47-445: Charles Felix may refer to: Charles Felix of Sardinia (1765–1831), Duke of Savoy Charles Reis Felix (1923–2017), Portuguese-American writer Charles Félix Jean-Baptiste Camerata-Passionei di Mazzoleni (1826–1853), nephew of Napoleon Charles Warren Adams (1833–1903), pioneer writer of detective novels Charles Felix Smith (1786–1858), lieutenant-general, colonel commandant of
94-568: A collateral line of the House of Savoy. After the fall of Napoleon and the return of Victor Emmanuel to Turin on 20 May 1814, Charles Felix joined him for a brief period before returning to Sardinia the following year with his wife. He formally retained the role of Viceroy until 1821, although he returned to the court in Turin after a short period. Following revolts in Cadiz in 1820, King Ferdinand VII of Spain
141-661: A good friend of Marie Clotilde of France , the childless consort of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont . She was also close to the Duchess of Chablais . At the time of her marriage, her spouse was the Duke of Aosta . As such, she was styled as Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Aosta until she became queen. The couple had six daughters and one son, who died young. Upon the invasion of Piedmont by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798, she left with her family first to Tuscany and then to Sardinia . After
188-590: A liberal constitution. She was a part of the then newly-founded House of Austria-Este . Maria Theresa was born on 1 November 1773 at the Royal Palace of Milan in Milan. She was the second child and first daughter of Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Austria , governor of Milan, and Maria Beatrice d'Este , heir to the Duchy of Modena . She was named after her paternal grandmother, Empress Maria Theresa , as all eldest granddaughters of
235-577: A personal diary, which is an important source for events and his conflicts with the court in Savoy. When war broke out with France, Charles Felix did not distinguish himself as a soldier, despite having received a military education. In 1792, after the French occupation of the Duchy of Savoy and the county of Nice, he followed the troops to Saluzzo and in 1793, he accompanied his father, Victor Amadeus III, who had directed
282-667: A project to systematise the road network. On 7 March 1807, in the Cappella Palatina of the Palazzo dei Normanni in Palermo , Charles Felix married by proxy Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily (17 January 1779 - 11 March 1849), daughter of Ferdinand IV King of Naples and Sicily and Maria Carolina of Austria . The marriage, which had originally been opposed by Charles Felix, had been arranged for dynastic reasons. Neither Charles Emmanuel nor Victor Emmanuel had male children (the son of
329-400: A symbol of the carboneria. The young men offered resistance and were arrested, provoking a large brawl. The next day, all the students and many of their teachers protested, calling for the release of the youths and, when this was refused, they blockaded themselves in the university and the government was forced to call in the army. Although nobody was killed, the wounded were very numerous and
376-589: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Charles Felix of Sardinia Charles Felix ( Italian : Carlo Felice Giuseppe Maria ; 6 April 1765 – 27 April 1831) was the King of Sardinia and ruler of the Savoyard states from 12 March 1821 until his death in 1831. He was the last male-line member of the House of Savoy that started with Victor Amadeus I , and caused
423-453: Is still a drop of our royal blood in his veins, he should set out for Novara immediately and wait there for my orders." As for the Spanish constitution, he declared any sovereign acts taken after the abdication of his brother to be null and void, and then he issued the following proclamation, "Far from consenting to any change in the pre-existing form of government with the nominal abdication of
470-534: The Stamenti , the parliament of the kingdom, voted to pay a tax of 400,000 lire, Charles Felix exerted significant pressure to have the poorest classes exempted from the tax and he judged disputes in feudal jurisdiction in favour of vassals rather than feudal lords. When an anti-feudal revolt took place against the Duke of Asinara , who had refused to conform to the regulations of the viceroy, Charles Felix decided to punish both
517-534: The Austrian general Ferdinand von Bubna , who occupied Vercelli and Alessandria on 11 April, while de La Tour, who had received full powers from Charles Felix, occupied Turin on the 10th. On 19 April, despite pressure from the emperors of Russia and Austria, Metternich, Charles Albert, Francis IV, and Charles Felix himself (who hated the idea of receiving the crown "thanks" to rebels), Victor Emmanuel reaffirmed his abdication. Thus, on 25 April, Charles Felix acceded to
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#1732854532490564-615: The Crown Council, of which Charles Albert was a member. As a result of the king's indecision, no action was taken. On 12 March, the Citadel of Turin fell into the hands of the rebels. Victor Emmanuel encouraged Charles Albert and Cesare Balbo to negotiate with the Carbonari, who refused to listen to their messages. Thus, in the evening, in the face of the spreading military uprising, the king abdicated in favour of his brother Charles Felix. Since
611-583: The House of Savoy, who might be willing to break with the absolutist past. The goal of the conspirators was not to abolish the House of Savoy, but to induce it to enact political and social reforms and then undertake a war against Austria, which seemed possible in light of the deeply anti-Austrian sentiments of the Victor Emmanuel I. In this, the conspirators took advantage of the absence of Charles Felix, who they thought would have been able to induce Victor Emmanuel to oppose their plans. They planned to raise
658-506: The Interior, general Emanuele Pes di Villamarina as minister of war, and Lodovico Sauli d'Igliano as minister of foreign affairs) and attempted to negotiate with the rebels, but he achieved nothing. Given the impossibility of taking any decisions without the agreement of the new king, Charles Albert sent Charles Felix an account of the events, seeking instructions, but the letter took a very long time to reach its destination. Fearful of becoming
705-505: The Kingdom, and placed G. Piccono della Valle and G.C. Brignole in charge of foreign affairs and financial affairs respectively. Finally, he began the suppression of opposition. The following extract from the work of Guido Astuti describes his actions: The new king, Charles Felix, let loose a reaction with arbitrary repressive methods, using extraordinary commissions to judge the rebels and establishing political investigators in order to purge
752-525: The Royal Engineers [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Felix&oldid=1075265454 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
799-421: The abdication of Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia in 1802, her husband succeeded to the throne as the new King of Sardinia, with Maria Theresa becoming his Queen consort. However, due the ongoing war, she had to wait on the island of Sardinia for the end of the war in 1814 to return to the capital Turin . Maria Theresa was initially enthusiastically welcomed in Turin, but she soon aroused great discontent among
846-539: The appearance, personality and manners about the princess before her marriage. Maria Theresa was married by proxy on 29 June 1788 in Milan. Finally, on 25 April 1789, she married the 29-year-old Victor Emmanuel, Duke of Aosta , in person in Novara . She was 15 years old. Their relationship was described as a happy and harmonious one, and Victor Emmanuel spent ample time with their children. They had seven children, four of whom survived into adulthood. Maria Theresa became
893-591: The army and the bureaucracy Finally, the king instituted three different jurisdictions: a mixed civil and military tribunal called the Royal Delegation with penal powers, a military commission for investigating the conduct of officers and non-commissioned officers, and a scrutiny commission for investigating the conduct of every employee of the kingdom. Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Queen of Sardinia Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (German: Maria Theresia Josefa Johanna ; 1 November 1773 – 29 March 1832)
940-405: The army, surround the royal residence at Moncalieri castle and force him to grant a constitution and declare war on Austria. The role of Charles Albert would have been to mediate between the conspirators and the king, but the following morning, he changed his mind and attempted to escape from the conspirators, although he did not disavow them. The conspirators grew suspicious and prepared to cancel
987-485: The duke, who was stripped of his property, as well as the revolutionaries. Despite the precarious political and social situation, Charles Felix was able to bring some improvements to the agriculture and economy of the island. Under his rule, an agrarian society and an office for the administration of Crown mines and forests were established. Additionally, the farming of olives was encouraged and commercial contracts were granted to encourage local production. Finally, he began
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#17328545324901034-424: The empress were. Maria Theresa had one older brother, Josef Franz, but he died in infancy in 1772 before she was born. The Duke of Aosta, Victor Emmanuel , was still unmarried when he reached the age of twenty-nine. This was rare for royalty during the 18th century and was considered late by standards of the time. The choice for the royal bride fell on Maria Theresa. A lot of information had been gathered regarding
1081-546: The insurrection which they had planned for the 10th. The same day, Charles Albert, completely penitent, raced to Moncalieri in order to confess everything to Victor Emmanuel and beg for pardon. In the night the garrison of Alessandria , commanded by one of the conspirators, Guglielmo Ansaldi, rebelled and occupied the city. Although they had been abandoned by the Prince, the rest of the revolutionaries decided to act at this point. On Sunday 11 March 1821, King Victor Emmanuel I met with
1128-480: The island had experienced a period of disorder, exacerbated by widespread poverty, which had led to an increase in crime, which the viceroy suppressed with notable harshness, writing to his brother the king, "slaughter, slaughter, for the good of the human race." Charles Felix established a military regime, such that his Sardinian subjects referred to him as "Carlo Feroce" (Charles the Ferocious). The tool of this regime
1175-490: The king, our beloved brother, we consider all the royal subjects who have aided or abetted the traitors or who have presumed to proclaim a constitution, to be rebels." Charles Albert, deeply discouraged, did as Charles Felix commanded, went to Novara, and issued a proclamation renouncing the regency and calling on everyone to submit to Charles Felix. On the 29th, he received a letter from Charles Felix ordering him to depart with his family for Florence. With Charles Albert out of
1222-501: The latter had become sick and died in Sardinia), while the Duke of Montferrat and the Count of Morian were deceased, so Charles Felix had become the heir presumptive and therefore had to produce a male heir. Although the marriage to Maria Cristina proved harmonious, she was unable to have children, forcing Victor Emmanuel to consider the succession of Charles Albert , Prince of Carignano , from
1269-520: The latter was in Modena at the time, Charles Albert was appointed regent. The abdication of the king, which followed the dismissal of the ministers of state, led to chaos because it created a dynastic crisis which foreign powers would not ignore and because it split the army and bureaucracy, preventing every possibility of maintaining order. The regent tried to take control by naming a new government (the lawyer, Ferdinando del Pozzo (1768-1843) as Minister of
1316-532: The line of Victor Amadeus I's younger brother Thomas Francis to seize the throne after Felix's death. Charles Felix was born in Turin as the eleventh child and fifth son born to Victor Amadeus III of Savoy and Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain . His paternal grandparents were Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy and his German wife Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg . His maternal grandparents were French-born King Philip V of Spain and his Italian wife, Elisabeth Farnese . He
1363-446: The new king and Charles Felix had never been good but now deteriorated as the king strove to keep his brothers in the dark about affairs of the state. Two years into his reign, Charles Emmanuel IV was forced to surrender all royal control on the mainland. Along with the king and the rest of the royal family, Charles Felix left Turin on the evening of 9 December 1798 for Cagliari , where they arrived on 3 March 1799. Charles Emmanuel IV
1410-511: The object of popular anger, on the evening of 13 March 1821, Charles Albert signed a decree granting a constitution along the lines of the Spanish constitution of 1812, which would not become law until approved by the king. The next day, the regent decided to form a junta, which was to protect the parliament. Two days after that, he swore to observe the Spanish Constitution, in a Savoyard version which had been slightly altered according to
1457-660: The operations for the reconquest of Nice and Savoy along with the Austrians under general J. de Vins, into the Susa Valley , to Pinerolo , Cuneo , and Tende . Charles Felix remained very far from the front lines in any case. In spring 1794, after the arrival in Aosta of his brother the Duke of Monferrat, Charles Felix and Giuseppe Placido went to Morgex in order to retake some positions of relative strategic importance, but they did not achieve anything. On 28 April 1796, Victor Amadeus III
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1504-656: The other hand honest, sincere, and capable of emotion and fondness. He had a clever mind, at times even ironic. He possessed a sacral conception of the monarchy and the right to reign. During the years of the French Revolution and the Italian campaign , Charles Felix formed part of a "parallel court" opposed to Charles Emmanuel IV's circle, along with his brother Victor Emmanuel, the latter's wife Maria Theresa , Maurizio Giuseppe Duke of Monferrat, and Giuseppe Placido, count of Moriana. In this period, Charles Felix began to keep
1551-414: The persecution of "state criminals," Charles Felix legitimated the adoption of military procedures and granted every power to the police, from spying to censoring letters and placing bounties on suspects. In his reorganisation work, however, he displayed notable energy to control the autonomy of the judiciary and the local bureaucracy and managed to correct some abuses of the feudal regime. In fact, when
1598-513: The public. She was accused of wishing to undermine and abolish so much as possible of the reforms initiated during the French occupation, and was additionally said to treat all whom cooperated with the French with contempt. Her conduct has been suggested as one of the reasons behind the discontent which led to the rebellions of 1821 which led to her consort's abdication. After the outbreak of a liberal revolution in 1821, her husband Victor Emmanuel abdicated in favor of his brother, Charles Felix . During
1645-419: The requests of Victor Emmanuel's consort, Maria Therese . At this point, Charles Felix, who had now received the letter from Charles Albert notifying him of his brother's abdication, decided to act. He told the messenger not to address him as "majesty", then asserted that since the abdication had been extracted through violence, it could not be considered valid. Finally, he said, "tell the Prince that, if there
1692-409: The riots, she declared herself willing to assume regency if necessary. Instead, she followed her abdicated spouse to Nice . Maria Theresa survived Victor Emmanuel by eight years. She was accused of having tried to convince her childless brother-in-law Charles Felix to assign Francis IV, Duke of Modena (her brother and the husband of her eldest daughter Maria Beatrice), as heir to the throne. Due to
1739-410: The situation escalated. A connection was made between the protestors and the secret society of the "Federati", whose leaders Santorre di Rossi , Giacinto Collegno , Carlo Emanuele Asinari, and Guglielmo Moffa di Lisio Gribaldi (all soldiers, officials, or sons of ministers) and Roberto d'Azeglio met with Charles Albert on 6 March. They were ready to act, having identified the prince as a new man for
1786-483: The subsequent Congress of Verona , Charles Felix feared pressure for constitutional changes and reiterated in his instructions to his ambassadors that the repression of the "revolutionary spirit" inspired by the Congress of Laibach belonged exclusively to him and that he was firmly convinced of the necessity of this obligation. Having decided to remain at Modena, he appointed Ignazio Thaon di Revel as Lieutenant General of
1833-574: The throne. Once control of Turin was re-established, Charles Felix, who was still in Modena, entered into personal communication with the Emperor of Austria in order to obtain recognition from the Congress of Laibach , which was then in session, that he would be able to assume full control of his possessions, as an absolute monarch, and that Austria would not be allowed to interfere in any way in his territories. At
1880-433: The way, Charles Felix dispatched several letters to Francis I of Austria , asking him to send troops in order to suppress the revolt. On 3 April, he issued a second proclamation which granted a pardon to the soldiers while applying strict sanctions to rebel officials, which ultimately, prevented any form of compromise. Chancellor Metternich himself said to Francis IV of Modena that this proclamation had been imprudent and
1927-458: Was Queen of Sardinia as the wife of Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia . She was born an archduchess of Austria -Este and a princess of Modena as the daughter of Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este , and Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa . Her husband’s reign as King of Sardinia ended in abdication in 1821, when he elected his brother Charles Felix king after a liberal revolution, during which Victor Emmanuel proved unwilling to accept
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1974-496: Was a younger brother of two other rulers of Savoy Charles Emmanuel IV and Victor Emmanuel I . He spent his childhood with his sister Maria Carolina and his younger brother, Giuseppe Benedetto Placido, Count of Moriana, at the Castle of Moncalieri . From his youth, Carlo Felice was reported as having a very complex character: on the one hand consistent and inflexible, private, distrustful, and impulsive, if not touchy and vindictive; on
2021-502: Was childless and, after the death of his wife, he abdicated in favour of his brother Victor Emmanuel I on 4 June 1802. The latter did not take possession of the domains in Sardinia himself, preferring to entrust them to Charles Felix as viceroy. Charles Felix's government of Sardinia was rather rigid and authoritarian. Since the Sardinian revolutionary movements [ it ] in 1794,
2068-523: Was forced to restore the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and the hope of obtaining similar concessions from their own sovereigns arose in many European states. Insurrections broke out in Naples and Palermo. The initial indications of the crisis were confirmed on 11 January 1821 when four students were stopped by the police at a theatre performance in Turin because they were wearing red caps with black bows,
2115-615: Was forced to sign the Armistice of Cherasco with the French, which was followed by the Treaty of Paris on 15 May, which accepted French control of Nice, Savoy, Genevoise, and some fortresses. Charles Felix, who had been titled Duke of Genoa, obtained the title of Marquis of Susa in compensation for his nominal loss. Victor Amadeus III died in October of the same year and was succeeded as Prince of Piedmont by Charles Emmanuel IV. The relationship between
2162-474: Was the special court of the Viceregal delegation for the investigation of political proceedings, which took action immediately against the "capopolo" (popular leader), Vincenzo Sulis , who was guilty of nothing other than having been more successful than the viceroy in defeating the revolutionary movements. When Sulis was condemned to twenty years in gaol, the viceroy considered it a lenient sentence. Furthermore, in
2209-400: Was written "with animosity, passion, and hatred." The rebels, realising that no other option remained for them, marched on Novara, where the forces loyal to Charles Felix were gathered under the command of Vittorio Sallier de La Tour . This, inevitably, convinced Metternich to intervene. On 8 April there was a battle (Noara-Borgo Vercelli) with the troops of de La Tour and then with those of
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