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62-439: Its length is 577 kilometres (359 mi), and its basin area is approximately 18,500 square kilometres (7,100 sq mi). Jixi and Hulin are located on Muling River. The area of the river is known by Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) and battles between Soviet and Kwantung Armies . 45°52′31″N 133°29′58″E  /  45.87528°N 133.49944°E  / 45.87528; 133.49944 This article related to

124-593: A National Forest Park. The Jixi region is known for its Korean ethnic minority. Cold Noodle (Naengmyeon in Korean, Leng Mian in Chinese), a traditional Korean dish made from wheat or buckwheat, is particularly associated with Jixi. The contemporary dish is a fusion of Korean and Northeastern Chinese flavors and derives its name from its distinctly cold taste. The noodles are often served with dried bean curd, Campanulaceae, and Pollack, amongst other ingredients. Also consumed by locals

186-661: A colony of the Japanese . On December 15, 1935, Jixi Railway Station's construction was completed by South Manchuria Railway (SMR). On September 1, 1941, the Manchukuo government established Jining County ( 鶏寧縣 ). The first mayor of the county was Kubota Yutaka ( 久保田 豊 ). The Japanese settlers brutally slaughtered more than 100 thousand miners in the Jixi mining area, leaving several mass graves in Didao. On August 9, 1945, Togashi Ichiro ( 冨樫 一郎 ),

248-467: A land rich in natural resources, was widely seen as an economic "lifeline" to save Japan from the effects of the Great Depression , generating much public support. The American historian Louise Young described Japan from September 1931 to the spring of 1933 as gripped by "war fever" as the conquest of Manchuria proved to be an extremely popular war. The metaphor of a "lifeline" suggested that Manchuria

310-522: A merchant named Yuan Dazhang ( 袁大章 ) from Mukden was approved to set up the Mixi Coal Mine Company, which represents the regular production of coal in Jixi. However, construction of Chinese Eastern Railway one of the provisions brought a nucleus of Russian Jews to northern Manchuria. In January 1924, Muling Coal Mine Corporation was operated jointly by the Jewish businessman Solomon L. Skidelsky and

372-562: A new cabinet led by Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi . Further negotiations with the Kuomintang government failed, the Japanese government authorized the reinforcement of troops in Manchuria. In December, the rest of 20th Infantry Division, along with the 38th Mixed Brigade from the 19th Infantry Division were sent into Manchuria from Korea while the 8th Mixed Brigade from the 10th Infantry Division

434-534: A plan to provoke Japan into invading Manchuria by setting up a false flag incident for the pretext of invasion. The operation was originally planned to be executed on 28 September, but the date was changed to September 18 . When 1st Lieutenant Suemori Komoto of the Independent Garrison Unit (独立守備隊) of the 29th Infantry Regiment (which guarded the South Manchuria Railway) placed explosives near

496-543: A policy of localizing the incident, communicated its decision to the Kwantung Army command. However, Kwantung Army commander-in-chief General Shigeru Honjō instead ordered his forces to proceed to expand operations all along the South Manchuria Railway . On the early morning of 19 September, the 29th Infantry Regiment entered Mukden and overwhelmed the resisting Chinese forces, seizing the inner walled city. At

558-580: A river in China is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jixi Jixi ( simplified Chinese : 鸡西 ; traditional Chinese : 雞西 ; pinyin : Jīxī ) is a city in southeastern Heilongjiang Province , People's Republic of China . At the 2020 census, 1,502,060 people resided within its administrative area of 22,488.47 square kilometres (8,682.85 sq mi) and 560,118 in its built-up ( or metro ) area made up of 3 out of 6 urban districts (including Jiguan, Hengshan and Chengzihe). Jixi

620-437: A steady growth of 16.1% from a year earlier, ranked seventh among the 13 prefectures and prefecture-level cities in the province. In 2010, value-added industrial output generated by enterprises with designated size or above rose 42.6% to RMB 9.51 billion. In 2010, the foreign trade value of Jixi totaled US$ 710.01 million, up 41.7% year on year. Russia is the largest export destination. The most important pillar industry in Jixi

682-661: Is Korean-style dog meat and fish-kettle. Formally part of Oroqen Banner in Inner Mongolia but administered de facto by Daxing'anling Prefecture in Heilongjiang. Japanese invasion of Manchuria Japanese victory [REDACTED]   Japan Taishō period Shōwa period The Empire of Japan 's Kwantung Army invaded the Manchuria region of the Republic of China on 18 September 1931, immediately following

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744-520: Is coal mining. The economy of Jixi is mainly constructed around rich coal resources. Jixi is estimated to have about 8 billion tons of coal reserves, ranking 2nd out of 13 prefectures and prefecture-level cities in Heilongjiang Province. Coal chemical industry, metallurgy and machinery are predominant. The environmental protection industry, agriculture and tourist industries are also developing rapidly in recent years. However, Coal still accounts for

806-454: Is linked by rail to the line from Jiamusi to Mudanjiang and has branch lines running to the Russian border areas. In Jixi Railway Station, there are multiple daily departures to other cities in China such as Beijing , Harbin, Qiqihar and Mudanjiang. Jixi is also famous as the home of the last remaining working steam locomotive in China. Jixi is linked to the national highway network through

868-504: Is on the Muling River about 30 km (19 mi) from the border with Russia 's Primorsky Krai and 120 km (75 mi) from Lake Xingkai . The mayor of Jixi is Zhang Changrong ( 张常荣 ) since June 2015. The area is one of the important coal mining bases in China. A crater on asteroid 253 Mathilde was named after the city. Jixi was ruled by the Jurchen and Goguryeo people. By

930-599: The Chōsen Army in Korea under General Senjūrō Hayashi ordered the 20th Infantry Division to split its force, forming the 39th Mixed Brigade , which departed on that day for Manchuria without authorization from the Emperor . By the end of September 19, the Japanese occupied Yingkou , Liaoyang, Shenyang, Fushun , Dandong , Siping (Jilin Province) , and Changchun . The following day,

992-826: The G11 Hegang–Dalian Expressway , the Fangzheng -Hulin Highway and the busiest section in the city, the Jixi-Hulin-Jiansanjiang Expressway. This section connects the four major districts in Jixi including Jiguan District, Jidong, Mishan and Hulin. Jixi Xingkaihu Airport opened in 2009 and serves as the main civilian airport for Jixi. It takes about 30 minutes to reach downtown from the airport. Domestic flights are available to several cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Harbin and Qingdao. Statistically, Jixi's GDP reached RMB 41.95 billion in 2010, representing

1054-576: The IJA 7th Division . During this era, the elected government could be held hostage by the Army and Navy, since Army and Navy members were constitutionally necessary for the formation of cabinets. Without their support, the government would collapse. After the Liaoning Provincial government fled Mukden, it was replaced by a "Peoples Preservation Committee" which declared the secession of Liaoning province from

1116-788: The Korean Peninsula had been under the control of the Japanese Empire since the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. Japan's ongoing industrialization and militarization ensured their growing dependence on oil and metal imports from the US. The US sanctions which prevented trade with the United States (which had occupied the Philippines around the same time) resulted in Japan furthering its expansion in

1178-493: The Lytton Commission issued a report on the invasion, despite its statements that China had to a certain extent provoked Japan, and China's sovereignty over Manchuria was not absolute, Japan took it as an unacceptable rebuke and withdrew from the already declining League of Nations, which also helped create international isolation. The Manchurian Crisis had a significant negative effect on the moral strength and influence of

1240-744: The Mukden incident , a false flag event staged by Japanese military personnel as a pretext to invade. At the war's end in February 1932, the Japanese established the puppet state of Manchukuo . The occupation lasted until mid-August 1945, towards the end of the Second World War , in the face of an onslaught by the Soviet Union and Mongolia during the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation . The South Manchuria Railway Zone and

1302-500: The Muling River , Songacha River and the Ussuri River are the largest rivers in the prefecture. Jixi has a monsoon -influenced, humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwb/Dwa ), with bitter but dry winters, and warm, humid summers. However, due to the relative proximity to the Sea of Japan , summer is comparatively cool and refreshing while the climate here is affected and coordinated by

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1364-656: The Republic of China . Other secessionist movements were organized in Japanese-occupied Kirin by General Xi Qia head of the Manchukuo Imperial Army , and at Harbin, by General Chang Ching-hui . In early October, at Taonan in northwest Liaoning province, General Zhang Haipeng declared his district independent of China, in return for a shipment of a large number of military supplies by the Japanese Army. On October 13, Zhang Haipeng ordered three regiments of

1426-793: The Shang dynasty , dwellers here had begun to communicate with people in the Central Plain. It was in the Han dynasty that primitive agriculture in this region had made great progress. During the Tang dynasty , Jixi was under the control of the Balhae . As the Manchus conquered the territories occupied by the Ming dynasty in 1644, the basin of the Amur River was blocked in order to protect

1488-511: The Shenyang officers' club opened fire on the Chinese garrison nearby, in response to the alleged Chinese attack on the railway. Zhang Xueliang's small air force was destroyed, and his soldiers fled their destroyed Beidaying barracks, as five hundred Japanese troops attacked the Chinese garrison of around seven thousand. The Chinese troops were no match for the experienced Japanese troops. By the evening,

1550-873: The 19th century, as Czarist Russia advanced through Siberia and reached the Sea of Okhotsk , the Qing officials like General Tepuqin ( 特普欽 ) made a proposal to open Manchuria for farming in order to oppose the conquest of Russia, and so the Qing government forsook the policy of blockading on the Northeast region of China. A large number of the Han Chinese , especially from the Shandong Peninsula and Zhili , migrated into Manchuria . The Qing government set up Mishan Prefecture in this territory in 1908. Coal resources were discovered constantly in Jixi during this period. In September 1914,

1612-545: The Jilin Province government. The headquarters of the company was located on Ashihe Street, Nangang District, Harbin. The output of Muling Colliery has reached 1.6 million tons in 1931. Since The Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on September 19, 1931, the whole of Manchuria was seized by Japan following the Mukden Incident, and in 1932, a sympathetic government, Manchukuo , was established. The Jixi region then became

1674-624: The Khanka Lake being shared with Russia and the Muling River running through the city, Chinese medicinal herbs and freshwater resources are also rich. Tourist sites in Jixi City itself include Jixi Museum in the west end of the city, and Huayan Temple ( 华严寺 ) which almost faces the museum across Wenhua Road. Within roughly an hour's drive is the Qi Lin Shan ( 麒麟山 ) scenic area. A few hours east of

1736-529: The Kuomintang government's ban on further resistance to the Japanese invasion. Despite his failure to hold the bridge, General Ma Zhanshan became a national hero in China for his resistance at Nenjiang Bridge, which was widely reported in the Chinese and international press. The publicity inspired more volunteers to enlist in the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies . The repaired bridge made possible

1798-506: The Kwantung Army to "smash the sissified dreams of compromise" and declared that to die for the Emperor in battle was the "purest" act a Japanese man could perform. The Western media reported on the events with accounts of atrocities such as bombing civilians or firing upon shell-shocked survivors. It aroused considerable antipathy to Japan, which lasted until the end of World War II. When

1860-515: The Manchu people's place of origin. In this period, the population of the Jixi region experienced a sharp decrease. In 1662, the Kangxi Emperor ordered the general of Ninguta to dominate the territory. Since a large number of people engaged in reclaiming wasteland and collecting ginseng , Jixi and the whole Ussuri River basin gradually became the base for medicinal materials. In the second half of

1922-514: The Manchukuo Imperial Army under General Xu Jinglong north to take the capital of Heilongjiang province at Qiqihar . Some elements in the city offered to surrender the old walled town peacefully, and Chang advanced cautiously to accept. However his advance guard was attacked by General Dou Lianfang 's troops, and in a savage fight with an engineering company defending the north bank, were sent fleeing with heavy losses. During this fight,

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1984-523: The Nenjiang railroad bridge was dynamited by troops loyal to General Ma Zhanshan to prevent its use. Using the repair of the Nen River Bridge as the pretext, the Japanese sent a repair party in early November under the protection of Japanese troops. Fighting erupted between the Japanese forces and troops loyal to the acting governor of Heilongjiang province Muslim General Ma Zhanshan, who chose to disobey

2046-707: The Northeast Executive Committee allowed Jining County to change its name to Jixi County, which was administered by Songjiang Province. On June 19, 1954, Jixi County was administered by Heilongjiang Province as the Songjiang Province became part of Heilongjiang province. During the First Five-Year Plan of China , several industrial projects including Chengzihe No.9 subvertical and the Chengzihe Coal Washery were constructed. By 1956,

2108-541: The Soviet Union took place in 2009, by the Social Science Academy of Heilongjiang Province, entitled "The end of World War II". Ussuri River is the largest tributary of Amur River (Heilong River) on its right and an important boundary river between China and Russia. The length of Ussuri River is 905 km (562 mi), with a drainage area of 187,000 km (72,000 sq mi). The river goes through

2170-449: The acceptance of modified form of a League of Nations proposal for a "neutral zone" to be established as a buffer zone between China proper and Manchuria pending a future Chinese-Japanese peace conference by the civilian government of Prime Minister Baron Wakatsuki in Tokyo. However, the two sides failed to reach a lasting agreement. The Wakatsuki government soon fell and was replaced by

2232-527: The arrival of the Japanese 2nd Division under Jirō Tamon. Japanese forces took Harbin on February 4, 1932. By the end of February Ma had sought terms and joined the newly formed Manchukuo government as governor of Heilongjiang province and Minister of War. On February 27, 1932, Ding offered to cease hostilities, ending official Chinese resistance in Manchuria, although combat by guerrilla and irregular forces continued as Japan spent many years in their campaign to pacify Manchukuo . The conquest of Manchuria,

2294-477: The best way to increase sales. Japan's most famous pacifist, the poet Akiko Yosano had caused a sensation in 1904 with her anti-war poem "Brother Do Not Give Your Life", addressed to her younger brother serving in the Imperial Army that called the war with Russia stupid and senseless. Such was the extent of "war fever" in Japan in 1931 that even Akiko succumbed, writing a poem in 1932 praising bushidō , urging

2356-504: The city within the Jixi administrative region is the Russian lake and river border, a number of points along which are popular summer destinations for tourists in particular: Hutou Fortress was a Japanese military base of the Kwantung Army in northeast China on the Sino-Soviet border which is known as "Oriental Maginot Line". The Japanese built a large scale military fortress in Hutou, since it

2418-454: The command of Jirō Tamon, mounted an attack, forcing General Ma from Qiqihar by 19 November. In late November 1931, General Honjō dispatched 10,000 soldiers in 13 armored trains, escorted by a squadron of bombers, in an advance on Chinchow from Mukden. This force had advanced to within 30 kilometres (19 mi) of Chinchow when it received an order to withdraw. The operation was cancelled by Japanese War Minister General Jirō Minami , due to

2480-585: The commander of the Chinese 2nd Army, Wan Shu Cheng, ordered the withdrawal of the 44th and 643rd Regiments, which were then stationed at Taching , back to Tientsin . On September 21, the Japanese captured Jilin City . On 23 September, the Japanese took Jiaohe (Jilin Province) and Dunhua . On 26 September, the Governor of Kirin, Zhang Zuoxiang , was deposed and the "Provisional Provincial Government of Kirin" declared with Xi Qia as acting chairman. This new government

2542-729: The conductor of Didao Colliery, ordered the destruction of the coalpits in Hengshan , Didao and Muling as the Soviet Red Army closed in. On August 12, 1945, the Soviet Army captured Jining County, and the Military Headquarters commanded the Jixi mining area to resume production. On October 18, 1947, Jixi Mining Bureau was founded in order to control the collieries and the Coal Mine Machinery Factory. On July 30, 1949,

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2604-456: The fighting was over, and the Japanese had occupied Shenyang at the cost of five hundred Chinese lives and only two Japanese lives, thus starting the greater invasion of Manchuria. In early 1932 there was the January 28 incident 1932 in Shanghai, then in May 1932, the Japanese Prime Minister was assassinated (this reduced civilian oriented rule in Japan). On September 18, 1931, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters , which had decided upon

2666-403: The further advance of Japanese forces and their armored trains. Additional troops from Japan, notably the 4th Mixed Brigade from the 8th Division , were sent in November. On November 15, 1931, despite having lost more than 400 men and 300 left wounded since 5 November, General Ma declined a Japanese ultimatum to surrender Qiqihar. On 17 November, in subzero weather, 3,500 Japanese troops, under

2728-503: The main part of the entire economic system. Other pillar industries in Jixi include pharmaceuticals, food manufacturing, non-metal products and electricity production and supply. Large industrial companies are hosted in Jixi such as Huawei Wood and Heilongjiang Rixin Food, which is mainly engaged in edible fungus processing. The food company has annual processing capacity of 2,500 tons of edible fungus. The graphite reserves of Jixi amount to 780 million tons, ranking first in all of Asia. With

2790-726: The marine climate. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −16.0 °C (3.2 °F) in January to 21.7 °C (71.1 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 4.52 °C (40.1 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 50% in July to 68% in February, the city receives abundant sunshine, with 2,564 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −34.7 °C (−30 °F) to 37.6 °C (100 °F). The prefecture-level city of Jixi has direct jurisdiction over 6  districts ( 区 ; qū ), 1  county ( 县 ; xiàn ) and 2  county-level cities ( 县级市 ; xiànjí shì ): The 2000 national survey ethnic composition proportion Jixi

2852-419: The occupation of Manchuria. As negotiations with Generals Ma Zhanshan and Ding Chao to defect to the pro-Japanese side had failed, in early January Colonel Kenji Doihara requested collaborationist General Qia Xi to advance his forces and take Harbin. The last major Chinese regular force in northern Manchuria was led by General Ding Chao who organized the defense of Harbin successfully against General Xi until

2914-418: The old Nanjing government resigned. This threw the military command into turmoil, and the Chinese army retreated to the west of the Great Wall into Hebei province, a humiliating move which lowered China's international image. Japanese forces occupied Chinchow on January 3, 1932, after the Chinese defenders retreated without giving combat. With southern Manchuria secure, the Japanese turned north to complete

2976-429: The population of Jixi had reached 234,154, and the output of coal rose to 5 million tons per year. On December 18, 1956, the State Council of China decided to set up Jixi City (Prefectural-Level) instead of Jixi County, administering 5 districts including Jiguan , Didao , Mashan , Hengshan and Lishu . On March 7, Jixi City was formally established. In 1970, Chengzihe District was established. In 1983, Jidong County

3038-402: The same time, the 2nd Battalion occupied Pei Ta Ying, having faced stubborn resistance, before moving on to Tung Ta Ying. Afterwards, the 2nd Division was also dispatched and drove out the remaining Chinese troops from the eastern area of Mukden. Meanwhile, the 1st Battalion engaged the Chinese forces at Kuan Cheng Tze, near Changchun . On the same day, in response to General Honjō's request,

3100-418: The situation, with the organization delivering its findings in October 1932. Its findings and recommendations that the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo not be recognized and the return of Manchuria to Chinese sovereignty prompted the Japanese government to withdraw from the League entirely. A minor dispute known as the Wanpaoshan incident between Chinese and Korean farmers occurred on July 1, 1931. The issue

3162-436: The southeast. The city is located within latitude 44° 51'−46° 36' N and longitude 130° 24'−133° 56' E, and has an administrative area of 22,351 square kilometres (8,630 sq mi). Much of the prefecture area sits within the conjunction region between the Changbai Mountains and the Wanda Mountains . Within its borders, Lake Xingkai is the largest lake with an area of 4,380 square kilometres (1,691 sq mi), while

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3224-459: The territory of China and Southeast Asia. The invasion of Manchuria, or the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 7 July 1937, are sometimes cited as alternative starting dates for World War II , in contrast with the more commonly accepted date of September 1, 1939 . With the invasion having attracted great international attention, the League of Nations produced the Lytton Commission (headed by British politician Victor Bulwer-Lytton ) to evaluate

3286-433: The tracks, but far enough away to do no real damage. At around 10:20 pm (22:20) on September 18, the explosives were detonated. However, the explosion was minor and only a 1.5-meter section on one side of the rail was damaged. In fact, a train from Changchun passed by the site on this damaged track without difficulty and arrived at Shenyang at 10:30 pm (22:30). On the morning of September 19, two artillery pieces installed at

3348-414: The valley between the Wanda Mountains in China and the Sichote-Alin in Russia. Its beauty and natural landscapes are incomparable in China and it is among the few unpolluted rivers in China. Zhenbao Island stands for the Island of Treasure in Chinese Language. On March 2, 1969, Sino-Soviet battles Zhenbao Island took place resulting in large-scale armed conflict. Now it has become a Nature Reserve and

3410-418: The war with the journalist Gotō Shinobu in the November 1931 edition accusing the Kwantung Army of a "two-fold coup d'état" against both the government in Tokyo and against the government of China. Voices like Kaizō were a minority as mainstream newspapers like the Asahi soon discovered that an anti-war editorial position hurt sales, and so switched over to an aggressively militaristic editorial position as

3472-490: Was crucial to the functioning of the Japanese economy, which explains why the conquest of Manchuria was so popular and why afterwards Japanese public opinion was so hostile towards any suggestion of letting Manchuria go. At the time, censorship in Japan was nowhere near as stringent as it later became, and Young noted: "Had they wished, it would have been possible in 1931 and 1932 for journalists and editors to express anti-war sentiments". The liberal journal Kaizō criticized

3534-401: Was friendly to the Japanese and allowed them to occupy Kirin city bloodlessly. Most other provincial officials were maintained in their previous positions. On 1 October, Zhang Haipeng surrendered the Taonan area. Sometime in October, Ji Xing (吉興) surrendered the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture area and on 17 October, Yu Zhishan surrendered Eastern Liaoning to the Japanese. Tokyo

3596-530: Was highly sensationalized in the Imperial Japanese and Korean press, and used for considerable propaganda effect to increase anti-Chinese sentiment in the Empire of Japan. Next, on 18 September 1931, was the Mukden Incident , which was later revealed to be a false flag attack. Believing that a conflict in Manchuria would be in the best interests of Japan, and acting in the spirit of the Japanese concept of gekokujō , Kwantung Army Colonel Seishirō Itagaki and Lieutenant Colonel Kanji Ishiwara independently devised

3658-465: Was put under Jixi's administration. The coal-mining industry was developing rapidly during the 1970s and 1980s. By 1991, the total coal output of Jixi ranked second in the Chinese Mainland . In the 1980s, Mishan and Hulin were incorporated into Jixi's jurisdiction. Jixi has reached its current domain. Jixi is located at the southern edge of the Sanjiang or Three Rivers Plain. Bordering prefecture cities are: It also borders Russia's Primorsky Krai to

3720-420: Was regarded, by the leader of Kwantung Army, as a dagger facing the defensive line between Vladivostok and Khabarovsk. On August 26, 1945, the Soviet Red Army finally captured the Fort. As the Hutou battle ended, Japan's unconditional surrender came 11 days later. Only 53 of the 1,400 Japanese soldiers survived one of the last campaigns of the Second World War. A Study on the Hutou Fortress Battle between Japan and

3782-421: Was sent from Japan. The total strength of the Kwantung Army was thus increased to around 60,450 men. With this stronger force, the Japanese Army announced on December 21, the beginning of large-scale anti-bandit operations in Manchuria to quell a growing resistance movement by the local Chinese population in Liaoning and Kirin provinces. On December 28, a new government was formed in China after all members of

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3844-420: Was shocked by the news of the Army acting without orders from the central government. The Japanese civilian government was thrown into disarray by this act of "gekokujō" insubordination , but as reports of one quick victory after another began to arrive, it felt powerless to oppose the Army, and its decision was to immediately send three more infantry divisions from Japan, beginning with the 14th Mixed Brigade of

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