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69-550: The 1960 Valdivia earthquake and tsunami (Spanish: Terremoto de Valdivia ) or the Great Chilean earthquake ( Gran terremoto de Chile ) on 22 May 1960 was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded . Most studies have placed it at 9.4–9.6 on the moment magnitude scale , while some studies have placed the magnitude lower than 9.4. It occurred in the afternoon (19:11 GMT , 15:11 local time), and lasted 10 minutes. The resulting tsunamis affected southern Chile , Hawaii , Japan ,

138-425: A " creative destruction " for farmers of Southern Chile. A large area of former pastures and cultivated fields around the lower course of Cruces River was permanently flooded as a result of c. 2 m of subsidence caused by the earthquake. Over the years the new wetlands were colonized chiefly by Egeria densa ( Spanish : luchecillo ). Egeria densa and other plants created a rich aquatic ecosystem that attracted

207-419: A 5.5 km-long fissure on 135° heading where 21 individual vents have been found. These vents produced an output of about 0.25 km DRE both in form of lava flows and tephra . The eruption ended on 22 July 59 days later. As a result of an evacuation plan, there were no reported human deaths associated with the eruption. The levels of material damage were relatively low despite the high magnitude of

276-592: A M w  9.07 strike-slip subevent along with the M w  9.37 main thrust sub-event which could help account for how the plate boundary event seemingly "overspent" its tectonic budget. In other words, the previous and current more widely accepted explanation for the earthquake involves the Peru-Chile Trench slipping further than its accumulated slip deficit (the amount of slip available for an earthquake) should allow. The alternative explanation, with two faults slipping nearly simultaneously, could help explain

345-457: A few others. The hospital of Valdivia, built in 1939, suffered major damage and patients had to be evacuated. The United States quickly set up a field hospital following the earthquake. Aided by the United States, a geological survey of Valdivia was done following the earthquake and resulted in the city's first geological map. Mexico built and donated the public school Escuela México after

414-452: A largely ethnic Italian community. Villarrica was where several thousand Afrikaners (or Dutch South Africans) settled after their expulsion from South Africa , following the Boer War (1899–1903). These towns also were influenced by early Dutch colonists in the 16th century, when the region was nicknamed New Flanders . The Netherlands later ceded it to Spanish colonial rule. During

483-644: A long-term policy after the earthquake. As a result of the earthquake, an international technological cooperation programme was established in the dairy sector. More specifically, the German and Danish governments helped to create the Centro Tecnológico de la Leche (the Milk Technological Centre) in the Southern University of Chile . The scholar Erik Dahmén believes that the earthquake resulted in

552-672: A part of Chile ever since 1885. Following independence, the Chilean government opted for peaceful relations with the Mapuche. Effective territorial occupation did not begin until 1862. During this time, the government allowed settlers to found new towns and constructed the railroad , telegraph , and roads into the area. After an occupation and sustained military action, Araucanía was fully incorporated into Chile in 1882. Many cities and towns in Araucanía were first developed as army outposts during and after

621-419: A permanent bird fauna, notably black-necked swans . The protected area of Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary was created in 1981 to protect the ecosystem. A whole neighbourhood of Corral , Corral Bajo was wiped by the tsunami, while the nearby upper area, Corral Alto, suffered the loss of about 20 to 30% of its houses. Among the material loses were a series stilt houses between Corral Bajo and Amargos. After

690-478: Is Chile's poorest region in terms of GDP per capita . About a third of the region's population is ethnic Mapuche, the highest proportion of any Chilean region. The Araucanía Region has been the main location of the confrontations of the ongoing Mapuche conflict , as the Mapuche have pressed their land claims against the central government. Virgin forests, featuring coigüe , raulí and tepa trees, as well as bay , Chilean laurel and cypress , criss-cross

759-474: Is a summary list of earthquakes with over approximately 100,000 deaths. The 893 Ardabil earthquake probably relate to the 893 Dvin earthquake , due to misreading of the Arabic word for Dvin , 'Dabil' as 'Ardabil'. This is regarded as a 'fake earthquake'. For those which occurred before the development and deployment of seismographs – starting around 1900 – magnitudes are estimated from historical reports of

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828-511: Is the heartland of the indigenous Mapuche people , who resisted both Incan and Spanish attempts at conquest. After sending many forces against the Mapuche, the Spanish would cut their losses, establishing the southern border of their colony at the northern banks of the Biobío River . Following the occupation of Araucanía by the Chilean government, which subdued the people, the territory has been

897-462: Is white or castizo (another form of mestizo (50%) of partial European-Amerindian descent), and a large proportion of them is at least partially descended from Spanish colonists. In 1903, a fleet of 88 Canarian families—400 persons—arrived in Budi Lake (and currently have more than 1,000 modern descendants) as a response to the government's call to populate the region, and signed contracts for

966-481: The 2016 Chiloé earthquake hints that it did not release all the potential slip in that segment of the plate interface. The 1960 Chilean earthquakes were a sequence of strong earthquakes that affected Chile between 21 May and 6 June 1960, centered in the Araucanía , Aysén , and Bío Bío regions of the country. The first three quakes, all registering in the planet's top 10 by magnitude for 1960 , are grouped together as

1035-553: The Andes . The current population is descended mostly from internal migration from the Central Zone of Chile; to a lesser extent, it consists of descendants of European settlers who arrived during and after the "pacification of Araucanía". The region has the highest proportion of indigenous residents of any in Chile, around 25%, of which the majority is Mapuche people. About 25% of the population

1104-529: The Chiloé Archipelago (44° S). Rupture velocity, the speed at which a rupture front expands across the surface of the fault, has been estimated as 3.5 km (2.2 mi) per second. The average slip across all 27 Nazca subfaults was estimated to be 11 m , with 25–30 m of slip 200–500 km south of the epicenter on offshore subfaults. While the Valdivia earthquake was extraordinarily large,

1173-551: The Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault . Some of these areas remain sparsely vegetated while others have naturally developed more or less pure stands of Nothofagus dombeyi . These landslides did not cause many fatalities nor significant economic losses because most of the areas were uninhabited, with only minor roads. One landslide caused destruction and alarm following its blockage of the outflow of Riñihue Lake (see below). About 100 km (62 mi) south of Riñihue Lake, landslides in

1242-530: The Peru–Chile Trench , off the coast of southern Chile. Because of its geography, Chile remains one of the most seismically active countries in the world. The focus of the earthquake was relatively shallow at 33 km (21 mi), considering that earthquakes in northern Chile and Argentina may reach depths of 70 km (43 mi). A 2019 research paper postulates that the Liquiñe-Ofqui fault had

1311-535: The Philippines , eastern New Zealand , southeast Australia , and the Aleutian Islands . The epicenter of this megathrust earthquake was near Lumaco , approximately 570 kilometres (350 mi) south of Santiago , with Valdivia being the most affected city. The tremor caused localised tsunamis that severely battered the Chilean coast, with waves up to 25 metres (82 ft). The main tsunami traveled across

1380-628: The Valdivia River , sank after being moved 1.5 km (0.93 mi) backward and forward in the river; as of 2005, its mast was still visible from the road to Niebla . Soil subsidence also destroyed buildings, deepened local rivers and created wetlands in such places as the Río Cruces and Chorocomayo , a new aquatic park north of the city. Extensive areas of the city were flooded. The electricity and water systems of Valdivia were totally destroyed. Witnesses reported underground water flowing up through

1449-413: The 1900–1930 period, the population of Araucanía grew considerably, as did the economy despite recessions striking the rest of Chile. Araucanía became one of the principal agricultural districts of Chile, gaining the nickname of " granary of Chile". The administrative Araucanía Region was established in 1974, in what was the core of the larger historic region of Araucanía . In the 21st century, Araucanía

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1518-475: The 1960 Concepción earthquakes. The first of these was the 8.1 M w Concepción earthquake at 06:02 UTC-4 on 21 May 1960. Its epicenter was near Curanilahue . Telecommunications to southern Chile were cut off and President Jorge Alessandri cancelled the traditional ceremony of the Battle of Iquique memorial holiday to oversee the emergency assistance efforts. The second and third Concepción earthquakes occurred

1587-550: The 1960 earthquake. Lists of earthquakes#Largest earthquakes by magnitude Earthquakes are caused by movements within the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle . They range from weak events detectable only by seismometers , to sudden and violent events lasting many minutes which have caused some of the greatest disasters in human history . Below, earthquakes are listed by period, region or country, year, magnitude, cost, fatalities, and number of scientific studies. The following

1656-428: The 1960s the autumn of 1960 in southern Chile was not particularly dry nor warm. The tsunami that struck the coast of southern Chile destroyed seaside farms, killing numerous livestock and people. Barns and industrial structures were destroyed by the quake. The dairy industry was among the few industries of the affected zone that received subsidies and investment after the earthquake. It received state support through

1725-411: The 2002 census, the most- populated cities are: Temuco (260,783, includes Padre Las Casas ), Villarrica (45,531), Angol (43,801), Victoria (23,977), Lautaro (18,808), New Imperial (14,980), Collipulli (14,240), Loncoche (14,191), and Traiguén (14,140). Until recently, Araucanía was dependent on cereal farming and was known as Chile’s granary. Agriculture has become highly diversified; wheat

1794-526: The Andes in a strip running from Lota (37° S) southwards. The area of intensities of VII or more did not penetrate into the Central Valley north of Lleulleu Lake (38° S) and south of Castro (42.5° S). Two days after the earthquake Cordón Caulle , a volcanic vent close to Puyehue volcano , erupted. Other volcanoes may also have erupted, but none were recorded because of the lack of communication in Chile at

1863-450: The Consejo de Todas Las Tierras, have sought and enjoyed international support from nongovernmental and their indigenous organizations. Spanish settlers first arrived in Araucanía (one of two regional names) in the 1550s, but were unable to subdue the indigenous Mapuche. In the late 19th century, the Chilean government endorsed a large-scale immigration and settlement program for the area. At

1932-628: The ISC's Overview of the ISC Event Bibliography . International Seismological Centre . Event Bibliography . Thatcham, United Kingdom. 2018. Araucan%C3%ADa Region Chile did not incorporate the lands of the Araucanía Region until the 1880s, when it occupied the area to end resistance by the indigenous Mapuche by both military and political means. This opened up the area for Chilean and European immigration and settlement. In

2001-456: The Mapuche population, thus adding to the large mestizo population that exists in Chile. Smaller numbers of Arab (largely Syrian , Lebanese and Palestinian ), Chinese , Japanese , Korean and people of Euro-North American and Australian descent settled in La Araucania in the early 20th century. Temuco has a thriving Chinese, Taiwanese , and Syrian presence, and Capitán Pastene has

2070-496: The Pacific Ocean and devastated Hilo, Hawaii , where waves as high as 10.7 metres (35 ft) were recorded over 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) from the epicenter. The death toll and monetary losses arising from this widespread disaster are not certain. Various estimates of the total number of fatalities from the earthquake and tsunamis have been published, ranging between 1,000 and 6,000 killed. Different sources have estimated

2139-496: The benefit of a private company. While many Canarians obeyed their servitude, some of those who disobeyed the provisions of repopulation tried to escape their agreements and were arrested, or the indigenous Mapuche people took pity on the plight of these individuals who were on their former lands. The Mapuche welcomed some of them, and joined their demonstrations, in the so-called "revolt of the Canarians"; many Canarians integrated into

1960 Valdivia earthquake - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-478: The city of Valdivia near the coast. As the San Pedro River was blocked, the water level of Riñihue Lake started to rise quickly. Each meter the water level rose was equivalent to 20 million cubic meters, which meant that 480 million cubic meters of water would release into the San Pedro River (easily overpowering its flow capacity of 400 cubic metres (14,000 cu ft) per second if it rose above

2277-598: The coast, mainly the foot of the Chilean Coast Range , and the shores of Llanquihue Lake . A seiche (type of standing wave) of more than 1 meter was observed on Panguipulli Lake following the earthquake. On 22 May, a seiche occurred also in Nahuel Huapi Lake , on the Argentine side of the Andes , more than 200 km away from Valdivia. The wave, most likely produced by an earthquake-triggered sediment slide at

2346-567: The coastal town of Queule , a carabinero reported hundreds of people dead or missing some days after the tsunami. Historians Yoselin Jaramillo and Ismael Basso report that people in Queule decades later know about 50 people to have died because of the earthquake and tsunami. The earthquake triggered numerous landslides , mainly in the steep glacial valleys of the southern Andes . Within the Andes, most landslides occurred on forested mountain slopes around

2415-621: The currents and waves of the tsunami for four days while moving south. Outside Corral the crew rescued six nearly unconscious and dehydrated children on board two boats. The boats found were used to navigate in Valdivia River and Corral Bay but had drifted into the high sea. The coastal localities of Mississippi and Mehuín were struck by the tsunami causing the loss of fishing boats. 150 boats, most of them used for fishing are reported to have "disappeared" in Mehuín. Some kilometres north of Mahuín at

2484-481: The earthquake destroyed Valdivia's flood barriers, general land subsidence exposed new areas to flooding. Parts of the botanical garden of the Austral University of Chile that were next to Cau-Cau River and the city's southern outskirts along Route 206 were permanently flooded. The earthquakes damaged an area that had suffered a long period of economic decline, which began with shifts in trade routes due to

2553-449: The earthquake many families in Corral relocated to the neighbourhood of La Aguada. The economy of the coastal town of Queule had during the 1950s developed significantly. Its economy based on fishing, agriculture and industry had grown. Queule was connected by road in 1957 to the rest of the country and the town had developed into a balneario (resort town). This era of prosperity ended with

2622-553: The earthquake. Valdivia's bridges suffered only minor damage. The damage caused to Calle-Calle Bridge led to its temporary closure after the earthquake, with traffic redirected to Teja Island through Caucau River where people crossed it on boats and, reportedly, also a rudimentary and temporary wooden bridge. Land subsidence in Corral Bay improved navigability as shoal banks, produced earlier by sediments from Madre de Dios and other nearby gold mines, sank and were compacted. As

2691-430: The earthquake. Between two sparsely populated and isolated Andean valleys, the eruption had few eyewitnesses and received little attention by local media, which was preoccupied with the severe and widespread damage and losses caused by the earthquake. The eruption was first noticed and reported as an explosion by the crew of a United States Air Force plane that was heading to Santiago from Puerto Montt . The eruption fed

2760-467: The earthquake. Part of the reason behind this was the limited infrastructure development of the region next to the rupture zone. Structures that had been designed to resist earthquakes performed well during the earthquake, chiefly suffering damage when affected by soil subsidence or small fault movements. Houses built by their owners fared badly. In the regions of Maule and Bío Bío , houses built from adobe and masonry proved weak, while from Araucanía to

2829-512: The expansion of railroads in southern Chile and the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914. Unlike Valdivia, Osorno was saved from major destruction. In Osorno only about 20 houses were totally destroyed, although many firewalls and chimneys collapsed. Puerto Montt , a major city today, had in the early 1960s about 49,500 inhabitants. The bulk of the damage in Puerto Montt was located in

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2898-616: The extent and severity of damage. This is the top ten major earthquakes by the dollar value of property (public and private) losses directly attributable to the earthquake. The 50 most studied earthquakes according to the International Seismological Centre (ISC), based on a count of scientific papers (mostly in English) that discuss that earthquake. The "Event #" is linked to the ISC Event Bibliography for that event. Modified from figure 2, "The most studied events", at

2967-538: The fault would have moved as a consequence of the 22 May Valdivia earthquake. Earthquake-induced tsunamis affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, China, eastern New Zealand , southeast Australia, and the Aleutian Islands . Some localized tsunamis severely battered the Chilean coast, with waves up to 25 m (82 ft). The main tsunami crossed the Pacific Ocean at a speed of several hundred km/h and devastated Hilo, Hawaii , killing 61 people. Most of

3036-471: The final, 24-meter-high dam. This potential disaster would have violently flooded all the settlements along the course of the river in less than five hours, with more dire consequences if the dam suddenly broke. About 100,000 people lived in the affected zone. Plans were made to evacuate Valdivia, and many people left. To avoid the destruction of the city, several military units and hundreds of workers from ENDESA , CORFO , and MOP started an effort to control

3105-413: The incident. As of 2000, the remnants of Canelo were still visible. Santiago , another ship anchored at Corral at the time of the quake, managed to leave Corral in a bad state but was wrecked off the coast of Mocha Island on 24 May. The schooner La Milagrosa departed from Queule on 22 May to load a cargo of Fitzroya wood shingles in a small port south of Corral. La Milagrosa was battered by

3174-636: The lake bottom, killed two people and destroyed a pier in San Carlos de Bariloche city. During the Great Chilean earthquake, several landslides west of Tralcán Mountain blocked the outflow of Riñihue Lake . Riñihue Lake is the lowest of the Seven Lakes chain and receives a constant inflow from the Enco River . The blocked San Pedro River , which drains the lake, passes through several towns before reaching

3243-503: The lake. Twenty-seven bulldozers were put into service, but they had severe difficulties moving in the mud near the dams, so dykes had to be constructed with shovels from June onwards. The work was not restricted to the lake; drainages from other parts of the Seven Lakes were dammed to minimize additional flow into Riñihue Lake. These dams were removed later, with the exception of Calafquén Lake , which still retains its dam. By 23 June,

3312-399: The large agricultural estates ( estancias ) that were established in Araucanía were cultivated in wheat, led to its being called the "Granary of Chile". With naturally fertile soil and the implementation of modern technology such as tractors, wheat harvests were extraordinarily high, but because the farmers did not perform crop rotation , and indiscriminate logging and burning of woodlands

3381-466: The lowlands, which absorbed great amounts of energy. Many city blocks with destroyed buildings in the city center remained empty until the 1990s and 2000s, with some of them still used as parking lots . Before the earthquake, some of these blocks had modern concrete buildings built after the Great Valdivia fire of 1909. Around the main city square most buildings collapsed except for Edificio Prales and

3450-460: The main dam had been lowered from 24 to 15 m (79 to 49 ft), allowing 3 billion cubic metres of water to leave the lake gradually, but still with considerable destructive power. The team was led by ENDESA engineer Raúl Sáez . On 24 May, 38 hours after the main shock of the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, the Cordón Caulle volcano erupted. The eruption was believed to have been triggered by

3519-411: The main port of Valdivia, the water level rose 4 m (13 ft) before it began to recede. At 16:20 UTC-4, a wave of 8 m (26 ft) struck the Chilean coast, mainly between Concepción and Chiloé. Another wave measuring 10 m (33 ft) was reported ten minutes later. Hundreds of people were already reported dead by the time the tsunami struck. One ship, Canelo , starting at the mouth of

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3588-465: The monetary cost ranged from US$ 400   million to $ 800   million (or US$ 4.1   billion to $ 8.2   billion in 2023, adjusted for inflation). Chile is located along the Pacific Ring of Fire , a known zone of high seismicity. The earthquake was a megathrust earthquake resulting from the release of mechanical stress between the subducting Nazca plate and South American plate on

3657-492: The mountains around Golgol River caused the river to dam up; when it burst through the earthen dam, it created a flood down to Puyehue Lake . The Golgol landslides destroyed parts of international Route 215-CH , which connects to Bariloche in Argentina through Cardenal Antonio Samoré Pass . While most landslides clustered around north–south strips in the Andes, other areas that were affected by large numbers of landslides were

3726-415: The neighborhood of Barrio Modelo and the northern part of Bahía Angelmó , where artificial fills subsided. Angelmó and other coastal areas of Puerto Montt were among the few urban areas that suffered "total destruction" by the earthquake. After the earthquake a myth related the unusually warm and clear weather conditions prior to the earthquake to its triggering. When compared with the years that followed in

3795-644: The next day at 06:32 UTC-4 (7.1 M w ) and 14:55 UTC-4 (7.8 M w ) on 22 May. These earthquakes formed a southward migrating foreshock sequence to the main Valdivia shock, which occurred just 15 minutes after the third event. The earthquake interrupted and effectively ended a protest by coal miners from Lota , who were attempting to march to Concepción to demand higher salaries. The Valdivia earthquake occurred at 15:11 UTC-4 on 22 May, and affected all of Chile between Talca and Chiloé Island , more than 400,000 square kilometres (150,000 sq mi). Coastal villages, such as Toltén , were struck. At Corral ,

3864-532: The northwest corner of Llanquihue Lake . Puerto Octay was the center of a north–south elliptical area in the Central Valley , where the intensity was at the highest outside the Valdivia Basin. East of Puerto Octay, in a hotel in Todos los Santos Lake , stacked dishes were reported to have remained in place. With the exception of poor building sites, the zone of Mercalli scales intensities of VII or more all lay west of

3933-475: The occupation of Araucanía. The last portions of the region to be reached by the army were Alto Biobío and Toltén River 's lowlands. These are the regions where Mapuche communities have thrived the best since the Chilean conquest. With the construction of the Malleco Viaduct in the 1890s, the region became more accessible. Settlements in southern Chile became more consolidated. Until the mid-20th century,

4002-499: The past three decades, the city of Temuco has had the fastest rate of growth in Chile. According to the census of 1970, about 88,000 inhabitants lived in Temuco. In the census of 2000, 30 years later, the population had tripled to 250,000. The resort-town of Villarrica, on Lake Villarrica , has expanded rapidly. It is located next to the fast-growing resort of Pucón , now one of the four largest tourist destinations in Chile. According to

4071-621: The region in all directions. The majestic conifer Araucaria araucana , or monkey-puzzle tree (known locally as pehuén ), towers above the landscape. Its fruit, the piñón (a type of massive pine nut , often growing to the size and weight of a basketball or a bowling ball ) is still a staple food for the indigenous Pehuenches and local residents. A large part of this natural wealth is protected in various national parks ( Nahuelbuta , Tolhuaca , Conguillío , Villarrica , and Huerquehue National Parks ) and national reserves ( Malalcahuello , Las Nalcas , and Alto Biobío ). The Araucanía region

4140-453: The salvaged remnants of Penco . Canelo was anchored at Corral when the quake struck, filling a cargo of wood and other products destined for northern Chile. The engine of Canelo was warmed up after the earthquake. After hours of drifting around in Corral Bay and Valdivia River, the ship was wrecked and subsequently abandoned by its crew at 1800 local time. Two men on board Canelo died in

4209-565: The soil . Despite the heavy rains of 21 May, the city was without a water supply. The river turned brown with sediment from landslides and was full of floating debris, including entire houses. The lack of potable water became a serious problem in one of Chile's rainiest regions. The earthquake did not strike all the territory with the same strength; measured with the Mercalli scale, tectonically depressed areas suffered heavier damage. The two most affected areas were Valdivia and Puerto Octay , near

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4278-625: The south weak houses were mainly those built with inappropriate wood that had decayed over time. It has been estimated that about 40 percent of the houses in Valdivia were destroyed, leaving 20,000 people homeless. The most affected structures were those built of concrete, which in some cases collapsed completely, because they were not built using modern earthquake engineering. Traditional wooden houses fared better; although many were uninhabitable if they did not collapse. Houses built upon elevated areas suffered considerably less damage compared to those on

4347-567: The time, Chile often endorsed land allotment advertisement to Europeans, notably in Germany , Austria , and Switzerland , from where most of the new arrivals came. Beginning in the mid-19th century, with the German Revolutions , immigrants were often fleeing political upheaval and poor economies, seeking a new place to live. Other immigrants included Basques , from the northern Spanish border with southwest France, and some Argentines from across

4416-519: The time. The relatively low death toll in Chile (5,700) is explained in part by the low population density in the region, and by building practices that took into account the area's high geological activity. Earthquake lights were reported in Purén . One of the main aftershocks occurred on 6 June in Aysén Region . This magnitude 7.7 earthquake probably occurred along the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault , meaning that

4485-432: The true mechanism of the earthquake. Subduction zones are known to produce the strongest earthquakes on Earth, as their particular structure allows more stress to build up before energy is released. Geophysicists consider it a matter of time before this earthquake will be surpassed in magnitude by another. The earthquake's rupture zone was ≈ 800 km (500 mi) long, stretching from Arauco (37° S) to below

4554-490: The tsunami swell penetrated along Calle-Calle River as far as Huellelhue putting afloat piles of firewood that lay in the fields. After the 21 May Concepción earthquake, people in Ancud sought refuge in boats. A carabinero (police) boat, Gloria , was towing a few of these boats when the second earthquake struck on 22 May. As the sea regressed Gloria became stranded between Cerro Guaiguén and Cochinos Island . The stranded boat

4623-560: The tsunami-related deaths in Japan occurred in the northeast Sanriku region of Honshu . The Chilean coast was devastated by a tsunami from Mocha Island (38° S) to Aysén Region (45° S). Across southern Chile, the tsunami caused huge loss of life, damage to port infrastructure, and the loss of many small boats. Further north, the port of Talcahuano did not suffer any major damage, only some flooding. Some tugboats and small sailboats were stranded on Rocuant Island near Talcahuano. In Valdivia

4692-603: Was permitted, soils were prone to extensive erosion . They lost their fertility and much topsoil was lost to erosion. Beginning in the 1930s, Villarrica Lake was developed as a tourism area. With the return of democracy in Chile in 1990, Mapuche organizations renewed their land claims on certain territories. Rising violence has accompanied what is now called the Mapuche conflict . Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco and similar activist groups have sometimes used arson attacks and death threats to back up their claims; other organizations, such as

4761-497: Was wrecked when a tsunami wave engulfed it. All the new infrastructure of the small port of Bahía Mansa was destroyed by the tsunami, which reached heights of up to 10 metres above sea level there. The boat Isabella in Bahía Mansa quickly left the port but lost its anchors. In the Valdivia River and Corral Bay , several vessels were wrecked by the earthquake, among them Argentina , Canelo , Carlos Haverbeck , Melita , and

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