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46-934: Dunhua is situated amongst the Changbai Mountains , its administrative area spanning 42°42′−44°30′ N latitude and 127°28′−129°13′ E longitude, reaching a maximal north–south extent of 200 km (124 mi) and east–west width of 142 km (88 mi). Its total area of 11,957 km (4,617 sq mi) makes it, by area, the largest county-level city of the province. Dunhua has a four-season, monsoon -influenced, humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwb ), with long, very cold winters, and short, but warm, humid summers. Spring and autumn constitute very short transitions with some, but usually not heavy, rainfall. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −16.2 °C (2.8 °F) in January to 20.2 °C (68.4 °F) in July, while

92-836: A major mountain range in East Asia that extends from the Northeast Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang , Jilin and Liaoning , across the China-North Korea border (41°41' to 42°51'N; 127°43' to 128°16'E), to the North Korean provinces of Ryanggang and Chagang . They are also referred to as the Šanggiyan Mountains in the Manchu language , or the Great Paekdu in Korean . Most of its peaks exceed 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in height, with

138-434: A total of 14.37 million ha (35.5 million acres) of grain plantation area, including 4 million ha (9.9 million acres) of rice plantation and 5.5 million ha (14 million acres) of corn. Heilongjiang has vast tracts of black soil ( chernozem ), one of the most fertile soil types. Since the early 20th century, cultivation in the black soil belt has expanded by almost 100-fold, and after

184-577: A virgin birth. According to the legend, three heavenly maidens, namely Enggulen (恩古倫), Jenggulen (正古倫) and Fekulen (佛庫倫), were bathing at a lake called Bulhūri Omo near the Changbai Mountains. A magpie dropped a piece of red fruit near Fekulen, who ate it. She then became pregnant with Bukūri Yongšon. However, another older version of the story by the Hurha (Hurka) tribe member Muksike recorded in 1635 contradicts Hongtaiji's version on location, claiming that it

230-849: A wave of privatization led to the closure of uncompetitive factories in the 1990s, Manchuria has suffered from stagnation. As a result, the government has started the Revitalize Northeast China campaign to deal with this problem, promoting the private sectors as the preferred method of economic reform . Petroleum is of great importance in Heilongjiang, and the Daqing oilfields are an important source of petroleum for China . Coal, gold, and graphite are other important minerals to be found in Heilongjiang. Heilongjiang also has great potential for wind power , with potential capacity for 134 gigawatts of power production. Heilongjiang's population

276-624: Is Datudingzi Mountain at 1,690 metres (5,540 ft), located on the border with Jilin province. The Greater Khingan Range contains China's largest remaining virgin forest and is an important area for China's forestry industry. The east and southwest of the province, which are relatively flat and low in altitude, feature the Muling River , the Naoli River , the Songhua River , the Nen River , and

322-745: Is 400 to 700 millimetres (16 to 28 in), concentrated heavily in summer. Clear weather is prevalent throughout the year, and in the spring, the Songnen Plain and the Sanjiang Plain provide abundant sources of wind energy. The province's largest cities include Harbin , Qiqihar , Mudanjiang , Jiamusi , Daqing , Jixi , Shuangyashan , Hegang , Qitaihe , Yichun , and Heihe . Heilongjiang boasts an extensive road network. As of October 2020, it has 165,989 km (103,141 mi) of expressways, highways and other roads. The Beijing - Harbin Expressway

368-624: Is a province in northeast China . It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country and contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe City along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the junction of the Amur and Ussuri rivers). The province is bordered by Jilin to the south and Inner Mongolia to the west. It also shares a border with Russia ( Amur Oblast , Jewish Autonomous Oblast , Khabarovsk Krai , Primorsky Krai and Zabaykalsky Krai ) to

414-556: Is a city of contrasts, with Chinese, Russian , and eclectic worldwide influences clearly apparent. Bukui Mosque , a national heritage site, is the largest glazed-tile building in the province. Eastern Orthodox , Roman Catholic , and Protestant churches as well as synagogues dot the city. The long, cold winter is the backdrop for its famed ice sculpture exhibitions. In 2007 already the 8th Ice and Snow World opened to visitors in Harbin. More than 2,000 ice sculptures were on display at

460-516: Is also an important source of lumber for China. Pine, especially the Korean pine and larch are the most important forms of lumber produced in Heilongjiang. Forests are mostly found in the Greater Khingan Mountains and Lesser Khingan Mountains , which are also home to protected animal species such as the Siberian tiger , the red-crowned crane , and the lynx . Herding in Heilongjiang

506-424: Is centered upon horses and cattle; the province has the largest number of milk cows and the highest production of milk among all the province-level divisions of China. Heilongjiang is part of northeast China , the country's traditional industrial base. Industry is focused upon coal, petroleum, lumber, machinery, and food. Due to its location, Heilongjiang is also an important gateway for trade with Russia . Since

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552-624: Is estimated to be 30.9 million in 2022, down from its peak at 38.3 million in 2010. As of 2021 , the population is 65.7% urban and 34.3% rural. The majority of Heilongjiang's population is Han Chinese , while ethnic minorities include the Manchus , Koreans , Mongols , Hui , Xibe , and Hezhen . Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service. Source: Most of Heilongjiang's residents are either non-religious or practice Chinese folk religions , including Taoism . Manchu shamanism

598-562: Is expected to transport 37 million passengers per year by 2020 and 51 million by 2030. Major airports include Harbin Taiping International Airport , Qiqihar Airport , Mudanjiang Airport , Jiamusi Airport and Heihe Airport . Harbin International Airport is capable of handling six million passengers every year and connects to over 70 domestic and international cities. The Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge

644-524: Is practiced by many Manchu people . Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism have an important presence in the province. Heilongjiang's culture is part of a culture of Northeast China that is relatively homogeneous across this region, known in Mandarin Chinese as "Dongbei" (the northeast). Heilongjiang Television and Harbin Economy Radio serve as broadcasters. Harbin, the provincial capital,

690-563: Is the most significant expressway corridor to the province, which begins at the Heilongjiang - Jilin border and ends within the Harbin Ring Expressway . The Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway runs northeast and it links far-flung counties within the jurisdiction of Harbin, Jiamusi and other major counties in Northeast Heilongjiang. Near the end of Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway, Jiansanjiang–Heixiazi Island Expressway branches off

736-780: The Chuang Guandong , the Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group in the region. In 1931, Japanese forces invaded Heilongjiang. In 1932, the Japanese completed their conquest of the province, which became part of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . In 1945, Japanese forces in Manchuria were defeated by the Soviet Army . During the Chinese Civil War , Soviet forces aided

782-704: The Amur River , whose name in Mandarin is Heilongjiang ("black dragon river"). Ancient Chinese records and other sources state that Heilongjiang was inhabited by people such as the Sushen , Buyeo , the Mohe , and the Khitan . Mongolic Donghu people lived in Inner Mongolia and the western part of Heilongjiang. Some names are Manchu or Mongolian. The eastern portion of Heilongjiang

828-613: The Chinese Communist Party Heilongjiang Committee: List of governors: In 2022, Heilongjiang's GDP was 1.59 trillion RMB ($ 236 billion in GDP nominal), with a per capita GDP of CN¥51,906 ( US$ 7,717 in nominal). Its primary, secondary, and tertiary industries contributed ¥360 billion (22.7%), ¥465 billion (29.2%), and ¥764 billion (48%) to GDP, respectively. Heilongjiang's GDP has been rising steadily since 2003, growing 37% from 2003 to 2007. The value of

874-553: The Cultural Revolution , Heilongjiang was also expanded to include Hulunbuir League and some other areas previously in Inner Mongolia ; this has since mostly been reversed. Heilongjiang is a land of varied topographies. Much of the province is dominated by mountain ranges such as the Greater Khingan Range and Lesser Khingan Range, Zhangguangcai Mountains , Laoye Mountains , and Wanda Mountains . The highest peak

920-637: The Mudan River , all tributaries of the Amur , while the northern border forms part of the Amur valley. Xingkai Lake (or Khanka Lake ) is found on the border with Russia 's Primorsky Krai . A humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa or Dwb ) predominates in the province, though areas in the far north are subarctic (Köppen Dwc ). Winters are long and bitter, with an average of −31 to −15 °C (−24 to 5 °F) in January, and summers are short and warm to very warm with an average of 18 to 23 °C (64 to 73 °F) in July. The annual average rainfall

966-781: The Stanovoy Mountains . The eastern part of what's today Heilongjiang remained under the supervision of the General of Jilin (Girin i Jiyanggiyūn), whose power reached the Sea of Japan . These areas deep in Manchuria were closed off to Han Chinese migration. The original seat of the Military Governor of Heilongjiang, as established in 1683, was in Heilongjiang City (also known as Aigun or Heihe , or, in Manchu , Saghalien Ula), located on

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1012-550: The 1960s agriculture in the region transformed to modern agriculture with heavy mechanization and an increase of fertilizer use. Heilongjiang is one of the Asia's leading production areas for japonica rice , known for high quality brand rice varieties. The introduction of cold-resistant varieties, favorable policies and climate change have all contributed to a significant increase in rice production in recent years. Commercial crops grown include beets , flax , sunflowers . Heilongjiang

1058-470: The Amur River. However, already in 1690 the seat of the governor was transferred to Nenjiang (Mergen) on the Nen River , and, in 1699, further south to Qiqihar . According to modern historians, the moves may have been driven by supply considerations: Nenjiang and Qiqihar are connected by a convenient waterway (Nen River) with southern Manchuria, whereas accessing Aigun (Heihe) would require either sailing all

1104-519: The Chinese communists. Heilongjiang became the first province to be completely controlled by the communists and Harbin the first major city to be controlled by them. At the beginning of communist rule, Heilongjiang included only the western portion of the present-day province, and had its capital at Qiqihar. The remaining area was the province of Songjiang ; its capital was Harbin. In 1954, these two provinces were merged into present-day Heilongjiang. During

1150-469: The Chinese side is ancient and almost unaltered by humans. Birch predominates near the tree line , and pine lower down, mixed with other species. There has been extensive deforestation on the lower slopes on the North Korean side of the mountain. The area is a known habitat for Siberian tigers , bears , wolves , and wild boars . The Ussuri dholes may have been extirpated from the area. Deer in

1196-625: The Heilongjiang - Jilin border in East Heilongjiang, is another major expressway that facilitates the transportation of lumber and coal. There are 60 railway lines of around 5,300 kilometres (3,300 miles) including a section of the Eurasian Land Bridge . The Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway , completed in 2012, stretches from Harbin, Heilongjiang's capital, to Dalian in Liaoning province via Changchun and Shenyang comprising 23 stops. It

1242-679: The Ministry of Civil Affairs (not included in the total Districts' count) ≈ – not including territories within Inner Mongolia (if included: 82,928.80 km or 32,018.99 sq mi) (Additional information regarding the last prefecture can be found at Greater Khingan .) These 13 prefecture-level divisions are subdivided into 128 county-level divisions (65 districts , 20 county-level cities , 42 counties , and one autonomous county ). Those are in turn divided into 1,284 township-level divisions (473 towns , 400 townships , 58 ethnic townships , and 353 subdistricts ). List of secretaries of

1288-618: The Russians in 1860.) In 1858 and 1860, the Qing government was forced to give up all land beyond the Amur and Ussuri Rivers to the Russian Empire , cutting off the Qing Empire from the Sea of Japan and giving Heilongjiang its present northern and eastern borders. At the same time, Manchuria was opened to Han Chinese migration by the Qing government. By the early twentieth century, due to

1334-452: The annual event. Wudalianchi Lakes are a series of five lakes formed between 1719 and 1721 when volcanic eruption shaped one section of a tributary of the Amur into five interconnected lakes. The second lake in particular is renowned for its irregular geological sights. Lake Jingbo , in Ning'an County, is a section of the Mudan River that has been narrowed and shaped by volcanic eruption into

1380-793: The annual mean is 3.8 °C (38.8 °F) and a total precipitation of 633.7 mm (24.9 in), more than 60% of which falls from June through August. Liuding Mountain is located 5 km south of Dunhua. The mountain is one of the AAAAA Tourist Attractions of China , and contains tombs from the Balhae kingdom, a large monastery and a 48 meter tall statue of the Buddha . Dunhua has four subdistricts , 11 towns , and five townships . Changbai Mountains The Changbai Mountains ( simplified Chinese : 长白山 ; traditional Chinese : 長白山 ; lit. 'long white mountain') are

1426-447: The dominant trees are spruce , fir , and pine . From 600–1,100 meters (1,969–3,609 ft), the landscape is dominated by mixed forest consisting of Amur linden ( Tilia amurensis ), pine, maple , and elm . Further down, a temperate hardwood forest is found, dominated by second-growth poplar and birch . There are five known species of plants in the lake on the peak, and some 168 have been counted along its shores. The forest on

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1472-542: The main expressway at Jiansanjiang and connects many state-owned farms at the far east of the province before ending near the Sino-Russian border. The Suifenhe - Manzhouli Expressway is another major corridor, it runs southeast to northwest and connects some of the most significant population centers of the province, including Mudanjiang, Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar, before ending at the Heilongjiang - Inner Mongolia border. The Hegang - Dalian Expressway runs between Hegang and

1518-473: The mountain forests, which cover the mountain up to about 2,000 meters (6,600 ft), are of the Paekdusan roe deer kind. Many wild birds such as black grouse , owls , and woodpecker are known to inhabit the area. The mountain has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports a population of scaly-sided mergansers . Heilongjiang Heilongjiang

1564-514: The mythical birthplace of Bukūri Yongšon , ancestor of Nurhaci and the Aisin Gioro imperial family, who were the founders of the Qing dynasty of China. The Chinese name literally means "Perpetually-White Mountain Region". The imperial family regarded the mountain as their traditional homeland. The Qing emperor Hong Taiji claimed that their progenitor, Bukūri Yongšon (布庫里雍順), was conceived from

1610-739: The name Buxian Shan ( Chinese : 不咸山 ). It is also called Shanshan Daling ( Chinese : 單單大嶺 ) in the Book of the Later Han . In the New Book of Tang , it was called Taibai Shan ( Chinese : 太白山 ). The current Chinese name Changbai Shan was first used in the Liao dynasty (916–1125) of the Khitans and then the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) of the Jurchens . The range represents

1656-564: The north and east. The capital and the largest city of the province is Harbin . Among Chinese provincial-level administrative divisions , Heilongjiang is the sixth-largest by total area , the 20th-most populous , and the second-poorest by GDP per capita after only Gansu province. The province takes its name from the Amur River which marks the border between the People's Republic of China and Russia . Heilongjiang has significant agricultural production, and raw materials, such as timber, oil, and coal. The province takes its name from

1702-405: The private economy reached RMB234 billion in 2006 and accounted for 37.6 percent of the GDP. In that year, the tax revenue from private enterprises hit RMB20.5 billion. Private enterprises in Heilongjiang led the overall economic growth of the province. Many leading private enterprises have begun to emerge. Heilongjiang is home to China's largest plantations of rice , corn and soybeans , with

1748-410: The summer and fall, with annual averages reaching as high as 1,400 millimeters (55 in). The vegetation of the mountain slopes is divided into several different zones. At the top, above 2,000 meters (6,562 ft), tundra predominates. From 1,700–2,000 meters (5,577–6,562 ft), vegetation is dominated by mountain birch and larch . Below this zone, and down to 1,100 meters (3,609 ft),

1794-507: The tallest summit being Paektu Mountain at 2,744 m (9,003 ft), which contains the Heaven Lake , the highest volcanic crater lake in the world at an surface elevation of 2,189.1 m (7,182 ft). The protected area Longwanqun National Forest Park is located within the vicinity of the mountain range. The mountain was first recorded in the Classic of Mountains and Seas under

1840-548: The two sides of the bridge was completed in March 2019. Opening to rail traffic has been repeatedly delayed, with the December 2019 estimate being "the end of 2020", and then 3rd quarter of 2021. Heilongjiang is divided into thirteen prefecture-level divisions : twelve prefecture-level cities (including a sub-provincial city ) and one prefecture : * – including Ethnic districts ** – administrative districts not registered under

1886-621: The way down the Sungari River until its confluence with the Amur and then up the Amur to Heihe, or using a portage over the Lesser Xing'an Mountains between the Nen River valley and the Amur valley. An additional advantage of Qiqihar may have been its location at the junction of a northbound road (to Nenjiang) and a westbound one (to Mongolia), enabling its garrison to defend both against the Russians and

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1932-536: The western part of today's Heilongjiang Province, and was under the supervision of the General of Heilongjiang (Sahaliyan Ula i Jiyanggiyūn) (the title is also translated as the Military Governor of Heilongjiang; jiyanggiyūn is the Manchu reading of the Chinese word 將軍 jiāngjūn ; "military leader, general" and is cognate with Japanese shōgun ), whose power extended, according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk , as far north as

1978-406: The Ölöt Mongols . Little Qing Military presence existed north of Aigun. According to the 18th- and early-20th-century European sources and the reports of the Russians in the 1850s, the farthest Qing "advance guard" post was at Ulusu-Modon (Ulussu-Mudan) ( Chinese : 乌鲁苏穆丹 Wūlǔsūmùdān ), near the Amur River's famous S-shaped meander. (The post was on the left (north) bank of the river, lost to

2024-506: Was in Heilongjiang province close to the Amur river where Bulhuri lake was located where the "heavenly maidens" took their bath. Nowadays the famous Yabuli Ski Resort is located in the Changbai Mountains. The mountains are the source of the Songhua , Tumen , and Yalu Rivers . The Changbai Mountains are characterized by long, cold winters. Precipitation is low in winter, but higher in

2070-653: Was proposed in 2007 by Valery Solomonovich Gurevich , the vice-chairman of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia . The railway bridge over the Amur River will connect Tongjiang with Nizhneleninskoye , a village in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast. The Chinese portion of the bridge was finished in July 2016. In December 2016, work began on the Russian portion of the bridge. Completion of structural link between

2116-452: Was ruled by the Bohai Kingdom between the 7th and 10th centuries, followed by the Khitan Liao dynasty . The Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) that subsequently ruled much of north China arose within the borders of modern Heilongjiang. Heilongjiang as an administrative entity was created in 1683, during the Kangxi era of the Manchu Qing Dynasty , from the northwestern part of the Jilin province. This Heilongjiang Province only included

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