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122-573: The Cisleithanian capital was Vienna , the residence of the Austrian emperor . The territory had a population of 28,571,900 in 1910. It reached from Vorarlberg in the west to the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and the Duchy of Bukovina (today part of Ukraine and Romania ) in the east, as well as from the Kingdom of Bohemia in the north to the Kingdom of Dalmatia (today part of Croatia and Montenegro ) in

244-606: A Landeshauptmann , being president of the Landtag as well. From 1868 onwards Emperor Franz Joseph himself (in his function as monarch of a crown land, being king, archduke, grandduke, duke or count) and his Imperial–Royal ( k.k. ) government headed by the Minister-President of Austria were represented at the capital cities of the crown lands—except for Vorarlberg which was administered with Tyrol, and Istria and Gorizia-Gradisca which were administered together with Trieste under

366-725: A Cro-Magnon population that arrived in Europe about 45,000 years ago, Neolithic farmers who migrated from Anatolia during the Neolithic Revolution 9,000 years ago, and Yamnaya steppe pastoralists who expanded into Europe from the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the context of Indo-European migrations 5000 years ago. The population of the Czech lands has been influenced by different human migrations that wide-crossed Europe over time. In their Y-DNA haplogroups , which are inherited along

488-458: A humid subtropical ( Köppen : Cfa ) classification. The city has warm, showery summers, with average high temperatures ranging between 25 to 27 °C (77 to 81 °F) and a record maximum exceeding 38 °C (100 °F). Winters are relatively dry and cold with average temperatures at about freezing point. Spring is variable and autumn cool, with a chance of snow in November. Precipitation

610-563: A constructive role most of the time. Politics were frequently paralysed because of the tensions between different nationalities. When Czech obstruction at the Reichsrat prevented the parliament from working, the emperor went on to rule autocratically through imperial decrees ( Kaiserliche Verordnungen ) submitted by his government. The Reichsrat was prorogued in March 1914 at the behest of Minister-President Count Karl von Stürgkh , it did not meet during

732-460: A contributor to famous Czechs especially tennis , football , hockey , and athletics : Czech music had its first significant pieces created in the 11th century. The great progress of Czech artificial music began with the end of the Renaissance and the early Baroque era , concretely in works of Adam Václav Michna z Otradovic , where the specific character of Czech music was rising up by using

854-630: A decline in the Viennese population. After World War II, the Soviets used force to repatriate key workers of Czech, Slovak and Hungarian origins to return to their ethnic homelands to further the Soviet bloc economy. The population of Vienna generally stagnated or declined through the remainder of the 20th century, not demonstrating significant growth again until the census of 2000. In 2020, Vienna's population remained significantly below its reported peak in 1916. Under

976-776: A different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene speakers call the city Dunaj , which in other Central European Slavic languages means the river Danube , on which the city stands. Duchy of Austria 1156–1453 [REDACTED] Archduchy of Austria 1453–1485, 1490–1804 [REDACTED]   Principality of Hungary 1485–1490 [REDACTED]   Austrian Empire 1804–1867 [REDACTED]   Austria-Hungary 1867–1918 [REDACTED]   First Austrian Republic 1919–1934 [REDACTED]   Federal State of Austria 1934–1938 [REDACTED]   Nazi Germany 1938–1945 [REDACTED] Allied-occupied Austria 1945–1955 [REDACTED]   Austria 1955–present In

1098-687: A few more days until the Soviet Navy ’s Danube Flotilla naval force arrived with reinforcements. The remaining defending soldiers surrendered that same day. After the war, Vienna was part of Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria until September 1945. That month, Vienna was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an Allied Commission . The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin:

1220-1170: A geologist Karl von Terzaghi , musicologists Eduard Hanslick and Guido Adler , chemist Johann Josef Loschmidt , biologists Heinrich Wilhelm Schott and Georg Joseph Kamel , the founder of the dermatology Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra , peace activist Bertha von Suttner (Nobel Peace Prize), the composers Gustav Mahler , Heinrich Biber , Viktor Ullmann , Ervin Schulhoff , Pavel Haas , Erich Wolfgang Korngold and Ralph Benatzky , writers Franz Kafka , Reiner Maria Rilke , Max Brod , Karl Kraus , Franz Werfel , Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach , Leo Perutz , Tom Stoppard and Egon Erwin Kisch , painters Anton Raphael Mengs and Emil Orlik , architects Adolf Loos , Peter Parler , Josef Hoffmann , Jan Santini Aichel and Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer , cellist David Popper , violist Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst , pianists Alice Herz-Sommer and Rudolf Serkin , president of Austria Karl Renner , Prime Minister of Poland Jerzy Buzek , industrialist Oskar Schindler , or chess player Wilhelm Steinitz . People with Czech ancestry include

1342-630: A major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after World War I , Vienna became capital of the Republic of German-Austria , and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria . From the late-19th century to 1938, the city remained a center of high culture and of modernism . A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Johannes Brahms , Anton Bruckner , Gustav Mahler , and Richard Strauss . The city's cultural contributions in

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1464-461: A majority of the population. Almost 60% of Cisleithania's population was ethnically Slavic. Religion groups in Cisleithania included Roman Catholics, Greek Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, Evangelicals, Muslims and Jews. Roman Catholics were the largest religious group in the country that accounted for 79% of the population. While on the other hand, Greek Catholics accounted for 12% of the population. In

1586-531: A mark in modern Czech history. The most successful Czech erotic actress is Silvia Saint . The first Czech models have made a breakthrough in the international modeling were Paulina Porizkova or Ivana Trump . After the fall of communism in Czechoslovakia many other models succeeded: Karolína Kurková , Eva Herzigová , Taťána Kuchařová , Petra Němcová and Daniela Peštová . Czech culture involves many saints, most notably St. Wenceslaus (Václav) , patron of

1708-634: A new American classical music style, using the richness of ethnic music of that country during his mission in the US . The contribution of Alois Hába to microtonal music in the 20th century must be also mentioned. Czech music reached as far as Qing China . Karel Slavíček was a Jesuit missionary, scientist and sinologist who was introduced to the Kangxi Emperor on 3 February 1717, in Beijing . The emperor favored him and employed him as court musician. (Slavíček

1830-618: A novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the 1991 Philip Kerr novel, A German Requiem . The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the Austrian State Treaty was signed in May 1955 and came into force on 27 July 1955. By October, all soldiers had left the country. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the State Opera and the Burgtheater , both on

1952-424: A political identity ( Landespatriotismus ), while Czech ethnic identity survived among the lower and lower-middle classes. The Czech National Revival took place in the 18th and 19th centuries aiming to revive Czech language, culture and national identity. The Czechs were the initiators of Pan-Slavism . The Czech ethnonym (archaic Čechové ) was the name of a Slavic tribe in central Bohemia that subdued

2074-517: A riot broke out in the city. The protestors, enraged by the decision, set the Palace of Justice ablaze. The police attempted to end the revolt with force and killed at least 84 protestors, with 5 policemen also dying. In 1933, right-wing Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss dissolved the parliament , essentially letting him run the country as a dictatorship , banned the Communist Party and severely limited

2196-635: A separate part. Both the "Austrian" and "Hungarian" lands of the Dual Monarchy had large Slavic -settled territories in the north ( Czechs , Slovaks , Poles and Ruthenians ) as well as in the south ( Slovenes , Croats and Serbs ). Cisleithania consisted of 15 crown lands which had representatives in the Imperial Council ( Reichsrat ), the Cisleithanian parliament in Vienna. The crown lands centered on

2318-643: A third of its population. In 1804, during the Napoleonic Wars , Vienna became the capital of the newly formed Austrian Empire . The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15. The city also saw major uprisings against Habsburg rule in 1848 , which were suppressed. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , Vienna remained

2440-646: A widespread prehistorical cult of Vindos , a Celtic deity who survives in Irish mythology as the warrior and seer Fionn mac Cumhaill. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech , Slovak , Polish and Ukrainian names of the city ( Vídeň , Viedeň , Wiedeń and Відень respectively) and in that of the city's district Wieden . The name of the city in Hungarian ( Bécs ), Serbo-Croatian ( Beč , Беч ) and Ottoman Turkish ( بچ , Beç ) has

2562-724: Is borrowed from the homonymous Italian name. The German name Wien comes from the name of the river Wien , mentioned ad UUeniam in 881 ( Wenia- in modern writing). The name of the Roman settlement on the same emplacement is of Celtic extraction Vindobona , probably meaning "white village, white settlement" from Celtic roots, vindo- , meaning "white" (Old Irish find "white", Welsh gwyn / gwenn , Old Breton guinn "white, bright" > Breton gwenn "white"), and -bona "foundation, settlement, village", related to Old Irish bun "base, foundation" and Welsh bon , same meaning. The Celtic word vindos may reflect

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2684-594: Is characterized by the Czech National Revival , focusing to revive Czech culture and national identity. Since the turn of the 20th century, Chicago is the city with the third largest Czech population, after Prague and Vienna . During World War I, Czechoslovak Legions fought in France, Italy and Russia against the Central Powers . In 1918 the independent state of Czechoslovakia was proclaimed. Czechs formed

2806-452: Is completely surrounded by Lower Austria , and lies around 50 km (31 mi) west of Slovakia and its capital Bratislava , 60 km (37 mi) northwest of Hungary , and 60 km (37 mi) south of Moravia ( Czech Republic ). The once Celtic settlement of Vedunia was converted by the Romans into the castrum Vindobona (province of Pannonia ) in the 1st century, and

2928-461: Is generally moderate throughout the year, averaging around 600 mm (23.6 in) annually, with considerable local variations, the Vienna Woods region in the west being the wettest part (700 to 800 mm (28 to 31 in) annually) and the flat plains in the east being the driest part (500 to 550 mm (20 to 22 in) annually). Snow in winter is common, even if not so frequent compared to

3050-493: Is perhaps most well known for its Gemeindebauten , public housing buildings. Between 1925 and 1934, over 60,000 new apartments were built in the Gemeindebauten. Apartments were assigned on the basis of a point system favoring families and less affluent citizens. In July 1927 , after three nationalist far-right paramilitary members were acquitted of the killing of two social democratic Republikanischer Schutzbund members,

3172-601: Is plentiful. Remains of the military camp have been found under the city, as well as fragments of the canal system and figurines. Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish Colmán , derived from colm "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in

3294-413: Is the capital, most populous city , and one of nine federal states of Austria . It is Austria's primate city , with just over two million inhabitants. Its larger metropolitan area has a population of nearly 2.9 million, representing nearly one-third of the country's population. Vienna is the cultural , economic , and political center of the country, the fifth-largest city by population in

3416-580: Is the seat of the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna , in which is also vested the exempt Ordinariate for Byzantine-Rite Catholics in Austria; its Archbishop is Cardinal Christoph Schönborn . Many Catholic Churches in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ. Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Catholic churches, including

3538-571: The Archduchy of Austria ( Erzherzogtum Österreich ) were not states, but provinces in the modern sense. However, they were areas with unique historic political and legal characteristics and were therefore more than mere administrative districts. They have been conceived of as "historical-political entities". Each crown land had a regional assembly, the Landtag , which enacted laws ( Landesgesetze ) on matters of regional and mostly minor importance. Until 1848,

3660-875: The Austrian Armed Forces shelled the Karl-Marx-Hof , a civilian housing estate, and the Schutzbund surrendered. On 15 March 1938, three days after German troops had first entered Austria, Adolf Hitler arrived in Vienna. 200,000 Austrians greeted him at the Heldenplatz , where he held a speech from a balcony in the Neue Burg, in which he announced that Austria would be absorbed into Nazi Germany . The persecution of Jews started almost immediately, Viennese Jews were harassed and hounded, their homes and businesses plundered. Some were forced to scrub pro-independence slogans off

3782-548: The Austrian Empire , but the latter term was rarely used to avoid confusion with the era before 1867, when the Kingdom of Hungary had been a constituent part of that empire. The somewhat cumbersome official name was Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder ("The Kingdoms and Lands represented in the Imperial Council "). The phrase was used by politicians and bureaucrats, but it had no official status until 1915;

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3904-691: The Austro-Hungarian Navy and the Foreign Ministry , these k.u.k. matters remained reserved for the Imperial and Royal Ministers' Council for Common Affairs of Austria-Hungary. The Austrian Reichsrat , a bicameral legislature implemented in 1861, became the Cisleithanian parliament. Originally consisting of delegates of the Landtage , in 1873 direct election of the House of Deputies ( Abgeordnetenhaus )

4026-719: The Battle of White Mountain brought radical religious changes and started a series of intense actions taken by the Habsburgs in order to bring the Czech population back to the Roman Catholic Church. After the Habsburgs regained control of Bohemia, Czech people were forcibly converted to Roman Catholicism . All kinds of Protestant communities including the various branches of Hussites, Lutherans and Reformed were either expelled, killed, or converted to Catholicism. The Catholic Church lost

4148-601: The Czech people ( Český lid ), are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe , who share a common ancestry , culture , history , and the Czech language . Ethnic Czechs were called Bohemians in English until the early 20th century, referring to the former name of their country, Bohemia, which in turn was adapted from the late Iron Age tribe of Celtic Boii . During

4270-718: The European Union , and the most-populous of the cities on the Danube river . The city lies on the eastern edge of the Vienna Woods ( Wienerwald ), the northeasternmost foothills of the Alps , that separate Vienna from the more western parts of Austria, at the transition to the Pannonian Basin . It sits on the Danube , and is traversed by the highly regulated Wienfluss ( Vienna River ). Vienna

4392-545: The Holy Roman Emperor . The Luxembourg dynasty represents the heights of Czech (Bohemian) statehood territorial and influence as well as advancement in many areas of human endeavors. Many people are considered national heroes and cultural icons, many national stories concern their lives. Jan Hus was a religious reformist from the 15th century and spiritual father of the Hussite Movement. Jan Žižka and Prokop

4514-510: The July Crisis and was not reconvened until May 1917, after the accession of Emperor Karl in 1916. For representation in matters relevant to the whole real union of Austria-Hungary (foreign affairs, defence, and the financing thereof) the Reichsrat appointed delegations of 60 members to discuss these matters parallel to Hungarian delegations of the same size and to come, in separate votes, to

4636-491: The Landtage had been traditional diets (assemblies of the estates of the realm ). They were disbanded after the Revolutions of 1848 and reformed after 1860. Some members held their position as ex officio members (e.g., bishops), while others were elected. There was no universal and equal suffrage, but a mixture of privilege and limited franchise. The executive committee of a Landtag was called Landesausschuss and headed by

4758-681: The Leitha River , a tributary of the Danube forming the historical boundary between the Archduchy of Austria and the Hungarian Kingdom in the area southeast of Vienna (on the way to Budapest ). Much of its territory lay west (or, from a Viennese perspective, on "this" side) of the Leitha. After the constitutional changes of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Cisleithanian crown lands ( Kronländer ) continued to constitute

4880-587: The Migration Period , West Slavic tribes settled in the area, "assimilated the remaining Celtic and Germanic populations", and formed a principality in the 9th century, which was initially part of Great Moravia , in form of Duchy of Bohemia and later Kingdom of Bohemia , the predecessors of the modern republic. The Czech diaspora is found in notable numbers in the United States , Canada , Israel , Austria , Germany , Slovakia , Switzerland , Italy ,

5002-614: The Potsdam Conference and Yalta Conference . The Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 was followed by a wave of emigration, unseen before and stopped shortly after in 1969 (estimate: 70,000 immediately, 300,000 in total), typically of highly qualified people. Tens of thousands of Czechs had repatriated from Volhynia and Banat after World War II. Since the 1990s, the Czech Republic has been working to repatriate Romania and Kazakhstan 's ethnic Czechs. Following

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5124-735: The Ringstraße , reopened to the public. In the Autumn of 1956, Vienna accepted many Hungarian refugees , who had fled Hungary after an attempted revolution . The city experienced another wave of refugees after the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia in 1968, as well as after the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991. In 1972 the construction of the Donauinsel and the excavation of the New Danube began. In

5246-431: The Russian Liberation Army . The post-war expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia and the immediate reprisals against Germans and Nazi collaborators by Czech resistance and the Czechoslovak state authorities, made Czechs—especially in the early 1950s—settle alongside Slovaks and Romani people in the former lands of the Sudeten Germans , who had been deported to East Germany , West Germany and Austria according to

5368-463: The Soviet air force . Only after the Allies had taken Italy did the next raids commence. From 17 March 1944, 51 air raids were carried out in Vienna. Targets of the bombings were primarily the city's oil refineries . However, around a third of the city center was destroyed, and culturally important buildings such as the State Opera and the Burgtheater were burned, and the Albertina was heavily damaged. These air raids lasted until March 1945, just before

5490-406: The St. Stephen's Cathedral ( Stephansdom ), Karlskirche , Peterskirche and the Votivkirche . On the banks of the Danube is a Buddhist Peace Pagoda , built in 1983 by the monks and nuns of Nipponzan Myohoji . Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of the Alps in the Vienna Basin . The earliest settlement, at the location of today's inner city , was south of

5612-426: The United Kingdom , Australia , France , Russia , Argentina , Romania and Brazil , among others. The Czech ethnic group is part of the West Slavic subgroup of the larger Slavic ethno-linguistical group. The West Slavs have their origin in early Slavic tribes which settled in Central Europe after East Germanic tribes had left this area during the migration period . The West Slavic tribe of Czechs settled in

5734-406: The Western and Eastern blocs , which deeply distrusted each other. The city experienced an economic upturn due to the Marshall Plan . The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for Graham Greene 's screenplay for the film The Third Man (1949). The film's theme music was composed and performed by Viennese musician Anton Karas using a zither . Later he adapted the screenplay as

5856-516: The abstract art movement. Other well-known painters are Josef Čapek , Josef Lada , Theodoric of Prague , Wenceslaus Hollar , Toyen , Jan Kupecký , Petr Brandl , Vladimír Vašíček , Václav Brožík , Josef Mánes , Karel Škréta or Max Švabinský . Renowned sculptors were Josef Václav Myslbek or Matyáš Bernard Braun , photographers Jan Saudek , Josef Sudek , František Drtikol or Josef Koudelka , illustrators Zdeněk Burian or Adolf Born , architects Jan Kotěra or Josef Gočár . Jiří Kylián

5978-419: The 16th century of the Habsburg emperors of the Holy Roman Empire with an interruption between at the turn to the 17th century until 1806, becoming an important center in the empire. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Christian forces twice stopped Ottoman armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 siege of Vienna and the 1683 Battle of Vienna . The Great Plague of Vienna ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly

6100-399: The 1st century, the Romans set up the military camp of Vindobona in Pannonia on the site of today's Vienna city center near the Danube with an adjoining civilian town to secure the borders of the Roman Empire . Construction of the legionary camp began around 97 AD. At its peak, Vindobona had a population of around 15,000 people. It was a part of a trade and communications network across

6222-590: The 2021 census, 49.0% of Viennese were Christian. Among them, 31.8% were Catholic , 11.2% were Eastern Orthodox , and 3.7% were Protestant , mostly Lutheran , 34.1% had no religious affiliation, 14.8% were Muslim , and 2% were of other religions, including Jewish. One sources estimates that Vienna's Jewish community is of 8,000 members meanwhile another suggest 15,000. Based on information provided to city officials by various religious organizations about their membership, Vienna's Statistical Yearbook 2019 reports in 2018 an estimated 610,269 Roman Catholics, or 32.3% of

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6344-429: The 6th century during the Migration Period has been documented on the Czech territory. Slavs settled in Bohemia , Moravia and Austria sometime during the 6th or 7th centuries, and "assimilated the remaining Celtic and Germanic populations". According to a popular myth , the Slavs came with Forefather Čech who settled at the Říp Mountain. During the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo , supporting

6466-415: The Austrian half, Orthodox church had 770,000 believers mostly concentrated in Dalmatia and Bukovina which represented 2.3% of the population. The Evengelical churches had 600,000 believers that represented 2% of the population in Cisleithania. Muslims, predominantly Sunni, became the citizens of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after the occupation in 1878 and later annexation in 1908. At the time they were called

6588-409: The Czech Republic's entry into the European Union in May 2004, Czechs gradually gained the right to work in EU countries without a work permit. The last five Přemyslids were kings: Ottokar I of Bohemia , Wenceslaus I of Bohemia , Ottokar II of Bohemia , Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and Wenceslaus III of Bohemia . The most successful and influential of all Czech kings was Charles IV , who also became

6710-411: The Czech nation, St. John of Nepomuk (Jan Nepomucký) , St. Adalbert (Vojtěch) , Saint Procopius or St. Agnes of Bohemia (Anežka Česká) . Although not a Christian, rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel of Prague, a 16th Century scholar and one of the most influential figures of Jewish history, is considered to be part of the country's religious legacy as well. The modern Czech nation was formed through

6832-405: The Empire. Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius may have died here in 180 AD during a campaign against the Marcomanni . After a Germanic invasion in the second century the city was rebuilt. It served as a seat of the Roman government until the fifth century, when the population fled due to the Huns invasion of Pannonia. The city was abandoned for several centuries. Evidence of the Romans in the city

6954-425: The Great were leaders of hussite army, George of Poděbrady was a hussite king. Albrecht von Wallenstein was a notable military leader during the Thirty Years' War. The teacher of nations Jan Amos Komenský is also considered a notable figure in Czech history. Joseph Radetzky von Radetz was an Austrian general staff during the later period of the Napoleonic Wars. Josef Jungmann is often credited for expanding

7076-416: The Habsburg family. The German language was made equal to the Czech language. Czech patriotic authors tend to call the following period, from 1620 to 1648 until the late 18th century, the "Dark Age". It is characterized by devastation by foreign troops; Germanization ; and economic and political decline. It is estimated that the population of the Czech lands declined by a third. The 18th and 19th century

7198-410: The Imperial council in Vienna and by the Hungarian parliament in Budapest. Without the Austrian and Hungarian parliamentary ratifications, the decisions of the delegates were not valid in Austria or in Kingdom of Hungary. The largest group within Cisleithania were Austrian Germans (including Yiddish -speaking Jews ), who made up around a third of the population. German-speakers and Czechs made up

7320-453: The Mohammedans and they were accounted for 1.2% of the population. Jews, according to the resource, represented 4.6% of the whole Austro-Hungarian population. 48°30′N 16°23′E  /  48.500°N 16.383°E  / 48.500; 16.383 Vienna Vienna ( / v i ˈ ɛ n ə / vee- EN -ə ; German: Wien [viːn] ; Austro-Bavarian : Wean [veɐ̯n] )

7442-486: The Nazi regime, 65,000 Jews were deported and murdered in concentration camps by Nazi forces; approximately 130,000 fled. By 2001, 16% of people living in Austria had nationalities other than Austrian, nearly half of whom were from former Yugoslavia ; the next most numerous nationalities in Vienna were Turks (39,000; 2.5%), Poles (13,600; 0.9%) and Germans (12,700; 0.8%). As of 2012 , an official report from Statistics Austria showed that more than 660,000 (38.8%) of

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7564-413: The Parliament, the French in Hotel Kummer on Mariahilferstraße, the Americans in the National Bank , and the British in Schönnbrunn Palace . The division of the city was not comparable to that of Berlin . Although the borders between the sectors were marked, travel between them was freely possible. During the ten years of the four-power occupation, Vienna was a hotbed for international espionage between

7686-448: The Protestants. While these religious wars were taking place, the Czech estates revolted against Habsburg from 1546 to 1547 but were ultimately defeated. North America South America Oceania Defenestrations of Prague in 1618, signaled an open revolt by the Bohemian estates against the Habsburgs and started the Thirty Years' War . After the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, all Czech lands were declared hereditary property of

7808-492: The Slavs fighting against nearby settled Avars , became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, Samo's Empire . The principality Great Moravia , controlled by the Moymir dynasty , arose in the 8th century and reached its zenith in the 9th (during the reign of Svatopluk I of Moravia ) when it held off the influence of the Franks. Great Moravia was Christianized, the crucial role played Byzantine mission of Cyril and Methodius . The Duchy of Bohemia emerged in

7930-399: The Soviet troops started the Vienna offensive . The Red Army , who had previously marched through Hungary , first entered Vienna on 6 April. They first attacked the eastern and southern suburbs, before moving on to the western suburbs. By the 8th they had the center of the city surrounded. The following day the Soviets started with the infiltration of the city center. Fighting continued for

8052-422: The Viennese population have full or partial migrant background, mostly from Ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Germany, Poland, Romania and Hungary. From 2005 to 2015 the city's population grew by 10.1%. According to UN-Habitat , Vienna could be the fastest growing city out of 17 European metropolitan areas until 2025 with an increase of 4.65% of its population, compared to 2010. Religion in Vienna (2021) According to

8174-609: The Western and Southern regions of Austria. Vienna is composed of 23 districts ( Bezirke ). Administrative district offices in Vienna, called Magistratische Bezirksämter, serve functions similar to those in the other Austrian states (called Bezirkshauptmannschaften), the officers being subject to the mayor of Vienna; with the notable exception of the police, which is under federal supervision. Czechs The Czechs ( Czech : Češi , pronounced [ˈtʃɛʃɪ] ; singular Czech , masculine: Čech [ˈtʃɛx] , singular feminine: Češka [ˈtʃɛʃka] ), or

8296-450: The area of Bohemia during the migration period, and assimilated the remaining Celtic and Germanic populations. In the 9th century the Duchy of Bohemia , under the Přemyslid dynasty , was formed, which had been part of Great Moravia under Svatopluk I. According to mythology , the founding father of the Czech people was Forefather Čech , who according to legend brought the tribe of Czechs into its land. The Czechs are closely related to

8418-841: The astronauts Eugene Cernan and Jim Lovell , film directors Chris Columbus and Jim Jarmusch , swimmer Katie Ledecky , politicians John Forbes Kerry and Caspar Weinberger , chemist and Nobel Prize laureate Thomas Cech , physicist Karl Guthe Jansky , economist Friedrich Hayek , painters Jan Matejko , Gustav Klimt , Egon Schiele and Oskar Kokoschka , actors Ashton Kutcher , Sissy Spacek and Kim Novak , tennis players Richard Krajicek , Jakob Hlasek and Stan Wawrinka , singer Jason Mraz , Brazil president Juscelino Kubitschek , founder of McDonald's company Ray Kroc , writers Georg Trakl and Robert Musil , mayor of Chicago Anton Cermak and Ivanka Trump and her brother Donald Trump Jr. The Czechs live in three historical lands: Bohemia , Moravia , and Czech Silesia ; these regions make up

8540-402: The capital of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918). In 1910, Vienna had more than two million inhabitants and was the third largest city in Europe after London and Paris. Around the start of the 20th century, Vienna was the city with the second-largest Czech population in the world (after Prague ). After World War I, many Czechs and Hungarians returned to their ancestral countries, resulting in

8662-404: The capital of what became the Austro-Hungarian Empire . The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the First Viennese School (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied. During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the bastions and glacis into the Ringstraße , a new boulevard surrounding the historical town and

8784-464: The central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an international zone in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The city was policed by the four powers on a day-to-day basis using the "four soldiers in a jeep" method, which had one soldier from each nation sitting together. The four powers all had separate headquarters, the Soviets in Palais Epstein next to

8906-506: The city were arrested. Adolf Eichmann held office in the expropriated Palais Rothschild and organized the expropriation and persecution of the Jews. Of the almost 200,000 Jews in Vienna, around 120,000 were driven to emigrate and around 65,000 were killed. After the end of the war, the Jewish population of Vienna was only about 5,000. In 1942 the city suffered its first air raid , carried out by

9028-450: The common name of Austro-Illyrian Littoral— by a stadtholder ( Statthalter ), in few crown lands called Landespräsident , who acted as chief executive. According to the "December Constitution", a redraft of the emperor's 1861 February Patent , the Austrian government was generally responsible in all affairs concerning the Cisleithanian lands, except for the common Austro-Hungarian Army ,

9150-676: The context of the Czech National Revival , was played out. Leaders of the movement like František Palacký advocated the emancipation of the Slavic population within the Monarchy ( Austroslavism ), while politicians of the Young Czech Party principally denied the right of the Reichsrat to put any decisions relevant for the " Czech lands ", and used means of filibustering as well as absence to torpedo its work. They were antagonized by radical German nationalists led by Georg von Schönerer , demanding

9272-734: The country. The Czech language is spoken by approximately 12 million people around the world, but the vast majority are in the Czech Republic . It developed from the Proto-Slavic language in the 10th century and is mutually intelligible with the Slovak language . In 1977, Richard Felix Staar described Czechs as "tolerant and even indifferent towards religion as a rule". After the Bohemian Reformation , most Czechs (about 85%) became followers of Jan Hus , Petr Chelčický and other regional Protestant Reformers . Bohemian Estates' defeat in

9394-537: The development of European music. Jan Václav Antonín Stamic in 18th-century contributed to the creation of Classicism in music by innovations of compositional forms and the founding of the Mannheim school . Similarly, Antonín Rejcha 's experiments prefigured new compositional techniques in the 19th century. The influence of Czech musicians expanded beyond the borders of the European continent, when Antonín Dvořák created

9516-521: The dissolution of the Monarchy and the unification of the " German Austrian " lands with the German Empire . After 1893, no k.k. government was able to rely on a parliamentary majority. Nevertheless, Polish members of parliament and politicians like Count Kasimir Felix Badeni achieved some success involving Galician Poles by special regulations for this "developing country"; thence the Polenklub played

9638-525: The early part of the 20th century. Vienna was home to the world's first psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud . The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-century Ringstraße , which is lined with grand buildings, monuments, and parks. In 2024, Vienna retained its position as most livable city per the Economist Intelligence Unit , and has spent every year since 2015 in

9760-460: The end of the Prague Spring resulting from the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact armies. Another notable politician after the fall of the communist regime is Václav Havel , last President of Czechoslovakia and first President of the Czech Republic . The first directly elected president is Miloš Zeman . The Czech Republic has had multiple Prime Ministers the first of which

9882-522: The fact that there was no common parliament. The common diplomatic and military affairs were managed by delegations from the Imperial Council and the Hungarian parliament. According to the compromise, the members of the delegates from the two parliaments had no right to debate, they had no right to introduce new perspectives and own ideas during the meetings, they were nothing more than the extended arms of their own parliaments. All decisions had to be ratified by

10004-588: The first half of the 20th century included, among many, the Vienna Secession movement in art, the Second Viennese School , the architecture of Adolf Loos , the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein , and the Vienna Circle . The city of Vienna became the center of socialist politics from 1919 to 1934, a period referred to as Red Vienna ( Das rote Wien ). After a new breed of socialist politicians won

10126-707: The first time in 2016 when singer Gabriela Gunčíková finished in 25th place. In 2018 the singer Mikolas Josef reached the 6th place in the contest being the best result of the Czech Republic until today. Other important names: Franz Benda , Rafael Kubelík , Jan Ladislav Dussek , Vítězslav Novák , Zdeněk Fibich , Jan Kubelík , Jiří Antonín Benda , Julius Fučík , Karel Svoboda , Karel Kryl , Václav Neumann , Václav Talich , František Xaver Richter , Jan Křtitel Vaňhal , Vojtěch Živný , Josef Bohuslav Foerster , Magdalena Kožená , Karel Ančerl , Ema Destinnová , Maria Jeritza , František Xaver Brixi , Jiří Bělohlávek , Oskar Nedbal , Karel Gott . Jaroslav Seifert

10248-463: The form of Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks. In 976, Leopold I of Babenberg became count of the Eastern March , a district centered on the Danube on the eastern frontier of Bavaria . This initial district grew into the duchy of Austria . Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and

10370-735: The former Venetian Dalmatia ( Kingdom of Dalmatia ). From 1867, the Kingdom of Hungary , the Kingdom of Croatia , the Kingdom of Slavonia and the Principality of Transylvania were no longer "Austrian" crown lands. Rather, they constituted an autonomous state, officially called the "Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St Stephen" ( Hungarian : Szent István Koronájának Országai or A Magyar Szent Korona Országai , German : Länder der Heiligen Ungarischen Stephanskrone ) and commonly known as Transleithania or just Hungary. The Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina , occupied in 1878, formed

10492-628: The founder of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud , the founder of genetics Gregor Mendel , logician and mathematician Kurt Gödel , the philosopher Edmund Husserl , scientists Gerty Cori , Carl Cori and Peter Grünberg (all Nobel Prize winners) and Ernst Mach , economists Joseph Schumpeter and Eugen Böhm von Bawerk , philosophers Bernard Bolzano , Ernest Gellner , Vilém Flusser and Herbert Feigl , Marxist theoretician Karl Kautsky , astronomer Johann Palisa , legal theorist Hans Kelsen , inventors Alois Senefelder and Viktor Kaplan , automotive designer Ferdinand Porsche , psychologist Max Wertheimer ,

10614-533: The gene pool through admixture with Central Asian nomadic tribes in the early Middle Ages. A group of scientists suggested that the high frequency of a gene mutation causing cystic fibrosis in Central European (including Czech R.) and Celtic populations supports the theory of some Celtic ancestry among the Czech population. The population of the Czech Republic descends from diverse peoples of Slavic , Celtic and Germanic origin. Presence of West Slavs in

10736-599: The influence of genuine folk music . This tradition determined the development of Czech music and has remained the main sign in the works of great Czech composers of almost all eras – Jan Dismas Zelenka and Josef Mysliveček in Baroque , Bedřich Smetana and Antonín Dvořák in Romanticism , Leoš Janáček , Bohuslav Martinů and Josef Suk in modern classical or Petr Eben and Miloslav Kabeláč in contemporary classical music . Czech musicians also played an important role in

10858-582: The influence of the Social Democratic Party . This led to a civil war between the right-wing government and socialist forces the following year, which started in Linz and quickly spread to Vienna. Socialist members of the Republikanischer Schutzbund barricaded themselves inside the housing estates and exchanged fire with the police and paramilitary groups. The fighting in Vienna ended after

10980-490: The landed concept (a Czech is someone who was born in the historic Czech territory), which in Jungmann's time primarily denoted nobility , and the ethnic concept. Definition by territory is still discussed alternative, from time to time is indicated for Czechs number of natives (speaking mostly German, English or otherwise) – these include US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright , film director Karel Reisz , actor Herbert Lom ,

11102-638: The lands immediately east. In 1155, Henry II, Duke of Austria moved the Babenberg family residence with the founding of the Schottenstift from Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria to Vienna. From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty. Hungary occupied the city between 1485 and 1490. Vienna became at the turn to the 16th century the seat of the Aulic Council and subsequently later in

11224-513: The largest German-speaking cities in the world, being the largest in the 18th and 19th century, peaking at two million inhabitants before it was overtaken by Berlin at the beginning of the 20th century. Vienna is host to many major international organizations , including the United Nations, OPEC and the OSCE . In 2001, the city center was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In July 2017, it

11346-632: The late 9th century. In 880, Prague Castle was constructed by Prince Bořivoj , founder of the Přemyslid dynasty and the city of Prague was established. Vratislav II was the first Czech king in 1085 and the duchy was raised to a hereditary kingdom under Ottokar I in 1198. The second half of the 13th century was a period of advancing German immigration into the Czech lands . The number of Czechs who have at least partly German ancestry today probably runs into hundreds of thousands. The Habsburg Monarchy focused much of its power on religious wars against

11468-453: The law permitted the summoning of a common session of both delegations and the eventual counting of the votes in total, but the Hungarians, who averted any Imperial "roof" over their part of the dual monarchy, as well as the common ministers, carefully avoided reaching this situation. Austria-Hungary as a common entity did not have its own jurisdiction and legislative power, which was shaped by

11590-771: The leading class in the new state emerging from the remnants of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy . After 1933, Czechoslovakia remained the only democracy in central and eastern Europe. However, in 1938 the Munich Agreement severed the Sudetenland , with a considerable Czech minority, from Czechoslovakia, and in 1939 the German Nazi regime established the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia for Resttschechei (the rump Czech state ). Emil Hácha became president of

11712-422: The local elections they engaged in a brief but ambitious municipal experiment. Social democrats had won an absolute majority in the May 1919 municipal election and commanded the city council with 100 of the 165 seats. Jakob Reumann was appointed by the city council as city mayor. The theoretical foundations of so-called Austromarxism were established by Otto Bauer , Karl Renner , and Max Adler . Red Vienna

11834-589: The male line, Czechs have shown a mix of Eastern and Western European traits. According to a 2007 study, 34.2% of Czech men belong to R1a . Within the Czech Republic, the proportion of R1a seems to gradually increase from west to east. According to a 2000 study, 35.6% of Czech men have haplogroup R1b , which is very common in Western Europe among Germanic and Celtic nations, but rare among Slavic nations. A mtDNA study of 179 individuals from Western Bohemia showed that 3% had East Eurasian lineages that perhaps entered

11956-412: The meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river. Elevation ranges from 151 to 542 m (495 to 1,778 ft). The city has a total area of 414.65 square kilometers (160.1 sq mi), making it the largest city in Austria by area. Vienna has a borderline oceanic ( Köppen : Cfb ) and humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ), with some parts of the urban core being warm enough for

12078-454: The modern Czech Republic. However, the country is now divided into 14 administrative regions. The local culture varies somewhat in each of the historical regions. Moravians are usually more nationalistic regional patriots of Moravia, but they also speak Czech . Local dialects (such as Central Bohemian , the Chod dialect , Moravian dialects , Cieszyn Silesian , etc.) are found in various parts of

12200-457: The modern Czech language, and preventing its extinction. The most famous Czech historian was František Palacký , often called "father of nation". One of the most notable figures are founders of Czechoslovakia, modern state of independence of Czech and Slovak nations, Presidents Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and Edvard Beneš , who was also leader of exile government in World War II . Ludvík Svoboda

12322-675: The neighbouring Slovaks (with whom they constituted Czechoslovakia 1918–1992). The Czech–Slovak languages form a dialect continuum rather than being two clearly distinct languages. Czech cultural influence in Slovak culture is noted as having been much higher than the other way around. Czech (Slavic) people have a long history of coexistence with the Germanic people. In the 17th century, German replaced Czech in central and local administration; upper classes in Bohemia and Moravia were Germanized, and espoused

12444-499: The population, and 200,000 (10.4%) Muslims, 70,298 (3.7%) Orthodox, 57,502 (3.0%) other Christians, and 9,504 (0.5%) other religions. A study conducted by the Vienna Institute of Demography estimated the 2018 proportions to be 34% Catholic, 30% unaffiliated, 15% Muslim, 10% Orthodox, 4% Protestant, and 6% other religions. As of the spring of 2014, Muslims made up 30% of the total proportion of schoolchildren in Vienna. Vienna

12566-602: The press and the general public seldom used it and then with a derogatory connotation. In general, the lands were just called Austria, but the term "Austrian lands" ( Österreichische Länder ) originally did not apply to the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (i.e., Bohemia proper, the Margraviate of Moravia and Duchy of Silesia ) or to the territories annexed in the 18th-century Partitions of Poland ( Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria ) or

12688-471: The process of the Czech national revival . Through this was created the linguistic concept of the Czech nation (particularly promoted by Jungmann), i.e. "a Czech = one who has the Czech language as their first language: naturally or by choice." (That is why Slovaks who have chosen Czech as their literary language, such as Ján Kollár or Pavel Jozef Šafařík , are often considered to be Czechs.) Like other nations, Czechs also speak of two alternative concepts:

12810-695: The protectorate under Nazi domination, which only allowed pro-Nazi Czech associations and tended to stress ties of the Czechs with the Bohemian Germans and other parts of the German people, in order to facilitate assimilation by Germanization . In Lidice , Ležáky and Javoříčko the Nazi authorities committed war crimes against the local Czech population. On 2 May 1945, the Prague Uprising reached its peak, supported by

12932-516: The same conclusion on the recommendation of the responsible common ministry. In Cisleithania, the 60 delegates consisted of 40 elected members of the House of Representatives ( Abgeordnetenhaus ) and 20 members of the Upper House ( Herrenhaus ). The delegations convened simultaneously, both either in Vienna or in Budapest, though spatially divided. In case of not getting the same decision in three attempts,

13054-558: The same decade, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky inaugurated the Vienna International Centre , a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organisations, such as the United Nations. Because of the industrialization and migration from other parts of the Empire, the population of Vienna increased sharply during its time as

13176-487: The south. It comprised the current States of Austria (except for Burgenland ), as well as most of the territories of the Czech Republic and Slovenia (except for Prekmurje ), southern Poland and parts of Italy ( Trieste , Gorizia , Tarvisio , Trentino , and South Tyrol ), Croatia ( Istria , Dalmatia ), Montenegro ( Kotor Bay ), Romania (Southern Bukovina ), and Ukraine (Northern Bukovina and Galicia ). The Latin name Cisleithania derives from that of

13298-721: The streets. This culminated in the Kristallnacht , a nationwide pogrom against the Jews carried out by the Schutzstaffel and the Sturmabteilung , with support of the Hitler Youth and German civilians. All synagogues and prayer houses in the city were destroyed, bar the Stadttempel , due to its proximity to residential buildings. Vienna lost its status as a capital to Berlin , as Austria had ceased to exist. The few resistors in

13420-620: The surrounding tribes in the late 9th century and created the Czech/Bohemian state. The origin of the name of the tribe itself is unknown. According to legend, it comes from their leader Čech , who brought them to Bohemia. Research regards Čech as a derivative of the root čel- (member of the people, kinsman). The Czech ethnonym was adopted by the Moravians in the 19th century. Czechs, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages: Mesolithic hunter-gatherers , descended from

13542-549: The top 2 places, bar 2021 due to the COVID-19 lockdowns . The place is mentioned as Οϋι[νδ]όβονα (Oui[nd]obona) in the 2nd century AD (Ptolemy, Geography , II, 14, 3); Vindobona in the 3rd century ( Itinerarium Antonini Augusti 233, 8); Vindobona in the 4th century ( Tabula Peutingeriana , V, 1); Vindomana ab. 400 ( Notitia Dignitatum , 145, 16); Vindomina, Vendomina in the 6th century ( Jordanes , De origine actibusque Getarum , 50, 264). The English name Vienna

13664-533: Was a Spinet player). Some notable modern Czech musicians are US-based composer and guitarist Ivan Král , musician and composer Jan Hammer and the rock band The Plastic People of the Universe which played an important part in the underground movement during the communist regime. The Czech Republic first entered the Eurovision Song Contest in 2007 . Czech performer qualified for the grand final for

13786-634: Was a head of the Czechoslovak military units on the Eastern Front during the World War II (later president of Czechoslovakia ). The key figures of the Communist regime were Klement Gottwald , Antonín Zápotocký , Antonín Novotný (and Slovak Gustáv Husák ), the most famous victims of this regime were Milada Horáková and Rudolf Slánský . Jan Palach committed self-immolation as a political protest against

13908-580: Was also the theatrical avant-garde ( Jan Werich , Jiří Voskovec , Emil František Burian ). Known journalists were Julius Fučík , Milena Jesenská or Ferdinand Peroutka . Mikoláš Aleš was a painter, known for redesigning the Prague National Theatre . Alphonse Mucha was an influential artist in the Art Nouveau movement of the Edwardian period. František Kupka was a pioneer and co-founder of

14030-524: Was an important ballet choreographer. Film director Miloš Forman , known best for his movie, One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest is of Czech origin and started his career in Czechoslovakia. Forman was a member of the so-called Czech New Wave . Other members included Jiří Menzel ( Oscar 1967), Ivan Passer , Věra Chytilová and Elmar Klos (Oscar 1965). Also the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

14152-933: Was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his poetry. Božena Němcová has become a cultural icon and gained much fame for her book Babička ( The Grandmother ) . Other important Czech writers include Milan Kundera , Karel Čapek , Jaroslav Hašek , Jan Neruda , Franz Kafka , Bohumil Hrabal , Viktor Dyk , Kosmas , Pavel Kohout , Alois Jirásek , Josef Škvorecký , Karel Jaromír Erben , Jiří Wolker , Karel Hynek Mácha , Vítězslav Nezval , Arnošt Lustig , Jaroslav Vrchlický , Karel Havlíček Borovský , Ivan Klíma , Egon Erwin Kisch , Vladimír Holan , Julius Zeyer or Svatopluk Čech . From contemporary Czech writers can be mentioned Jáchym Topol , Patrik Ouředník , Michal Viewegh or Daniela Hodrová . Important playwrights were Karel Čapek, František Langer or Josef Kajetán Tyl . Strong

14274-464: Was awarded to Jan Svěrák (1996). The influential surrealist filmmaker and animator Jan Švankmajer was born in Prague and has resided in the Czech Republic throughout his life. In the field of animation and puppet film famous people include Zdeněk Miler , Karel Zeman and Jiří Trnka . Actors Zdeněk Svěrák , Vlastimil Brodský , Vladimír Menšík , Libuše Šafránková or Karel Roden have also made

14396-612: Was elevated to a municipium with Roman city rights in 212. This was followed by a time in the sphere of influence of the Lombards and later the Pannonian Avars , when Slavs formed the majority of the region's population. From the 8th century on, the region was settled by the Baiuvarii . In 1155, Vienna became the seat of the Babenbergs , who ruled Austria from 976 to 1246. In 1221, Vienna

14518-547: Was granted city rights. During the 16th century, the Habsburgs , who had succeeded the Babenbergs, established Vienna as the seat of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire , a position it held until the empire's dissolution in 1806, with only a brief interruption. With the formation of the Austrian Empire in 1804, Vienna became the capital of it and all its successor states. Throughout the modern era Vienna has been among

14640-510: Was introduced with a four-class franchise suffrage for male landowners and bourgeois. Equal, direct, secret and universal suffrage—for men—was not introduced until a 1907 electoral reform. In this Lower House (with 353 members in 1873 and 516 in 1907), at first German-speaking deputies dominated, but with the extension of the suffrage the Slavs gained a majority. An ethnic nationalist struggle between German-speaking and Slavic deputies, especially in

14762-564: Was latter Presidents Václav Klaus and Miloš Zeman . Another Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic were conservative politicians such as Mirek Topolánek , Petr Nečas and social democratic such as Vladimír Špidla , Jiří Paroubek , Bohuslav Sobotka . Diplomat Madeleine Albright was of Czech origin and spoke Czech. Other well-known Czech diplomats were Jan Masaryk or Jiří Dienstbier . Czechs established themselves mainly in Biology, Chemistry, Philology and Egyptology. Sports have also been

14884-483: Was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger . Vienna has been called the "City of Music" due to its musical legacy, as many famous classical musicians such as Beethoven , Brahms , Bruckner , Haydn , Mahler , Mozart , Schoenberg , Schubert , Johann Strauss I and Johann Strauss II lived and worked there. It played a pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age of Viennese Classicism through

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