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102-525: The composition of the Council consists of fifteen city councillors and a mayor . Each councillor represents an individual ward throughout the city. The mayor is elected every four years by a vote of the entire city. Part 3 of The City of Winnipeg Charter legislates the composition of Winnipeg City Council, which currently consists of 15 councillors and the Mayor. Each councillor represents an individual ward while

204-508: A French Canadian girl and brought his children up as Catholics, Jacobs is often overlooked as the first permanent Jewish settler in Canada in favour of Aaron Hart, who married a Jew and brought up his children, or at least his sons, in the Jewish tradition. Lieutenant Hart first arrived in Canada from New York City as Commissariat to Jeffery Amherst 's forces at Montreal in 1760. After his service in

306-560: A Sefer Torah borrowed from Canada's only other synagogue , the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation of Montreal. A year later in 1857 a permanent Torah arrived as a gift from Albert Ascher's (Asher) parents in Montreal (Isaac Gottschalk Ascher & Rachel Altmann) inscribed in Hebrew to "The Holy Congregation, Blossoms of Holiness [Pirchei Kodesh], in the city of Toronto." The name resonated among

408-423: A "two-tier" system in which councillors were elected through single transferable vote . In this framework, each municipality managed their own affairs, levied their own taxes, and took responsibility for local roads, water, and parks. In addition to this, however, an additional metropolitan level of government existed as well, which held responsibility for planning major roads, parks, and water and sewer systems. In

510-618: A British Orthodox Jew would rent the upper floor of Coombe's Drug Store at the corner of Yonge Street and Richmond Street in Toronto for High Holy Day services which became only the second temple in Canada), Isidore a highly acclaimed Canadian poet and novelist, Jacob A Canadian Chess Champion (1878, 1883). By 1850, there were still only 450 Jews living in Canada, mostly concentrated in Montreal. Toronto's first Jewish prayer services were held on Rosh Hashanah , September 29, 1856, initially with

612-480: A baseball game in Toronto a group of young men using Nazi symbols started a massive melee, arguably the largest in Toronto's history, on the ground of racial hatred, involving hundreds of men. In 1934, another anti-Semitic incident occurred when the first medical strike in a Canadian hospital was held in response to the appointment of a Jewish doctor to Montreal's Notre-Dame Hospital. Dr Sam Rabinovitch would have been

714-435: A bastion of federalism, and Quebec separatists with their ideal of a creating a nation-state for French-Canadians have tended to be hostile to Jews. In both the 1980 and 1995 referendums, Montreal's Jews voted overwhelmingly for Quebec to remain in Canada. It was official Canadian policy after 1945 to accept immigrants from Eastern Europe as long they were anti-communist even if they had fought for Nazi Germany. For an example

816-518: A rule requiring in effect at least a 10% higher academic average for Jewish applicants; in certain schools of the University of Toronto anti-Jewish bias is being felt. City Councils debate whether Jewish petitioners should be permitted to build a synagogue; property deeds in some areas bar resale to them. I have seen crude handbills circulated thanking Hitler for his massacre of 80,000 Jews in Kiev." In 1945, in

918-473: Is composed predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews . Other Jewish ethnic divisions are also represented and include Sephardi Jews , Mizrahi Jews , and Bene Israel . A number of converts to Judaism make up the Jewish-Canadian community, which manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions and the full spectrum of Jewish religious observance . Though they are a small minority, they have had an open presence in

1020-588: Is home to the largest Jewish community in Latin America and the third largest in the Americas after the United States and Canada. A population of Israeli Jews emigrate to Canada to study and work. The Israeli Canadian community is growing and it is one of the largest Israeli diaspora groups with an estimate of 30,000 people. A small proportion of Israeli Jews who come to Canada are Ethiopian Jews . Following

1122-404: Is much higher than that in the United States, with a TFR of 1.91 according to the 2001 Census. This is due to the presence of large numbers of Orthodox Jews in Canada. According to the census, the Jewish birth rate and TFR is higher than that of Christian (1.35), Buddhist (1.34), Non-Religious (1.41), and Sikh (1.9) populations, but slightly lower than that of Hindus (2.05), and Muslims (2.01). In

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1224-579: The 1944 Quebec election . The leader of the Union Nationale , Maurice Duplessis appealed to anti-Semitic prejudices in Quebec in a violently anti-Semitic speech by claiming that the Dominion government of William Lyon Mackenzie King together with Liberal Premier Adélard Godbout of Quebec had secretly made an agreement with the "International Zionist Brotherhood" to settle 100,000 Jewish refugees left homeless by

1326-453: The 2021 census , 335,295 people reported their religion as Jewish, accounting for 0.9% of the Canadian population. Some estimates have placed the enlarged number of Jews, such as those who may be culturally or ethnically Jewish, though not necessarily religiously, at around 400,000 people. This total would account for approximately 1.4% of the Canadian population. The Jewish community in Canada

1428-606: The Austrian or Russian Empires . There were two competing strands of Jewish nationalism in Eastern Europe in the early 20th century, namely Zionism and another tendency that favoured forming separate Jewish cultural institutions with a focus on promoting Yiddish. Institutions such as the Montreal Jewish Library with its collection of Yiddish books were examples of the latter tendency. The Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC)

1530-577: The Fall of Kabul in August 2021, the final Afghan Jew still in Afghanistan , Tova Moradi, fled to Canada. This marked the end of Afghanistan's 2,700-year Jewish history. Jewish Canadian population by province and territory in Canada in 2011 according to Statistics Canada and United Jewish Federations of Canada Yiddish ( יידיש ‎) is the historical and cultural language of Ashkenazi Jews , who make up

1632-919: The Government of Manitoba passed Bill 68, which took effect in the 1992 municipal election and has stayed the same for subsequent elections. Council Representative – Partnership of the Capital Region Chairperson – Mayor’s Advisory Committee on Heritage, Culture & Art Secretary of the End Homelessness Strategies UN Women Safe Cities Global Initiative Steering Committee Council Liaison – Intermodal Connectivity Council Liaison – Labour Relations Council Liaison – Veteran and Military Affairs North American Strategy for Competitiveness (NASCO) Council Liaison – School Board and Youth Opportunities Reeves and mayors of

1734-596: The Greater Winnipeg area . The Commission took four years and concluded with the recommendation that a strong central government be formed, which resulted in the incorporation of the Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg (Metro Winnipeg) in 1960. From 1960 until 1971, the Metro Winnipeg administrative system included Winnipeg and 12 other municipalities under a single metropolitan government, in

1836-692: The Re Drummond Wren case, a Jewish group, the Workers' Education Association (WEA) challenged the "restrictive covenants" that forbade the renting or selling of properties to Jews. Through the case was something of a set-up as the WEA had quite consciously purchased a property in Toronto known to have a "restrictive covenant" in order to challenge the legality of "restrictive covenants" in the courts, Justice John Keiller MacKay struck down "restrictive covenants" in his ruling on October 31, 1945. In 1948, MacKay's ruling in

1938-586: The amalgamation of Winnipeg , the new unified Council represented 50 wards. Winnipeg officially became incorporated as a city on 8 November 1873, with the passing of An Act to Incorporate the City of Winnipeg by the Manitoba Legislature . Among other things, the Act outlined the essential powers for Winnipeg City Council. The Act also dictated qualifications for candidates who wished to run for mayor or alderman in

2040-541: The 1880s, and continuing through the growing anti-Semitism of the early 20th century, millions of Jews began to flee the Pale of Settlement and other areas of Eastern Europe for the West. Although the United States received the overwhelming majority of these immigrants, Canada was also a destination of choice due to Government of Canada and Canadian Pacific Railway efforts to develop Canada after Confederation. Between 1880 and 1930,

2142-587: The 1940s to the 1960s, the man generally recognized as the chief spokesman for the Canadian Jewish community was Rabbi Abraham Feinberg of the Holy Blossom Temple in Toronto. In 1950, Dorothy Sangster wrote in Macleans' about him: "Today American-born Rabbi Feinberg is one of the most controversial figures to occupy a Canadian pulpit. Gentiles recognize him as the official voice of Canadian Jewry. This fact

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2244-407: The 1950s the community was "virtually devoid" of discussion. Although one in seven Canadian Jews were survivors or their children, most "did not want to know what happened, and few survivors had the courage to tell them". He argued that the main obstacle to discussion was "an inability to comprehend the event". Awareness emerged in the 1960s, as the community realized that antisemitism remained. From

2346-541: The 21st century, anti-Semitism has become a growing concern, with reports of anti-semitic incidents increasing sharply in recent years. This includes the well publicized anti-Semitic comments of Ernst Zündel . In 2009, the Canadian Parliamentary Coalition to Combat Antisemitism was established by all four major federal political parties to investigate and combat antisemitism, namely new antisemitism . The League for Human Rights of B'nai B'rith monitors

2448-644: The Austrian empire or the Russian empire. Jewish women tended to be particularly active in Canadian Zionism, perhaps because many of the Zionist groups were secular. By 1911, there were Jewish communities in all of Canada's major cities. By 1914, there were about 100,000 Jews in Canada with three-quarters living in either Montreal or Toronto. The overwhelming majority of Canadian Jews were Ashkenazim who came from either

2550-604: The Baltic states to become Canadian citizens; and the Jerusalem Post called Canada a "near-blissful refuge" for Nazi war criminals. The Canadian Jewish historian Irving Abella stated that for Eastern Europeans the best way of getting into postwar Canada "was by showing the SS tattoo. This proved that you were an anti-Communist". Despite pressure from Jewish groups, the Canadian government dragged its feet on deporting Nazi war criminals out of

2652-525: The British Empire. Ezekiel was expelled from the legislature with his religion a major factor. Sir James Henry Craig , Governor-General of Lower Canada, tried to protect Hart, but French Canadians saw this as an attempt of the British to undermine them and the legislature expelled Hart in both 1808 and following his re-election in 1809. The legislature then barred Jews from holding elected office in Canada until

2754-516: The British Empire. In 1832, partly because of the work of Ezekiel Hart , a law was passed that guaranteed Jews the same political rights and freedoms as Christians. In the early 1830s, German Jew Samuel Liebshitz founded Jewsburg (now incorporated as German Mills into Kitchener, Ontario ), a village in Upper Canada . In 1841 Isaac Gottschalk Ascher arrived in Montreal with his family, including sons Albert (who later in 1856 together with Lewis Samuel

2856-458: The British. Several Jews were members of his regiments, and among his officer corps were five Jews: Samuel Jacobs, Emmanuel de Cordova, Aaron Hart , Hananiel Garcia, and Isaac Miramer. The most prominent of these five were the business associates Samuel Jacobs and Aaron Hart. In 1759, in his capacity as Commissariat to the British Army on the staff of General Sir Frederick Haldimand , Jacobs

2958-545: The CJC was to speak on behalf of the common interests of Jewish Canadians and assist immigrant Jews. The largest Jewish community was in Montreal, at the time the largest, wealthiest and most cosmopolitan city in Canada. The vast majority of Montreal's Jews who arrived in the early 20th century were Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazim but their children chose speak English rather than French. Until 1964, Quebec had no public education system, instead having two parallel educational systems run by

3060-583: The Canadian prairies . Few of the colonies did very well, partly because the Jews of East European origin were forbidden to own farms in the old country and thus had little experience in farming. One settlement that did do well was Yid'n Bridge, Saskatchewan , started by South African farmers. Eventually the community grew larger as the South African Jews , who had gone to South Africa from Lithuania invited Jewish families directly from Europe to join them, and

3162-547: The Canadian government to deport the Axis collaborators from Eastern Europe whom the government of Canada had welcomed with open arms in the 1940s–1950s. In 1997, a report by Sol Littman, the head of Simon Wiesenthal Center operations in Canada charged that Canada in 1950 had accepted 2,000 veterans of 14th Waffen-SS Division with no screening; the American news program 60 Minutes showed that Canada had allowed about 1,000 SS veterans from

Winnipeg City Council - Misplaced Pages Continue

3264-681: The Drummond Wren case was struck down in the Noble v Alley case by the Ontario Supreme Court, which ruled that "restrictive covenants" were "legal and enforceable". A woman named Anna Noble decided to sell her cottage at the Beach O' Pines resort to Bernard Wolf, a Jewish businessman from London, Ontario. The sale was blocked by the Beach O'Pines Resort Association which had a "restrictive covenant" forbidding

3366-685: The Executive Policy Committee is composed of Mayor Brian Bowman (Chairperson) and Councillors Matt Allard, Jeff Browaty, Scott Gillingham, Cindy Gilroy, Brian Mayes, and Sherri Rollins. This Committee also includes the Ad Hoc Committee on Development Standards. Responsibility over the management and administration of certain public services have been delegated by Winnipeg City Council to autonomous organizations (boards and commissions ). These boards and commissions are appointed, wholly or partly, by Council and are granted authority either by

3468-486: The Holocaust in Quebec after the war in exchange for the "International Zionist Brotherhood" promising to fund both the federal and provincial Liberal parties. By contrast, Duplessis claimed that he would never take any money from the Jews, and if he were elected Premier, he would stop this alleged plan to bring Jewish refugees to Quebec. Though Duplessis' claims about the alleged plan to settle 100,000 Jewish refugees in Quebec

3570-535: The Israeli Occupation and advocate for a two-state solution but focus primarily on Jewish cultural, educational and social justice issues. A smaller organization, Independent Jewish Voices (Canada) , characterized as anti-Zionist, argues that the CIJA and B'nai B'rith do not speak for most Canadian Jews. Also, many Canadian Jews simply have no connections to any of these organizations. The birth rate for Jews in Canada

3672-540: The Jewish immigrants were seen as economic competition for Gentiles, the leadership of the CJC was assumed by the whisky tycoon Samuel Bronfman who it was hoped might be able to persuade the government to allow more Jews to come. In view of worsening situation for Jews in Europe, allowing more Jewish immigration became the central concern of the CJC. Through many Canadian Jews voted for the Liberal Party, traditionally seen as

3774-434: The Jewish population of Canada grew to over 155,000. At the time, according to the 1901 census of Montreal, only 6861 Jews were residents. Jewish immigrants brought a tradition of establishing a communal body, called a kehilla to look after the social and welfare needs of their less fortunate. Virtually all of these Jewish refugees were very poor. Wealthy Jewish philanthropists, who had come to Canada much earlier, felt it

3876-726: The Protestant churches and the Catholic church. As the Jewish community was too poor to fund its own educational system, most Jewish parents chose to enrol their children in the English-speaking Protestant school system, which was willing to accept Jews unlike the Catholic school system. The CJC had its headquarters in Montreal while the Jewish Public Library of Montreal and the Montreal Yiddish Theatre were two of

3978-666: The Quebec Hebrew Relief Association for Immigrants, and the Quebec Zionist Society. By 1905, the Jewish population was about 350, in a total population of 68,834. According to census of 1871, there were 1,115 Jews living in Canada with 409 in Montreal, 157 in Toronto, and 131 in Hamilton with the rest living in Brantford, Quebec City, St. John, Kingston and London. With the beginning of the pogroms of Russia in

4080-621: The Queen's Own Rifles regiment was a soldier in the campaigns of 1944–45 in northwest Europe, highly decorated for his courage and ability under fire. In 1943, Saidye Rosner Bronfman of Montreal, the wife of the whiskey tycoon Samuel Bronfman was appointed MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) for her work on the home front. Saidye Bronfram had organized 7, 000 women in Montreal to make packages for Canadian soldiers serving overseas, for which she

4182-451: The actual establishment of synagogue to 1777 on Notre Dame Street. Revolts and protests soon began calling for responsible government in Canada. The law requiring the oath "on my faith as a Christian" was amended in 1829 to provide for Jews to refuse the oath. In 1831, prominent French-Canadian politician Louis-Joseph Papineau sponsored a law which granted full equivalent political rights to Jews, twenty-seven years before anywhere else in

Winnipeg City Council - Misplaced Pages Continue

4284-560: The addition of Fort Rouge as Ward One, and existing wards to the north of the Assiniboine River being reorganized into Wards Two through Six. In 1906, Elmwood was added as Ward Seven in 1906, becoming was the city's first extension across the Red River . These seven wards were collapsed into three in 1920: Wards One and Two became Ward One; Wards Three and Four became Ward Two; and Wards Five, Six, and Seven became Ward Three. Following

4386-469: The army ended, he settled at Trois-Rivières , where he became a wealthy landowner and respected community member. He had four sons, Moses, Benjamin, Ezekiel and Alexander, all of whom would become prominent in Montreal and help build the Jewish Community. Ezekiel was elected to the legislature of Lower Canada in the by-election of April 11, 1807, becoming the first Jew in an official opposition in

4488-522: The cities of East Kildonan , West Kildonan , St. Vital , Transcona , St. Boniface , and St. James-Assiniboia ; and the Metropolitan Corporation of Greater Winnipeg into one city, commonly referred to as unicity . The unicity system replaced the two-tier metropolitan system with first-past-the-post voting. The election of the first new Winnipeg City Council was held on 6 October 1971 . A mayor and 50 coumcillors were elected. The new City came into legal existence on 1 January 1972. Beginning in 1972,

4590-477: The city’s first election. They had to be male freeholders or householders ; natural born or naturalized subjects of the British Crown ; 21 years of age or more; and resident in the city for at least 3 months prior to the election. With a total of 4 city wards —North, South, East, and West—Winnipeg's first civic election took place on 5 January 1874, resulting in the election of Francis Evans Cornish as

4692-604: The colony. One exception was Esther Brandeau , a Jewish girl who arrived in 1738 disguised as a boy and remained a year before she was returned for refusing to convert. The earliest subsequent documentation of Jews in Canada are British Army records from the French and Indian War , the North American part of the Seven Years' War . In 1760, General Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst attacked and seized Montreal , winning Canada for

4794-729: The congregants, and on July 23, 1871, the synagogue officially adopted the name פרחי קדש — Toronto Holy Blossom Temple . Abraham Jacob Franks settled at Quebec City in 1767. His son, David Salesby (or Salisbury) Franks, who afterward became head of the Montreal Jewish community, also lived in Quebec prior to 1774. Abraham Joseph, who was long a prominent figure in public affairs in Quebec City, took up his residence there shortly after his father's death in 1832. Quebec City's Jewish population for many years remained very small, and early efforts at organization were fitful and short-lived. A cemetery

4896-550: The country since the first Jewish immigrants arrived with Governor Edward Cornwallis to establish Halifax, Nova Scotia (1749). Prior to the British conquest of New France , Jews lived in Nova Scotia . There were no official Jews in Quebec because when King Louis XIV made Canada officially a province of the Kingdom of France in 1663, he decreed that only Roman Catholics could enter

4998-574: The country visiting Parliament Hill and meeting with the prime minister, ambassadors and other dignitaries. Since the beginning of the 21st century Jewish immigration to Canada has continued, increasing in numbers with the passing of the years. With the rise of antisemitic acts in France and weak economic conditions, most of the Jewish newcomers are French Jews who are mainly looking for new economic opportunities (either in Israel or elsewhere, with Canada one of

5100-646: The fear of offending voters of Eastern European background, who make up a significant number of Canadian voters. Today, the Jewish culture in Canada is maintained by practising Jews and secular Jews . Nearly all Jews in Canada speak one of the two official languages , although most speak English over French. Most Ashkenazi Jews speak English as a first language, including most Ashkenazi Jews in Quebec . In terms of Jewish denominations, 26% of Canadian Jews are Conservative , 17% Orthodox , 16% Reform , 29% are "Just Jewish", and

5202-430: The federal government's "bulk-labour" program that allowed labour-intensive industries to bring European displaced persons to Canada, to fill those jobs. For Lewis' work on this and other projects during this period, the Montreal branch was renamed the Moshe Lewis Branch, after his death in 1950. The Canadian arm of the Jewish Labor Committee also honored him when they established the Moshe Lewis Foundation in 1975. In

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5304-403: The federation following the rise during the 1970s of nationalist political parties in Quebec, as well as a result of Quebec's Language Law . The Jewish population is growing rather slowly due to aging and low birth rates. The population of Canadian Jews increased by just 3.5% between 1991 and 2001, despite much immigration from the Former Soviet Union, Israel and other countries. Politically,

5406-480: The fields of arts, journalism and literature.   Since the 1960s a new immigration wave of Jews started to take place. A number of French-speaking Jews from North Africa ended up settling in Montreal. Some South African Jews decided to emigrate to Canada after South Africa became a republic in 1961, and was followed by another wave in the late 1970s, which was precipitated by anti-apartheid rioting and civil unrest. The majority of them settled in Ontario , with

5508-465: The first Jew appointed to the a French-Canadian hospital. The four-day strike, nicknamed the " Days of Shame ", involved interns refusing to "provide care to anyone, including emergency patients". The strike was called off after Dr Rabinovitch resigned after he realised that no patients would be treated otherwise. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, through such movements as the Jewish Colonization Association , 15 Jewish farm colonies were established on

5610-426: The first Jewish Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1971, David Lewis became the leader of the New Democratic Party, becoming the first Jew to head a major Canadian political party. In 1976, the Quebec provincial election was won by the separatist Parti Québécois (PQ), which sparked a major flight of Montreal's English-speaking Jews to Toronto with about 20,000 leaving. The Jewish community of Montreal has been

5712-436: The first mayor of Winnipeg. In addition, the city’s first elected aldermen were: At this time, the mayor was elected for a one-year term; this would remain until 1955, when the term of office for the mayor was changed to two years. The first Winnipeg City Council established standing committees on finance, printing, board of works, markets, fire & water, and assessment. Council subsequently began to establish itself through

5814-503: The first woman elected to Council, serving a two-year term on Council for Ward 2; she was, however, defeated each time in subsequent elections in 1922, 1923, 1926, and 1934. The 1920 election that elected Jessie Kirk also saw city elections begin to use proportional representation in the form of Single Transferable Voting . There were three six-seat wards, with three elected in alternating years. Each voter casting only one (transferable) vote. Usually mixed crops of councillors were elected in

5916-404: The friend of minorities, the Liberal Prime Minister from 1935 onward, William Lyon Mackenzie King , proved to be extremely unsympathetic. Mackenzie King adamantly refused to change the immigration law, and Canada accepted proportionally the fewest Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany. About 17,000 Jewish Canadians served in the Canadian Armed Forces during World War II . Major Ben Dunkelman of

6018-473: The incidents and prepares an annual audit of these events. There was an increase of the scope of anti-Semitic incidents in Canada with a number of cases of anti-Semitic vandalism and spraying Nazi symbols in August 2013 in Winnipeg and in the greater Toronto area. On February 26, 2014, and for the first time in Canadian history, B'nai Brith Canada led an official delegation of Sephardi community leaders, activists, philanthropists and spiritual leaders from across

6120-411: The larger cities. Canada's first ever census, recorded that in 1871 there were 1,115 Jews in Canada; 409 in Montreal, 157 in Toronto , 131 in Hamilton and the rest were dispersed in small communities along the St. Lawrence River . When elected mayor of Alexandria in 1914, George Simon was the second Jewish mayor in Canada (after David Oppenheimer , who was mayor of Vancouver from 1888 to 1891) and

6222-406: The largest Jewish cultural institutions in Canada. The Jews of Montreal tended to be concentrated in several neighbourhoods, which gave a strong sense of community identity. In 1930 under the impact of the Great Depression, Canada sharply limited immigration from Eastern Europe, which adversely impacted on the ability of the   Ashkenazim to come to Canada. In a climate of anti-semitism where

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6324-410: The largest community in Toronto , followed by those in Hamilton , London and Kingston . Smaller waves of Zimbabwean Jews were also present during this period. In 1961 Louis Rasminsky became the first Jewish governor of the Bank of Canada. Every previous governor of the Bank of Canada had been a member of the prestigious Rideau Club of Ottawa, but Rasminsky's application to join the Rideau Club

6426-450: The late 1960s, a reform model was proposed for making this system more efficient and coordinated. Under this model, the coordination of policy and administration was to be facilitated by the close cooperation of a Board of Commissioners , who would act as the senior officers of the city's civil service, and the 50-member City Council with its 3 standing committees (Finance, Environment, and Works and Operations). In order to deliver services at

6528-400: The local level, the city was to be divided into 13 community committee areas , with each community committee composed of the City Councillors within the given community's boundaries. On 27 July 1971, the City of Winnipeg Act incorporated the City of Winnipeg (1874–1971); the rural municipalities of Charleswood , Fort Garry , North Kildonan , and Old Kildonan ; the Town of Tuxedo ;

6630-433: The major Jewish Canadian organizations are the Centre for Israel and Jewish Advocacy (CIJA) and the more conservative B'nai Brith Canada both claim to be the voice of the Jewish community. The United Jewish People's Order , once the largest Jewish fraternal organization in Canada, is a left-leaning secular group established in 1927 with current chapters in Toronto, Hamilton, Winnipeg and Vancouver. Politically, UJPO opposes

6732-440: The manufacturing facilities. Jewish merchants and labourers spread out from the cities to small towns, building synagogues, community centres and schools as they went. As the population grew, Canadian Jews began to organize themselves as a community despite the presence of dozens of competing sects . The Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC) was founded in 1919 as the result of the merger of several smaller organizations. The purpose of

6834-410: The mayor held office for a term of three years. Finally, in 1998, the term of office was extended to four years. History of the Jews in Canada The history of the Jews in Canada goes back to the 1700s. Canadian Jews, whether by culture, ethnicity, or religion, form the fourth largest Jewish community in the world, exceeded only by those in Israel , the United States and France . In

6936-423: The mayor is elected by a vote of the city-at-large. Councillors have a dual role: they are members of Council, dealing with decisions that affect the whole city; and members of the Community Committees, dealing with issues within local communities. Into its first civic election on 5 January 1874, Winnipeg had a total of 4 city wards —North, South, East, and West. The city's wards were reorganized in 1881, with

7038-401: The multi-member wards. PR was used until 1970 for city elections. (STV was also used to elect Winnipeg MLAs from 1920 to 1952.) The 1922 election elected Edward Parnell as mayor. He is only Winnipeg mayor to die in office, passing on June 9 of the following year. In 1955, the Government of Manitoba created the Greater Winnipeg Investigating Commission to look into inter-municipal issues in

7140-601: The municipalities within the Greater Winnipeg area prior to their amalgamation into Winnipeg on 27 July 1971. Section 63(1) of The City of Winnipeg Charter allows Winnipeg City Council the authority to establish committees of Council. Through by-law , Council is able to delegate powers, duties, or functions to a committee. Committees include standing committees and community committees. The first Winnipeg City Council established standing committees on finance, printing, board of works, markets, fire & water, and assessment. Council subsequently began to establish itself through

7242-489: The new rail lines, selling goods and supplies to the construction workers, many of whom were also Jewish. Later, because of the railway, some of these homesteads grew into prosperous towns. At this time, Canadian Jews also had important roles in developing the west coast fishing industry, while others worked on building telegraph lines. Some, descended from the earliest Canadian Jews, stayed true to their ancestors as fur trappers. The first major Jewish organization to appear

7344-565: The new unified Council consisted of 50 councillors, one elected from each of the city's 50 wards , and a mayor , elected by voters in the city-at-large. The inaugural meeting of the new City Council subsequently took place in the Council Chamber of the Winnipeg Civic Centre on 4 January 1972. The number of councillors were reduced to 29 part-time councilors in 1977. It was then further reduced to 15 full-time councillors in 1991 when

7446-417: The north of the Assiniboine River being reorganized into Wards Two through Six. In 1906, Elmwood was added as Ward Seven in 1906, becoming was the city's first extension across the Red River . These seven wards were collapsed into three in 1920: Wards One and Two became Ward One; Wards Three and Four became Ward Two; and Wards Five, Six, and Seven became Ward Three. While the norm in the city's early years

7548-524: The outbreak of World War I , there were approximately 100,000 Canadian Jews, of whom three-quarters lived in either Montreal or Toronto. Many of the children of the European refugees started out as peddlers, eventually working their way up to established businesses, such as retailers and wholesalers. Jewish Canadians played an essential role in the development of the Canadian clothing and textile industry. Most worked as labourers in sweatshops ; while some owned

7650-416: The passage of by-laws , with 27 by-laws being passed in the city’s first year of incorporation. After the first election, candidates were required to meet a property qualification ; this requirement for alderman was abolished in 1918 and for mayoralty candidates in 1920 through a Charter amendment. The city's wards were reorganized in 1881, with the addition of Fort Rouge as Ward One, and existing wards to

7752-510: The passage of by-laws, with 27 by-laws being passed in the city’s first year of incorporation. Each of the 15 Councillors represents a ward within Winnipeg, with three wards composing a Community Committee. The five Community Committees of the 2018-2022 period are The Winnipeg City Council has established six standing policy committees for the period of 1 November 2020 to 31 October 2021, some having ad-hoc committees of their own: In addition,

7854-510: The passage of the 1832 Emancipation Act . Most of the early Jewish Canadians were either fur traders or served in the British Army troops. A few were merchants or landowners. Although Montreal's Jewish community was small, numbering only around 200, they built the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal , Shearith Israel, the oldest synagogue in Canada in 1768. It remained the only synagogue in Montreal until 1846. Some sources date

7956-441: The post-war era, universities proved more willing to accept Jewish applicants and in decades after 1945, many Canadian Jews tended to move up from a lower-class group working as menial laborers to a middle class group working as bourgeois professionals. With the ability to obtain a better education, many Jews become doctors, teachers, lawyers, dentists, accountants, professors and other bourgeois occupations. Geographically, there

8058-423: The relevant Council by-laws or by Act of the Manitoba Legislature . A majority of these boards and commissions are composed of members of the public, as well as members of Council. As of 2021, the following are the existing boards and commissions of Council: List of mayors of Winnipeg The mayor of Winnipeg is a member of Winnipeg City Council , but does not represent a ward . The position of mayor

8160-510: The remaining 12% align themselves with smaller movements or are unsure. Intermarriage is relatively low among Canadian Jews, with 77% of married Jews having a Jewish spouse. Most of Canada's Jews live in Ontario and Quebec, followed by British Columbia , Manitoba and Alberta . While Toronto is the largest Jewish population centre, Montreal played this role until many English-speaking Jewish Canadians left for Toronto, fearing that Quebec might leave

8262-596: The rights of minorities with the League of Nations to monitor their compliance. The CJC was founded in part to lobby the government of Canada to use its influence at the League of Nations to ensure that the Eastern European states were abiding by the terms of the "minorities treaties". On August 16, 1933, one of the most famous anti-Semitic incidents in Canada took place, known as the Christie Pits riot . On that day after

8364-756: The sale of cottages to any person of "Jewish, Hebrew, Semitic, Negro or colored race or blood". With the support of the Joint Public Relations Committee of the Canadian Jewish Congress and B'nai B'rith headed by Rabbi Feinberg, the Noble ruling was appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada, which in November 1950 ruled against "restrictive covenants", albeit only on the technicality that the phrase "Jewish, Hebrew, Semitic, Negro or colored race or blood"

8466-677: The settlement eventually became a town, whose name was later changed to the Anglicized name of Edenbridge . The Jewish farming settlement folded in the first generation. Beth Israel Synagogue at Edenbridge is now a designated heritage site . In Alberta, the Little Synagogue on the Prairie is now in the collection of a museum. At this time, most of the Jewish Canadians in the west were either storekeepers or tradesmen. Many set up shops on

8568-599: The top destinations chosen by French Jews to live in, particularly in Quebec ). For the same reasons, and due to cultural and linguistic proximity, several members of the Belgian-Jewish community choose Canada as their new home. There are efforts by the Jewish community of Montreal to attract these immigrants and make them feel at home, as well as those from other parts of the world. There is also some immigration of Argentine Jews and from other parts of Latin America. Argentina

8670-525: The veterans of the 14th Waffen SS Division Galizien , which was mostly recruited from Ukrainians in Galicia , settled in Canada. The fact that the men of the 14th Waffen-SS division had committed war crimes was ignored because they were felt to be useful for the Cold War. In Oakville, Ontario , a public monument honors the men of the 14th SS Division as heroes. Starting in the 1980s, Jewish groups began to lobby

8772-625: The youngest mayor in the country at the time. He died suddenly in 1969 while serving his tenth term in office. A community of about 100 settled in Victoria, British Columbia to open shops to supply prospectors during the Cariboo Gold Rush (and later the Klondike Gold Rush in the Yukon ). This led to the opening of a synagogue in Victoria, British Columbia in 1862. In 1875, B'nai B'rith Canada

8874-571: Was B'nai B'rith. Till today B'nai B'rith Canada is the community's independent advocacy and social service organization. Also at this time, the Montreal branch of the Workmen's Circle was founded in 1907. This group was an offshoot of the Jewish Labour Bund , an outlawed party in Russia's Pale of Settlement . It was an organization for The Main's radical, non-Communist, non-religious, working class. By

8976-608: Was a tendency for many Jews living in the inner cities of Toronto and Montreal to move out to the suburbs. The rural Jewish communities almost vanished as Jews living in rural areas decamped to the cities. Reflecting a more tolerant attitude, Canadian Jews became active on the cultural scene. In the post-war decades Peter C. Newman , Wayne and Shuster , Mordecai Richler , Leonard Cohen , Barbara Frum , Joseph Rosenblatt , Irving Layton , Eli Mandel , A.M. Klein , Henry Kreisel , Adele Wiseman , Miriam Waddington , Naim Kattan , and Rabbi Stuart Rosenberg were individuals of note in

9078-507: Was acquired in 1853, and a place of worship was opened in a hall in the same year, in which services were held intermittently. In 1892, the Jewish population of Quebec City had sufficiently augmented to permit the permanent establishment of the present synagogue, Beth Israel . The congregation was granted the right of keeping a register in 1897. Other communal institutions were the Quebec Hebrew Sick Benefit Association,

9180-400: Was afforded to women in Winnipeg, 80 of whom being eligible to vote in that year's civic election and 476 in the election of 1888. In regards to holding office, however, women would not able to in Winnipeg until 1916, after which Alice A. Holling in 1917 (Ward 7) became the first woman to run for Council. (Holling lost to Alexander McLennan , 693 to 358.) In December 1920, Jessie Kirk became

9282-911: Was aptly demonstrated a few years ago when Montreal's Mayor Houde introduced him to friends as Le Cardinal des Juifs —the Cardinal of the Jews". Feinberg was very active in various social justice efforts, campaigning for laws against discrimination against minorities and to end the "restrictive covenants". In March 1945, Rabbi Feinberg wrote an article in Maclean's charging that there was rampant antisemitism in Canada , stating: "Jews are kept out of most ski clubs. Sundry summer colonies (even on municipally owned land), fraternities, and at least one Rotary Club operate under written or unwritten “Gentiles Only” signs. Many bank positions are not open to Jews. Only three Jewish male physicians have been admitted to non-Jewish Hospital staffs in Toronto. McGill University has instituted

9384-411: Was created in 1873 following the incorporation of Winnipeg . Since 1998, the term of office has been for four years. The 44th and current mayor of Winnipeg is Scott Gillingham , elected on October 26, 2022. The position of mayor was created in 1873 following the incorporation of Winnipeg (renamed from Fort Garry ), now the provincial capital of Manitoba . From 1874 to 1955, the mayor of Winnipeg

9486-407: Was elected for one year only; then, from 1955 until 1972, the term of office was extended to two years. The election of the first City Council was held on 6 October 1971 and the new City of Winnipeg was amalgamated on 1 January 1972. Thereafter, the new Council consisted of 50 councillors—elected from each of Winnipeg's wards —and 1 mayor, who is elected by the city as a whole. From 1972 onward,

9588-413: Was entirely false, his story was widely believed in Quebec, and ensured he won the election. In 1945, several organizations merged to form the left-wing United Jewish Peoples' Order which was one of the largest Jewish fraternal organizations in Canada for a number of years. As in the United States, the community's response to news of the Holocaust was muted for decades. Bialystok (2000) wrote that in

9690-424: Was for local elected officials to be English Protestants , there were still exceptions who won elections: Arni Frederickson (Ward 5, 1891) and Arni Eggertson (Ward 4, 1906) were Icelandic ; Moses Finkelstein and Altar Skaletar (Ward 5, 1912) were Jewish ; and Theodore Stefanik (Ward 5, 1911) was the first Ukrainian elected to City Council. Over a decade after the first election, in 1887, civic suffrage

9792-545: Was formed as a Jewish fraternal organization . When British Columbia sent their delegation to Ottawa to agree on the colony's entry into Confederation , a Jew, Henry Nathan, Jr. , was among them. Nathan eventually became the first Canadian Jewish Member of Parliament. In 1899, the Federation of Canadian Zionist Societies was founded to champion Zionism, and became the first nation-wide Jewish group. The overwhelming majority of Canadian Jews were Ashkenazim who came from either

9894-444: Was founded in 1919 and would be the major representative body of the Canadian Jewish community for 90 years. Much of its work was focused on lobbying government around issues of immigration, human rights and anti-Semitism. One of the terms of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles were the so-called "minorities treaties" that committed Eastern European states with substantial Jewish populations such as Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia to protect

9996-655: Was recognized by King George VI.  Most Jewish Canadian who joined the Armed Forces at this time became members of the Royal Canadian Air Force . In 1939, Canada turned away the MS St. Louis with 908 Jewish refugees aboard. It went back to Europe where 254 of them died in concentration camps. And overall, Canada only accepted 5,000 Jewish refugees during the 1930s and 1940s in a climate of widespread anti-Semitism. A most striking display of antisemitism occurred with

10098-470: Was recorded as the first Jewish resident of Quebec , and thus the first Canadian Jew. From 1749, Jacobs had been supplying British army officers at Halifax , Nova Scotia. In 1758, he was at Fort Cumberland and the following year he was with Wolfe 's army at Quebec. Remaining in Canada, he became the dominant merchant of the Richelieu valley and Seigneur of Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu . Because he married

10200-513: Was their social responsibility to help their fellow Jews get established in this new country. One such man was Abraham de Sola , who founded the Hebrew Philanthropic Society. In Montreal and Toronto, a wide range of communal organizations and groups developed. Recently arrived immigrant Jews also founded landsmenschaften , guilds of people who came originally from the same village. Most of these immigrants established communities in

10302-496: Was too vague. After the war, Canada liberalized its immigration policy. Roughly 40,000 Holocaust Survivors came during the late 1940s, hoping to rebuild their shattered lives. In 1947, the Workmen's Circle and Jewish Labour Committee started a project, spearheaded by Kalmen Kaplansky and Moshe Lewis , to bring Jewish refugees to Montreal in the needle trades, called the Tailors Project. They were able to do this through

10404-542: Was turned down on the account of his religion, a rejection that deeply hurt him. Through the Rideau Club changed its policies in response to public criticism, Rasminsky only joined the club after he retired as bank governor in 1973. In 1968, the Liberal MP Herb Gray of Windsor became the Jewish federal cabinet minister. In 1970, Bora Laskin became the first Jewish justice of the Supreme Court of Canada and in 1973,

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