the staging area, floodwaters would then be routed through the Diversion Inlet Structure into the stormwater diversion channel and away from the metro area. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers contractors are building these portions. Mitigation Features & Associated Infrastructure As part of

4473-437: The southern embankment, water control structures and associated infrastructure. The non-federal sponsors, in turn, will design, finance, construct, operate and maintain the stormwater diversion channel, aqueducts, numerous road and railroad crossings and in-town work, including levees, floodwalls and stormwater lift stations. Numerous mitigation projects involving wetlands, native plantings and fish passage have been incorporated in

4544-432: The spike. Even slightly blunting the spike significantly decreases the peak flood level. Generally, the higher the peak flood level, the more flood damage is done. Modern flood control seeks to "slow the flow", and deliberately flood some low-lying areas, ideally vegetated, to act as sponges, letting them drain again as the floodwaters go down. Where floods interact with housing, industry and farming that flood management

4615-400: The water. Water levels during a flood tend to rise, then fall, very abruptly. The peak flood level occurs as a very steep, short spike; a quick spurt of water. Anything that slows the surface runoff (marshes, meanders, vegetation, porous materials, turbulent flow, the river spreading over a floodplain) will slow some of the flow more than other parts, spreading the flow over time and blunting

4686-461: The water. Flooding can be exacerbated by increased amounts of impervious surface or by other natural hazards such as wildfires, which reduce the supply of vegetation that can absorb rainfall. During times of rain, some of the water is retained in ponds or soil, some is absorbed by grass and vegetation, some evaporates, and the rest travels over the land as surface runoff . Floods occur when ponds, lakes, riverbeds, soil, and vegetation cannot absorb all

4757-500: The world, due to the absence of public accessibility, technical writing and data, and lack of easy-to-understand information. However, revived attention towards flood mapping has renewed the interest in enhancing current flood mapping for use as a flood risk management method. Flood modelling is a tool used to model flood hazard and the effects on humans and the physical environment. Flood modelling takes into consideration how flood hazards, external and internal processes and factors, and

4828-419: The worst floods in recent U.S. history having cost billions of dollars. Property owners may fit their homes to stop water entering by blocking doors and air vents, waterproofing important areas and sandbagging the edges of the building. Private precautionary measures are increasingly important in flood risk management. Flood mitigation at the property level may also involve preventative measures focused on

4899-419: Was 36.8 inhabitants per square mile (14.2/km ). There were 65 housing units at an average density of 16.3 units per square mile (6.3 units/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.68% of the population. There were 62 households, out of which 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.0% were married couples living together, 1.6% had

4970-406: Was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 114.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 44,750, and the median income for a family was $ 53,750. Males had a median income of $ 31,786 versus $ 26,071 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 19,984. None of the population and none of the families were below

5041-490: Was established at Argusville in 1881, and remained in operation until 1982. In 1890, Argusville was the site of one of North Dakota's deadliest tornadoes (then called an "inland hurricane") which killed seven people. Some locals claim that the town has never emotionally recovered. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 4.01 square miles (10.39 km ), all land. As of

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