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68-407: In 2003, Christian Gelleri, a high school teacher, started this project with his students, who are in charge of designing and printing vouchers and take care of administration, accounting, advertising, and other tasks. Chiemgauer is a member of a regional currencies' network called Regiogeld (regiomoney association). Gelleri had been inspired by the economists Silvio Gesell and Rudolf Steiner , and by

136-538: A Gallo-Romance ethnic group native to Wallonia and the immediate adjacent regions of Flanders , France , Germany , Luxembourg and the Netherlands . Walloons primarily speak langues d'oïl such as Belgian French , Picard and Walloon . Walloons are primarily Roman Catholic , with a historical minority of Protestantism which dates back to the Reformation era. In modern Belgium, Walloons are, by law, termed

204-515: A correspondent . He then returned to Berlin involuntarily to complete his military service . After this, he worked as a merchant in Brunswick and Hamburg . In 1887, Gesell relocated to Buenos Aires , Argentina , where he opened a franchise of his brother's business. The 1890 depression in Argentina , which hurt his business considerably, caused him to think about the structural problems caused by

272-501: A microcredit program for businesses and nonprofits has existed since 2010 and loans are available in amounts ranging from €1,000 to €20,000. Interest is calculated at a rate of 9%, but when a loan issued in Chiemgauer is paid back on time and without fault, the entire interest costs are paid back to the debtor. Jan. 23, 2022 Silvio Gesell Johann Silvio Gesell ( German: [ɡəˈzɛl] ; 17 March 1862 – 11 March 1930)

340-596: A " scrip " corresponding to 2% of the banknote value must be paid every three months. This system, called demurrage , is a form of currency circulation tax invented by Silvio Gesell . Specifically: ...in order to prevent this complementary currency from degenerating into a means of hoarding and to confer it on high liquidity. It is required to put a stamp of 2% of the face value (€0.10 for 5 Chiemgauer, for instance) every three months to keep it valid, obliging its bearers to give up hoarding this complementary currency and to spend it as soon as possible and stimulating consequently

408-666: A "distinctive linguistic and ethnic community" within the country, as are the neighbouring Flemish , a Dutch (Germanic) speaking community. When understood as a regional identification, the ethnonym is also extended to refer to the inhabitants of the Walloon region in general, regardless of ethnicity or ancestry. The term Walloon is derived from * walha , a Proto-Germanic term used to refer to Celtic and Latin speakers. Walloon originated in Romance languages alongside other related terms, but it supplanted them. Its oldest written trace

476-458: A Belgis appelamur [nous, les "Gaulois"], quod Gallis veteribus contigit, quuum orbem terrarum peragrarent, ac mutuo interrogantes qaererent où allons-nous , id est quonam profiscimur? ex eo credibile est Ouallones appellatos quod Latini sua lingua nunquam efferunt, sed g lettera utuntur. Translation: "We are called Walloons by the Belgians because when the ancient people of Gallia were travelling

544-545: A federating unit, and to have all the powers of the Belgian Regions and Communities. Even if they do not want them absolutely and immediately (10 July 2008, official speech for the Flanders' national holiday). Since the 11th century, the great towns along the river Meuse , for example, Dinant , Huy , and Liège , traded with Germany, where Wallengassen (Walloons' neighborhoods) were founded in certain cities. In Cologne ,

612-547: A few days later returned triumphantly from banishment. The Provisional Government issued a series of decrees declaring Belgium independent, releasing the Belgian soldiers from their allegiance, and calling upon them to abandon the Dutch standard. They were obeyed. The revolt, which had been confined mainly to the Walloon districts, now spread rapidly over Flanders . Jacques Logie wrote: "On

680-576: A major coal and steel-producing area, developed rapidly into the economic powerhouse of the country. Walloons (in fact French-speaking elites who were called Walloons ) became politically dominant. Many Flemish immigrants came to work in Wallonia. Between the 1930s and the 1970s, the gradual decline of steel and more especially coal , coupled with too little investment in service industries and light industry (which came to predominate in Flanders), started to tip

748-483: A means of saving. For example, Japan's negative interest rates drove up the sales of safes and strongboxes. Gesell denied value theory in economics. He thought that value theory is useless and prevents economics from becoming science, and that a currency administration guided by value theory was doomed to sterility and inactivity. Walloons Walloons ( / w ɒ ˈ l uː n z / ; French : Wallons [walɔ̃] ; Walloon : Walons ) are

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816-402: A negative interest rate policy. The difference between them is that, with the free-money reforms of Gesell, hoarding money becomes impossible because the face-value of money is depreciated regularly. This forces the circulation of money. With negative interest, on the contrary, there is the possibility of hoarding money, because the face value of money is constant and people can use their money as

884-558: A passive knowledge of the regional languages. On the other hand, Givet commune , several villages in the Ardennes département in France, which publishes the journal Causons wallon (Let us speak Walloon); and two villages in Luxembourg are historically Walloon-speaking. In 1572 Jean Bodin made a funny play on words which has been well known in Wallonia to the present: Ouallonnes enim

952-438: A political content to "the emotional cultural, and linguistic concept". The words Walloon and Wallons can be seen in the book of Charles White, The Belgic Revolution (1835): "The restless Wallons, with that adventurous daring which is their historical characteristic, abandoned their occupations, and eagerly seizing the pike and the musket marched towards the centre of the commotion." The Spanish terms of Walon and Walona from

1020-468: A seaside town in Buenos Aires Province , Argentina was founded by his son, Don Carlos Idaho Gesell, who named it after his father. Gesell considered himself a world citizen and was inspired by Henry George to believe that the earth should belong to all people, regardless of race , class , wealth , religion , or age, and that borders should be made obsolete. But his land reform proposal

1088-471: A unitary state to a federal state with communities, regions and language areas . The area now known as Wallonia has been settled by various Celtic tribes and later by Roman and Frankish settlers. From the early Middle Ages up until the early modern period , the region has been separated between many city-states and external powers. Such changing rule brought variations to borders, culture, and language. The Walloon language, widespread in use up until

1156-400: A violent end and Gesell was detained for several months on a charge of treason, but was acquitted by a Munich court after a speech he gave in his own defense. Silvio Gesell's mother was Walloon and his father was German, originally from Aachen , who worked as a clerk in the then- Prussian district of Malmedy , now part of Belgium . Silvio was the seventh of nine children. After visiting

1224-548: Is le Pays wallon . For Félix Rousseau, Walloon country is, after le Roman pays the old name of the country of the Walloons. The term " state reform " in the Belgian context indicates a process towards finding constitutional and legal solutions for the problems and tensions among the different segments of the Belgian population, mostly Dutch-speakers of Flanders and French-speakers of Wallonia . In general, Belgium evolved from

1292-407: Is an element of Walloon identity. However, the entire French-speaking population of Wallonia cannot be culturally considered Walloon, since a significant portion in the west (around Tournai and Mons ) and smaller portions in the extreme south (around Arlon ) possess other languages as mother tongues (namely, Picard , Champenois , Lorrain , Flemish , German and Luxembourgish ). A survey of

1360-560: Is electronic. The demurrage is 6% per year (between 2003 and 2015: 8%). Chiemgauer use has grown and can be found primarily in Bavaria between Munich , Germany , and Salzburg , Austria (Germany, Austria, and Switzerland combined had 30 regional currency systems as of 2009). Chiemgauer, whose value is fixed to the euro , circulates as follows within the districts of Rosenheim and Traunstein : Bills of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 Chiemgauer are issued. To maintain an individual bill's validity,

1428-569: Is found in Jean de Haynin's Mémoires de Jean, sire de Haynin et de Louvignies in 1465, where it refers to Roman populations of the Burgundian Netherlands . Its meaning narrowed yet again during the French and Dutch periods and, at Belgian independence, the term designated only Belgians speaking a Romance language (French, Walloon, Picard , etc.) The linguistic cleavage in the politics of Belgium adds

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1496-411: Is the son of the revolution of 1830.." Only in the following years as bourgeois revolutionary will "legitimize ideological state power. A few years after the Belgian revolution in 1830, the historian Louis Dewez underlined that "Belgium is shared into two people, Walloons and Flemings. The former are speaking French, the latter are speaking Flemish. The border is clear (...) The provinces which are back

1564-562: Is traceable through Walloon surnames. Some people of Walloon descent belong to the Sällskapet Vallonättlingar (Society of Walloon Descendants). During the 17th century Walloons from Sweden started arriving in Finland, during which Finland was part of Sweden . Some also came directly from Wallonia. Most of them settled along the coast in ironworks. Many of the ironworks in Finland were established by Walloons. Walloons largely used

1632-545: The Centre liégeois d'étude de l'opinion pointed out in 1989 that 71.8% of the younger people of Wallonia understand and speak only a little or no Walloon language; 17.4% speak it well; and only 10.4% speak it exclusively. Based on other surveys and figures, Laurent Hendschel wrote in 1999 that between 30 and 40% people were bilingual in Wallonia (Walloon, Picard), among them 10% of the younger population (18–30 years old). According to Hendschel, there are 36 to 58% of young people have

1700-551: The Second World War , has been dying out of common use due in part to its prohibition by the public school system, in favor of French. Starting from the end of the 19th century, the Walloon Movement , aiming to assert the identity of Walloons as French-speaking (rather than Walloon speaking) people of Belgium. In this context, the concept of Wallonia , as a heartland of the Walloon people was invented in 1886. Later, this

1768-567: The Swiss canton of Neuchâtel . There he completed his self-taught education by reading the works of the most important economists, trying to contrast their monetary theories. Judging by the quotations, he read David Hume , Adam Smith , David Ricardo , Marx , Proudhon , Henry George , Wicksell , Böhm-Bawerk , Carl Menger , Knapp , John Law . In 1900, he created the magazine Geld- und Bodenreform ( Monetary and Land Reform ), but it failed in 1903 for financial reasons. From 1907 to 1911, Gesell

1836-525: The monetary system . In 1891, he released his first writing on this topic: Die Reformation des Münzwesens als Brücke zum sozialen Staat ( The Reformation of the Monetary System as a Bridge to a Social State ). He then wrote Nervus Rerum and The Nationalization of Money . He gave his business to his brother and returned to Europe in 1892. After a stay in Germany, Gesell relocated to Les Hauts-Geneveys in

1904-513: The 'Pays wallon'." Albert Henry agrees, quoting Maurice Piron, also quoted by A.J. Hoenselaars: "'Walloon' meaning 'Walloon country' in Shakespeare's ' Henry VI '..." A 1786 history of the Netherlands noted, "[The] Haynault and Namur , with Artois , now no longer an Austrian Province, compose the Walloon country. The Walloon name and language are also extended into the adjacent districts of

1972-722: The 12th century, Walloon brothers Aleksander and Walter from Malonne served as Catholic bishops of Płock and Wrocław in Poland, respectively, and there is a possibility that it was Bishop Walter who brought the first Walloon settlers to Poland. In the early 13th century Duke Henry the Bearded invited further Walloon immigrants to the area of Oława and Wierzbno to the south of Wrocław, and some descendants of Walloons from Wrocław also moved to Oława, Wierzbno, and Kraków . The guild of Walloon clothiers in Wrocław ceased to exist after 1422. In

2040-735: The 13th century, the medieval German colonization of Transylvania , then part of the Kingdom of Hungary , now central and north-western Romania, also included numerous Walloons. Place names such as Wallendorf (Walloon Village) and family names such as Valendorfean (Wallon peasant) can be found among the Romanian citizens of Transylvania. Starting from the 1620s, numerous Walloon miners and iron-workers, with their families, settled in Sweden to work in iron mining and refining. Walloon methods of iron production were incorporated into Swedish practice, to supplement

2108-562: The 16th century to the Belgian revolution , and later Wallonia. The term 'Walloon country' was also used in Dutch viz. Walsch land . The term existed also in German, perhaps Wulland in Hans Heyst's 1571 book, where that word is later (1814) translated to Wallonia in English. In German it is however generally Wallonenland . In English, it is Walloon country (see further James Shaw). In French it

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2176-571: The 17th century referred to a Royal Guard Corps recruited in the Spanish Flanders. They were involved in many of the most significant battles of the Spanish Empire. Albert Henry wrote that although in 1988 the word Walloon evoked a constitutional reality, it originally referred to Roman populations of the Burgundian Netherlands and was also used to designate a territory by the terms provinces wallonnes or pays wallon (Walloon country), from

2244-634: The 6th October, the whole Wallonia was under the Provisional Government's control. In the Flemish part of the country the collapse of the Royal Government was as total and quick as in Wallonia, except Ghent and Antwerp ." Robert Demoulin , who was professor at the University of Liège , wrote: " Liège is in the forefront of the battle for liberty", more than Brussels but with Brussels. He wrote

2312-640: The Dutch troops capitulated at the same time in Bruges , Ypres , Ostend , Menen , Oudenaarde , Geeraardsbergen (pp. 113–114), but nor in Ghent nor in Antwerp (only liberated on 17 October and 27 October). Against these interpretation, in any case for the troubles in Brussels, John W. Rooney Jr wrote: It is clear from the quantitative analysis that an overwhelming majority of revolutionaries were domiciled in Brussels or in

2380-558: The Walloon line, i.e.: the Province of Liège , the Brabant wallon , the Province of Namur , the Province of Hainaut are Walloon [...] And the other provinces throughout the line [...] are Flemish. It is not an arbitrarian division or an imagined combination in order to support an opinion or create a system: it is a fact..." Jules Michelet traveled in Wallonia in 1840 and mentions many times in his History of France his interest for Wallonia and

2448-490: The Walloon little towns and countryside, people came to the capital.." The Dutch fortresses were liberated in Ath ( 27 September), Mons (29 September), Tournai (2 October), Namur (4 October) (with the help of people coming from Andenne , Fosses , Gembloux ), Charleroi (5 October) (with people who came in their thousands).The same day that was also the case for Philippeville , Mariembourg , Dinant , Bouillon . In Flanders ,

2516-525: The Walloon provinces". We read the nearly same opinion in Edmundson's book: The royal forces, on the morning of September 23, entered the city at three gates and advanced as far as the Park. But beyond that point they were unable to proceed, so desperate was the resistance, and such the hail of bullets that met them from barricades and from the windows and roofs of the houses. For three days almost without cessation

2584-652: The Walloons (this page on the Culture of Wallonia ), 476 (1851 edition published online) The Walloon Region institutionally comprises also the German-speaking community of Belgium around Eupen , in the east of the region, next to Germany which ceded the area to Belgium after the First World War . Many of the 60,000 or so inhabitants of this very small community reject being considered as Walloon and – with their community executive leader Karl-Heinz Lambertz want to remain

2652-561: The Walloons were the most important foreign community, as noted by three roads named Walloonstreet in the city. The Walloons traded for materials they lacked, such as copper, found in Germany, especially at Goslar . Walloons were one of the first foreign immigrant groups in Poland , with Walloons settling in Wrocław probably since the 12th century, however, the first written mention of Walloon immigrants in Wrocław comes from c.  1270 . In

2720-475: The balance in the other direction. Flanders became gradually politically and economically dominant. In their turn, Walloon families have moved to Flanders in search of jobs. This evolution has not been without political repercussions. The heartland of Walloon culture are the Meuse and Sambre river valleys, Charleroi , Dinant , Namur (the regional capital), Huy , Verviers , and Liège . The Walloon language

2788-447: The battle against the Dutch troops: Tournai , Namur , Wavre (p. 105) Braine-l'Alleud , Genappe , Jodoigne , Perwez , Rebecq , Grez-Doiceau , Limelette  [ fr ] , Nivelles (p. 106), Charleroi (and its region), Gosselies , Lodelinsart (p. 107), Soignies , Leuze , Thuin , Jemappes (p. 108), Dour , Saint-Ghislain , Pâturages  [ fr ] (p. 109) and he concluded: "So, from

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2856-570: The city, more than 40%.But it is nothing, we know that between 1800 and 1830 the population of the capital grew by 75,000 to 103,000, this growth is due to the designation in 1815 in Brussels as a second capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the rural exodus that accompanied the Industrial Revolution. It is therefore normal that a large part of the population of Brussels be originating provinces. These migrants came mainly from Flanders, which

2924-535: The communities: Flemish Region , Walloon Region (including the German community but generally called Wallonia), and the bilingual (French-Dutch) Brussels-Capital Region . Many non-French-speaking observers (over)generalize Walloons as a term of convenience for all Belgian French-speakers (even those born and living in the Brussels-Capital Region). The mixing of the population over the centuries means that most families can trace ancestors on both sides of

2992-471: The early 19th century. In modern history, Brussels has been the major town or the capital of the region. Because of long Spanish and minor French rule, French became the sole official language . After a brief period with Dutch as the official language while the region was part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands , the people reinstated French after achieving independence in 1830. The Walloon region,

3060-423: The existing German techniques. Many Walloon workers settled around the mine at Dannemora producing Öregrund iron which represented 15 per cent of Sweden's iron production at that time. They were originally led by the entrepreneur Louis de Geer , who commissioned them to work in the iron mines of Uppland and Östergötland . The wave of migration continued substantially into the 18th century. Walloon ancestry

3128-532: The fierce contest went on, the troops losing ground rather than gaining it. On the evening of the 26th the prince gave orders to retreat, his troops having suffered severely. The effect of this withdrawal was to convert a street insurrection into a national revolt. The moderates now united with the liberals, and a Provisional Government was formed, having amongst its members Charles Rogier , Van de Weyer , Gendebien , Emmanuel van der Linden d'Hooghvorst  [ nl ] , Félix de Mérode and Louis de Potter , who

3196-447: The former's Freigeld . The Chiemgauer is intended for: In 2006, an electronic form of the Chiemgauer, the "eChiemgauer", was established. Bank accounts are used for operations; this has been made possible through cooperation with cooperative and local banks. Only businesses and nonprofits need additional electronic accounts, while consumers have the possibility to use electronic cards called "Regiocard". Two-thirds of Chiemgauer turnover

3264-519: The greatest income, without distortion by interest and rent charges . The economic status of the less-talented would improve because they would not be forced to pay interest and rent charges. According to Gesell, this would result in less difference between the poor and the rich. Furthermore, greater average incomes would mean that the poor would have a greater chance of escaping poverty, in part because other poor people would have greater disposable income and spending power. Some regard Gesell's idea as

3332-539: The landowner. In order not to cancel the effects of welfare policies, Silvio Gesell believed that Free-Land reform was needed. Gesell based his economic thought on the self-interest of individuals, which he saw as a "natural" and healthy motive, in satisfying their needs and being productive. Gesell believed that an economic system must do justice to individual proclivities; otherwise the system would fail. He believed that this stance put him in opposition to Marxism , which, Gesell considered, proposed an economic system that

3400-449: The length and breadth of the earth, it happened that they asked each other: 'Où allons-nous?' [Where are we going? : the pronunciation of these French words is the same as the French word Wallons (plus 'us')], i.e. 'To which goal are we walking?.' It is probable they took from it the name Ouallons ( Wallons ), which the Latin speaking are not able to pronounce without changing the word by

3468-597: The linguistic divide. But, the fact that Brussels is around 85% French-speaking, but is located in Dutch-speaking Flanders, has led to friction between the regions and communities. The local dialect in Brussels, Brussels Vloms , is a Brabantic dialect, reflecting the Dutch heritage of the city. Walloons are historically credited with pioneering the Industrial Revolution in Continental Europe in

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3536-498: The nearby suburbs and that the aid came from outside was minimal. For example, for the day of 23 September, 88% of dead and wounded lived in Brussels identified and if we add those residing in Brabant, it reached 95%. It is true that if you look at the birthplace of revolutionary given by the census, the number of Brussels falls to less than 60%, which could suggest that there was support "national" (to different provinces Belgian), or outside

3604-458: The neighbouring Provinces. A large part of Brabant, where that Province borders on Haynault and Namur, is named Walloon Brabant . The affinity of language seems also on some occasions to have wrought a nearer relation." The Belgian revolution was recently described as firstly a conflict between the Brussels municipality which was secondly disseminated in the rest of the country, "particularly in

3672-430: The proceeds of the labor of workers are determined by the proceeds of labor that they can obtain on free land. The benefits gained by the welfare system are not to increase the proceeds of labor that workers can obtain on free land, but rather to increase the proceeds of labor that they can obtain on the lands of landowners. Private ownership of land converts all the advantages of using one's land into cash and it belongs to

3740-721: The public Bürgerschule in Sankt Vith , he attended Gymnasium in Malmedy. Being forced to pay for his living expenses from an early age, he decided against attending a university and worked for the Deutsche Reichspost , the postal system of the German Empire . Dissatisfied, he began an apprenticeship to his merchant brother in Berlin . Then he lived in Málaga , Spain for two years, working as

3808-492: The regional economy. Because it loses value every quarter, users are incentivized to spend the money. The notes have an expiry date after which they need to be renewed with a sticker costing 2% of their value. The quicker money is spent, the faster, in macroeconomic terms, its velocity. Gesell argued that a higher velocity of money helps combat deflation . There are different rules for nonprofits and businesses. Nonprofits can purchase 100 Chiemgauer at €97, potentially increasing

3876-458: The same methods as in Sweden, although Walloon forging was not used, instead Walloon smiths used the German method. As in Sweden, the Walloon population in Finland eventually integrated to the wider society. Former Finnish prime minister Paavo Lipponen is of Walloon descent. The Manifesto for Walloon culture in 1983 was a major event of the History of Wallonia quoted in the important books about

3944-427: The same thing for Leuven . According to Demoulin, these three cities are the républiques municipales at the head of the Belgian revolution. In this chapter VI of his book, Le soulèvement national (pp. 93–117), before writing "On the 6th October, the whole Wallonia is free", he quotes the following municipalities from which volunteers were going to Brussels, the "centre of the commotion", in order to take part in

4012-514: The use of the letter G." One of the best translations of his (humorous) sayings used daily in Wallonia is "These are strange times we are living in." Shakespeare used the word Walloon: "A base Walloon, to win the Dauphin's grace/Thrust Talbot with a spear in the back." A note in Henry VI, Part I says, "At this time, the Walloons [were] the inhabitants of the area, now in south Belgium, still known as

4080-436: The value of their money by 3%. On the other hand, businesses that accept Chiemgauer are subject to 5% commission fee if they want to change it back to euros, which incentivizes them to work within the system and also potentially increase Chiemgauer users by, for example, getting local suppliers to accept payments in Chiemgauer. Since 2007, Chiemgauer could be saved without interest at a social cooperative called REGIOS. Likewise,

4148-1038: The violent end of the Bavarian Soviet Republic, Gesell was detained for several months until being acquitted of treason by a Munich court . He claimed that he didn't have anything to do with the political decisions of the Republic and was just trying to offer a plan to restructure the economy. Because of his participation with the Soviet Republic, Switzerland denied him return to his farm in Neuchâtel. Gesell then relocated first to Nuthetal , Potsdam-Mittelmark , then back to Oranienburg. After another brief stay in Argentina during 1924, he returned to Oranienburg in 1927. There, he died of pneumonia on 11 March 1930. He promoted his ideas in German and in Spanish . Villa Gesell ,

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4216-518: Was a German-Argentine economist , merchant , and the founder of Freiwirtschaft , an economic model for market socialism . In 1900 he founded the magazine Geld-und Bodenreform ( Monetary and Land Reform ), but it soon closed for financial reasons. During one of his stays in Argentina, where he lived in a vegetarian commune, Gesell started the magazine Der Physiokrat together with Georg Blumenthal. In 1914, it closed due to censorship. The Bavarian Soviet Republic , in which he participated, had

4284-414: Was against human nature. Believing that the talent and selfishness of individuals must be taken into account, Gesell called for free, fair business competition, with equal chances for all. This included the removal of all legal and inherited privilege . Everyone should rely only on their abilities to make a living. In the "natural economic order" which Gesell recommended, the most talented people would have

4352-681: Was asked to join the Bavarian Soviet Republic by Ernst Niekisch . The republic offered him a seat on the Socialization Commission and then appointed him the People's Representative for Finances. Gesell chose the Swiss mathematician Theophil Christen and the economist Ernst Polenske as his assistants and immediately wrote a law for the creation of Freigeld , a currency system he had developed. His term of office lasted only seven days. After

4420-473: Was complicated by the federal structure given to Belgium, which splits Belgium into three communities with the privilege of using their own tongues in official correspondence, but also into three autonomous regions. The communities are: French community (though not Walloon, but sometimes controversially called Wallonia-Brussels ), Flemish community (which uses Dutch), and German-speaking community . The division into political regions does not correspond with

4488-404: Was different from Georgism . He believed that taxes could not solve the problem of rent on land, as taxes could be transferred to tenants. He thought we must abolish the private ownership of land and put free-land reform, a sort of public lease of land, into effect. According to Silvio Gesell, it is not effective to establish welfare systems without abolishing private ownership of land, because

4556-403: Was hit hard by the crisis in the textile 1826-1830. This interpretation is also nationalist against the statements of witnesses: Charles Rogier said that there were neither in 1830 nor nation Belgian national sentiment within the population. The revolutionary Jean-Baptiste Nothomb ensures that "the feeling of national unity is born today." As for Joseph Lebeau , he said that "patriotism Belgian

4624-535: Was in Argentina again, then he returned to Germany and lived in the vegetarian commune Obstbausiedlung Eden , which was founded by Franz Oppenheimer in Oranienburg , north of Berlin. There, he founded the magazine Der Physiokrat together with Georg Blumenthal. It folded in 1914 due to censorship as World War I began. In 1915, Gesell left Germany to return to his farm in Les Hauts-Geneveys. In 1919, he

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