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50-757: The Diet of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and of the Grand Duchy of Cracow was the regional assembly of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , a crown land of the Austrian Empire , and later Austria-Hungary . In the history of the Polish parliaments , it is considered the successor of the former sejm walny , or general sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , and also of

100-573: A German-speaking majority), a Landtag is a unicameral legislature for a constitutive federal state (Bundesland). In the Principality of Liechtenstein , the Landtag is the sole national parliament, because Liechtenstein has no federal structure due to its size. In most of the German constitutive federal states ( Bundesländer ), the unicameral legislature is called Landtag : In the German city states ,

150-624: A bicameral "Imperial Diet". It was nevertheless only a sidestep, as Schwarzenberg three days later forcefully disbanded the Kremsier Parliament and finally had the constitution annulled with the New Year's Eve Patent ( Silvesterpatent ) of 1851. Emperor Franz Joseph went on to rule with absolute power. In place of the Imperial Diet, he installed an "Imperial Council" (German: Reichsrat ), whose members were appointed on his authority. In

200-688: A bicameral Imperial Council: the upper house was the House of Lords ( German : Herrenhaus ), and the lower house was the House of Deputies (German: Abgeordnetenhaus ). The House of Lords was convened for the first time on 29 April 1861. It was similar in form to the present day House of Lords of the United Kingdom. It met in the Palais Niederösterreich in Vienna until the Parliament Building

250-448: A bill in the House of Deputies that intended to abolish the fourth curia, and introduce universal suffrage in the third curia for those men below the five guilder threshold. This was fervently opposed, and was not passed into law. Despite this, the number of deputies was increased to 425 on 14 June 1896 through reforms by minister-president Count Kasimir Felix Badeni . A fifth curia was added, which granted universal suffrage to all men over

300-627: A class-based electoral system. In some of the Imperial States that were known as Land , the name of such estates assembly was Landtag , analogous to the Reichstag (Imperial Diet), which mainly comprised most of the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire plus Reichsgrafen , Imperial prelates and Free imperial cities . The precise composition obviously varied greatly, and could change over time, as

350-626: A strong peasant faction. Another notable change over time included the emergence of a Ruthenian (modern Ukrainian ) bloc, changing the balance of power within the body. Overall, the Diet preserved the Polish parliamentary tradition during a time in which it waned in the Prussian Partition and the Russian Partition , and saw the emergence of the major political parties and groupings that were to dominate

400-487: Is composed of the words Land (state, country or territory) and Tag (day). The German word Tagung (meeting) is derived from the German word Tag , as such meetings were held at daylight and sometimes spanned several days. In feudal society, the formal class system was reflected in the composition of the Imperial States ' representative assemblies ( Landstände ), regardless of their name well described as estates of

450-564: Is usually a unicameral assembly exercising legislative competence in non-federal matters. The States of Germany and Austria are governed by Landtage . In addition, the legislature of the Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol is known in German as a Landtag . Historically, states of the German Confederation also established Landtage . The Landtag of Liechtenstein is the nation's unicameral assembly. The German word Landtag

500-674: The DNVP a working majority. This was followed by the " Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich " of 30 January 1934 that formally abolished all the Landtage and transferred the sovereignty of the states to the central government. Although the states themselves continued in existence, the federalism of the Republic was effectively supplanted by a unitary state . Under its original constitution , East Germany

550-578: The Enlightenment would have less effect in the German-speaking lands, or only much later. In 1815 the German Confederation ("Deutscher Bund") was founded as successor to the Holy Roman Empire. § 13 of the "Bundesakte" (the constitution of the German Confederation) forced the German states to pass constitutions and implement parliaments called Landstände or Landtage. The first constitution

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600-702: The Kingdom of Hungary in 1921. Austria 's national bicameral parliament consists of the directly elected National Council and the Federal Council , which represents the Landtage parliaments at the federal level. The two chambers meet in the Federal Assembly , held for the ceremonial swearing-in of the Austrian president . Imperial Council (Austria) The seat of the Imperial Council from 4 December 1883

650-553: The Peaceful Revolution , but their Landtage did not convene until after the reunification of Germany . The Diet of Finland , which was created when the country was ceded from Sweden to Russia in 1809, was called lantdag in Swedish until 1906 when it was replaced by the unicameral Parliament of Finland . Parliament continued using the name lantdag in Swedish until 1919, when Finland adopted its first constitution following

700-666: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Lesser Poland territories were included in the Austrian partition as early as the First Partition of Poland in 1772. From about 1775 to 1848, with several gaps, the crown land of Galicia had a relatively powerless parliamentary body, known originally as the Postulate Sejm ( Polish : sejm postulatowy ), and from 1817, as Estates of Galicia ( Polish : stany galicyjskie ). The Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria, which

750-508: The Republic of Austria . Upon establishment of the Imperial Council by the February Patent , elections to the House of Deputies were conducted through a system of " curiae ". In this system, there were 343 deputies elected by the diets of the crown lands. The diets themselves were elected by four curiae. The curiae were essentially assemblies of certain social classes. There was one curia for

800-509: The sejmik , or local councils , in the territories of the Austrian Partition . It existed from 1861 until the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918. The multi-ethnic nature of the Kingdom resulted in the diet having multiple different names. In German , the lingua franca of Cisleithania (north-western part of the monarchy), it was called Landtag von Galizien und Lodomerien , meaning 'Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria'. In Polish , it

850-582: The 1850s, chronic fiscal malaise became acute. The dire nature of the situation was revealed to the Emperor after the Second Italian War of Independence and the bloody defeat of Austrian forces at the 1859 Battle of Solferino . To calm the domestic front and to gain the support of wealthy Bourgeoisie , Franz Joseph issued the October Diploma in 1860. An "Imperial Diet", still meant as a conciliatory body,

900-540: The Austrian capital Vienna (like Berlin) is both a city-state and a municipality , the Gemeinderat (municipal assembly) of Vienna also serves as the state Landtag. However, the city constitution states that municipal and state affairs are kept separate, and the two bodies hold separate meetings even though their memberships are identical. The representatives are elected in general, free, secret and direct ballots according to

950-650: The Austrian lands, but also undertook to draw up a constitution that would reflect the Empire's character of a multinational state , especially in view of the Austroslavic movement led by the Czech politician František Palacký . On 4 March 1849, however, minister-president Felix zu Schwarzenberg took the initiative and imposed the March Constitution , which promised the equality of all Austrian people and also provided for

1000-621: The Diet elected 38 representatives from among its deputies to be sent to the Imperial Council of Cisleithania . The Diet had legislative powers. The legislative initiative was possessed by the Emperor, along with the Diet executive (six deputies and the Marshal), and all individual deputies. It could debate and pass laws related to many issues in the field of education, culture, welfare, justice, public works, administration, religion and military. It could also impose supplementary taxes, up to 10% of

1050-401: The Diet was unicameral , and was made up of 150 deputies. All but nine were elected by four different " Curiae ", or assemblies of the social classes. An electoral system based on curiae was also used in the Imperial Council of Cisleithania, until 1907. This system of limited suffrage caused the predominantly Polish landowning class to dominate the Diet. Whilst they only made up about 0.4% of

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1100-669: The Duchies of Livonia , Estonia , Courland and Semigallia , and later the Russian Governorates of Livonia , Estonia and Courland . After the independence of Estonia and Latvia in 1918, they were ultimately replaced by the Riigikogu and the Saeima . In the contemporary Federal Republic of Germany , the Republic of Austria and the Italian Republic 's province of South Tyrol (with

1150-548: The Empire, officially "The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council". Transleithania consisted of the Kingdom of Hungary and its subordinate, the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . Instead of a subordinate regional diet, Hungary was granted its own parliament, and essentially attained the status of "sovereign state". The curia system, however, remained in place. At this point, the Council had extensive legislative powers in all Cisleithanian matters. Appointment and dismissal of

1200-410: The age of 24. This curia elected 72 deputies, shifting the balance of power away from the nobility. Minister-president Paul Gautsch von Frankenthurn introduced the final electoral reform in the history of the House of Deputies in 1906, after mass demonstrations by the rising Social Democratic Party , and despite fierce opposition in the House of Lords. Universal suffrage for men was introduced, and

1250-566: The course of the Revolutions of 1848 , representatives from those crown lands of the Austrian Empire incorporated in the German Confederation met in an "Imperial Diet" at Vienna. The convention was inaugurated by Archduke John on 22 July 1848 and after the Vienna Uprising of October moved to Kroměříž (German: Kremsier ) in Moravia. It not only abolished the last remnants of serfdom in

1300-459: The curia system for six year terms. The curia of the landowners elected 85 deputies, that of the chambers of commerce 21, that of cities 118, and that of the rural communities 128. Overall, only 6% of the population of the Empire could vote in these elections. Tax requirements for entry into the curiae remained the same, but was lowered to five guilders in 1883. On October 10, 1893, minister-president Eduard Taaffe, 11th Viscount Taaffe submitted

1350-493: The curia system was abolished. The number of deputies was raised to 516, and seats were allotted once again based on the crown lands. Universal suffrage allowed greater representation for members of the working class, and diminished the power of the German-speaking bourgeoisie. Whilst this was an advance for democracy, it resulted in the splintering of the House of Deputies into numerous factions based on nationality and ideology, which made it dysfunctional. Throughout its existence,

1400-700: The declaration of independence in 1917. Since then, the official term in Swedish has been riksdag , equivalent of the German Reichstag. The Finnish name is eduskunta . The first Landtag of the Livonian Confederation was called by archbishop of Riga Johannes Ambundii in 1419 and reconvened on a regular basis until the incorporation of Livonian lands into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Sweden and Denmark in 1561. Separate Landtags for Livonia , Courland and Estonia continued to exist as bodies of

1450-573: The direct tax. The position of 'Marshal' was equivalent to the position of ' Speaker ' in Westminster-style parliaments. The Marshal was considered the presiding officer of the Diet. Notable members of the Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria include: Landtag A Landtag (State Diet ) is generally the legislative assembly or parliament of a federated state or other subnational self-governing entity in German-speaking nations . It

1500-463: The effectiveness of the Imperial Council suffered heavily from conflicts between and within the numerous constituent nationalities of the Empire. Governments of Cisleithania had to rely on loose ad hoc alliances, often with the support of the Polish representatives ( Polenklub ), and there were as many as 29 Minister-Presidents between 1867 and 1918. From the July Crisis in 1914, the Imperial Council

1550-511: The final one, in 1913. At first, the deputies met in the Skarbek Theatre (today Maria Zankovetska National Academic Ukrainian Drama Theater). From 1881, the Diet met in a newly constructed building designed by architect Juliusz Hochberger and with a program of architectural sculpture by Teodor Rygier . The building is now owned by the University of Lviv . In the period of 1861 to 1873,

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1600-624: The government of the Cisleithania and the Minister-President remained the right of the emperor. The number of deputies each diet sent to the Imperial Council was set by the Compromise. There were 203 deputies in total: The next great change to the Imperial Council came in 1873. The number of deputies was increased from 203 to 353. Deputies would no longer be elected by the diets of the crown lands. Instead, they would be directly elected through

1650-401: The landowning class, one curia for the chambers of commerce , one curia for the towns and cities, and one curia for rural communities. Each curia would elect a select number of deputies to the diets, which would in turn elect deputies to the Imperial Council. To be part of the curia of the cities and the curia of the rural communities, a man had to pay at least ten guilders in tax. This system

1700-629: The parliamentary city council serves the function of the state parliament within the federal system - in the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and in the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg it is called the Bürgerschaft (municipal assembly): In the German capital and city state of Berlin , the legislature since 1951 (then of West Berlin ) is called Abgeordnetenhaus ("House of Representatives"), adopting

1750-532: The political life of the Second Polish Republic after World War I . The leader of the Polish peasant movement in the Second Polish Republic , Wincenty Witos , gained his experience in the Diet, elected for the first time in 1908. Similarly, the National Democrats , and the Polish socialists , had their political blocs in the diet around that time. As established by the February Patent of 1861,

1800-430: The population, they held 28.2% of the seats in the Diet. Small-scale rural landowners, on the other hand, made up about 95% of the population, but held only 52.3% of the seats in Diet. This system also skewed representation for different ethnicities in the Diet. Whilst Ruthenians made up about 40% of the population of Galicia, they only held 15% of the seats in the Diet, as they lived primarily in rural communities. Reform of

1850-607: The principle of proportional representation . The largest of the parliamentary groups (called Klubs in Austria) usually nominates the Landeshauptmann governor. The modern Landtage are the democratic successors of the estates assemblies in the corresponding crown lands of the Austrian Empire . Exceptions are the city of Vienna, which belonged to the Lower Austria Kronland until 1920, and Burgenland, ceded to Austria by

1900-458: The realm : it was not intended as an elected reflection of public opinion, but a fixed expression of established power as recognized in formal privileges, including the right to be seated in person (granted to many nobles (knightage) and prelates , as well as certain cities) or to be represented as elector in a college that is entitled to one or more seats. Therefore, the representatives primarily defended class interests, and decisions were based on

1950-574: The result of privileges granted or lost, entities split or merged, border changes et cetera . Prussian Landtage were held: See also Preußischer Landtag . As Austria and Prussia escaped the French 'exporting the revolution', and Napoleon was happy to maintain satellite monarchies in most German territories under his control (members of the Confederation of the Rhine ), the more democratic principles of

2000-684: The state governments were responsible. After the Nazi seizure of power , they embarked on the process of Gleichschaltung (coordination). On 31 March 1933, the Provisional Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich was enacted, which dissolved all the sitting Landtage and reconstituted them on the basis of the recent Reichstag election results, which had given the Nazi Party and its coalition partner

2050-589: The suffrage system in late 1913 added a fifth curia for the upper peasantry, which had the right to elect twenty deputies. Due to the outbreak of the First World War , no further elections to the Diet took place, and hence the fifth curia existed only on paper. Elections were not held on a regular schedule; they occurred usually every five to six years, upon Emperor's decree. Thus the deputies' term of office lasted about six years. The Diet had ten elections: 1861, 1867, 1870, 1877, 1883, 1889, 1889, 1895, 1901, 1908, and

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2100-710: The tradition of the Prussian Landtag . The national bicameral Parliament comprises the directly elected Bundestag and the Bundesrat which represents the state governments in Federal matters which affect the Länder . According to the Constitution of Austria , the Landtage are the unicameral legislatures of the nine states of Austria ( Bundesländer ), dealing with all matters not explicitly allotted to federal level: As

2150-407: Was a federal republic with five Länder , each with its own Landtag. Each Landtag was responsible for electing the Chamber of States , the upper house of the national parliament. In 1952, the Länder were dissolved and replaced by Bezirke (districts). The Landtage were accordingly abolished and their functions transferred to the Bezirke governments. The Länder were eventually restored after

2200-409: Was called either Sejm krajowy , meaning ' Sejm of the Land', or sejm lwowski , meaning ' Lwów Sejm'. In Ukrainian , it was called Га́лицький крайови́й сейм , transcribed Hálytsʹkyy krayovýy seym , meaning 'Sejm of Galicia'. Landtag is a German word that means 'regional assembly', or 'diet'. In Polish and Ukrainian, the word used was Sejm (the latter also used version Sojm ). Parts of

2250-407: Was completed in 1883. The House of Lords was composed of: The last meeting of the House of Lords was held on 30 October 1918. The meeting was adjourned within five minutes. The House of Lords chamber of the Parliament Building was destroyed by bombing during the Second World War . It was rebuilt in a contemporary style, and serves as the chamber of the now democratically elected National Council of

2300-409: Was formed in 1861 following the promulgation of the October Diploma by Emperor Franz Joseph I , had more real power than its predecessors. In Polish parliamentary tradition, it is considered to have continued the history of the general sejm and regional sejmiks on the lands of Lesser Poland and Ruthenia . The Diet was initially dominated by Polish nobles , but in time, it saw the emergence of

2350-401: Was in the Parliament Building on Ringstraße in Vienna . Prior to the completion of this building, the House of Lords met in the Estates House of Lower Austria , and the House of Deputies met in a temporary wooden building designed by Ferdinand Fellner on Währinger Straße. The Imperial Council was dissolved on 12 November 1918, following Austria-Hungary's defeat in the First World War. In

2400-501: Was passed in Nassau in 1814. Until 1841 ( Luxembourg ) all but two states got their constitution and parliaments. In 1871 the German Empire was founded. All 25 states of the German Empire and Alsace-Lorraine (the " Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen ") (from 1911) had Landtage as legislative authorities. The most important one was the Prussian Landtag . In the Weimar Republic (1919 – 1933) all German states had Landtage that were democratically elected by universal suffrage , and to which

2450-405: Was rejected by Hungary, as with the October Diploma, and Hungary never sent any delegates to the Council. The February Patent was suspended in 1865. With the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , Hungary would no longer send deputies to the Imperial Council. Instead, the Empire was reorganised into two equal parts: Cisleithania and Transleithania . Cisleithania consisted of the Austrian part of

2500-472: Was supposed to have 100 delegates elected by provincial diets that were to be established for each Austrian crown land. This electoral system, however, satisfied neither the bourgeois liberals nor the Hungarian nobility, who refused to accept any authority higher than the Hungarian Diet. For this reason, the Diploma was discarded and replaced by the February Patent of 1861, which was drafted by liberal minister-president Anton von Schmerling . This established

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