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93-469: Maynard was born to a family of means near Castleton, Vermont . At the age of 17 he was accepted into Castleton Medical School (which at the time was associated with Middlebury College ). He was top in his class and apprenticed to Dr. Theodore Woodward (not to be confused with Dr. Theodore E. Woodward ). In 1828 he married Lydia A. Rickey; they had a daughter, Frances, in 1830 and a son, Henry, in 1834. According to court papers, he discovered in 1841 that she

186-614: A Lushootseed-speaking Southern Coast Salish people in western Washington , and the Indigenous people of metropolitan Seattle . Prior to colonization, the center of Duwamish society was around the Black and Duwamish rivers in Washington. The modern Duwamish primarily descend from two separate groups: the dxʷdəwʔabš , or Duwamish, and the x̌ačuʔabš , a group of peoples whose traditional territory extends around Lake Washington . Although

279-558: A canoeing accident, Maynard studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1856. In 1857, Doc Maynard traded his "downtown" acreage for Charles C. Terry's farm in West Seattle, but this new enterprise did not prosper; he and Catherine then opened a two-room hospital in what is now Pioneer Square. This enterprise failed because a number of settlers refused to use the hospital after the Maynards insisted on serving both whites and Indians. Doc Maynard

372-462: A combination cabin and store. According to historian Bill Speidel , the land he preferred was the undeveloped southern part of Carson Boren 's claim, but while Boren was out of town, Arthur Denny shifted Carson's claim north to make room for Maynard. Maynard's building became a hub of activity when Maynard became King County's first Justice of the Peace. Maynard laid out streets in his claim according to

465-582: A depot station through Amtrak . The station is located behind Main Street near the post office. The old train stop was renovated early that year, giving the Castleton stop an enclosed building. The train stop runs exclusively on the Ethan Allen Express line. According to the 2010 United States Census, Castleton has a total area of 42.35 square miles (109.7 km ), of which 38.9 square miles (101 km )

558-477: A family was $ 49,091. Males had a median income of $ 30,958 versus $ 25,139 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 17,630. About 3.9% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line , including 2.9% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over. [REDACTED] Media related to Castleton, Vermont at Wikimedia Commons Duwamish (tribe) The Duwamish ( Lushootseed : dxʷdəwʔabš , [dxʷdəwʔɑbʃ] ) are

651-526: A general store and briefly set up in competition to the only other such store on Puget Sound, which was in Olympia and owned by Catherine's brother. Mike soon agreed to his sister marrying Maynard, apparently on condition that they move the store to Duwamps and do something about that prior marriage. In April 1852, Maynard claimed, as a married man, a tract of land of 640 acres in what is now Seattle's Pioneer Square neighborhood, and hired Indians to help him build

744-518: A house, or gathering berries. The highest-status male of the highest-status family in a village was generally seen as the leader of the village for most purposes, and this position fluctuated often. Longhouse architecture continues to be used to this day in cultural settings. An example is the north face of the Burke Museum at the University of Washington . More recently, the design of the main hall of

837-670: A large trade network stretching across much of the Pacific Northwest, extending up into what is now British Columbia and over the Cascade Range . The Puget Sound was the primary waterway connecting the Lushootseed-speaking peoples with the rest of the world, allowing swift water travel across great distances. Duwamish society was divided into an upper class, lower class, and slave class. Each of these classes were largely hereditary, although social movement did happen. Nobility

930-638: A list of 361 Duwamish people, on and off-reservation, who were part of the "Duwamish Tribe of Indians" led by them, chief and sub-chief, respectively. In 1925, another group of Duwamish descendants organized as the Duwamish Tribal Organization . While the earlier 1915 organization was primarily composed of people who had lived in or descended from the Duwamish communities in the area, the Duwamish Tribal Organization's initial membership

1023-449: A lot cheaply to blacksmith Lewis Wyckoff; people needing smithing therefore came to Seattle instead of its rival Port Madison . Perhaps his greatest coup was persuading Henry Yesler to set up a steam sawmill on land sliced from the north part of Maynard's claim and the south part of Boren's. This sawmill helped establish Seattle's economic ascendancy. When the only lawyer in Seattle died in

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1116-577: A plentiful source of food for the Duwamish. Duwamish contact with Europeans was sporadic until the 1850s. From the early 19th century, the maritime fur trade in the Puget Sound – Strait of Georgia regions greatly accelerated the pace of social and organizational change. American settlements at Alki Point ( sbaqʷabqs ) and what is now Pioneer Square in Downtown Seattle were established in 1851 and 1852. From this point on, Americans settled

1209-439: A primarily riverine people, built most of their villages along the dxʷdəw , today the Duwamish, Black, and Cedar Rivers. The x̌ačuʔabš , on the other hand, were primarily lake-oriented peoples and their villages were mostly located along Lake Washington and Lake Union. Although the village was the highest form of social cohesion, it was not centralized. There were no formal organs of government or authority which ruled over

1302-624: A reservation would do a great injustice" and be "of little value to the Indians." The petition was forwarded to the BIA and subsequently, the proposal was blocked later that year. In 1868 President Andrew Johnson was recommended to sign an executive order to designate all land between the Green and White rivers as part of the Muckleshoot reservation. However, the order was either misplaced or set aside, and no action

1395-627: A schism between Duwamish descendants. Today, the Duwamish, including the modern tribes descended from the aboriginal Duwamish such as the Suquamish Nation , the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe , and the unrecognized Duwamish Tribe , have been a large part of the modern history of the Seattle area, continuing to advocate for their treaty rights and the preservation and revitalization of their culture, language, and land. Duwamish people today are enrolled in several different tribes. These include

1488-606: A steep sloping forehead. Today, Duwamish people are primarily enrolled in the federally recognized tribes, the Lummi Tribe of the Lummi Reservation , Muckleshoot Indian Tribe , Suquamish Indian Tribe of the Port Madison Reservation , Swinomish Indian Tribal Community , and Tulalip Tribes of Washington , and the unrecognized Duwamish Tribe . They are all located in western Washington. The Muckleshoot Tribe and

1581-461: A study conducted by the City of Seattle in the 1930s it was determined that Denny has platted his streets in violation of donation land claim law under which the original land claims were filed. Doc Maynard's character and approach to city-building differed from that of his contemporaries William Bell , Arthur Denny , David Denny , Henry Yesler , and Carson Boren . In part, this may have been because he

1674-483: A time in 1777, they left as the fortunes of the war changed, and Tory sympathizers were treated with scorn by Castleton settlers. Fort Warren , built in 1777, was also located in Castleton. The first medical school in Vermont was chartered here in 1818. Following the war, Castleton continued to grow as an agricultural community. Farmers raised cattle, and then turned for a while to sheep. Saw mills and gristmills were

1767-478: A village. Although members of the Duwamish have been historically called "chiefs," the Duwamish (along with other Puget Sound peoples) did not have chiefs. Rather, that term was bestowed upon important individuals of local villages by members of the United States government and the general public. In reality, authority was entrusted to high-status individuals when called for, such as leading a war party, constructing

1860-610: Is a town in Rutland County , Vermont , United States. Castleton is about 15 miles (24 km) to the west of Rutland , the county's seat and most populous city, and about 7 miles (11 km) east of the New York/Vermont state border. The town had a population of 4,458 at the 2020 census . A campus of Vermont State University is located there, with roots dating to 1787. Castleton was settled in 1770, and chartered in 1761. The charter for 36 square miles (93 km ) of land

1953-590: Is a culturally significant space in traditional stories and served as a historical vantage point. In addition, the Renton History Museum in Renton, Washington, has a small exhibit on the archaeological and cultural history of the Duwamish. Like many other Coast Salish societies, traditional Duwamish society was dominated by the village. It was the basis of societal organization for the Puget Sound peoples and, in

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2046-465: Is an old brick building on the corner of Main Street and Cemetery Road. It was built at some point between 1774 and 1794 by Nehemiah Hoyt, some people believe it to be the oldest brick building in Vermont. The Castleton Medical Chapel was built in 1821 as part of Castleton University (Castleton State College at the time). It is located on Seminary Street close to the Fine Arts Center. Castleton

2139-465: Is composed of the prefix dxʷ- , meaning "toward, to," the suffix =abš , meaning "people," and the root word √dəw , a variant form of dəkʷ , meaning "inside something relatively small." dxʷdəwʔabš has also been spelled variantly as dxʷduʔabš . The Duwamish are a Southern Coast Salish people. The Southern Coast Salish are a group of related peoples who share similar culture, history, and customs. Included in this classification are

2232-443: Is land and 3.45 square miles (8.9 km ), or 8.1%, is water. Within the bounds of the incorporated town, there are three distinct areas. One is Castleton village , where the post office, town offices, bank, general store, a 1940s style diner and a few other commercial enterprises are located. The university is located on a side street nearby. Lake Bomoseen is the second area, a 5-mile-long (8.0 km) resort and fishing spot in

2325-457: Is named for Colonel Amos Bird. He had acquired 40 shares of land when the town was chartered and built a permanent residence there in the summer of 1769. More settlers followed, and by 1777 the town consisted of 17 families. In May 1775 Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys met in Castleton with Benedict Arnold to plan their next day's attack on Fort Ticonderoga , 30 miles (48 km) west, on

2418-522: Is part of the Slate Valley Modified Unified School District. The town has one school: Castleton Elementary School, which serves grades K–6. Students from Castleton families attend high school at Fair Haven Union High School and attend junior high at Fair Haven Union Middle School. Castleton University is located in Castleton and dates back to 1787. It is a public liberal arts college. In 2009, Castleton began running

2511-486: Is possible that humans lived in the region before that time, the landscape was highly volcanic and unstable, leading to vast alteration of the coastline and rivers over time. Archaeological sites at the former village at West Point ( Lushootseed : paq̓ac̓aɬčuʔ ) date back at least 4,200 years. Villages at the mouth of the Duwamish River such as həʔapus and t̕uʔəlalʔtxʷ had been continuously inhabited since

2604-563: The Oregon Territory and create a separate Washington Territory , north of the Columbia River ; in return, the legislature passed an unusual bill granting Maynard a divorce. He married Catherine on January 15, 1853. Maynard developed many clever ways to improve his property and his city. For example, he obtained the right to host the post office at his store; as a result, everyone had to come to his establishment to get their mail. He sold

2697-803: The Seattle Indian Health Board . Federally-recognized tribes such as the Muckleshoot and Suquamish as well as the Duwamish Tribe have worked closely with the city of Seattle to promote and develop and preserve local Native culture and history, both for the Duwamish, and non-Duwamish urban Indians. As of late 2022, Indigenous businesses have begun to open in Seattle, including ʔálʔal Cafe , which uses local ingredients and shares traditional Native American dishes from around North America. The Duwamish also work with nearby cities to preserve and protect their history. The Duwamish Hill Preserve in Tukwila

2790-582: The Suquamish Tribe and the great-great-grandniece of Chief Seattle. The Muckleshoot Indian Tribe is a federally-recognized tribe located in Auburn, Washington . They are descended from the Duwamish and several other related peoples whose territories were mostly located along the Duwamish River watershed. They are one of the largest tribes in Washington state with a population of over 3,000. Their reservation

2883-548: The unrecognized Duwamish Tribe and the federally recognized tribes : The name "Duwamish" is an anglicization of the Lushootseed name dxʷdəwʔabš . The name dxʷdəwʔabš means "people inside the bay." The name refers to the Cedar River, which is called dxʷdəw in Lushootseed, and means "inside the bay." The name references the way the Duwamish villages were located inland, rather than along Puget Sound. The name

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2976-476: The 20th- and 21st-century history of the Duwamish has been marked by a struggle for defending treaty rights and claims. In 1962, the Duwamish were awarded $ 62,000 for their land claims. In 1974, United States v. Washington (commonly known as the Boldt Decision), ruled that federally-recognized tribes in the state of Washington have rights to 50% of the fishing harvest, as guaranteed by the treaties. The ruling

3069-498: The 6th century CE. In the first half of the 19th century, the Duwamish began facing extreme raiding from the Lekwiltok and Kwakwaka'wakw , who raided much of the Puget Sound area for slaves and loot. Food resources varied, and resources were not always sufficient to last through to spring. There is evidence that an extensive trade and potlatch network evolved to help distribute resources to areas in need that varied year to year, and

3162-506: The American government's policy of consolidating many smaller peoples into large treaty tribes and Stevens' personal political motivations, prominent leaders were designated as chiefs for the purposes of the treaties. Signatories were appointed more or less at the behest of the Americans, bypassing what they saw as the maddening fluidity of tribal leadership. Four people represented the Duwamish on

3255-589: The Americans, and Chief Seattle aiding the settlers in the siege. In August of 1856, the Fox Island Council was held to address the grievances held by people after the treaty. There, Isaac Stevens agreed to establish a reservation, the Muckleshoot reservation , for the Duwamish and other tribes living along the Duwamish watershed, including the White and Green rivers, in hopes that the remaining Duwamish would move to

3348-639: The Court of Claims and in Congress in 1934, however, in 1962, they were successful in submitting a claim to the Indian Claims Commission. They have sought and been denied federal recognition by the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1996, 2015, and 2019. In 2001, they were briefly granted recognition by an executive order from President Bill Clinton as he left office. However, it was reversed less than two days later as

3441-659: The Duwamish Longhouse and Cultural Center closely echoes a traditional longhouse. For most of their history, the Duwamish were not a unified tribe. Instead, villages were completely autonomous, linked by shared language, culture, location, and family. While some villages held higher status and had a certain influence over others, there was no official authority of one village over another. Duwamish villages, due to their geographical and familial closeness, were historically tightly allied within their drainage. Duwamish villages also were closely allied with their neighbors, such as

3534-481: The Duwamish Tribe) was formed, where they drafted a constitution, wrote bylaws, and implemented structure for the organization. To this day, they are not recognized as a tribe by the U.S. federal government or the state of Washington. Until 1974, the Duwamish Tribe mostly pursued land claims agreements in court, entitled to treaty tribes by Congress. They first and unsuccessfully attempted to pursue claims against

3627-474: The Duwamish and Cedar Rivers to the Suquamish Reservation, with others moving to the Muckleshoot and Tulalip reservations, although some still stayed behind, refusing to move. Some of those who remained assimilated into white society. This period led to the modern split between the Duwamish descendants: the Muckleshoot, Suquamish, and eponymous Duwamish tribes. The remaining Duwamish were expelled from

3720-540: The Duwamish watershed to await a reservation of their own. This was due to several reasons. The Port Madison Reservation was not large enough to sustain the 1000+ individuals estimated to be assigned there, the reservation was too far from their usual and accustomed areas, and the mainland Duwamish were not on friendly terms with the Suquamish of the Port Madison area at the time. Later that year, due to dissatisfaction with

3813-407: The Duwamish. Around that time, around 150 Duwamish had requested to speak to Isaac Stevens about the creation of a reservation, and he promised to them that "if he were properly informed about their situation" he would create a reservation for them. In 1864, the Port Madison reservation was enlarged by executive order at the request of Seattle and a delegation of other natives. Proposals were made by

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3906-775: The Hachuamish, the Sammamish , the Snoqualmie , the Stkamish, the Puyallup , the Homamish, Suquamish , and many more. As marrying distant peoples to get unique access to far-away resources was ideal, some Duwamish intermarried and allied with peoples as far away as the Stillaguamish. Good marriages gave prestige and could result in the gain of material wealth. Intermarriage between villages created

3999-504: The Indian tribes, in particular between the Duwamish and the more powerful Snohomish , led by Chief Patkanim . As part of his diplomacy, Maynard worked to rename the settlement after the Duwamish's leader, Chief Sealth (or "Seattle") in exchange for an annual payment to Sealth (local legend has it that the tribes believed having one's name spoken after their death would disturb the named one in

4092-483: The Muckleshoot, Suquamish, Tulalip and Puyallup tribes have voiced their opposition to federal recognition for the Duwamish Tribe, pointing out that many Duwamish people are enrolled in their tribes. The Duwamish tribe owns and operates several services and organizations. In 1979, the Duwamish Tribe established the Duwamish Tribal Services, a 501(c) nonprofit organization which provides social services to

4185-611: The New York side of Lake Champlain . Their successful capture of the fort was a holding action that lasted two years until the British launched a powerful sweep southward on Lake Champlain. The battle at nearby Hubbardton , followed by battles at Bennington and Saratoga , marked the turning point of the Revolutionary War in the North. Although German soldiers were stationed in Castleton for

4278-423: The Port Madison and Muckleshoot reservations, to a sing gamble ceremony in 1894. After his death in 1896, the off-reservation Duwamish community began to move to new white settlements. By 1910, all known independent Duwamish settlements had disappeared. This was greatly effected by Ordinance No. 5, which in 1865 banned Native Americans from living in the city unless housed and employed by a white settler, and also by

4371-543: The Suquamish Nation are the federally recognized successors-in-interest to the aboriginal Duwamish, and the Duwamish Tribe is seeking recognition as one of the successors to the aboriginal Duwamish as well. The Duwamish Tribe is an unrecognized tribe based in Seattle, Washington which has been seeking federal recognition as the Duwamish Indian Tribe. In 1925, the Duwamish Tribal Organization (commonly known as

4464-490: The US Superintendent of Indian Affairs in 1866 to create another reservation in the Duwamish homeland near what is now Renton and Tukwila, but American settlers wrote to Arthur Denny , the territorial delegate to congress, complaining about the proposal. Denny himself signed the complaint petition, as well as David Denny , Henry Yesler , David "Doc" Maynard , and virtually all of Seattle's establishment, saying that "such

4557-458: The United States government and in return would remove to reservation lands established by the treaty. Two reservations were created for the Duwamish: the Muckleshoot and Suquamish reservations. However, no reservation was ever created directly in the Duwamish homeland. Since then, although many Duwamish did move to the reservations, many others did not, preferring to remain in their homelands, creating

4650-515: The afterlife; hence the payoff to Sealth to make up for that in advance). This friendly relationship paid off during the Battle of Seattle (1856) when both Sealth and Patkanim kept their fighters out of the battle. Maynard was one of 44 delegates to attend the Monticello Convention in 1852. His political skills were helpful in drafting a Memorial to Congress persuading the legislature to divide

4743-401: The age of 18 living with them, 52.2% were couples living together and joined in either marriage or civil union , 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.0% were non-families. 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.92. In

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4836-434: The cardinal directions (north/south) but Boren and Denny insisted on orienting the streets according to their stretch of shoreline. Seattle's downtown still shows awkward bends and jogs where the plats meet, but the rest of King County follows Maynard's original design. In reference to the disagreement Arthur Denny would go on to comment that "Maynard was king of all he surveyed, and some of what Boren and I surveyed as well." In

4929-701: The chance to file for divorce on the grounds of desertion; either way, she never actually completed the divorce. Maynard took the railroad to St. Louis , and from there set out for California. He circulated among several wagon trains fighting cholera , which he had learned about during the 1849 epidemic in Cleveland. When the leader of one small wagon train heading for Oregon Territory died, he assumed leadership and thus ended up on Puget Sound . He and widow Catherine Troutman Broshears (June 19, 1816 - Oct 20, 1906) fell in love during their journey; however her brother, Mike Simmons , refused them permission to marry, perhaps on

5022-461: The established reservations, lack of followthrough on promises, abuse of power, and murder of Indigenous people at the hands of settlers, the Puget Sound War began. The Stkelmish village of saʔcaqaɬ , south of modern-day Bellevue, was used as a staging ground by the in the 1856 Battle of Seattle . The Duwamish took part in the battle on both sides, with many of the Hachuamish fighting against

5115-427: The first industries established in town. During the 19th century the slate and marble industries thrived in and around Castleton. The railroad came in 1854, and the last half of the century saw the development of tourism around Lake Bomoseen. In the 19th century Castleton flourished, and many residents built elaborate houses to replace their log cabins and primitive frame houses. Several luxury hotels were built around

5208-604: The greatest city in the world. Near the end of his life, Maynard's first wife Lydia sold any rights she may have had in Maynard's property to a person who promptly sued Maynard for Lydia's share of Maynard's property in Seattle (claiming that they had never been divorced; while he was still married when he built his fortune, the common law is not entirely clear as to her claim). Lydia arrived penniless in Seattle to testify on Maynard's behalf; he and Catherine let her stay in their mansion on friendly terms. As Bill Speidel has written, Maynard

5301-509: The grounds that Maynard was still married. Maynard joined in the logging activity at New York-Alki (later Seattle), near the mouth of the Duwamish River on Puget Sound. Instead of selling his wood to shippers at $ 4 a cord, he leased a vessel from Captain Felker, using the wood itself as security, and sold the load in San Francisco at ten times the price. With that money, he bought the fixings for

5394-733: The incoming President George W. Bush cancelled the many executive orders Clinton signed in his final days citing "procedural errors." Most recently, in May of 2022, they once again sued the Department of the Interior for recognition. In 2022, the Duwamish Tribe sued for federal recognition in The Duwamish Tribe et al. v. Haaland et al. , which is still being heard in Washington Western District Court as of 2023. Representatives of

5487-477: The leaders of the Black River settlements, and his signature was likely intended to serve as a signature for all the people in the core area of the Duwamish. Seattle's signature was intended to serve for all Suquamish and Duwamish as well. The Duwamish signed away the title to more than 54,000 acres, which today includes the cities of Seattle, Renton , Tukwila , Bellevue , and Mercer Island . Among other things,

5580-452: The many Lushootseed-speaking peoples and the Twana (who speak the Twana language ). The broader Coast Salish are a group of related peoples who have elements of shared history and culture and speak related languages. Prior to colonization, "Duwamish" ( dxʷdəwʔabš ) originally referred to just those from Elliot Bay and the Duwamish, Black, and Cedar Rivers. However, beginning around 1855,

5673-451: The mid 1800s. One such settlement was located at the confluence of the Black and Cedar rivers. The settlement was led by William (also known as Stoda), the most powerful political leader of the Duwamish from the mid-1800s until his death. William led both the Duwamish at the confluence, and on the reservations, keeping their political integrity intact. William brought Duwamish from the still-existing Duwamish villages, as well as those living on

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5766-399: The northwest part of the town. The Bomoseen post office is in Castleton Corners , west of Castleton village and southeast of the south end of the lake. The third post office is in Hydeville , an extension of Main Street at the south end of Lake Bomoseen. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,367 people, 1,550 households, and 1,007 families residing in the town. The population density

5859-448: The organization's members. In addition, the Duwamish Tribe constructed the Chief Si?ahl Duwamish Longhouse and Cultural Center on purchased land along Marginal Way, across from Terminal 107 Park. It is built near the site of the former village həʔapus . In 1991, the Duwamish Tribe had about 400 members, and in 2019, they had about 600 members. Since 1975, the tribe has been led by Chairwoman Cecile Hansen, an enrolled member of

5952-435: The original commercial and industrial areas of its villages, the town of Castleton retains an architectural heritage spanning two hundred years of Vermont history. Castleton's mile-long tree-shaded Main Street, with its array of Federal and Greek Revival style houses and public buildings, many by builder Thomas Royal Dake, has been listed almost in its entirety on the National Register of Historic Places . The Higley House

6045-400: The parties that persist into the modern day. The treaty was signed by then-territorial governor Isaac Stevens and representatives from the Duwamish (led by Chief Seattle) and 14 other treaty tribes. It would not be ratified until 1859, four years after the negotiations. During that time, the unsigned treaty was used as justification for many illegal encroachments on Duwamish territory. Due to

6138-469: The pre-contact period, the village was the highest form of social organization. Each village had one or more cedar plank longhouses housing one or more extended families. Longhouses were often divided into sections by dividers made of cattail or cedar, with each family having their own section of the house with a fire pit in the center of the section. A single longhouse could support as few as tens of people, to as many as hundreds of people. The Duwamish,

6231-432: The primary language used by the Duwamish today is English, the Duwamish historically spoke a subdialect of the southern dialect of Lushootseed , a Coast Salish language spoken throughout much of western Washington. For centuries the Duwamish were living in at least 17 villages around the Seattle area. In 1855, the Duwamish were among the signatories of the 1855 Treaty of Point Elliott , in which they ceded their land to

6324-422: The reasons given for this are that his friendly relations with Chief Seattle and other natives made him suspect to his fellow settlers. The surviving city fathers minimized his role in their reminiscences in response to Maynard's autocratic rule of early Seattle. At any rate, he died in a mansion furnished with every comfort. It is important to note that Maynard's stated purpose was not to get rich but rather to build

6417-475: The region at ever-increasing rates, eventually leading to the Treaty of Point Elliot in 1855. In 1854, American ethnologist George Gibbs conducted a survey of the Indigenous peoples of Puget Sound. In this survey, he recorded 162 Duwamish people living at Lake Fork and along the Duwamish River, and 189 Duwamish and their relatives living on Lake Washington and along the Green and White rivers, for an estimated total of 351. The Duwamish attended and took part in

6510-429: The repeated burning of still-existing Duwamish settlements. By this time, all Duwamish were either living on reservations or as part of white settlements. However, William Rogers (the nephew of William/Stoda) and Charles Satiacum continued the sociopolitical relationships between individual Duwamish both on and off the reservation. In 1915, in cooperation with the Northwest Federation of American Indians, they produced

6603-403: The reservation. The reservation was understood by the Indigenous people at the meeting to consist of a wedge of land between the White and Green rivers, however the official documents only include the area of today's reservation. It was created in 1857 by executive order. In the years following, most of the remaining Duwamish moved from their historical homelands along Lake Washington and along

6696-517: The signing of the Treaty of Point Elliot on January 22, 1855, at bək̓ʷəɬtiwʔ (Point Elliott, now Mukilteo, Washington ). The treaty was drawn up hastily and negotiations were conducted only in English and Chinook Jargon , a trade language which was not spoken by many attending and later deemed not suitable for diplomatic processes. This poor diplomacy created several misunderstandings and disputes between

6789-631: The time of initial major European contact, these peoples considered themselves wholly distinct from the Duwamish. The center of Duwamish territory was historically the area at the confluence of the Black and Cedar Rivers, called the Lake Fork. Western Washington has been permanently inhabited since at least 12,000 years ago, to the Pleistocene epoch and the end of the Last Glacial Maximum . Although it

6882-460: The town of Seattle following the passage of Town of Seattle Ordinance No. 5 . Efforts were made to increase the size of the already existing reservations or create another reservation for the Duwamish to accommodate the influx of people. G. A. Paige, the Indian Agent in charge of the Port Madison reservation, wrote in 1857 that a reservation should be established at the Lake Fork, as requested by

6975-413: The town, the population was distributed by age with 19.9% under the age of 18, 22.5% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.9 males. The median income for a household in the town was $ 39,615, and the median income for

7068-685: The treaty commission that all tribes west of the Cascades would eventually locate to the Tulalip Reservation , including the Duwamish, and some Duwamish did indeed move to the Tulalip Reservation at the time. The then-believed temporary Port Madison reservation was established for use primarily by the Duwamish, Suquamish, and several other tribes. While many Duwamish later moved to the Port Madison reservation, including Seattle, many did not, and either never left or returned to their homelands along

7161-465: The treaty guaranteed both hunting and fishing rights, and reservations for all signatory tribes. As part of that guarantee, the Port Madison , Snohomish , Swinomish , and Lummi reservations were established as temporary reservations, and it was promised by the American side that other reservations would soon be expanded and new reservations established for other tribes. It was originally planned by

7254-402: The treaty: Seattle, Ts'huahntl, Nowachais, and Hasehdooan. Seattle signed the treaty under for the Duwamish, Suquamish, and twenty-one other tribes designated as "allied tribes" under the Duwamish, creating the notion that he was the paramount chief of a large confederation of tribes. This did not reflect the reality of Duwamish political organization at the time. Hasehdooan/Keokuck was one of

7347-481: The west end of the lake. A trolley system ran from the center of town to Lake Bomoseen, a destination for tourists vacationing during the summer. The Hydeville area flourished in the mid-19th century as a slate quarrying and milling center. Between 1900 and 1940 several fires occurred in Castleton Village , Castleton Corners and Hydeville, as well as at the lakeside resorts. Despite this destruction of hotels and

7440-511: The word "Duwamish" was used to also include the Green and White river peoples and the x̌ačuʔabš . The x̌ačuʔabš were composed of several related peoples whose villages were located along Lake Washington and the Sammamish River; the x̌aʔx̌ačuʔabš , whose villages were located around Lake Union , and the Shilshole ( šilšulabš ), whose village was located on Salmon Bay . At

7533-471: Was 111.9 people per square mile (43.2/km ). There were 2,107 housing units at an average density of 54.0 per square mile (20.8/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 97.98% White , 0.09% African American , 0.32% Native American , 0.57% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.48% from other races , and 0.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.08% of the population. There were 1,550 households, out of which 28.8% had children under

7626-580: Was appealed and upheld in 1979. Duwamish descendants enrolled in the federally recognized tribes had fishing rights; however, the Duwamish Tribe, as they are unrecognized, were not included in the Boldt Decision. The Duwamish Tribe themselves have also been working towards federal recognition. In 1977, the Duwamish Tribe filed a petition for federal recognition. The Duwamish continue to be involved in Seattle's urban Indian culture and are represented in institutions such as United Indians of All Tribes and

7719-429: Was based on impeccable genealogy, inter-tribal kinship, wise use of resources, and possession of esoteric knowledge about the workings of spirits and the spirit world, making an effective marriage of class, secular, religious, and economic power. There were physical distinctions for high-status individuals: mothers carefully shaped the heads of their young babies, binding them with cradle boards just long enough to produce

7812-611: Was built in 1810 by Erastus Higley, and houses antiques and furnishings. Antique carriages are located on the grounds. The house is now maintained by the Castleton Historical Society, and was built and lived in by the Higley family until 1973. The Castleton Federated Church was built in 1833 by master builder Thomas Dake. The church is listed in the Historic American Buildings Survey . The Cobbler's Shop

7905-605: Was established by the 1856 Fox Island Council, and is located mostly along the White River . The Muckleshoot Tribe was created by the merger of the tribes living on the Muckleshoot Reservation after the 1934 Wheeler-Howard Act (also known as the Indian Reorganization Act). They operate several tribal businesses, casinos, schools, and other services, and they work closely with state, federal, and city affairs in

7998-461: Was granted by Governor Benning Wentworth of New Hampshire and divided the land into 70 "rights" or "shares". Governor Wentworth retained ownership of two shares, and several others were given for churches and a school. Three families had settled in Castleton by 1770. In the spring of 1767, some of the town's first settlers, Amos Bird and Noah Lee, arrived in Castleton from Salisbury , Connecticut . Castleton's favorite landmark, Birdseye Mountain,

8091-479: Was known as a friend to the Indians; when Washington became a territory in 1853 Doc Maynard was appointed as the man in charge of Indian relations. During the Seattle Indian war Doc Maynard protected the natives and ensured that they did not starve. Although Maynard was originally one of the city's largest landholders and strongest boosters, he is considered not to have prospered as well as his contemporaries. Among

8184-476: Was much older and had already participated in the development of one city. He drank liquor (while the Denny Party were mostly teetotalers ) and, with his friend Captain Felker, found someone to start a good brothel in Seattle — the infamous Mother Damnable — believing that vice was essential to the economic success of a frontier town of that time. Maynard's political skills helped defuse difficult situations with

8277-473: Was potent and effective until European diseases arriving in the 1770s and ravaged the region for more than a century. By 1851, the Duwamish had 17 villages with at least 93 buildings, including longhouses , around the present-day Seattle area. There were four prominent villages on Elliott Bay and the lower Duwamish River. Before modern civil engineering, the area at the mouth of Elliot Bay had extensive tidelands which were abundantly rich in marine life and

8370-509: Was primarily (71%) composed of people descended from early mixed-race marriages in the 1850s, but otherwise had little to no contact with extant Duwamish communities at the time. In the early 1900s, many Duwamish had converted to the Indian Shaker Church , a local religion of mixed Christian and Indigenous beliefs. Since then, the primary religion of the Duwamish has been Christianity, albeit of several different denominations. Much of

8463-545: Was seen strolling around town, the only man in Seattle with a wife on either arm. The ultimate result of this land dispute is that the east half of Maynard's claim reverted to public land, as neither of his wives had satisfied their requirements for their share; the legal battle passed through several hands until it was ultimately decided against all the Maynards in the United States Supreme Court case of Maynard v. Hill . Castleton, Vermont Castleton

8556-424: Was taken. The Muckleshoot reservation was eventually expanded by executive order in 1874, in order to provide a home for the other Duwamish living on the lower Duwamish drainage system. After the 1860s, the Duwamish who remained off-reservation continued to live in their traditional communities along Lake Washington and the Black, Cedar, White, and Green rivers. Traditional longhouses were built at these sites into

8649-449: Was unfaithful to him but remained with her until 1850. In 1832, the Maynards moved to Cleveland , Ohio, at the time a town of 500. He made and lost small fortunes in business and political ventures including railroading and a medical school that collapsed in the Panic of 1837 . Maynard left Cleveland in 1850, either promising to send for his family when he was settled elsewhere, or giving Lydia

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