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60-470: On April 10, 1851, a wagon party headed by Arthur A. Denny left Cherry Grove, Illinois and headed west. The party included Arthur Denny's father John Denny , his stepmother, two of his older brothers who ultimately settled in the Willamette Valley of Oregon , his younger brother David Denny , his wife, Mary Ann Boren, Mary's younger sister Louisa, and their brother Carson Boren . Mary Ann Denny and

120-553: A "desperate venture". Lorraine McConaghy, historian at Seattle's Museum of History and Industry , agrees, but characterizes it further as "the only one he ever undertook." Denny supported the right of women to vote, going so far as to introduce legislation in 1854 to allow white women of 18 years and older the right to vote. The resolution was voted down. This dour man is nonetheless remembered for at least one example of his wit. In his memoir, recounting his failure in 1853 to reach agreement with David Swinson "Doc" Maynard over what

180-546: A good place to create a town. The Denny Party arrived in Portland, Oregon on August 22, 1851. Arthur Denny was ill and Mary Ann was about to give birth so the party convalesced in Portland. On September 2, Mary gave birth to a son, Rolland H. Denny. John Low and David Denny headed north to scout the possibilities. Along the way they were joined by Leander "Lee" Terry. In newly founded Olympia, Washington , they met Michael Simmons ,

240-558: A half-day immersion K–4 with slots for 25 students at Willamina Elementary School. Cole also started Chinuk Wawa elective classes at Willamina High School in 2011. Students there and at Willamina Middle School can earn high school and college credit for completion of the course. Lane Community College also teaches a two-year course of Chinuk Wawa. By 2012, it was discovered that there was only one person left in British Columbia who had learned Chinook Jargon from Elders. That person

300-639: A memoir, Pioneer Days in Puget Sound . Among his other achievements, he was involved in founding the University of Washington and donated much of the land for its original site . On the current U.W. campus, Denny Hall , the former administration building (built 1895) is named in his honor. In 1962, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum . Denny

360-631: A partner with Horton and Phillips, this time by taking a half interest in Dexter Horton and Co., the bank founded by Horton and Phillips in 1870, which would eventually become Seattle-First National Bank . He was president of the Seattle and Walla Walla Railroad Company and an investor in the Great Western Iron and Steel Company . Later in life, he was active in the Society of Washington Pioneers and wrote

420-659: A result of widespread deaths from the Spanish flu and World War I . As late as the 1940s, native children were born in Tiller, Oregon , who grew up speaking Chinook Jargon as their first language. But by 1962, the Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) estimated that only 100 speakers were left. In the 2000s, Lane Community College in Eugene, Oregon , started a three-semester university program teaching Chinook Jargon. In 2013, it

480-476: A section on Chinuk Wawa recorded by natives of the lower Columbia but not used by the elders at Grand Ronde. In 2014, the tribe made an app spanning traditional and modern vocabulary. In 2001, with funding from the Administration for Native Americans , the tribe started an immersion preschool. A kindergarten was started in 2004 by Kathy Cole, a tribal member and certified teacher, which has since expanded to

540-532: A separate territory, for King County , where Seattle is located. He also served as Seattle's first postmaster and in the territorial House of Representatives for nine consecutive terms, including serving a term as speaker. From 1861 to 1865 he was registrar of the United States General Land Office . He served as territorial delegate to the thirty-ninth United States Congress . Denny soon turned from politics to business. He returned to being

600-416: A trade language probably existed before European contact, which began "morphing" into the more familiar Chinook Jargon in the late 1790s, notably at a dinner party at Nootka Sound where Capts Vancouver and Bodega y Quadra were entertained by Chief Maquinna and his brother Callicum performing a theatrical using mock English and mock Spanish words and mimicry of European dress and mannerisms. There evidently

660-527: Is a belief that something similar to the Jargon existed before European contact—without European words in its vocabulary. There is some evidence for a Chinookan-Nuu-chah-nulth lingua franca in the writings of John Jewitt and in what is known as the Barclay Sound word-list, from the area of Ucluelet and Alberni . Others believe that the Jargon was formed during contact. Current scholarly opinion holds that

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720-505: Is embodied in Chinook. Emerging out of early contact and the fur trade, the Chinook jargon possesses at most 700 words derived in approximately equal proportions from the powerful Chinook Indians of the lower Columbia, from the Nootka people of Vancouver Island, and from French and English... jargon provided 'an important vehicle of communication for trading & ordinary purposes.' ... Chinook

780-577: Is named not after Arthur Denny, but after his younger brother David Denny . Denny was born near Salem , Washington County , Indiana ; by the time he was attending school his family had settled in Knox County , Illinois . His father, John Denny (1793–1875), fought in the western battles of the War of 1812 and later served in the Illinois state legislature, elected as a Whig . (He eventually traveled west with

840-620: Is now Pioneer Square , the original heart of what became the city of Seattle. On February 15, 1852, Denny and others filed their claims . Denny soon established himself selling cargo on commission for ship captains. On November 25, 1852, Denny was a delegate at the Monticello Convention that produced a petition to US Congress to split the Oregon Territory , creating the Washington Territory , which would later become

900-698: The Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon was taking steps to preserve Chinook Jargon use through a full immersion head start/preschool that was conducted in Chinuk Wawa. The Confederated Tribes also offer Chinuk Wawa lessons at their offices in Eugene and Portland. In addition, Lane Community College offers two years of Chinuk Wawa study that satisfy the second-language graduation requirements of Oregon public universities. In March 2012,

960-504: The Denny Party west. Leaving Illinois in April, they arrived in Portland , Oregon on August 23. In November, he booked passage on the schooner Exact and the party sailed on to Puget Sound , arriving at Alki Point on Elliott Bay on November 13, 1851. It soon became clear that Alki was not the best spot for a settlement. The Denny Party relocated to the east shore of Elliott Bay, near what

1020-493: The Duwamish River to the present site of Puyallup , before settling on an island in the mudflats near the east shore of Elliott Bay , now the site of Pioneer Square . For the next three years Alki Point and Elliott Bay sites competed as rival townsites. Charlie Terry bought out his brother's and Low's Alki holdings, and led this community. Arthur Denny settled at Elliott Bay and, along with his rival D.S. "Doc" Maynard , led

1080-639: The Métis language Michif is spoken in Canada . Hence, Chinuk Wawa, as it is known in Oregon, is now a creole language , distinct from the varied pronunciation of the Chinook Jargon. There is evidence that in some communities (e.g., around Fort Vancouver ) the Jargon had become creolized by the early 19th century, and that would have been among the mixed French/Métis, Algonkian, Scots and Hawaiian populations, as well as among

1140-464: The Tolowa language , Chinuk fell out of use. No studies of British Columbia versions of the Jargon have demonstrated creolization. The range of varying usages and vocabulary in different regions suggests that localization did occur—although not on the pattern of Grand Ronde where Wasco, Klickitat and other peoples adopted and added to the version of the Jargon that developed there. First-language speakers of

1200-560: The Western United States and British Columbia. It has been described as part of a multicultural heritage shared by the modern inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest. The total number of Jargon words in published lexicons is in the hundreds. It has a simple grammatical system. In Chinook Jargon, the consonant /r/ is rare. Such English and French loan words as rice and merci , for instance, have changed after being adopted to

1260-527: The Yukon , and Alaska. It was the working language in canneries on the British Columbia Coast . Place names throughout this region bear Jargon names and words that are preserved in various rural industries such as logging and fishing. Linguist David Douglas Robertson and others have described Chinook Jargon as part of the shared cultural heritage of modern inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest. As of 2009 ,

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1320-638: The Chinook Jargon were common in BC (native and non-native), until the mid-20th century. After 1850, the Wawa was still used in the United States portion of the Chinook-speaking world, especially in wilderness areas and work environments. Local creolization's probably did occur in British Columbia, but recorded materials have not been studied as they were made due to the focus on the traditional aboriginal languages. There

1380-483: The Chinook Jargon, which was widely spoken throughout the Pacific Northwest by all ethnicities well into the middle of the 20th century. These word tend to strongly index a local settler identity. Some words used to be shared with the Yukon, Alberta, Oregon , Washington , Alaska and, to a lesser degree, Idaho and western Montana . Note: The Incubator link at right will take you to the Chinuk Wawa test-Misplaced Pages, which

1440-531: The Denny Party left Portland on the schooner Exact , bound for Puget Sound and Haida Gwaii . The Exact carried a number of settlers bound for Puget Sound in addition to the Denny Party, including Daniel Bigelow who settled in Olympia. After a difficult passage, particularly hard on the still-ill Denny, they arrived at Alki on November 13, where David greeted them with the words, "I wish you hadn't come." Denny

1500-649: The Denny Party, but stayed on in Oregon 's Willamette River Valley when Arthur and several others moved north to Puget Sound.) Denny did not have an easy childhood. He cared for his invalid mother while attending half-days in a log schoolhouse. He learned carpentry, taught school, studied surveying, and became a civil engineer and Knox County surveyor starting in 1843. In 1843, he married Mary Ann Boren; together they had six children: Louisa Catherine Frye, Margaret Leona Denny, Rolland Herschell Denny, Orion Orvil Denny, Arthur Wilson Denny, and Charles Latimer Denny. In 1851, he led

1560-576: The Grand Ronde reservation in Northern Oregon hired Tony Johnson , a Chinook linguist, to head its language program. Chinuk Wawa was chosen due to its strong connection to native identity on the reservation as well as being the only indigenous language still spoken at Grand Ronde. Prior to this, there were formal Chinuk Wawa classes taught by Eula Holmes from 1978 until her death in 1986. Eula Holmes' sister, Ila, held informal and sporadic classes to teach

1620-605: The Jargon, but the consensus is that the pidgin peaked in use during the 19th century. During this era, many dictionaries were published to help settlers interact with the First Nations people living in the Pacific Northwest. Local settler families exchanged communiqués that were stylishly composed entirely in "the Chinook." Many residents of the British Columbia city of Vancouver spoke Chinook Jargon as their first language , even using it at home in preference to English. Among

1680-548: The Jargon, to lays and mahsi , respectively. Most books written in English still use the term Chinook Jargon, but some linguists working with the preservation of a creolized form of the language used in Grand Ronde, Oregon , prefer the term Chinuk Wawa (with the spelling 'Chinuk' instead of 'Chinook'). Historical speakers did not use the name Chinook Wawa , but rather "the Wawa" or "Lelang" (from Fr. la langue ,

1740-601: The Land of Light" by Henry Tsang , can be viewed on the Seawall along False Creek in downtown Vancouver, British Columbia, between Davie and Drake streets. Translation into Chinook Jargon was done by Duane Pasco . A short film using Chinook Jargon, Small Pleasures by Karin Lee , explores intercultural dialogue between three women of different cultural and linguistic backgrounds in 1890s Barkerville in northern British Columbia. In 1997,

1800-543: The adoption of further non-aboriginal words has been observed. During the gold rush , Chinook Jargon was used in British Columbia at first by gold prospectors and Royal Engineers ; as industry developed, Chinook Jargon was often used by cannery workers, hop pickers, loggers, fishermen, and ranchers. It is possible that, at one point, the population of British Columbia spoke Chinook Jargon more than any other language, even English. Historian Jane Barman wrote: The persistence of everyday relationships between Natives and Europeans

1860-584: The characteristics of a creole language . The contact language Chinook Jargon should not be confused with the Indigenous language Chinook . Reflecting its origins in early trade transactions, approximately 15 percent of its lexicon is French. It also makes use of English loan words and those of other language systems. Its entire written form is in the Duployan shorthand developed by French priest Émile Duployé. Many words from Chinook Jargon remain in common use in

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1920-467: The development of Seattle. Terry and Low could not attract settlers to their townsite and people facetiously began calling the smaller village "New York Alki" or "New York bye and bye" in Chinook Jargon . The Birthplace of Seattle Monument at Alki Beach is inscribed with the names of all members of the Denny Party. Arthur A. Denny Arthur Armstrong Denny (June 20, 1822 – January 9, 1899)

1980-529: The first Europeans to use Chinook Jargon were traders , trappers , voyageurs , coureurs des bois , and Catholic missionaries . The original Jargon was a pidgin, originally used as a second language by speakers of other Native American languages in the area. It had sentence-initial negation, which is atypical of regional languages, and also didn't have typical complex morphology . It had an SVO structure , while Chinookan and Salishan languages were VSO. However, local Athabaskan languages were SOV, so this

2040-473: The five single words on the list, Lyon found that the word petáh, which was the Native word for a root that can be eaten raw or made into cakes called cheepe , were meaning matches for the Jargon words 'wapato' (a root that tastes like a potato) and 'chaplill', the word for the bread cakes made from this root (Lyon 2016:41). The word recorded for 'king' by Drake was 'hióh' (recorded also as 'hioghe'). Lyon thought it

2100-498: The language developed prior to European settlement as an intra-indigenous contact language in a region marked by divisive geography and intense linguistic diversity. It eventually expanded to incorporate elements of European languages, with approximately 15 percent of its lexicon derived from French . The Jargon also acquired English loanwords, and its written form is entirely in the Duployan shorthand created by French priest Émile Duployé . The post-contact hypothesis suggests

2160-460: The language originated in Nootka Sound after the arrival of Russian and Spanish traders as a means of communicating between them and indigenous peoples. It eventually spread further south due to commercial use. University of Ottawa linguist David Lang has argued for this conclusion. Linguist Barbara Harris suggests a dual genesis, positing that both origins probably have some legitimacy and that

2220-472: The language to the public. Henry Zenk was brought onto the project in 1998 after having previous experience with the language, documenting it in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Community classes were started in the summer of 1998, and a dictionary was released in 2012. This dictionary was compiled from the Chinuk Wawa of Grand Ronde elders, chiefly from the Hudson, Wacheno and Riggs families. The dictionary features

2280-614: The language, or tongue). Wawa also means speech or words; "have a wawa" means "hold a parley", even in modern idiomatic English, Lelang also means the physical bodypart, the tongue. The name for the Jargon varied throughout the territory in which it was used. For example: skokum hiyu in the Boston Bar - Lytton area of the Fraser Canyon . In many areas it was simply "the old trade language" or "the Hudson Bay language". Whether Jargon

2340-527: The natives around the Fort. At Grand Ronde, the resettlement of tribes from all over Oregon in a multi-tribal agency led to the use of Chinuk Wawa as a common tongue among the linguistically diverse population. These circumstances led to the creolization of Chinuk Wawa at Grand Ronde. There is also evidence that creolization occurred at the Confederated Tribes of Siletz reservation paralleling Grand Ronde, although, due to language revitalization efforts being focused on

2400-525: The state of Washington. In 1854 when he began a general merchandise partnership with Dexter Horton and David Phillips. In 1855, he volunteered to serve in the Indian War then taking place in Washington Territory. He served in several political offices. He was a county commissioner first for Thurston County (in what was then still part of the Oregon Territory ), and then, after Washington became

2460-537: The tribe published a Chinuk Wawa dictionary through University of Washington Press . At her swearing-in as lieutenant governor in 2001, Iona Campagnolo concluded her speech in Chinook, saying " konoway tillicums klatawa kunamokst klaska mamook okoke huloima chee illahie " – Chinook for "everyone was thrown together to make this strange new country [British Columbia]", lit.   ' All people go together they make this strange new land ' . An art installation featuring Chinook Jargon, "Welcome to

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2520-715: The two varieties eventually blended together. By 1840, Chinook Jargon had creolized into a native language for some speakers. In the Diocese of Kamloops , British Columbia, hundreds of speakers learned to read and write the Jargon using Duployan shorthand via the publication Kamloops Wawa . As a result, the Jargon had the beginnings of its own literature, mostly translated scripture and classical works , some local and episcopal news, community gossip and events, and diaries . Marah Ellis Ryan (c. 1860–1934), an early Native American activist and novelist, used Chinook words and phrases in her writing. In Oregon , Chinook Jargon

2580-500: The unfinished cabin. David Denny hurt his leg and was unable to complete the roof of the cabin. In Portland, Arthur Denny recruited Illinois farmer William Nathaniel Bell and his wife, and, by coincidence, Charlie Terry, Leander's younger brother. The Terry brothers, from Waterville, New York , had come west as part of the California Gold Rush , but had not liked the rough and tumble of San Francisco . On November 5, 1851,

2640-438: The wealthy founder of Tumwater . He guided them to Alki to scout as a possible site for a settlement. On September 28, 1851, at Alki, Terry and Low began building a cabin with help from the local Native Americans, and then staked claims to the land. They decided to name their new village New York. Low returned to Portland to alert the others, Terry looked for a froe to make redcedar shake shingles, and David Denny stayed on in

2700-578: Was Jargon in use in Queen Charlotte, but this " Haida Jargon " is not known to have shared anything in common with Chinook Jargon or with the Nootkan-Chinookan "proto-jargon", which is its main foundation. There are a few main spelling variations of Chinook Jargon but each individual writer also had their own spelling variations. Jargon Chinook Alphabet (Grande Ronde): Many words are still used throughout Oregon, Washington , British Columbia,

2760-503: Was Jay Powell, a University of British Columbia anthropological linguist who had dedicated himself to the revitalization of Indigenous languages. A small group led by Sam Sullivan formed around him, organizing learning sessions and starting the BC Chinook Jargon initiative website. Sullivan's efforts to expand public awareness of Chinook Jargon have included an interview with Powell conducted entirely in that language. The interview

2820-474: Was a match for the Wawa word hi-yú, meaning a gathering, or much, plenty. Lyon was not able to conclude whether Drake encountered people of the Northwest Coast. In 2021, Melissa Darby studied the ethnographic records and the records left by Francis Drake's expedition. She found new evidence that the people Drake met were speaking some Jargon words to Drake and his men. The pre-contact hypothesis states that

2880-426: Was a post-contact or pre-contact language has been the subject of debate among scholars. In 2016, linguist John Lyon studied the word lists collected by Francis Drake and his crew on the 1579 voyage that took them to the Oregon coast. Lyon compared the seven words and phrases found on the Native vocabulary list recorded by Drake and his men with the vocabularies of Native languages on the west coast (Lyon 2016). Of

2940-511: Was an ascetic , a devout Christian (conservative in his religion to the point of opposing a divorce law), and a lifelong teetotaler . Indeed, he was teetotal to the point where he had the customers of his store buy their liquor direct from visiting ship captains so that he would not be involved in the transactions. He was a political conservative , and a cautious and conservative businessman and investor. Denny, in his memoir, described his decision to head north from Portland to Puget Sound as

3000-493: Was an American politician and businessman who is regarded as one of the founders of Seattle , Washington . He founded the Denny Party , and was later the city's wealthiest citizen. He was a 9-term member of the territorial legislature. Seattle's former Denny Hill was named after him; it was flattened in a series of regrading projects and its former site is now known as the Denny Regrade . The city's Denny Way , however,

3060-433: Was bitterly disappointed that Low and Lee Terry had already staked the relevant claims for Alki. However, he had no choice but to pitch in, finish the cabin and settle in for the winter. Denny convinced Bell and Boren that they needed to scout a different location. Once the worst of winter cleared, Denny and other party members explored as far as Commencement Bay (now the site of Tacoma ), Port Orchard , Smith Cove , and up

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3120-403: Was intended to be a joint plat of the town of Seattle, he wrote, "it was found that the doctor, who occasionally stimulated a little, had that day taken enough to cause him to feel that he was not only monarch of all he surveyed, but what Boren and I had surveyed as well." It was later shown in a review done by a professional engineering firm on behalf of the city that it was in fact Denny that

3180-529: Was organized through Kumtuks, a British Columbia focused educational video series whose name comes from the Chinook word for knowledge. The online magazine Kaltash Wawa was founded in November 2020 using BC Chinook Jargon and written in Chinuk Pipa, the alphabet based on Dupoyan shorthand. British Columbian English and Pacific Northwest English have several words still in current use which are loanwords from

3240-613: Was pregnant throughout the journey and Mary Ann's sister Louisa Boren ultimately married David Denny in 1861. On July 6, 1851, the party battled Native Americans at American Falls , Idaho on the Snake River , but escaped unharmed. The following day they met John Low, and he joined the party. Late in July 1851 they reached the Burnt River in eastern Oregon where they encountered a man named Brock who suggested to Denny that Puget Sound would be

3300-437: Was probably a result of contact — a cross-language compromise. Only later did Chinook Jargon acquire significant English and French lexical items. The Jargon is influenced by individuals' accents and terms from their native languages; as Kanakas married into First Nations and non-native families, their particular mode of the Jargon is believed to have contained Hawaiian words or Hawaiian styles of pronunciation. In some areas,

3360-452: Was reported that there was one native speaker of Chinook Jargon (specifically the Grand Ronde variety). An estimated 1,000 people had oral or written knowledge of Chinook Jargon as a second language. In 2015, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated based on the self-reported American Community Survey that around 45 people (with a margin of error of 25) spoke Chinook Jargon at home in the period 2009–2013. According to Nard Jones , Chinook Jargon

3420-462: Was still in use in Seattle until roughly the eve of World War II , especially among the members of the Arctic Club. Seattle was the last city where the language was widely used. Writing in 1972, Jones remarked that "Only a few can speak it fully, men of ninety or a hundred years old, like Henry Broderick , the realtor, and Joshua Green , the banker." There is some controversy about the origin of

3480-437: Was the language of instruction in the school for Indian children that Hills established near Victoria in 1860. ... Chinook entered the mainstream. ... It was only after mid-century, when almost all Indian adults had learned basic English in school, that everyday use of Chinook died out in British Columbia. A heavily creolized form of Chinook Jargon is still spoken as a first language by some residents of Oregon , much as

3540-633: Was widely used by natives, trappers, traders, employees of the Hudson's Bay Company , missionaries, and pioneers who came across the Oregon Trail from the 1830s to the 1870s. In Portland 's first half century (1840s–1890s), there were frequent trade interactions between pioneers and Native Americans. Many Oregonians used Jargon in casual conversation. Jones estimates that in pioneer times in the 1860s there were about 100,000 speakers of Chinook Jargon. It peaked in usage from approximately 1858 to 1900, and declined as

3600-630: Was wrong about the direction the streets should run and had actually violated the law in his plat of the city. Chinook Jargon Chinook Jargon ( Chinuk Wawa or Chinook Wawa , also known simply as Chinook or Jargon ) is a language originating as a pidgin trade language in the Pacific Northwest . It spread during the 19th century from the lower Columbia River , first to other areas in modern Oregon and Washington , then to British Columbia and parts of Alaska , Northern California , Idaho and Montana . It sometimes took on

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