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96-470: The river is named after the native people who once lived along its entire length. The Sammamish River begins as an outlet on the north shore of Lake Sammamish , which in turn is fed by several creeks that make up the headwaters of the Sammamish River basin. The most important of these is Issaquah Creek . The river flows north from the lake through the city of Redmond. The tributary Bear Creek joins

192-413: A U.S. Air Force E-3 Sentry aircraft at Elmendorf AFB , Alaska , struck a flock of Canada geese on takeoff, losing power in both port side engines. It crashed 2 mi (3.2 km) from the runway, killing all 24 crew members. The accident sparked efforts to avoid such events, including habitat modification, aversion tactics, herding and relocation, and culling of flocks. In 2009, a collision with

288-488: A Duwamish subgroup. Despite being a primarily riverine people, the Sammamish were historically considered by their contemporaries as x̌ačuʔabš , or "lake people," referring to the peoples living on Lake Washington, and, broadly, any lake at all. This is opposed to other ethnic identifiers, such as the x̌ʷəlčabš (saltwater peoples), stuləgʷabš (riverine peoples), st̕aq̓tabš (inland peoples), and so forth. This

384-711: A flock of migratory Canada geese resulted in US Airways Flight 1549 suffering a total loss of power from both engines after takeoff, forcing the crew of the aircraft to ditch the plane in the Hudson River with no loss of human life. As a large, common wild bird, the Canada goose is a common target of hunters, especially in its native range. Drake Larsen, a researcher in sustainable agriculture at Iowa State University , described them to The Atlantic magazine as "so yummy ...good, lean, rich meat. I find they are similar to

480-462: A good cut of beef." The British Trust for Ornithology , however, has described them as "reputedly amongst the most inedible of birds." The U.S. goose harvest for 2013–14 reported over 1.3 million geese taken. Canada geese are rarely farmed, and sale of wild Canada goose meat is rare due to regulation and slaughterhouses' lack of experience with wild birds. Geese in New York City parks culled by

576-411: A lack of former predators. Males exhibit agonistic behavior both on and off breeding and nesting grounds. This behavior rarely involves interspecific killing. One documented case involved a male defending his nest from a brant that wandered into the area; the following attack lasted for one hour until the death of the brant. The cause of death was suffocation or drowning in mud as a direct result of

672-460: A large population of Canada geese. Canada geese live year-round in the southern part of their breeding range, including the northern half of the United States' eastern seaboard and Pacific Coast, and areas in between. Between California and South Carolina in the southern United States and in northern Mexico , Canada geese are mainly present as migrants from further north during the winter. By

768-421: A modified pronunciation of the native village at Issaquah ) and was navigable over its entire length by shallow-draft steamers and was used to float logs and coal barges from Lake Sammamish to Lake Washington. The mouth of the river was east of its present position. Although early drainage and navigation improvement efforts in the first couple of decades of the 20th century likely affected the form and function of

864-584: A permit which can be used from March 11 through August 31 to destroy nests, conduct a goose roundup or exterminate geese. Canada geese have reached Northern Europe naturally, as has been proved by ringing recoveries . The birds include those of the subspecies B. c. parvipes , and possibly others. These geese are also found naturally on the Kamchatka Peninsula in eastern Siberia , and eastern China . Canada geese have also been introduced in Europe in

960-771: A pet dog. Once they reach adulthood, due to their large size and often aggressive behavior, Canada geese are rarely preyed on, although prior injury may make them more vulnerable to natural predators. Beyond humans, adults can be taken by coyotes and grey wolves ( Canis lupus ). Avian predators that are known to kill adults, as well as young geese, include snowy owls ( Bubo scandiacus ), golden eagles ( Aquila chrysaetos ) and bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) and, though rarely on large adult geese, great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ), northern goshawks ( Accipiter gentilis ), peregrine falcons ( Falco peregrinus ), and gyrfalcons ( Falco rusticolus ). Adult geese are quite vigorous at displacing potential predators from

1056-458: A problem in some areas by fouling pastures and damaging crops. They were protected under the Wildlife Act 1953 and the population was managed by Fish and Game New Zealand , which culled excessive bird numbers. In 2011, the government removed the protection status, allowing anyone to kill the birds. Like most geese, the Canada goose is naturally migratory with the wintering range being most of

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1152-570: A tendency to spend less time at rest stops and go through the migration much faster. The later birds usually spend more time at rest stops. Some geese return to the same nesting ground year after year and lay eggs with their mate, raising them in the same way each year. This is recorded from the many tagged geese which frequent the East Coast. Canada geese fly in a distinctive V-shaped flight formation, with an altitude of 1 km (3,000 feet) for migration flight. The maximum flight ceiling of Canada geese

1248-424: A time, sometimes amounting to hundreds of people. Longhouses were divided so that each family had a "room" and a central fire pit, only partially-separated by partitions. The Sammamish had several villages along the Sammamish River and Lake Sammamish, with the largest being at ƛ̕ax̌ʷadis , the head of Lake Union near what is now Kenmore. This site was at the mouth of the Sammamish River before Lake Washington

1344-459: A variety of grains and other foods by humans in parks. Canada geese prefer lawn grass in urban areas. They usually graze in open areas with wide clearance to avoid potential predators. During the second year of their lives, Canada geese find a mate. They are monogamous , and most couples stay together all of their lives. If one dies, the other may find a new mate. The female lays from two to nine eggs with an average of five, and both parents protect

1440-465: A white "chinstrap" distinguish the Canada goose from all other goose species except the cackling goose and barnacle goose (the latter, however, has a black breast and gray rather than brownish body plumage). Some Canada geese come with a pepper-spotted or brown neck with brown plumage, and these are assumed to be a leucistic variety. The seven subspecies of this bird vary widely in size and plumage details, but all are recognizable as Canada geese. Some of

1536-615: Is Southern Lushootseed , spoken by the Lushootseed-speaking peoples south of the Snohomish . The Sammamish dialect is closely related to the Duwamish and Snoqualmie dialects. Today, Lushootseed has no first-language speakers and is primarily reserved for ceremonial and cultural contexts, like storytelling and prayer. Despite this, the Tulalip and Snoqualmie tribes are working to revitalize

1632-534: Is a straightforward large pale cackling goose however, and hence the taxon is still valid today and was renamed "Taverner's cackling goose". In addition, the barnacle goose ( B. leucopsis ) was determined to be a derivative of the cackling goose lineage, whereas the Hawaiian goose ( B. sandvicensis ) originated from ancestral Canada geese. Thus, the species' distinctness is well evidenced. Ornithologist Harold C. Hanson, who had rediscovered wild populations of

1728-530: Is also common in brackish marshes, estuaries, and lagoons. Extremely adept at living in human-altered areas , Canada geese have established breeding colonies in urban and cultivated habitats, which provide food and few natural predators. The success of this common park species has led to it often being considered a pest species because of its excrement , its depredation of crops, its noise, its aggressive territorial behavior toward both humans and other animals, and its habit of stalking and begging for food ,

1824-419: Is believed because of the long days of flying in migration the thyroid gland sends out more T 4 which help the body cope with the longer journey. The increased T 4 levels are also associated with increased muscle mass ( hypertrophy ) of the breast muscle, also because of the longer time spent flying. It is believed that the body sends out more T 4 to help the goose's body with this long task by speeding up

1920-491: Is currently working on restoring fish habitat along the river. Several species of birds and mammals are plentiful along the river, including waterfowl such as Canada geese , ducks , and the great blue heron . Bald eagles and beavers are also common sights near the river. The Sammamish River Trail is a paved bicycle and walking trail that runs along the river, from Marymoor Park in Redmond, to Bothell, where it connects to

2016-533: Is derived from a root word and the suffix =abš , meaning "people." According to linguist and anthropologist T.T. Waterman , the name means "meander dwellers." According to historian and writer David Buerge, the name might derive from the word sc̓ap , meaning " willow ," which would mean their name translates to "willow people." According to the Sammamish Heritage Society, the name means "hunter people." The first American settlers also called

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2112-475: Is due to the traditional lifestyle of the Sammamish, which relied much more on the resources of Lake Washington, rather than from their own river, than other riverine groups in the area. For more than 10,000 years, the Sammamish people have hunted, fished, and gathered on their lands along Lake Washington and the Sammamish River and Lake. The Sammamish were a relatively poor people, and they were also noted by their neighbors for their tendency towards warfare. War

2208-474: Is generally permitted only during the defined open season . Geese have a tendency to attack humans when they feel themselves or their goslings to be threatened. First, the geese stand erect, spread their wings, and produce a hissing sound. Next, the geese charge. They may then peck or attack with their wings. Canada geese have been implicated in a number of bird strikes by aircraft. Their large size and tendency to fly in flocks may exacerbate their impact. In

2304-597: Is joined from the north by North Creek in Bothell near the University of Washington , and Swamp Creek in Kenmore. The Sammamish River enters Lake Washington on the west side of Kenmore. The Sammamish River basin covers an area from Everett in the north to May Valley in the south. It is part of the larger Lake Washington-Cedar River drainage. The total basin drainage area covers approximately 626 km (242 mi), including

2400-568: Is occasionally found during migration across the Atlantic in northern Europe . It has been introduced to France , the United Kingdom , Ireland , Finland , Sweden , Denmark , New Zealand , Japan , Chile , Argentina , and the Falkland Islands . Like most geese, the Canada goose is primarily herbivorous and normally migratory; often found on or close to fresh water , the Canada goose

2496-549: Is partially due to the removal of natural predators and an abundance of safe, human-made bodies of water near food sources, such as those found on golf courses, in public parks and beaches, on sports fields, and in planned communities. Due in part to the interbreeding of various migratory subspecies with the introduced non-migratory giant subspecies, Canada geese are frequently a year-round feature of such urban environments. Contrary to its normal migration routine, large flocks of Canada geese have established permanent residence along

2592-419: Is slightly lighter at 2.4–5.5 kg ( 5 + 1 ⁄ 4 – 12 + 1 ⁄ 4  lb), averaging amongst all subspecies 3.6 kg (8 lb), and generally 10% smaller in linear dimensions than the male counterparts. The honk refers to the call of the male Canada goose, while the hrink call refers to the female goose. The calls are similar, however, the hrink is shorter and more high-pitched than

2688-413: Is unknown, but they have been reported at 9 km (29,000 feet). Flying in the V formation has been the subject of study by researchers. The front position is rotated since flying in front consumes the most energy. Canada geese leave the winter grounds more quickly than the summer grounds. Elevated thyroid hormones , such as T 3 and T 4 , have been measured in geese just after a big migration. This

2784-487: The American Civil War but were reintroduced in 1956 with 10 pairs. The population was estimated at 18,000 in 1979. The geese are considered protected, though a hunting season is allowed from September 1–15, with a daily bag limit of five. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources recommends several non-lethal scare and hazing tactics for nuisance geese, but if such methods have been used without success, they may issue

2880-539: The Burke-Gilman Trail to Seattle . The Slough is also the main geographical feature of the former Wayne Golf Course in Bothell. The river is also the home of Sammamish Rowing Association which is a non-profit community rowing facility based on King County Parks property on the West shore supporting recreational and competitive rowing for high school and adult rowers. The Sammamish Rowing facility and boathouse are West of

2976-520: The Duwamish people , such as the təbɬtubixʷ , the Juanita Creek people. Because of these ties, early American settlers often believed that the Sammamish were a subgroup of the Duwamish, or that the Duwamish were a subgroup of the Sammamish. However, the Sammamish were a completely sovereign and autonomous group from their Duwamish neighbors. Some historians have continued to classify the Sammamish as

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3072-529: The Migratory Birds Convention Act . In both countries, commercial transactions such as buying or trading are mostly prohibited and the possession, hunting, and interfering with the activity of the animals are subject to restrictions. In the UK, as with native bird species, the nests and eggs of Canada geese are fully protected by law, except when their removal has been specifically licensed, and shooting

3168-585: The Netherlands , Belgium , Germany , Scandinavia , and Finland in the 20th Century, starting in Sweden in 1929. Most European populations are not migratory, but those in more northerly parts of Sweden and Finland migrate to the North Sea and Baltic coasts. Semi-tame feral birds are common in parks, and have become a pest in some areas. In Great Britain, they were spread by hunters, but remained uncommon until

3264-513: The Ohio population of Canada geese was reported as roughly 130,000, with the number likely to continue increasing. Many of the geese, previously migratory, reportedly had become native, remaining in the state even in the summer. The increase was attributed to a lack of natural predators, an abundance of water, and plentiful grass in manicured lawns in urban areas. Canada geese were eliminated in Ohio following

3360-668: The Suquamish , Snoqualmie , and Tulalip tribes, where many of the descendants of the Sammamish live today. Some Sammamish continued to refuse to move to the Tulalip Reservation and continued to live in the area as laborers and farmers. The last independent Sammamish continued to practice their traditions until the 1900s and 1910s, when the last visible traces of Sammamish people in the Sammamish River Valley would practically disappear. In 2009, only 69 people in Kenmore – once

3456-746: The University of York at the age of 31. In order to survive the extreme winter temperatures, the geese prefer to stay in urban areas rather than in green spaces since industrial areas retain heat. Known predators of eggs and goslings include coyotes ( Canis latrans ), Arctic foxes ( Vulpes lagopus ), northern raccoons ( Procyon lotor ), red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ), large gulls ( Larus species), common ravens ( Corvus corax ), American crows ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ), carrion crows (in Europe, Corvus corone ) and both brown ( Ursus arctos ) and American black bears ( Ursus americanus ). Geese and their goslings are occasionally preyed upon by domestic dogs—these occurrences can be prevented by leashing

3552-516: The Yakama and Wenatchi , the Sammamish joined the assault on the young town, in which almost every building was burned. Following the conclusion of the unsuccessful Puget Sound War, many Sammamish were relocated to Fort Kitsap, where the Sammamish remained until their eventual assignment to the Tulalip Reservation . Henry Yesler , local sawmill owner and one of the founders of Seattle, aided in

3648-408: The fledgling stage any time from six to nine weeks of age. They do not leave their parents until after the spring migration, when they return to their birthplace. Canada geese are known for their seasonal migrations. Most Canada geese have staging or resting areas where they join up with others. Their autumn migration can be seen from September to the beginning of November. The early migrants have

3744-427: The honk of males. When agitated or aggressively defending territory, Canada geese will typically initiate an encounter with a high-pitched hiss. Canada geese communicate with ten different vocalizations, each in response to a different situation confronting them. This species is native to North America. It breeds in Canada and the northern United States in a wide range of habitats. The Great Lakes region maintains

3840-412: The wing chord can range from 39 to 55 cm ( 15 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 21 + 1 ⁄ 2  in), the tarsus can range from 6.9 to 10.6 cm ( 2 + 11 ⁄ 16 to 4 + 3 ⁄ 16  in) and the bill can range from 4.1 to 6.8 cm ( 1 + 5 ⁄ 8 to 2 + 11 ⁄ 16  in). The largest subspecies is B. c. maxima , or the giant Canada goose, and the smallest (with

3936-449: The "true geese" (i.e., the genera Anser and Branta ), the Canada goose is on average the largest living species, although some other species that are geese in name, if not of close relation to these genera, are on average heavier, such as the spur-winged goose and Cape Barren goose . Canada geese range from 75 to 110 cm (30 to 43 in) in length and have a 127–185 cm (50–73 in) wingspan . Among standard measurements,

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4032-419: The Canada goose's pecking the head of the brant into the mud. Researchers attributed it to high hormone levels and the brant's inability to leave the nesting area. Canada geese are primarily herbivores , although they sometimes eat small insects and fish . Their diet includes green vegetation and grains . The Canada goose eats a variety of grasses when on land. It feeds by grasping a blade of grass with

4128-611: The Canada goose, but in July 2004, the American Ornithologists' Union 's Committee on Classification and Nomenclature split them into two species, making the cackling goose into a full species with the scientific name Branta hutchinsii . The British Ornithologists' Union followed suit in June 2005. The AOU has divided the many subspecies between the two species. The subspecies of the Canada goose were listed as: The distinctions between

4224-534: The Giant Canada Goose, proposed splitting Canada and cackling goose into six species and 200 subspecies. The radical nature of this proposal has been controversial; Richard Banks of the AOU urges caution before any of Hanson's proposals are accepted. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature has suppressed Hanson's proposals, based on the criticisms of Banks and other ornithologists. The black head and neck with

4320-500: The HPAI virus, a H5N1 virus, found that the geese were susceptible to the virus. This proved useful for monitoring the spread of the virus through the high mortality of infected birds. Prior exposure to other viruses may result in some resistance to H5N1. The Canada goose is considered part of the Canadian national identity. In North America, nonmigratory Canada goose populations have been on

4416-601: The Lower Skagit village at čubəʔalšəd (Snatelum Point). The raid was initially successful, as the Skagit began to flee across Penn Cove to təqucid ( Oak Harbor ) with the Sammamish raiders in tow. However, it was ultimately unsuccessful, as the Sammamish river canoes, unsuitable for the open waters of the Puget Sound, capsized, allowing the Skagit to escape. The Sammamish returned home overland, building makeshift rafts to cross

4512-527: The Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center was built near Jamestown, North Dakota. Its first director, Harvey K. Nelson, talked Forrest Lee into leaving Minnesota to head the center's Canada goose production and restoration program. Forrest soon had 64 pens with 64 breeding pairs of screened, high-quality birds. The project involved private, state, and federal resources and relied on the expertise and cooperation of many individuals. By

4608-738: The Pacific coast of North America from British Columbia's Lower Mainland and Vancouver Island area south to the San Francisco Bay area of Northern California. There are also resident Atlantic coast populations, such as on Chesapeake Bay , in Virginia 's James River regions, and in the Triangle area of North Carolina (Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill), and nearby Hillsborough. Some Canada geese have taken up permanent residence as far south as Florida, in places such as retention ponds in apartment complexes. In 2015,

4704-415: The Puget Sound peoples, headed by Seattle (Suquamish/Duwamish) and Chief Patkanim (Snoqualmie). Although the Sammamish were listed in the preamble of the treaty, they did not sign the treaty. Despite this, Governor Isaac Stevens moved to enforce the treaty on the Sammamish even before it was ratified by Congress. One prominent leader of the Sammamish, Sahwicholgadhw, did not accept the treaty, and resisted

4800-461: The Sammamish River valley and reduced maximum flood elevations and seasonal water surface elevations in Lake Sammamish. The weir was modified in 1998 to improve passage for anadromous salmon during low flow. The Sammamish River is home to several runs of salmon and trout , including chinook , coho , sockeye , kokanee , steelhead , and coastal cutthroat trout . The King County government

4896-404: The Sammamish from the east, also containing the waters from Evans Creek and Cottage Lake Creek . After passing through Redmond and parts of unincorporated King County, the Sammamish enters Woodinville where it turns northwest and then west. Little Bear Creek joins the Sammamish at this western turning point from the north. The river continues to bend in a generally westward direction, where it

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4992-520: The Sammamish various names such as "Squak", "Simump", and "Squowh." These names are anglicizations of the Lushootseed word sqawx̌ , the name for Issaquah Creek and the location of a Sammamish village. The Sammamish are a Southern Coast Salish people. They were historically closely related to and allied with their immediate neighbors, who today constitute the Snoqualmie and the various subgroups of

5088-464: The Tulalip Reservation, where many Sammamish descendants live today. Other Sammamish continued to live in their traditional homeland along the Sammamish River but later moved to neighboring reservations. The name "Sammamish" is an anglicization of their Lushootseed endonym, sc̓ababš , also spelled sc̓əpabš . The etymology of the name sc̓ababš is disputed among historians and linguists, and there are several possible etymologies. The name

5184-447: The United States, the Canada goose is the second-most damaging bird strike to airplanes, with the most damaging being turkey vultures . Canada geese can cause fatal crashes when they strike an aircraft's engine. The FAA has reported 1,772 known civil aircraft strikes within the United States between 1990 and 2018. The total cost of these bird strikes to general and commercial aviation has been reported to exceed $ 130 million. In 1995,

5280-469: The United States. The calls overhead from large groups of Canada geese flying in a V-shaped formation signal the transitions into spring and autumn. In some areas, migration routes have changed due to changes in habitat and food sources. In mild climates from southwestern British Columbia to California to the Great Lakes , some of the population has become nonmigratory due to adequate winter food supply and

5376-428: The annual summer molt also takes place during the breeding season, the adults lose their flight feathers for 20–40 days, regaining flight about the same time as their goslings start to fly. As soon as the goslings hatch, they are immediately capable of walking, swimming, and finding their own food (a diet similar to that of adult geese). Parents are often seen leading their goslings in a line, usually with one adult at

5472-575: The attempts of the Americans to remove the Sammamish from their homelands. Although David 'Doc' Maynard , the Indian Agent at the time, pressured the Sammamish into relocating, the Sammamish continued to refuse the efforts of the Americans. Under Sahwicholgadhw, some Sammamish warriors took part in the Puget Sound War against the United States, and participated in the 1856 Battle of Seattle . Led by

5568-421: The bill, then tearing it with a jerk of the head. The Canada goose also eats beans and grains such as wheat , rice , and corn when they are available. In the water, it feeds from aquatic plants by sliding its bill at the bottom of the body of water. It also feeds on aquatic plant-like algae, such as seaweed . In urban areas, it is also known to pick food out of garbage bins. They are also sometimes hand-fed

5664-431: The channel for navigation, to utilize the floodplain for agriculture, and to reduce flooding in the Sammamish River valley and Lake Sammamish. Prior to a new chanel being dug sometime prior to 1936, the river was wider and deeper and generally flowed more slowly due to a relatively small difference in elevation between Lake Sammamish and Lake Washington. Prior to these modifications, the river was known as Squak Slough (after

5760-440: The eagle is displaying active hunting behavior. Canada geese are quite wary of humans where they are regularly hunted and killed, but can otherwise become habituated to fearlessness toward humans, especially where they are fed by them. This often leads to the geese becoming overly aggressive toward humans, and large groups of the birds may be considered a nuisance if they are causing persistent problems to humans and other animals in

5856-651: The early 17th century by explorer Samuel de Champlain who sent several pairs of geese to France as a present for King Louis XIII . The geese were first introduced in Great Britain in the late 17th century as an addition to King James II 's waterfowl collection in St. James's Park . By the middle of the 18th century, the Canada geese have established populations in France and Great Britain , but also in Ireland. They were also introduced in

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5952-557: The early 19th century, the Sammamish were one of the first peoples of Puget Sound to come into contact with the traders from the Hudson's Bay Company . During this period, the Sammamish participated in several wars, such as the 1855 Puget Sound War and the 1865 Battle of Seattle , as well as raiding other tribes. In 1855, the Sammamish attended, but did not sign, the Treaty of Point Elliott . Despite this, they were removed from their land and sent to

6048-531: The early 20th century, overhunting and loss of habitat in the late 19th and early 20th centuries had resulted in a serious decline in the numbers of this bird in its native range. The giant Canada goose subspecies was believed to be extinct in the 1950s until, in 1962, a small flock was discovered wintering in Rochester, Minnesota , by Harold Hanson of the Illinois Natural History Survey. In 1964,

6144-450: The elevation difference between Lake Sammamish and Lake Washington and increased the flow rate of the river. It also moved the mouth of the river westward. The second major change resulted from a King County/ACOE channel dredging, straightening project completed in November 1964 that included construction of a weir at the Lake Sammamish source. This project practically eliminated flooding in

6240-638: The end of 1981, more than 6,000 giant Canada geese had been released at 83 sites in 26 counties in North Dakota. With improved game laws and habitat recreation and preservation programs, their populations have recovered in most of their range, although some local populations, especially of the subspecies B. c. occidentalis , may still be declining. In recent years, Canada goose populations in some areas have grown substantially, so much so that many consider them pests for their droppings, bacteria in their droppings, noise, and confrontational behavior. This problem

6336-525: The foothills of the Issaquah Alps. Other types of game were caught and consumed fresh, as well as used for pelts or feathers, such as waterfowl and deer, however the traditionally lake-oriented lifestyle of the Sammamish relied more on aquatic resources like fish than their riverine neighbors. Like their Duwamish and Snoqualmie relatives, the Sammamish traditionally speak Lushootseed , a Coast Salish language spoken across Puget Sound. The Sammamish dialect

6432-410: The front and the other at the back. While protecting their goslings, parents often violently chase away nearby creatures, from small blackbirds to lone humans who approach: first giving a warning hiss, and then attacking with bites and slaps of the wings. Although parents are hostile to unfamiliar geese, they may form groups of a number of goslings and a few adults, called crèches . The offspring enter

6528-502: The geese obtrusive or object to their waste. Addling goose eggs and destroying nests are promoted as humane population control methods. Flocks of Canada geese can also be captured during molt and this method of culling is used to control invasive populations. Canada geese are protected from hunting and capture outside of designated hunting seasons in the United States by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act , and in Canada under

6624-410: The language, and it is taught in several colleges and high schools in the area, both tribal and non-tribal. Canada geese Anas canadensis Linnaeus, 1758 The Canada goose ( Branta canadensis ) is a large wild goose with a black head and neck, white cheeks, white under its chin, and a brown body. It is native to the arctic and temperate regions of North America , and it

6720-568: The largest Sammamish village – were Native American . They were likely not all of Sammamish descent, although the exact number is not known. The traditional territory of the Sammamish includes all of Lake Sammamish and the Sammamish River. The Sammamish hunted in the surrounding forests, fished along the lakes, the river and the nearby creeks, and gathered in the marshes and flats nearby. Sammamish villages consisted of large longhouses, constructed of great cedar planks and poles. Houses were around 50 feet by 100 feet and could hold several families at

6816-517: The latter a result of humans disobeying artificial feeding policies toward wild animals . The Canada goose was one of the many species described by Carl Linnaeus in his 18th-century work Systema Naturae . It belongs to the Branta genus of geese, which contains species with largely black plumage , distinguishing them from the gray species of the genus Anser . Branta was a Latinized form of Old Norse Brandgás , "burnt (black) goose" and

6912-453: The length of the river, with the largest being at ƛ̕ax̌ʷadis , what is now Kenmore . The Sammamish were historically a warlike, but impoverished people, and were closely allied with their neighbors, the Duwamish and the Snoqualmie . Traditional Sammamish society revolved around their two lakes, Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish, more than the Sammamish River which connects the two. In

7008-407: The metabolism and lowering the temperature at which the muscles work. Also, other studies show levels of stress hormones such as corticosterone rise dramatically in these birds during and after a migration. The lifespan in the wild of geese who survive to adulthood ranges from 10 to 24 years. The British longevity record is held by a specimen tagged as a nestling, which was observed alive at

7104-434: The mid-20th century. Their population grew from 2,200 to 4,000 birds in 1953 to an estimated 82,000 in 1999, as changing agricultural practices and urban growth provided new habitat. European birds are mostly descended from the nominate subspecies B. c. canadensis , likely with some contributions from the subspecies B. c. maxima . Canada geese were introduced as a game bird into New Zealand in 1905. They have become

7200-541: The most critical resource for the Sammamish. Canoes, houses, clothing, paddles, toys, baskets, nets, weirs , and much more can be fashioned out of cedar. Other types of wood were used for various applications as well. Bows were made of yew or maple, and madrona was used in cooking and other fire-resistant tools. Cattails are also critical to the traditional ways of the Sammamish. They can be used for making blankets, sleeping pads, pillows, hats, skirts, and even giant mats, which were used to make large tents for camping during

7296-459: The nest site, with predator prevention usually falling to the larger male of the pair. Males usually attempt to draw attention of approaching predators and toll (mob terrestrial predators without physical contact) often in accompaniment with males of other goose species. Eagles frequently cause geese to fly off en masse from some distance, though in other instances, geese may seem unconcerned at perched bald eagles nearby, seemingly only reacting if

7392-583: The nest while the eggs incubate , but the female spends more time at the nest than the male. Its nest is usually located in an elevated area near water such as streams, lakes, ponds, and sometimes on a beaver lodge. Its eggs are laid in a shallow depression lined with plant material and down. The incubation period, in which the female incubates while the male remains nearby, lasts for 24–32 days after laying. Canada geese can respond to external climatic factors by adjusting their laying date to spring maximum temperatures, which may benefit their nesting success. As

7488-496: The nonmigratory populations (which tend to be larger and more of a nuisance) as opposed to migratory flocks showing natural behavior, which may be rarer. Since 1999, the United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services agency has been engaged in lethal culls of Canada geese primarily in urban or densely populated areas. The agency responds to municipalities or private land owners, such as golf courses, which find

7584-572: The region, and today their descendants are citizens of the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe , Snoqualmie Indian Tribe , and Suquamish Indian Tribe of the Port Madison Reservation . The historical extent of Sammamish territory ranges from the northern head of Lake Washington to Issaquah Creek at the south of Lake Sammamish , where they have hunted, fished, and gathered for over 10,000 years. The Sammamish had several villages along

7680-496: The removal of the Sammamish from their homelands. After their removal, the villages were destroyed by settlers. As with the relocation of other Northwest Coast peoples , Indian removal was significantly enabled by the 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic which killed almost two-thirds of the Sammamish population, as well as by the devastation from the effects of several previous epidemics. Because of this relocation, many Sammamish were amalgamated into other tribes, such as

7776-697: The rise. The species is frequently found on golf courses, parking lots, and urban parks, which would have previously hosted only migratory geese on rare occasions. Owing to its adaptability to human-altered areas, it has become one of the most common waterfowl species in North America. In many areas, nonmigratory Canada geese are now regarded as pests by humans. They are suspected of being a cause of an increase in high fecal coliforms at beaches. An extended hunting season, deploying noise makers, and hazing by dogs have been used in an attempt to disrupt suspect flocks. A goal of conservationists has been to focus hunting on

7872-487: The river, the most significant modifications occurred as a result of two largely federal-funded navigation and flood control projects. The first major change occurred as a result of the reduction in the mean level and seasonal elevation range of Lake Washington in 1916 as part of the development of the Lake Washington Ship Canal and Lock system, which officially opened June 16, 1917. This effectively increased

7968-520: The river, with the dock right along the West Shore of the river, opposite Marymoor Dog Park . Sammamish people The Sammamish people ( Lushootseed : sc̓ababš ) are a Lushootseed-speaking Southern Coast Salish people. They are indigenous to the Sammamish River Valley in central King County , Washington . The Sammamish speak Lushootseed , a Coast Salish language which

8064-583: The separation of the cackling goose group) is B. c. parvipes , or the lesser Canada goose. An exceptionally large male of race B. c. maxima , which rarely exceed 8 kg (18 lb) , weighed 10.9 kg (24 lb) and had a wingspan of 2.24 m (7 ft 4 in). This specimen is the largest wild goose ever recorded of any species. The male Canada goose usually weighs 2.6–6.5 kg ( 5 + 3 ⁄ 4 – 14 + 1 ⁄ 4  lb), averaging amongst all subspecies 3.9 kg ( 8 + 1 ⁄ 2  lb). The female looks virtually identical, but

8160-512: The smaller races can be hard to distinguish from the cackling goose, which slightly overlap in mass. However, most subspecies of the cackling goose (exclusive of Richardson's cackling goose, B. h. hutchinsii ) are considerably smaller. The smallest cackling goose, B. h. minima , is scarcely larger than a mallard . In addition to the size difference, cackling geese also have a shorter neck and smaller bill, which can be useful when small Canada geese comingle with relatively large cackling geese. Of

8256-470: The specific epithet canadensis is a Neo-Latin word meaning "from Canada ". According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the first citation for the 'Canada goose' dates back to 1772. The Canada goose is also colloquially referred to as the "Canadian goose". This name may annoy some birders . The cackling goose was originally considered to be the same species or several subspecies of

8352-416: The summer months. Fish, most importantly salmon, were caught in canoes, with spears and nets, or on giant fishing weirs, constructed over the length of a creek, where massive amounts of fish could be easily caught. Although some salmon was eaten fresh, most salmon would be dried or smoked and could be eaten with dried berries or baked camas . Berries were gathered in many places, from swamps, to prairies, to

8448-421: The surface of Lake Sammamish. Big Bear Creek is the largest of the four major tributaries that feed the river followed by Little Bear Creek, North Creek, and Swamp Creek. There is also a significant amount of more diffuse drainage, primarily originating from the hills and valley to the west of the river. The Sammamish River of the early 1900s has been extensively modified as a result of various human efforts to use

8544-480: The surrounding area. Salinity plays a role in the growth and development of goslings. Moderate to high salinity concentrations without fresh water results in slower development, growth, and saline-induced mortality. Goslings are susceptible to saline-induced mortality before their nasal salt glands become functional; the majority of such deaths occur before the sixth day of life. Canada geese are susceptible to avian bird flus, such as H5N1 . A study carried out using

8640-445: The two geese have led to confusion and debate among ornithologists. This has been aggravated by the overlap between the small types of Canada goose and larger types of cackling goose. The old "lesser Canada geese" were believed to be a partly hybrid population, with the birds named B. c. taverneri considered a mixture of B. c. minima , B. c. occidentalis , and B. c. parvipes . The holotype specimen of taverneri

8736-423: The water. It was theorized by historian David Buerge that the poor resources of the Sammamish River Valley led to their tendency for raiding. In the 1850s, the population of the Sammamish, including those living along both the Sammamish River and Lake Sammamish, was estimated to be as high as 200 people. In 1855, the United States government signed the Treaty of Point Elliott with appointed leaders of most of

8832-483: Was drained by 10 feet, which, at the time, was near where Swamp Creek ( dxʷɬəq̓ab ) is today. The furthest upriver village was at the mouth of sqawx̌ (Issaquah Creek). Its low prestige was widely known by the nearby saltwater peoples. Among the Elliot Bay villages, it was common to reprimand misbehaving children by telling them they were acting as if they were from sqawx̌ . Traditional Sammamish society

8928-575: Was generally for life, although there were some exceptions. Sammamish society and life was based around the yearly cycle of summertime hunting, gathering, and fishing all throughout their territory, before people would stay in their villages during the winter to feast and to engage in ceremonies. Large potlatches would be thrown as a display of wealth and prestige, where relatives from distant villages would be invited to receive lavish gifts, alongside gambling, dancing, and storytelling. Like other Northwest Coast peoples, cedar was, and continues to be,

9024-409: Was highly stratified, made up of two main classes, as well as a separate slave class. Social standing was determined by social prestige, power, and family ties. Villages were roughly democratic oligarchies, with the eldest or most prestigious members of a family forming a village council, at which matters were decided in a democratic fashion. Slaves were prisoners of war or children of slaves, and slavery

9120-479: Was historically spoken across most of Puget Sound , although its usage today is mostly reserved for cultural and ceremonial practices. Historically, the Sammamish were a distinct tribe. The 1855 Treaty of Point Elliott assigned the Sammamish people to Tulalip Reservation , and today many of their descendants are citizens of the Tulalip Tribes of Washington . Other Sammamish people moved to other reservations in

9216-559: Was uncommon in the region, and whilst warriors were respected, warfare was seen as a social negative. For this reason, the Sammamish were looked down upon by many of their contemporaries, who viewed them as uncouth and rowdy. The Sammamish were one of the first peoples to trade with overland traders from the Hudson's Bay Company . Around 1832, the Sammamish went raiding against the Lower Skagit ( sqaǰətabš ) of Whidbey Island . A Sammamish raiding party traveled to Penn Cove to attack

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